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HOW TO APPRECIATE MUSIC
by GUSTAV KOBBE
Author of "Wagner's Music-Dramas Analyzed," etc.
New York Moffat, Yard & Company 1912
Copyright, 1906, by Moffat, Yard & Company New York
Published, October, 1906 Reprinted, February, 1908 Reprinted, September, 1908 Reprinted, May, 1912
The Premier Press New York
* * * * *
To the Memory of My Brother
PHILIP FERDINAND KOBBE
* * * * *
CONTENTS
_HOW TO APPRECIATE A PIANOFORTE RECITAL_
CHAPTER PAGE I The Pianoforte 29 II Bach's Service to Music 48 III From Fugue to Sonata 78 IV Dawn of the Romantic Period 100 V Chopin, the Poet of the Pianoforte 116 VI Schumann, the "Intimate" 134 VII Liszt, the Giant among Virtuosos 142 VIII With Paderewski--A Modern Pianist on Tour 155
_HOW TO APPRECIATE AN ORCHESTRAL CONCERT_
IX Development of the Orchestra 167 X Instruments of the Orchestra 179 XI Concerning Symphonies 197 XII Richard Strauss and His Music 207 XIII A Note on Chamber Music 224
_HOW TO APPRECIATE VOCAL MUSIC_
XIV Songs and Song Composers 231 XV Oratorio 248 XVI Opera and Music-Drama 260
TABLE OF CONTENTS
_HOW TO APPRECIATE A PIANOFORTE RECITAL_
CHAPTER PAGE
I.--THE PIANOFORTE
Why the king of musical instruments--Music under one's fingers--Can render anything in music--Liszt played the whole orchestra on the pianoforte--Fingers of a great virtuoso the ambassadors of his soul--Melody and accompaniment on one instrument--No intermediaries to mar effect--Paderewski's playing of "Hark, Hark, the Lark"--Music's debt to the pianoforte--Developed sonata form and gave it to orchestra--Richard Strauss on Beethoven's pianistic orchestration--A boon to many famous composers, even to Wagner--Its lowly origin--Nine centuries to develop pianoforte from monochord--The monochord described--Joined to a keyboard--Poet's amusing advice to his musical daughter--Clavichord developed from monochord--Its lack of power--Bebung, or balancement--The harpsichord--Originated in the cembalo of the Hungarian gypsy orchestra--Spinet and virginal--Pianoforte invented by Cristofori, 1711--Exploited by Silbermann--Strings of twenty tons' tension--Dampers and pedals--Paderewski's use of both pedals--Mechanical pianofortes--Senseless decoration 29
II.--BACH'S SERVICE TO MUSIC
Pianoforte so universal in character can give, through it, a general survey of the art of music--Bach illustrates an epoch--A Bach fugue more elaborate than a music-drama or tone poem--Bach more modern than Haydn or Mozart--His influence on modern music--Wagner unites the harmony of Beethoven with the polyphony of Bach--Melody, harmony and counterpoint defined and differentiated--Illustrated from the "Moonlight Sonata"--What a fugue is--The fugue and the virtuoso--Not "grateful" music for public performance--Daniel Gregory Mason's tribute and reservation--What counterpoint lacks--Fails to give the player as much scope as modern music--Barrier to individuality of expression--The virtuoso's mission--Creative as well as interpretive--Mr. Hanchett's dictum--Music both a science and an art--Science versus feeling--Person may be very musical without being musical at all--The great composer bends science to art--That "ear for music"--Bach and the Weather Bureau--The Bacon, not the Shakespeare, of music--What Wagner learned from Bach--Illustration from "Die Walkuere"--W. J. Henderson's anecdote--Wagner's counterpoint emotional--Bach's the language of an epoch; Wagner's the language of liberated music--Bach in the recital hall--Rubinstein and Bach's "Triple Concerto"--"The Well-Tempered Clavichord"--Meaning of "well-tempered"--A king's tribute to Bach--Two hundred and forty-one years of Bachs 48
III.--FROM FUGUE TO SONATA
