iii. 187) points out that formerly as now, the word was of much more

general application. Orme in a passage quoted below employs it of boatmen at Karikal. The use of the word extended as far N. as Madras, and on the W. coast; it was not confined to the extreme S.] It was among these, and among the corresponding class of PARAVARS on the east coast, that F. Xavier's most noted labours in India occurred.

1510.—"The fourth class are called MECHUA, and these are fishers."—_Varthema_, 142.

1525.—"And Dom João had secret speech with a married Christian whose wife and children were inside the fort, and a valiant man, with whom he arranged to give him 200 PARDAOS (and that he gave him on the spot) to set fire to houses that stood round the fort.... So this Christian, called Duarte Fernandes ... put on a lot of old rags and tags, and powdered himself with ashes after the fashion of _jogues_ (see JOGEE) ... also defiling his hair with a mixture of oil and ashes, and disguising himself like a regular _jogue_, whilst he tied under his rags a parcel of gunpowder and pieces of slow-match, and so commending himself to God, in which all joined, slipped out of the fort by night, and as the day broke, he came to certain huts of MACUAS, which are fishermen, and began to beg alms in the usual palaver of the _jogues_, _i.e._ prayers for their long life and health, and the conquest of enemies, and easy deliveries for their womenkind, and prosperity for their children, and other grand things."—_Correa_, ii. 871.

1552.—Barros has MUCUARIA, 'a fisherman's village.'

1600.—"Those who gave the best reception to the Gospel were the MACÓAS; and, as they had no church in which to assemble, they did so in the fields and on the shores, and with such fervour that the Father found himself at times with 5000 or 6000 souls about him."—_Lucena, Vida do P. F. Xavier_, 117.

[c. 1610.—"These mariners are called MOUCOIS."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 314.]

1615.—"Edixit ut MACUAE omnes, id est vilissima plebecula et piscatu vivens, Christiana sacra susciperent."—_Jarric_, i. 390.

1626.—"The MUCHOA or MECHOE are Fishers ... the men Theeues, the women Harlots, with whom they please...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 553.

1677.—Resolved "to raise the rates of hire of the _Mesullas_ (see MUSSOOLA) boatmen called MACQUARS."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._, Jan 12, in _Notes and Exts._ No. i. 54.

[1684.—"The MAQUAS or Boatmen ye Ordinary Astralogers (_sic_) for weather did ... prognosticate great Rains...."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._, 1st ser. iii. 131.]

1727.—"They may marry into lower Tribes ... and so may the MUCKWAS, or Fishers, who, I think, are a higher tribe than the _Poulias_ (see POLEA)."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 310, [ed. 1744, i. 312].

[1738.—"Gastos com Nairos, Tibas, MAQUAS."—Agreement, in _Logan, Malabar_, ii. 36.]

1745.—"The MACOAS, a kind of Malabars, who have specially this business, and, as we might say, the exclusive privilege in all that concerns sea-faring."—_Norbert_, i. 227-8.

1746.—"194 MACQUARS attending the sea-side at night ... (P.) 8 : 8 : 40."—_Account of Extraordinary Expenses, at Ft. St. David_ (India Office MS. Records).

1760.—"Fifteen _massoolas_ (see MUSSOOLA) accompanied the ships; they took in 170 of the troops, besides the MACOAS, who are the black fellows that row them."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, iii. 617.

[1813.—"The MUCKWAS or MACUARS of Tellicherry are an industrious, useful set of people."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 202.]

MUDDÁR, s. Hind. _madār_, Skt. _mandāra_; _Calotropis procera_, R. Brown, N.O. _Asclepiadaceae_. One of the most common and widely diffused plants in uncultivated plains throughout India. In Sind the bark fibre is used for halters, &c., and experiment has shown it to be an excellent material worth £40 a ton in England, if it could be supplied at that rate; but the cost of collection has stood in the way of its utilisation. The seeds are imbedded in a silky floss, used to stuff pillows. This also has been the subject of experiment for textile use, but as yet without practical success. The plant abounds with an acrid milky juice which the Rājputs are said to employ for infanticide. (_Punjab Plants._) The plant is called AK in Sind and throughout N. India.

