CHAPTER IX

LEAVING THE OLD COUNTRY

When a man has made up his mind to seek his fortune in Canada he naturally wants to know the steps to be taken. The Dominion Government is more than willing to assist him in every possible way. It regards every man able and willing to work, with a good character, as a valuable asset to Canada. Not only the Dominion Government, but the various Provincial Governments have established agencies and offices in this country to supply intending emigrants with all the information they desire. It will be useful to give here a list of the Dominion offices and agencies:—

ENGLAND AND WALES.

Mr. J. Obed Smith, Assistant Superintendent of Emigration, 11—12, Charing Cross, London, S.W.

Branch offices:— 48, Lord Street, Liverpool. 139, Corporation Street, Birmingham. 81, Queen Street, Exeter. 16, Parliament Street, York.

SCOTLAND.

107, Hope Street, Glasgow. 26, Guild Street, Aberdeen.

IRELAND.

17—19, Victoria Street, Belfast. 44, Dawson Street, Dublin.

No fees are charged at these offices for the information given. Inquirers should write, stating what they want to know, and they will receive replies to their inquiries and literature which will further inform their minds. A large number of booking agents are appointed in various towns throughout the country by the Canadian Immigration Department. These local agents are also commissioned and required to give all necessary information and to arrange for the transportation of emigrants by the various steamship lines. It is forbidden to such agents to charge fees for letters of introduction to officials on the Canadian side and for other services that fall within the duties for which they are paid commission. The spring is far and away the best time of the year to arrive in Canada. It is when agricultural operations are commencing that the demand for labour invariably exceeds the supply and the activity in industries other than agricultural is also at its greatest. Through the winter there is a general slackening both on the land and in the cities. Farmers, farm labourers, and female domestic servants are the classes who are most encouraged by the Canadian Immigration Department to go out. All others are advised to get definite assurance of employment in Canada before leaving home. They should be provided with a few pounds for use on the other side after all the expenses of going out have been paid. As has been indicated in an earlier chapter, there are usually a large number of Canadian farmers willing to advance the passage money if necessary to well-recommended men. Lists of such farmers are kept in the Departments of Agriculture in the various Provinces. The Dominion immigration agents on this side would tell intending emigrants desiring such assistance to whom to apply. The various Canadian railway companies and their shipping lines, with the great Cunard line, which specialises in the emigrant business, are also well furnished with information of value to emigrants. At the offices of these lines information with regard to employment and getting the money for the passage advanced to selected men, if that is absolutely necessary, is also given.

As to the cost of going out, it may be put down for those going steerage at from £6 10_s._ and £10 to £12 for second class. On the other side the railway companies convey settlers at very cheap rates, and there are special freightage rates for settlers’ goods. A steerage passenger will be conveyed third class to Winnipeg or Regina, for instance, involving nearly 2,000 miles of land travel, for £10 or £12 from Great Britain. The steerage accommodation, as a rule, is necessarily somewhat crowded, for the fares have been cut down to such a low level that it is a wonder it can be done at the price at all. A very great improvement, however, has been effected as compared with the emigrants’ accommodation given only a dozen years ago. A steerage emigrant must not mind a little roughing it on board. He is assured, any way, of a plentiful supply of wholesome and varied food, and the ship’s doctor and stewards and stewardesses are there to see that there is proper attendance in case of sickness and that the sanitary conditions are all right. I have been through the steerage quarters of several emigrant ships and seen the steerage passengers at their meals. They seemed cheerful enough provided the sea was moderately quiet. Of course, in a gale or when the sea is swelling in long rollers, even first-class passengers on the most luxurious of modern ships are bowled over and tempted to wish that they had never left land. During the first two or three days there is usually a good percentage unable to take any interest in meals. When they have found their sea-legs, however, and the appetite for food returns, it is surprising how cheerful the steerage passengers become. There are games on the deck, sports are arranged, boxing-gloves are produced, the combatants being surrounded by a ring of interested spectators. The young women work off their exuberant vitality with the skipping rope. The children of families going out romp as freely as if they were in the streets or in fields. In the evening sing-songs are got up.