Break in Bach's influence--Mr. Parry on this hiatus in the evolution of music--Three periods of musical development--Rise of the harmonic, or "melodic," school--Began with Domenico Scarlatti--The founder of modern pianoforte technique--Beginnings of the sonata form--Philipp Emanuel Bach and the sonata--Rise of the amateur--"The Contented Ear and Quickened Soul," and other quaint titles--Changes in musical taste--Pianoforte has outgrown the music of Haydn and Mozart--Bach, Beethoven and Wagner the three great epoch-making figures in music--Beethoven and the epoch of the sonata--His slow development--Union of mind and heart in his work--His sonatas, however, no longer all-dominant in pianoforte music--Von Buelow and D'Albert as Beethoven players--Incident at a Von Buelow Beethoven recital--Changes of taste in thirty years--The Beethoven sonatas too orchestric--The passing of the sonata 78
IV.--DAWN OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
What a sonata is--How Beethoven enlarged the form--Illustrated in his Opus 2, No. 3, and in the "Moonlight Sonata"--The three Beethoven periods--In his last sonatas seems chafing under restraint of form--The sonata form reached its climax with Beethoven--Hampers modern composers--Lawrence Gilman on MacDowell's "Keltic Sonata"--The first romantic composers--Weber--Schubert's inexhaustible genius--Mendelssohn smooth, polished and harmless 100
V.--CHOPIN, THE POET OF THE PIANOFORTE
An incomparable composer--Liszt's definition of tempo rubato--The Wagner of the pianoforte--Clear melody and weird, entrancing harmonies--Racial traits--Friends in Paris--Liszt the first to recognize him--The Etudes--Vigor, passion, impetus--Von Buelow on the great C minor Etude--The Preludes--Schumann's opinion of them--Rubinstein's playing of the Seventh Prelude--The Nocturnes--Chopin and Poe--The Waltzes--Liszt on the Mazurkas--The Polonaises--Chopin's battle hymns--Other works--"A noble from head to foot"--Huneker on Chopin 115
VI.--SCHUMANN, THE "INTIMATE"
A composer with an academic education--Pupil in pianoforte of Frederick Wieck--Strains a finger and abandons career as a virtuoso--Marries Clara Wieck--Afflicted with insanity--Attempts suicide--Dies in asylum--His music introspective and brooding--Poet, bourgeois and philosopher--Contributions to program music--"Carnaval" and "Kreisleriana"--Latter title explained--Really Schumanniana--Thoughts of his Clara--"Fantasie Pieces"--His compositions at first neglected 134
VII.--LISZT, THE GIANT AMONG VIRTUOSOS
A youthful phenomenon--Refused at the Paris Conservatory--"Le petit Litz"--Inspired by Paganini--Episode with Countess D'Agoult--Court conductor at Weimar--Makes Weimar the musical Mecca of Germany--Produces "Lohengrin"--His "six Lives"--His pianoforte compositions--The "Don Juan Fantasie"--"Hexameron"--"Annees de Pelerinage"--Progressive edition of the Etudes--Giant strides in virtuosity--History of the famous "Rhapsodies Hongroises"--Characterisation of his pianoforte music--A great composer, not a charlatan--Liszt as a virtuoso--His tribute to the pianoforte--A long and influential career--Played for Beethoven and died at "Parsifal" 142
VIII.--WITH PADEREWSKI--A MODERN PIANIST ON TOUR
The most successful virtuoso ever heard here--$171,981.89 for one season--His opinion of the pianoforte--Perfect save for greater sustaining power of tone--Has four pianofortes on his tours--Duties of the "piano doctor"--How the instruments are cared for--Thawing out a pianoforte--Paderewski's humor 155
_HOW TO APPRECIATE AN ORCHESTRAL CONCERT_
IX.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORCHESTRA
Modern music at first vocal, and without instrumental accompaniment--Awkward instrumentation of the contrapuntists--Primitive orchestration in Italy--The orchestra of Monteverde--Haydn the father of modern orchestral music--The Mozart symphonies--Beethoven establishes the modern orchestra--But few instruments added since--Greater richness due to subtler technique--Beethoven's development of the orchestra traced in his symphonies--Greater technical demands on the players--Beethoven and Wagner--"Meistersinger" score has only three more instruments than the Fifth Symphony--Berlioz an orchestral juggler--Architectural music--Wagner, greatest of orchestral composers--Employs large orchestra not for noise, but for variety of expression--Richard Strauss's tribute to Wagner--Wonderfully reserved in the use of his forces--Wagner's scores the only advance worth mentioning since Berlioz 167