MUDDLE, s. (?) This word is only known to us from the clever—perhaps too clever—little book quoted below. The word does not seem to be known, and was probably a misapprehension of BUDLEE. [Even Mr. Brandt and Mrs. Wyatt are unable to explain this word. The former does not remember hearing it. Both doubt its connection with BUDLEE. Mrs. Wyatt suggests with hesitation Tamil _muder_, "boiled rice," _mudei-palli_, "the cook-house."]

1836-7.—"Besides all these acknowledged and ostensible attendants, each servant has a kind of MUDDLE or double of his own, who does all the work that can be put off upon him without being found out by his master or mistress."—_Letters from Madras_, 38.

" "They always come accompanied by their Vakeels, a kind of Secretaries, or interpreters, or flappers,—their MUDDLES in short; everybody here has a MUDDLE, high or low."—_Letters from Madras_, 86.

MUFTY, s.

A. Ar. _Muftī_, an expounder of the Mahommedan Law, the utterer of the _fatwā_ (see FUTWAH). Properly the _Muftī_ is above the _Kāẓī_ who carries out the judgment. In the 18th century, and including Regulation IX. of 1793, which gave the Company's Courts in Bengal the reorganization which substantially endured till 1862, we have frequent mention of both _Cauzies_ and _Mufties_ as authorized expounders of the Mahommedan Law; but, though Kāẓīs were nominally maintained in the Provincial Courts down to their abolition (1829-31), practically the duty of those known as Kāẓīs became limited to quite different objects and the designation of the Law-officer who gave the _futwā_ in our District Courts was _Maulavī_. The title _Muftī_ has been long obsolete within the limits of British administration, and one might safely say that it is practically unknown to any surviving member of the Indian Civil Service, and never was heard in India as a living title by any Englishman now surviving. (See CAZEE, LAW-OFFICER, MOOLVEE).

B. A slang phrase in the army, for 'plain clothes.' No doubt it is taken in some way from A, but the transition is a little obscure. [It was perhaps originally applied to the attire of dressing-gown, smoking-cap, and slippers, which was like the Oriental dress of the _Muftī_ who was familiar in Europe from his appearance in Moliere's _Bourgeois Gentilhomme_. Compare the French _en Pekin_.]

A.—

1653.—"Pendant la tempeste vne femme INDUSTANI mourut sur notre bord; vn MOUFTI Persan de la Secte des Schaï (see SHEEAH) assista à cette derniere extrémité, luy donnant esperance d'vne meilleure vie que celle-cy, et d'vn Paradis, où l'on auroit tout ce que l'on peut desirer ... et la fit changer de Secte...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 281.

1674.—"Resolve to make a present to the Governors of Changulaput and Pallaveram, old friends of the Company, and now about to go to Golcondah, for the marriage of the former with the daughter of the King's MUFTI or Churchman."—_Fort St. Geo. Consn._, March 26. In _Notes and Exts._, No. i. 30.

1767.—"3d. You will not let the CAUZY or MUFTY receive anything from the tenants unlawfully."—_Collectors' Instructions_, in _Long_, 511.

1777.—"The CAZI and MUFTIS now deliver in the following report, on the right of inheritance claimed by the widow and nephew of Shabaz Beg Khan...."—_Report on the Patna Cause_, quoted in _Stephen's Nuncomar and Impey_, ii. 167.

