CHAPTER I.

EGYPT.

Historical Standard of Time--Short Date inconsistent with Evolution--Laws of Historical Evidence--History begins with Authentic Records--Records of Egypt oldest--Manetho's Lists--Confirmed by Hieroglyphics--Origin of Writing--The Alphabet--Phonetic Writing--Clue to Hieroglyphics--The Rosetta Stone--Champollion--Principles of Hieroglyphic Writing--Language Coptic--Can be read with certainty--Confirmed by Monuments--Manetho's Date for Menes 5004 B.C.--Old, Middle, and New Empires--Old Empire, Menes, to end of Sixth Dynasty--Break between Old and Middle Empires--Works of Twelfth Dynasty--Fayoum--Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties--Hyksos Conquests--Duration of Hyksos Rule--Their Expulsion and Foundation of New Empire--Conquests in Asia of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties--Wars with Hittites and Assyrians--Persian and Greek Dynasties--Summary of Evidence for Date of Menes--Period prior to Menes--Horsheshu--Sphynx--Stone Age--Neolithic and Palæolithic Remains--Horner, Haynes, and Pitt-Rivers 5