X.--INSTRUMENTS OF THE ORCHESTRA
The orchestra an aggregation of instruments that should play as one--Wagner's employment of orchestral groups illustrated by the Love motive in "Die Walkuere" and the Walhalla motive--Division of the orchestra--The violin--Its varied capacity--The musical stage whisper of a hundred violins--The violins in the "Lohengrin" prelude--Modern orchestral virtuosity--The sordine and its use--A pizzicato movement by Tschaikowski--The viola, violoncello and double bass--Dividing the string band--Examples from the scores of Wagner--Anecdote regarding the harp in "Rheingold"--The woodwind--The flute--The oboe in Schubert's C major symphony--The English horn in "Tristan"--Beethoven's use of the bassoon in the Fifth and Ninth symphonies--The clarinets in "Tannhaeuser," "Lohengrin," and "Goetterdaemmerung"--Brass instruments and various illustrations of their employment--The trumpet in "Fidelio" and "Carmen"--The trombone group in "The Ring of the Nibelung"--The trombones in "The Magic Flute," in Schubert's C major symphony, and in the introduction to the third act of "Lohengrin"--The tubas in the Funeral March in "Goetterdaemmerung"--Richard Strauss's apotheosis of the horn, and its importance in the Wagner scores--Tympani and cymbals--Mozart's G minor symphony on twenty-two clarinets--Richard Strauss, on the future development of the orchestra 179
XI.--CONCERNING SYMPHONIES
The classical period of music dominated by the symphony--Its esthetic purpose defined--A symphonic witticism--Some comment on form in music--Divisions of the symphony established by Haydn--Artless grace and beauty of Mozart's symphonies--Beethoven to the fore--Climaxes and rests--The Ninth Symphony--Schubert's genius--Mendelssohn and Schumann--Liszt's symphonies and symphonic poems--Other symphonists--Wagner not supposed to have been a purely orchestral composer, yet the greatest of all 197
XII.--RICHARD STRAUSS AND HIS MUSIC
One of the most original and individual of composers--A student, not a copyist, of Wagner--Independent intellectual basis for his art--Originator of the tone poem--Unhampered by even the word "symphonic"--Means much to the musically elect--Not a juggler with the orchestra--A modern of moderns--Technical difficulties, but not impossibilities in his works--"Thus Spake Zarathustra" and other scores--Life and truth, not mere beauty, the burden of modern music--Huneker's "Piper of Dreams"--"Zarathustra" and "A Hero's Life" described--An intellectual force in music--"A Hero's Life" Strauss's "Meistersinger"--Tribute to Wagner in "Feuersnot"--Performances of Richard Strauss's scores in America--His symphony in F minor (1883) had its first performance anywhere, under Theodore Thomas--Straussiana--Boyhood anecdotes--Scribbled scores on schoolbook covers--Still at school when first symphony was played in public--Studied with Von Buelow--Married his Freihild--Ideals of the highest 207
XIII.--A NOTE ON CHAMBER MUSIC 224
_HOW TO APPRECIATE VOCAL MUSIC_
XIV.--SONGS AND SONG COMPOSERS
Strophic and "composed through"--Schubert the first song composer to require consideration; also the greatest--Early struggles--Too poor to buy music paper--Becomes a school-teacher--Impatient under drudgery--Publishers hold aloof--Fortune for a song, but not for him--History of "The Erlking"--How it was composed--Written down as fast as pen could travel--Tried over the same evening--The famous dissonances--As sung by Lilli Lehmann--Schubert only eighteen years old when he composed "The Erlking"--His marvelous fecundity--Died at thirty-one, yet wrote six hundred songs and many other works--Schumann's individuality--Distinguished from Schubert--Not the same proportion of great songs--The best composed during his wooing of Clara--Phases of Franz's genius--Traces of his knowledge and admiration of Bach--Choice of keys--Objected to transpositions--Pitiable physical disabilities--Brahms a profound thinker in music--Jensen, Rubinstein, Grieg, Chopin, Wagner--Liszt one of the greatest of song composers--Richard Strauss, Hugo Wolf and others 231