1793.—"§ XXXVI. The CAUZIES and MUFTIS of the provincial Courts of Appeal, shall also be CAUZIES and MUFTIES of the courts of circuit in the several divisions, and shall not be removable, except on proof to the satisfaction of the Governor-General in Council that they are incapable, or have been guilty of misconduct...."—_Reg. IX. of 1793._

[c. 1855.—

"Think'st thou I fear the dark vizier, Or the MUFTI'S vengeful arm?" _Bon Gaultier, The Cadi's Daughter._]

MUGG, n.p. Beng. _Magh_. It is impossible to deviate without deterioration from Wilson's definition of this obscure name: "A name commonly applied to the natives of Arakan, particularly those bordering on Bengal, or residing near the sea; the people of Chittagong." It is beside the question of its origin or proper application, to say, as Wilson goes on to say, on the authority of Lieut. (now Sir Arthur) Phayre, that the Arakanese disclaim the title, and restrict it to a class held in contempt, viz. the descendants of Arakanese settlers on the frontier of Bengal by Bengali mothers. The proper names of foreign nations in any language do not require the sanction of the nation to whom they are applied, and are often not recognised by the latter. German is not the German name for the Germans, nor Welsh the Welsh name for the Welsh, nor Hindu (originally) a Hindu word, nor China a Chinese word. The origin of the present word is very obscure. Sir A. Phayre kindly furnishes us with this note: "There is good reason to conclude that the name is derived from _Maga_, the name of the ruling race for many centuries in _Magadha_ (modern Behar). The kings of Arakan were no doubt originally of this race. For though this is not distinctly expressed in the histories of Arakan, there are several legends of Kings from Benares reigning in that country, and one regarding a Brahman who marries a native princess, and whose descendants reign for a long period. I say this, although Buchanan appears to reject the theory (see _Montg. Martin_, ii. 18 _seqq._)" The passage is quoted below.

On the other hand the Mahommedan writers sometimes confound Buddhists with fire-worshippers, and it seems possible that the word may have been Pers. _magh_ = 'magus.' [See _Risley, Tribes and Castes_, ii. 28 _seq._] The Chittagong Muggs long furnished the best class of native cooks in Calcutta; hence the meaning of the last quotation below.

1585.—"The MOGEN, which be of the kingdom of Recon (see ARAKAN) and Rame, be stronger than the King of Tipara; so that Chatigam or PORTO GRANDE (q.v.) is often under the King of Recon."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 389.

c. 1590.—(In a country adjoining Pegu) "there are mines of ruby and diamond and gold and silver and copper and petroleum and sulphur and (the lord of that country) has war with the tribe of MAGH about the mines; also with the tribe of Tipara there are battles."—_Āīn_ (orig.) i. 388; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 120].

c. 1604.—"_Defeat of the_ MAGH _Rájá_.—This short-sighted Rájá ... became elated with the extent of his treasures and the number of his elephants.... He then openly rebelled, and assembling an army at Sunárgánw laid seige to a fort in that vicinity ... Rájá Mán Singh ... despatched a force.... These soon brought the MAGH Rájá and all his forces to action ... regardless of the number of his boats and the strength of his artillery."—_Ináyatullah_, in _Elliot_, vi. 109.

1638.—"Submission of Manek Ráí, the MAG Rájá of Chittagong."—_Abdul-Hamíd Lahori_, in do. vii. 66.

c. 1665.—"These many years there have always been in the Kingdom of _Rakan_ or _Moy_ (read MOG) some _Portuguese_, and with them a great number of their _Christian_ Slaves, and other _Franguis_.... _That_ was the refuge of the Run-aways from _Goa_, _Ceilan_, _Cochin_, _Malague_ (see MALACCA), and all these other places which the Portugueses formerly held in the _Indies_."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 53; [ed. _Constable_, 109].

1676.—"In all _Bengala_ this King (of _Arakan_) is known by no other name but the King of MOGUE."—_Tavernier_, E.T. i. 8.

1752.—"... that as the time of the MUGS draws nigh, they request us to order the pinnace to be with them by the end of next month."—In _Long_, p. 87.

c. 1810.—"In a paper written by Dr. Leyden, that gentleman supposes ... that Magadha is the country of the people whom we call MUGGS.... The term MUGG, these people assured me, is never used by either themselves or by the Hindus, except when speaking the jargon commonly called Hindustani by Europeans...."—_F. Buchanan_, in _Eastern India_, ii. 18.

