Chapter 14

ERRORS

Mistakes--Slips of Authors--Examples and Corrections--Errors of Redundancy.

In the following examples the word or words in parentheses are uncalled for and should be omitted:

1. Fill the glass (full).

2. They appeared to be talking (together) on private affairs.

3. I saw the boy and his sister (both) in the garden.

4. He went into the country last week and returned (back) yesterday.

5. The subject (matter) of his discourse was excellent.

6. You need not wonder that the (subject) matter of his discourse was excellent; it was taken from the Bible.

7. They followed (after) him, but could not overtake him.

8. The same sentiments may be found throughout (the whole of) the book.

9. I was very ill every day (of my life) last week.

10. That was the (sum and) substance of his discourse.

11. He took wine and water and mixed them (both) together.

12. He descended (down) the steps to the cellar.

13. He fell (down) from the top of the house.

14. I hope you will return (again) soon.

15. The things he took away he restored (again).

16. The thief who stole my watch was compelled to restore it (back again).

17. It is equally (the same) to me whether I have it today or tomorrow.

18. She said, (says she) the report is false; and he replied, (says he) if it be not correct I have been misinformed.

19. I took my place in the cars (for) to go to New York.

20. They need not (to) call upon him.

21. Nothing (else) but that would satisfy him.

22. Whenever I ride in the cars I (always) find it prejudicial to my health.

23. He was the first (of all) at the meeting.

24. He was the tallest of (all) the brothers.

25. You are the tallest of (all) your family.

26. Whenever I pass the house he is (always) at the door.

27. The rain has penetrated (through) the roof.

28. Besides my uncle and aunt there was (also) my grandfather at the church.

29. It should (ever) be your constant endeavor to please your family.

30. If it is true as you have heard (then) his situation is indeed pitiful.

31. Either this (here) man or that (there) woman has (got) it.

32. Where is the fire (at)?

33. Did you sleep in church? Not that I know (of).

34. I never before (in my life) met (with) such a stupid man.

35. (For) why did he postpone it?

36. Because (why) he could not attend.

37. What age is he? (Why) I don't know.

38. He called on me (for) to ask my opinion.

39. I don't know where I am (at).

40. I looked in (at) the window.

41. I passed (by) the house.

42. He (always) came every Sunday.

43. Moreover, (also) we wish to say he was in error.

44. It is not long (ago) since he was here.

45. Two men went into the wood (in order) to cut (down) trees.

Further examples of redundancy might be multiplied. It is very common in newspaper writing where not alone single words but entire phrases are sometimes brought in, which are unnecessary to the sense or explanation of what is written.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF STANDARD AUTHORS

Even the best speakers and writers are sometimes caught napping. Many of our standard authors to whom we have been accustomed to look up as infallible have sinned more or less against the fundamental principles of grammar by breaking the rules regarding one or more of the nine parts of speech. In fact some of them have recklessly trespassed against all nine, and still they sit on their pedestals of fame for the admiration of the crowd. Macaulay mistreated the article. He wrote,--"That _a_ historian should not record trifles is perfectly true." He should have used _an_.

Dickens also used the article incorrectly. He refers to "Robinson Crusoe" as "_an_ universally popular book," instead of _a_ universally popular book.

The relation between nouns and pronouns has always been a stumbling block to speakers and writers. Hallam in his _Literature of Europe_ writes, "No one as yet had exhibited the structure of the human kidneys, Vesalius having only examined them in dogs." This means that Vesalius examined human kidneys in dogs. The sentence should have been, "No one had as yet exhibited the kidneys in human beings, Vesalius having examined such organs in dogs only."

Sir Arthur Helps in writing of Dickens, states--"I knew a brother author of his who received such criticisms from him (Dickens) very lately and profited by _it_." Instead of _it_ the word should be _them_ to agree with criticisms.

Here are a few other pronominal errors from leading authors:

"Sir Thomas Moore in general so writes it, although not many others so late as _him_." Should be _he_.--Trench's _English Past and Present_.

"What should we gain by it but that we should speedily become as poor as _them_." Should be _they_.--Alison's _Essay on Macaulay_.

"If the king gives us leave you or I may as lawfully preach, as _them_ that do." Should be _they_ or _those_, the latter having persons understood.--Hobbes's _History of Civil Wars_.