Great is the excitement when, on the sixth day or so, land comes in sight, and when the ship enters the Gulf of the St. Lawrence the “steerage” during the daylight is all on deck, scanning the scenery on either side. No scenery can give a more favourable first impression of the country. The ranges of wooded hills, the towns and villages, each with its church spire in the centre, the fishing boats, are all objects of never-failing interest. Quebec is the landing place for the immigrants. There is no more picturesque approach to any city than the approach up the river to Quebec, the old capital of French Canada. The cliffs rise sheer from the water’s edge, crowned by the buildings of the Old Town. If the approach is by night the lights of Quebec give it a most picturesque appearance. It is always the effort of the pilot who takes the boat in to reach Quebec by six in the evening, otherwise the immigrants have to remain on board till the morning. The ship by which I travelled, the _Royal George_ of the Canadian Northern Royal Line, did not reach Quebec until two in the morning, when all but a few of the passengers were sound asleep. They could not be landed until the immigration officials were at their duty at the immigration landing stage. Breakfast was served at five o’clock, and by half-past five the party of a thousand or so steerage passengers were waiting on the deck with their belongings to go ashore. It was a dramatic and a pathetic sight to see them crossing the gangway. A large number of them were young fellows, some well-dressed, educated-looking men of the clerk or shop assistant type. They were well set-up athletic fellows who had found the competitive conditions of London and the provincial cities and towns of the Old Country such as gave them little, if any, hope of rising above the earning of 30_s._ or £2 a week. In Canada the world was before them, and they landed with hope in their hearts, though no doubt with heart pangs as they thought of those they had left behind them. Then there was a rougher class, the class that dispenses with collars, wears a cap and very likely corduroy trousers, labourers from the villages, unskilled men from the towns, muscular fellows—the men who rely upon their brawn rather than their brains to make their way. The young fellows of the clerk and shop assistant type had trunks and portmanteaux—“grips,” as the Canadians call them. The men of the labourer type carried their scanty belongings usually done up in a bundle or a rough box. There were older men with wife and sometimes children. These were the most pathetic to watch as they crossed the gangway—the man with the heaviest trunk, the woman very often with a bundle or a big cardboard box tied with string, the elder children also carrying bundles, sometimes a baby warmly wrapped up in a shawl—these also had found the Old Country too hard for them, and they had come to a country where, in most cases, a situation was awaiting the man and it would depend largely upon himself whether, having got his foot on the lowest rung of the ladder, he should climb up to the highest. A large number of the skilled artisans had had situations secured for them before they left England—thirty joiners, for instance, were going to situations at one town in Ontario. Then there were a number of rough-looking fellows on whom a master-builder or an engineer’s ganger would have had his eye at home. For this class there is plenty of work in Canada, for railway construction takes in an endless supply of labour. Building is going on all over the Dominion at an incredible rate, and the factories that are springing up in the Eastern Provinces, especially in Ontario, are taking on every year thousands of additional _employés_.

From Quebec the steerage passengers are despatched by the various railways to their destinations. There are representatives of the immigration departments of the railway and steamship companies to convoy parties westward as far as Winnipeg, the great distributing centre for the Prairie Provinces.

In addition to the Dominion, the Provincial Governments’, and the railway and shipping companies’ emigration agencies in Great Britain, there are plenty of societies, institutions, and religious organisations which have organised emigration work. The Salvation Army, for instance, sends out a large number every year. Those men do best who have received some preliminary training on a farm colony at home. The Dominion and Provincial Governments are much more exacting than they formerly were with regard to the quality of emigrants sent out. Canada does not want the human refuse for which the Old Country can find no use at home dumped on its shores. A prospective immigrant has to run the gauntlet of strict inquiry and examination with regard to his health and habits. This is as it should be, for it is no kindness to send out men whose physique is unequal to the climate and conditions of the country or whose morals and intelligence unfit them to become useful citizens. In the East of London and elsewhere there are self-help emigration societies through which a man is enabled to save up the money requisite to go out and otherwise prepare to become a successful colonist. The Wesleyan Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland, and other Churches have organised means to assist emigrants to go out and to be received and helped at the ports of landing and the chief centres of distribution.