1811.—"MUGS, a dirty and disgusting people, but strong and skilful. They are somewhat of the Malayan race."—_Solvyns_, iii.

1866.—"That vegetable curry was excellent. Of course your cook is a MUG?"—_The Dawk Bungalow_, 389.

MUGGUR, s. Hind. and Mahr. _magar_ and _makar_, from Skt. _makara_ 'a sea-monster' (see MACAREO). The destructive broad-snouted crocodile of the Ganges and other Indian rivers, formerly called _Crocodilus biporcatus_, now apparently subdivided into several sorts or varieties.

1611.—"Alagaters or Crocodiles there called MURGUR _match_...."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 436. The word is here intended for _magar-mats_ or _machh_, 'crocodile-fish.'

[1876.—See under NUZZER.]

1878.—"The MUGGUR is a gross pleb, and his features stamp him as low-born. His manners are coarse."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian Garden_, 82-3.

1879.—"En route I killed two crocodiles; they are usually called alligators, but that is a misnomer. It is the MUGGER ... these MUGGERS kill a good many people, and have a playful way of getting under a boat, and knocking off the steersman with their tails, and then swallowing him afterwards."—_Pollok, Sport_, &c., i. 168.

1881.—"Alligator leather attains by use a beautiful gloss, and is very durable ... and it is possible that our rivers contain a sufficient number of the two varieties of crocodile, the MUGGAR and the _garial_ (see GAVIAL) for the tanners and leather-dressers of Cawnpore to experiment upon."—_Pioneer Mail_, April 26.

MUGGRABEE, n.p. Ar. _maghrabī_, 'western.' This word, applied to western Arabs, or Moors proper, is, as might be expected, not now common in India. It is the term that appears in the Hayraddin MOGRABBIN of _Quentin Durward_. From _gharb_, the root of this word, the Spaniards have the province of ALGARVE, and both Spanish and Portuguese have GARBIN, a west wind. [The magician in the tale of Alaeddin is a _Maghrabī_, and to this day in Languedoc and Gascony _Maugraby_ is used as a term of cursing. (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, x. 35, 379). MUGGERBEE is used for a coin (see GUBBER).]

1563.—"The proper tongue in which Avicena wrote is that which is used in Syria and Mesopotamia and in Persia and in Tartary (from which latter Avicena came) and this tongue they call _Araby_; and that of our Moors they call MAGARABY, as much as to say Moorish of the West...."—_Garcia_, f. 19_v_.

MULL, s. A contraction of MULLIGATAWNY, and applied as a distinctive sobriquet to members of the Service belonging to the Madras Presidency, as Bengal people are called QUI-HIS, and Bombay people DUCKS or BENIGHTED.

[1837.—"The MULLS have been excited also by another occurrence ... affecting rather the trading than fashionable world."—_Asiatic Journal_, December, p. 251.]

[1852.—"... residents of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras are, in Eastern parlance, designated 'Qui Hies,' 'Ducks,' and 'MULLS.'"—_Notes and Queries_, 1st ser. v. 165.]

1860.—"It ys ane darke Londe, and ther dwellen ye _Cimmerians_ whereof speketh _Homerus Poeta_ in his _Odysseia_, and to thys Daye thei clepen _Tenebrosi_ or 'ye Benyghted ffolke.' Bot thei clepen hemselvys MULLYS from _Mulligatawnee_ wh^{ch} ys ane of theyr goddys from w^{ch} thei ben ysprong."—Ext. from a lately discovered MS. of _Sir John Maundeville_.

MULLIGATAWNY, s. The name of this well-known soup is simply a corruption of the Tamil _milagu-tannīr_, 'pepper-water'; showing the correctness of the popular belief which ascribes the origin of this excellent article to Madras, whence—and not merely from the complexion acquired there—the sobriquet of the preceding article.