"The drift of all his sermons was, to prepare the Jews for the reception of a prophet, mightier than _him_, and whose shoes he was not worthy to bear." Should be than _he_.--Atterbury's _Sermons_.

"Phalaris, who was so much older than _her_." Should be _she_.--Bentley's _Dissertation on Phalaris_.

"King Charles, and more than _him_, the duke and the Popish faction were at liberty to form new schemes." Should be than _he_.--Bolingbroke's _Dissertations on Parties_.

"We contributed a third more than the Dutch, who were obliged to the same proportion more than _us_." Should be than _we_.--Swift's _Conduct of the Allies_.

In all the above examples the objective cases of the pronouns have been used while the construction calls for nominative cases.

"Let _thou_ and _I_ the battle try"--_Anon_.

Here _let_ is the governing verb and requires an objective case after it; therefore instead of _thou_ and _I_, the words should be _you_ (_sing_.) and _me_.

"Forever in this humble cell, Let thee and I, my fair one, dwell" --_Prior_.

Here _thee_ and _I_ should be the objectives _you_ and _me_.

The use of the relative pronoun trips the greatest number of authors.

Even in the Bible we find the relative wrongly translated:

Whom do men say that I am?--_St. Matthew_.

Whom think ye that I am?--_Acts of the Apostles_.

_Who_ should be written in both cases because the word is not in the objective governed by say or think, but in the nominative dependent on the verb _am_.

"_Who_ should I meet at the coffee house t'other night, but my old friend?"--_Steele_.

"It is another pattern of this answerer's fair dealing, to give us hints that the author is dead, and yet lay the suspicion upon somebody, I know not _who_, in the country."--Swift's _Tale of a Tub_.

"My son is going to be married to I don't know _who_."--Goldsmith's _Good-natured Man_.

The nominative _who_ in the above examples should be the objective _whom_.

The plural nominative _ye_ of the pronoun _thou_ is very often used for the objective _you_, as in the following:

"His wrath which will one day destroy _ye both_."--_Milton_.

"The more shame for _ye_; holy men I thought _ye_."--_Shakespeare_.

"I feel the gales that from _ye_ blow."--_Gray_.

"Tyrants dread _ye_, lest your just decree Transfer the power and set the people free."--_Prior_.

Many of the great writers have played havoc with the adjective in the indiscriminate use of the degrees of comparison.

"Of two forms of the same word, use the fittest."--_Morell_.

The author here in _trying_ to give good advice sets a bad example. He should have used the comparative degree, "Fitter."

Adjectives which have a comparative or superlative signification do not admit the addition of the words _more_, _most_, or the terminations, _er_, _est_, hence the following examples break this rule:

"Money is the _most universal_ incitement of human misery."--Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_.

"The _chiefest_ of which was known by the name of Archon among the Grecians."--Dryden's _Life of Plutarch_.

"The _chiefest_ and largest are removed to certain magazines they call libraries."--Swift's _Battle of the Books_.

The two _chiefest_ properties of air, its gravity and elastic force, have been discovered by mechanical experiments.--_Arbuthno_.

"From these various causes, which in greater or _lesser_ degree, affected every individual in the colony, the indignation of the people became general."--Robertson's _History of America_.

"The _extremest_ parts of the earth were meditating a submission." --Atterbury's _Sermons_.

"The last are indeed _more preferable_ because they are founded on some new knowledge or improvement in the mind of man."--Addison, _Spectator_.

"This was in reality the _easiest_ manner of the two."--Shaftesbury's _Advice to an Author_.

"In every well formed mind this second desire seems to be the _strongest_ of the two."--Smith's _Theory of Moral Sentiments_.

In these examples the superlative is wrongly used for the comparative. When only two objects are compared the comparative form must be used.

Of impossibility there are no degrees of comparison, yet we find the following:

"As it was impossible they should know the words, thoughts and secret actions of all men, so it was _more impossible_ they should pass judgment on them according to these things."--Whitby's _Necessity of the Christian Religion_.

A great number of authors employ adjectives for adverbs. Thus we find:

"I shall endeavor to live hereafter _suitable_ to a man in my station." --_Addison_.

"I can never think so very _mean_ of him."--Bentley's _Dissertation on Phalaris_.