Latterly, the Brotherhood Movement of England and Wales has undertaken the work of assisting emigrants belonging to Brotherhoods and Pleasant Sunday Afternoon Societies by giving them reliable information and by arranging for them to be assisted by representatives of the Brotherhood Movement in Canada when they land. It is a very great advantage for a man going out to find somebody willing to take a disinterested and friendly interest in him on his arrival. He naturally feels lonely on landing in a new country, and if he arrives with only a pound or two in his pocket and no situation awaiting him and does not immediately get employment he is distressed and humiliated. Mr. R. J. Harry, hon. secretary of the International Committee of the Brotherhood Movement, is willing to give such advice as he has at his disposal to members of Brotherhood, P.S.A. and Sisterhood Societies who communicate with him at the National Brotherhood Offices, 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C. The Brotherhood Movement has arranged with influential men in the principal Canadian cities to act as counsellors of Brotherhood men accredited to them, assisting them to obtain situations and lodgings and introducing them to Churches and Brotherhoods where such exist. I found that in Winnipeg, Vancouver, and other Canadian cities the Brotherhoods have devised the happy institution of Sunday afternoon tea to which the new-comers are invited. I was present at two such teas, and heard from recently arrived immigrants how their friendly reception at this pleasant function and the fraternisation with them of Canadians had made them feel at once at home.

Let it be impressed on all emigrants to Canada that the sooner they get into friendly touch with Churches, Brotherhoods, the splendid Y.M.C.A.’s, and other institutions of the Dominion, the better it will be for them. Canada is no more than any other country a paradise without a serpent. There are temptations, moral dangers, land sharks on the look out for easy victims. The members of the Canadian Churches, Brotherhoods and Y.M.C.A.’s are willing and eager to safeguard immigrants from the moment of their arrival from all such dangers.

It will not be long after arriving in Canada before homesickness makes itself felt. A young man or a young woman never realises how much home and relatives mean to them until they find themselves 4,000 to 5,000 miles away from them. There is sure to be a sinking of heart and a longing to be back amid the old scenes and with the old friends, and it may take months or a year before they settle down with a fair amount of contentedness to the new and strange conditions. The best cure for homesickness is to take the coat off and plunge at once into work with all the physical and mental energy that one commands. The work, the companionships that will be formed, the social connections of Church, Brotherhood or Y.M.C.A. membership, will soon give the new-comer an interest in the country. If he is made of the right stuff it will not be long before, in the Canadian phrase, he “makes good.” When he begins to make good and to feel that he did well in emigrating, and that there is a future for him in his adopted country, the homesickness will gradually wear away. A considerable number of the young men leave the Old Country with the idea as soon as possible of sending for a wife. The prospect of making a home for the girl he has left behind him is one of the best inducements to “make good” in Canada. On the train by which I travelled from Montreal there were three prospective brides who at different points of the route were to meet their bridegrooms and be immediately married. This is a romance of daily occurrence in Canada. A minister told me that he had often married couples on the bride’s arrival at midnight or in the small hours of the morning, for a girl coming out as an immigrant bride of course knows nobody in the town she is going to but her young man, and it is best on every ground that the wedding should be celebrated without delay.

On the subject of woman emigrants I heard a great deal from many Canadian men and women. The girl willing to engage in domestic service is regarded in Canada as having a price far above rubies. She will find in any town of considerable size most flattering competition for her services. The domestic servant is, indeed, so rare that, as has been indicated, Canadian families of high position often have to contrive to do without female help. Where a girl is willing to engage in domestic service, however, she has the best of good times. She is tempted, indeed, to lose her head on finding what a jewel she is. She enters Canada with the Old Country ideas of dutiful submission to her mistress. When she has been a month in her first situation her mistress must not be surprised if she asks for her wages to be doubled, for every Sunday off, and for time off each evening of the week. She does not expect to polish boots, to carry coals, or to perform other duties which the English domestic takes as a matter of course. No domestic servant need hesitate about going to Canada through fear of not finding employment.

With regard to other young women I was told that there is the keenest demand for clever needlewomen who can earn usually $10 to $15 a week by plain sewing.