XV.--ORATORIO
An incongruous art form--Originated in Italy with San Filippo Neri--Scenery, action and even ballet in the early oratorio--The influence of German composers--Bach's "Passion" music--Dramatic expression in Haendel--Rockstro's characterisation of--First performance of "The Messiah"--Haydn's "Creation" and "Seasons"--Mendelssohn's "Elijah" next to "The Messiah" in popularity--Dramatic episodes in the work--Gounod, Elgar and others 248
XVI.--OPERA AND MUSIC-DRAMA
Origin of opera--Peri and the Florentines--Monteverde--Cavalli introduces vocal melody to relieve the monotony of recitative--Aria developed by Alessandro Scarlatti--Characteristics of Italian opera from Scarlatti to Verdi--Gluck's reforms--German and French opera--"Les Huguenots," "Faust," and "Carmen"--Comparative popularity of certain operas here--Far-reaching effects of Wagner's theories--Their influence on the later Verdi and contemporary Italian composers--Wagner's music-dramas--A music-drama not an opera--Form wholly original with Wagner--Gave impetus to folk-lore movement--Krehbiel's "Studies in the Wagnerian Drama"--Wagner and anti-Wagner--Finck's "Wagner and His Works"--Wagner a melodist--Examples--Unity a distinguishing trait of the music-drama--Wagner's method illustrated by musical examples--The Curse Motive--The Siegfried, Nibelung, and Tarnhelm motives--Leading motives not mere labels--Their plasticity musically illustrated--The Siegfried horn call developed into the motive of Siegfried, the hero, and into the climax of the "Goetterdaemmerung" Funeral March--An illustration from "Tristan"--Wagner as a composer of absolute music--His scores the greatest achievement musical history, up to the present time, has to show 260
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGES Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" 52, 53 "Two-Part Invention," by Bach 54 Love Motive from "Die Walkuere" 181 Opening of the "Lohengrin" Prelude 183 Walhalla Motive 192 Curse Motive 269 Siegfried Motive 270 Nibelung Smithy Motive 270 Tarnhelm Motive 271 Siegfried Horn Call 272 Develops into Motive of Siegfried, the Hero 272 And into Climax of the "Goetterdaemmerung" Funeral March 272 Examples from "Tristan und Isolde" 273, 274
INTRODUCTION
"Are you musical?"
"No; I neither play nor sing."
Your answer shows a complete misunderstanding of the case. Because you neither play nor sing, it by no means follows that you are unmusical. If you love music and appreciate it, you may be more musical than many pianists or singers; and certainly you may become so.
This book is planned for the lover of music, for those who throng the concert and recital halls and the opera--those who have not followed music as a profession, and yet love it as an art; who may not play or sing, and yet are musical. Among these is an ever-growing number that "wants to know," that no longer is satisfied simply with allowing music to play upon the senses and the emotions, but wants to understand why it does so.
To satisfy this natural desire which, with many, amounts to a craving or even a passion, and to do so in wholly untechnical language and in a manner that shall be intelligible to the average reader, is the purpose of this book. In carrying it out I have not neglected the personal side of music, but have endeavored to keep clearly before the eyes of the reader, and in their proper sequence, the great names in musical history.