1784.—

"In vain our hard fate we repine; In vain on our fortune we rail; On MULLAGHEE-TAWNY we dine, Or CONGEE, in Bangalore Jail." _Song_ by a Gentleman of the Navy (one of Hyder's Prisoners), in _Seton-Karr_, i. 18.

[1823.—"... in a brasen pot was MULUGU TANNI, a hot vegetable soup, made chiefly from pepper and capsicums."—_Hoole, Missions in Madras_, 2nd ed. 249.]

MULMULL, s. Hind. _malmal_; Muslin.

[c. 1590.—"MALMAL, per piece ... 4 R."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 94.]

1683.—"Ye said Ellis told your Petitioner that he would not take 500 Pieces of your Petitioner's MULMULLS unless your Petitioner gave him 200 Rups. which your Petitioner being poor could not do."—_Petition of Rogoodee_, Weaver of Hugly, in _Hedges, Diary_, March 26; [Hak. Soc. i. 73].

1705.—"MALLE-MOLLES et autre diverses sortes de toiles ... stinquerques et les belles mousselines."—_Luillier_, 78.

MUNCHEEL, MANJEEL, s. This word is proper to the S.W. coast; Malayal. _manjīl_, _mañchal_, from Skt. _maṅcha_. It is the name of a kind of hammock-litter used on that coast as a substitute for palankin or dooly. It is substantially the same as the DANDY of the Himālaya, but more elaborate. Correa describes but does not name it.

1561.—"... He came to the factory in a litter which men carried on their shoulders. These are made with thick canes, bent upwards and arched, and from them are suspended some clothes half a fathom in width, and a fathom and a half in length; and at the extremities pieces of wood to sustain the cloth hanging from the pole; and upon this cloth a mattress of the same size as the cloth ... the whole very splendid, and as rich as the gentlemen ... may desire."—_Correa, Three Voyages_, &c., p. 199.

1811.—"The Inquisition is about a quarter of a mile distant from the convent, and we proceeded thither in MANJEELS."—_Buchanan, Christian Researches_, 2nd ed., 171.

1819.—"MUNCHEEL, a kind of litter resembling a sea-cot or hammock, hung to a long pole, with a moveable cover over the whole, to keep off the sun or rain. Six men will run with one from one end of the Malabar coast to the other, while twelve are necessary for the lightest palanquin."—_Welsh_, ii. 142.

1844.—"MUNCHEELS, with poles complete.... Poles, MUNCHEEL-, Spare."—_Jameson's Bombay Code, Ordnance Nomenclature._

1862.—"We ... started ... in MUNSHEELS or hammocks, slung to bamboos, with a shade over them, and carried by six men, who kept up unearthly yells the whole time."—_Markham, Peru and India_, 353.

c. 1886.—"When I landed at Diu, an officer met me with a MUNCHEEL for my use, viz. a hammock slung to a pole, and protected by an awning."—_M.-Gen. R. H. Keatinge._

A form of this word is used at Réunion, where a kind of palankin is called "le MANCHY." It gives a title to one of Leconte de Lisle's Poems:

c. 1858.—

"Sous un nuage frais de claire mousseline Tous les dimanches au matin, Tu venais à la ville en MANCHY de rotin, Par les rampes de la colline." _Le_ MANCHY.

The word has also been introduced by the Portuguese into Africa in the forms _maxilla_, and _machilla_.

1810.—"... tangas, que elles chamão MAXILAS."—_Annaes Maritimas_, iii. 434.

1880.—"The Portuguese (in Quilliman) seldom even think of walking the length of their own street, and ... go from house to house in a sort of palanquin, called here a MACHILLA (pronounced _masheela_). This usually consists of a pole placed upon the shoulders of the natives, from which is suspended a long plank of wood, and upon that is fixed an old-fashioned-looking chair, or sometimes two. Then there is an awning over the top, hung all round with curtains. Each MACHILLA requires about 6 to 8 bearers, who are all dressed alike in a kind of livery."—_A Journey in E. Africa_, by _M. A. Pringle_, p. 89.