Canada, especially the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, is very largely a men’s country, and the men will give almost any price to a clever needlewoman for making and mending their things. Laundry work in Canada is done almost exclusively by Chinese. They make plenty of work for a woman who can mend shirts and the like, for the Chinese methods of washing things are simply disastrous to the things washed. The clever typewriter is in the greatest demand in the Canadian towns. She works short hours, she receives high wages, and is a particularly clever young person. Then the great departmental stores employ girl “clerks”—that is, shop assistants—by the hundred and the thousand. These work under conditions such as might well excite the envy of their sisters in similar establishments in the Old Country. The hours are short, the business day usually closing at five o’clock. It is one of the sights of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, to see the street cars between five and six o’clock simply swarming with young women returning to their homes, all remarkably well-dressed, looking as if they got the maximum amount of enjoyment out of life.

The teaching profession in Canada offers an excellent career to trained teachers from the Old Country. Magnificent primary, secondary, and normal schools are springing up like mushrooms everywhere, and it is impossible to create teachers fast enough to meet the needs. A trained girl teacher with a good recommendation will be greedily snapped up in scores of towns of any of the Provinces and will have a career before her infinitely more promising than is possible under the conditions of the Old Country.

As to married women accompanying their husbands, there is no reason why they should not add materially to the family income. A woman on the land is a most valuable asset. She can raise chickens, sell eggs, collect and sell cream, attend to the garden, do needlework and laundry work for the farmers and others, and in many other ways find occupation at high rates of pay. If there is a daughter or two capable of doing anything, they also can earn from 10_s._ to 20_s._ a week to add to the family exchequer.

Girls are employed in newspaper offices and other printing works as linotype operators. I was told that in some cities girls skilled in the manipulation of the linotype are earning from $20 to $25 a week. Altogether, there is no country in the world that so fully appreciates the value of women’s work and is so cheerfully prepared to pay for it as Canada.

One class of woman worker that Canada has no use for is the barmaid. The employment of women in drink shops is absolutely forbidden. It may be added that for a woman to enter a public-house in Canada is to write herself down as a pariah. No Canadian woman could enter a public-house without being regarded as outside the ranks of decent society. As a matter of fact, except perhaps in Vancouver and one or two other cosmopolitan ports, no woman does enter a public-house. There is less drunkenness, perhaps, in Canada than in any other country of the world, and the attitude of Canadians with regard to women and drink contributes undoubtedly towards the general sobriety of the country. In Ontario entire prohibition of the drink trade prevails in many towns under the Local Option Law. Public-houses are closed, as in Scotland, from Saturday to Monday. Most of the great hotels are run on temperance lines. Canada realises that its greatest asset is the working capacity, the alert intelligence, and the moral character of its people. It sets its face against drunkenness and other vices that depreciate the value of its human assets.

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

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THE MESSAGES OF THE BIBLE

Edited by FRANK KNIGHT SANDERS, Ph.D., Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature in Yale University, and Charles Foster Kent, Ph.D., Professor of Biblical Literature and History in Brown University. Super royal 16mo, cloth, red top, 3s. 6d. a vol. (To be completed in 12 Volumes.)

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II. THE MESSAGES OF THE LATER PROPHETS. By Frank Knight Sanders, Ph.D., and Charles Foster Kent, Ph.D.

III. THE MESSAGES OF ISRAEL’S LAW GIVERS. By Charles Foster Kent, Ph.D.

IV. THE MESSAGES OF THE PROPHETICAL AND PRIESTLY HISTORIANS. By John Edgar McFadyen, M.A.(Glas.), B.A.(Oxon.)

V. THE MESSAGES OF THE PSALMISTS. By John Edgar McFadyen, M.A.(Glas.), B.A.(Oxon).

VII. THE MESSAGES OF THE POETS. By Nathaniel Schmidt, M.A.

VIII. THE MESSAGES OF THE APOCALYPTICAL WRITERS. By Frank Chamberlin Porter, Ph.D., D.D.

IX. THE MESSAGES OF JESUS ACCORDING TO THE SYNOPTISTS. By Thomas Cuming Hall, D.D.

X. THE MESSAGES OF JESUS ACCORDING TO THE GOSPEL OF JOHN. By James Stevenson Riggs, D.D.

XI. THE MESSAGES OF PAUL. By George Barker Stevens, Ph.D., D.D.

XII. THE MESSAGES OF THE APOSTLES. By George Barker Stevens, Ph.D., D.D.