I am somewhat of a radical in my musical opinions, one of those persons of advanced views who does not lift his eyes reverentially heavenward every time the words "symphony" and "sonata" are mentioned. In fact, I am most in sympathy with the liberating tendencies of modern music, which lays more stress upon the expression of life and truth than upon the exact form in which these are sought to be expressed. Nevertheless, I am quite aware that only through the gradual development and expansion of forms that now may be growing obsolete has music achieved its emancipation from the tyranny of form. Therefore, while I would rather listen to a Wagner music-drama than to a Mozart opera, or might go to more trouble to hear a Richard Strauss tone poem than a Beethoven symphony, I am not such an unconscionable heretic as to be unaware of the great, the very great part played by the Mozart opera and the Beethoven symphony in the evolution of music, or their importance in the orderly and systematic study of the art. Indeed, I was brought up on "Don Giovanni," the Fifth Symphony and the Sonatas before I brought myself up on Chopin, Liszt (for whom I have far greater admiration than most critics), and Wagner. Therefore, an ample portion of this book will be found devoted to the classical epoch and its great masters, especially its greatest master, Beethoven, and to the forms in which they worked. Nor do I think that these pages will be found written unsympathetically. But something is due the great body of music-lovers who, being told that they _must_ admire this, that and the other classical composer, _because he is classical_, find themselves at a loss and think themselves to blame because modern music makes a more vivid and deeper impression upon them. If they only knew it--they are in the right! But they have needed some one to tell them so.
"Advanced," this book is. But plenty will be found in it regarding the sonata and the symphony, and, through the latter, the development of the orchestra; and orchestral instruments, their tone quality, scope and purpose are described and explained.
More, perhaps, than in any work with the same purpose, the great part played by the pianoforte in the evolution of music is here recognized, and I have availed myself of the opportunity to tell much of the story of that evolution in connection with this, the most popular of musical instruments, and its great masters. Why the greater freedom of technique and expression made possible by the modern instrument has caused the classical sonata to be superseded by the more romantic works of Chopin and others whose compositions are typically pianistic, and how these works differ in form and substance from those of the classicists, are among the many points made clear in these chapters.
The same care has been bestowed upon that portion of the book relating to vocal music--to songs, opera, music-drama and oratorio. In fact, the aim has been to equip the lover of music--that is, of good music of all kinds--with the knowledge which will enable him to enjoy far more than before either an orchestral concert, a piano or song recital, an opera or a music-drama--anything, in fact, in music from Bach to Richard Strauss; to place everything before him from the standpoint of a writer who is himself a lover of music and who, although thoroughly in sympathy with the more advanced schools of the art, also appreciates the great masters of the past and is behind none in acknowledging what they contributed to make music what it is.
"Are you musical?"
"No; I neither play nor sing."
But, if you can read and listen, there is no reason why you should not be more musical--a more genuine lover of music--than many of those whose musicianship lies merely in their fingers or vocal cords. Try!
GUSTAV KOBBE.
HOW TO APPRECIATE A PIANOFORTE RECITAL
I
THE PIANOFORTE
There must be practically on the part of every one who attends a pianoforte recital some degree of curiosity regarding the instrument itself. Therefore, it seems to me pertinent to institute at the very outset an inquiry into what the pianoforte is and how it became what it is--the most practical, most expressive and most universal of musical instruments, the instrument of the concert hall and of the intimate home circle. Knowledge of such things surely will enhance the enjoyment of a pianoforte recital--should be, in fact, a prerequisite to it.
The pianoforte is the most used and, for that very reason, perhaps, the most abused of musical instruments. Even its real name generally is denied it. Most people call it a piano, although _piano_ is a musical term denoting a degree of sound, soft, gentle, low--the opposite of _forte_, which means strong and loud. The combination of the two terms in one word, pianoforte, signifies that the instrument is capable of being played both softly and loudly--both _piano_ and _forte_. It was this capacity that distinguished it from its immediate precursors, the old-time harpsichords and clavichords. One of the first requirements in learning how to understand music is to learn to call things musical by their right names. To speak of a pianoforte as a piano is one of our unjustifiable modern shortcuts of speech, a characteristic specimen of linguistic laziness and evidence of utter ignorance concerning the origin and character of the instrument.
If I were asked to express in a single phrase the importance of this instrument in the musical life of to-day I would say that the pianoforte is the orchestra of the home. Indeed, the title of the familiar song "What Is Home Without a Mother?" might, without any undue stretch of imagination, be changed to "What Is Home Without a Pianoforte?"--although, if you are working hard at your music and practicing scales and finger exercises several hours a day, it might be wiser not to ask your neighbor's opinion on this point.
The King of Instruments.