"His expectations run high and the fund to supply them is _extreme_ scanty."--_Lancaster's Essay on Delicacy_.

The commonest error in the use of the verb is the disregard of the concord between the verb and its subject. This occurs most frequently when the subject and the verb are widely separated, especially if some other noun of a different number immediately precedes the verb. False concords occur very often after _either_, _or_, _neither_, _nor_, and _much_, _more_, _many_, _everyone_, _each_.

Here are a few authors' slips:--

"The terms in which the sale of a patent _were_ communicated to the public."--Junius's _Letters_.

"The richness of her arms and apparel _were_ conspicuous."--Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_.

"Everyone of this grotesque family _were_ the creatures of national genius."--D'Israeli.

"He knows not what spleen, languor or listlessness _are_."--Blair's _Sermons_.

"Each of these words _imply_, some pursuit or object relinquished." --_Ibid_.

"Magnus, with four thousand of his supposed accomplices _were_ put to death."--_Gibbon_.

"No nation gives greater encouragements to learning than we do; yet at the same time _none are_ so injudicious in the application." --_Goldsmith_.

"_There's two_ or _three_ of us have seen strange sights."--_Shakespeare_.

The past participle should not be used for the past tense, yet the learned Byron overlooked this fact. He thus writes in the _Lament of Tasso_:--

"And with my years my soul _begun to pant_ With feelings of strange tumult and soft pain."

Here is another example from Savage's _Wanderer_ in which there is double sinning:

"From liberty each nobler science _sprung_, A Bacon brighten'd and a Spenser _sung_."

Other breaches in regard to the participles occur in the following:--

"Every book ought to be read with the same spirit and in the same manner as it is _writ_"--Fielding's _Tom Jones_.

"The Court of Augustus had not _wore_ off the manners of the republic" --Hume's _Essays_.

"Moses tells us that the fountains of the earth were _broke_ open or clove asunder."--Burnet.

"A free constitution when it has been _shook_ by the iniquity of former administrations."--_Bolingbroke_.

"In this respect the seeds of future divisions were _sowed_ abundantly." --_Ibid_.

In the following example the present participle is used for the infinitive mood:

"It is easy _distinguishing_ the rude fragment of a rock from the splinter of a statue."--Gilfillan's _Literary Portraits_.

_Distinguishing_ here should be replaced by _to distinguish_.

The rules regarding _shall_ and _will_ are violated in the following:

"If we look within the rough and awkward outside, we _will_ be richly rewarded by its perusal."--Gilfillan's _Literary Portraits_.

"If I _should_ declare them and speak of them, they should be more than I am able to express."--_Prayer Book Revision of Psalms XI_.

"If I _would_ declare them and speak of them, they are more than can be numbered."--_Ibid_.

"Without having attended to this, we _will_ be at a loss, in understanding several passages in the classics."--Blair's _Lectures_.

"We know to what cause our past reverses have been owing and _we_ will have ourselves to blame, if they are again incurred."--Alison's _History of Europe_.

Adverbial mistakes often occur in the best writers. The adverb _rather_ is a word very frequently misplaced. Archbishop Trench in his "English Past and Present" writes, "It _rather_ modified the structure of our sentences than the elements of our vocabulary." This should have been written,--"It modified the structure of our sentences _rather than_ the elements of our vocabulary."

"So far as his mode of teaching goes he is _rather_ a disciple of Socrates than of St. Paul or Wesley." Thus writes Leslie Stephens of Dr. Johnson. He should have written,--" So far as his mode of teaching goes he is a disciple of Socrates _rather_ than of St. Paul or Wesley."

The preposition is a part of speech which is often wrongly used by some of the best writers. Certain nouns, adjectives and verbs require particular prepositions after them, for instance, the word _different_ always takes the preposition _from_ after it; _prevail_ takes _upon_; _averse_ takes _to_; _accord_ takes _with_, and so on.

In the following examples the prepositions in parentheses are the ones that should have been used:

"He found the greatest difficulty _of_ (in) writing."--Hume's _History of England_.

"If policy can prevail _upon_ (over) force."--_Addison_.

"He made the discovery and communicated _to_ (with) his friends." --Swift's _Tale of a Tub_.

"Every office of command should be intrusted to persons _on_ (in) whom the parliament shall confide."--_Macaulay_.

Several of the most celebrated writers infringe the canons of style by placing prepositions at the end of sentences. For instance Carlyle, in referring to the Study of Burns, writes:--"Our own contributions to it, we are aware, can be but scanty and feeble; but we offer them with good will, and trust they may meet with acceptance from those they are intended _for_."

--"for whom they are intended," he should have written.

"Most writers have some one vein which they peculiarly and obviously excel _in_."--_William Minto_.

This sentence should read,--Most writers have some one vein in which they peculiarly and obviously excel.

Many authors use redundant words which repeat the same thought and idea. This is called tautology.

"Notwithstanding which (however) poor Polly embraced them all around." --_Dickens_.

"I judged that they would (mutually) find each other."--_Crockett_.

"....as having created a (joint) partnership between the two Powers in the Morocco question."--_The Times_.

"The only sensible position (there seems to be) is to frankly acknowledge our ignorance of what lies beyond."--_Daily Telegraph_.

"Lord Rosebery has not budged from his position--splendid, no doubt,--of (lonely) isolation."--_The Times_.

"Miss Fox was (often) in the habit of assuring Mrs. Chick."--_Dickens_.

"The deck (it) was their field of fame."--_Campbell_.

"He had come up one morning, as was now (frequently) his wont," --_Trollope_.

The counsellors of the Sultan (continue to) remain sceptical --_The Times_.

Seriously, (and apart from jesting), this is no light matter.--_Bagehot_.

To go back to your own country with (the consciousness that you go back with) the sense of duty well done.--_Lord Halsbury_.

The _Peresviet_ lost both her fighting-tops and (in appearance) looked the most damaged of all the ships--_The Times_.

Counsel admitted that, that was a fair suggestion to make, but he submitted that it was borne out by the (surrounding) circumstances. --_Ibid_.

Another unnecessary use of words and phrases is that which is termed circumlocution, a going around the bush when there is no occasion for it,--save to fill space.

It may be likened to a person walking the distance of two sides of a triangle to reach the objective point. For instance in the quotation: "Pope professed to have learned his poetry from Dryden, whom, whenever an opportunity was presented, he praised through the whole period of his existence with unvaried liberality; and perhaps his character may receive some illustration, of a comparison he instituted between him and the man whose pupil he was" much of the verbiage may be eliminated and the sentence thus condensed:

"Pope professed himself the pupil of Dryden, whom he lost no opportunity of praising; and his character may be illustrated by a comparison with his master."

"His life was brought to a close in 1910 at an age not far from the one fixed by the sacred writer as the term of human existence."

This in brevity can be put, "His life was brought to a close at the age of seventy;" or, better yet, "He died at the age of seventy."

"The day was intensely cold, so cold in fact that the thermometer crept down to the zero mark," can be expressed: "The day was so cold the thermometer registered zero."

Many authors resort to circumlocution for the purpose of "padding," that is, filling space, or when they strike a snag in writing upon subjects of which they know little or nothing. The young writer should steer clear of it and learn to express his thoughts and ideas as briefly as possible commensurate with lucidity of expression.

Volumes of errors in fact, in grammar, diction and general style, could be selected from the works of the great writers, a fact which eloquently testifies that no one is infallible and that the very best is liable to err at times. However, most of the erring in the case of these writers arises from carelessness or hurry, not from a lack of knowledge.

As a general rule it is in writing that the scholar is liable to slip; in oral speech he seldom makes a blunder. In fact, there are many people who are perfect masters of speech,--who never make a blunder in conversation, yet who are ignorant of the very principles of grammar and would not know how to write a sentence correctly on paper. Such persons have been accustomed from infancy to hear the language spoken correctly and so the use of the proper words and forms becomes a second nature to them. A child can learn what is right as easy as what is wrong and whatever impressions are made on the mind when it is plastic will remain there. Even a parrot can be taught the proper use of language. Repeat to a parrot.--"Two and two _make_ four" and it never will say "two and two _makes_ four."

In writing, however, it is different. Without a knowledge of the fundamentals of grammar we may be able to speak correctly from association with good speakers, but without such a knowledge we cannot hope to write the language correctly. To write even a common letter we must know the principles of construction, the relationship of one word to another. Therefore, it is necessary for everybody to understand at least the essentials of the grammar of his own language.