MUNGOOSE, s. This is the popular Anglo-Indian name of the Indian ichneumons, represented in the South by _Mangusta Mungos_ (Elliot), or _Herpestes griseus_ (Geoffroy) of naturalists, and in Bengal by _Herpestes malaccensis_. [Blanford (_Mammalia_, 119 _seqq._) recognises eight species, the "Common Indian Mungoose" being described as _Herpestes mungo_.] The word is Telugu, _mangīsu_, or _mungīsa_. In Upper India the animal is called _newal_, _neolā_, or _nyaul_. Jerdon gives _mangūs_ however as a Deccani and Mahr. word; [Platts gives it as dialectic, and very doubtfully derives it from Skt. _makshu_, 'moving quickly.' In Ar. it is _bint-'arūs_, 'daughter of the bridegroom,' in Egypt _kitt_ or _katt Farāūn_, 'Pharaoh's cat' (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, ii. 369)].

1673.—"... a MONGOOSE is akin to a Ferret...."—_Fryer_, 116.

1681.—"The knowledge of these antidotal herbs they have learned from the MOUNGGUTIA, a kind of Ferret."—_Knox_, 115.

1685.—"They have what they call a MANGUS, creatures something different from ferrets; these hold snakes in great antipathy, and if they once discover them never give up till they have killed them."—_Ribeyro_, f. 56_v_.

Bluteau gives the following as a quotation from a _History of Ceylon_, tr. from Portuguese into French, published at Paris in 1701, p. 153. It is in fact the gist of an anecdote in Ribeyro.

"There are persons who cherish this animal and have it to sleep with them, although it is ill-tempered, for they prefer to be bitten by a MANGUS to being killed by a snake."

1774.—"He (the Dharma Raja of Bhootan) has got a little lap-dog and a MUNGOOS, which he is very fond of."—_Bogle's Diary_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 27.

1790.—"His (Mr. Glan's) experiments have also established a very curious fact, that the ichneumon, or MUNGOOSE, which is very common in this country, and kills snakes without danger to itself, does not use antidotes ... but that the poison of snakes is, to this animal, innocent."—Letter in _Colebrooke's Life_, p. 40.

1829.—"Il MONGÙSE animale simile ad una donnola."—_Papi_, in _de Gubernatis, St. dei Viagg. Ital._, p. 279.

MUNJEET, s. Hind. _majīṭh_, Skt. _maṅjishṭha_; a dye-plant (_Rubia cordifolia_, L., N.O. _Cinchonaceae_); 'Bengal Madder.'

MUNNEEPORE, n.p. Properly _Manipūr_; a quasi-independent State lying between the British district of Cachar on the extreme east of Bengal, and the upper part of the late kingdom of Burma, and in fact including a part of the watershed between the tributaries of the Brahmaputra and those of the Irawadi. The people are of genuinely Indo-Chinese and Mongoloid aspect, and the State, small and secluded as it is, has had its turn in temporary conquest and domination, like almost all the States of Indo-China from the borders of Assam to the mouth of the Mekong. Like the other Indo-Chinese States, too, Manipūr has its royal chronicle, but little seems to have been gathered from it. The Rājas and people have, for a period which seems uncertain, professed Hindu religion. A disastrous invasion of Manipūr by Alompra, founder of the present Burmese dynasty, in 1755, led a few years afterwards to negotiations with the Bengal Government, and the conclusion of a treaty, in consequence of which a body of British sepoys was actually despatched in 1763, but eventually returned without reaching Manipūr. After this, intercourse practically ceased till the period of our first Burmese War (1824-25), when the country was overrun by the Burmese, who also entered Cachar; and British troops, joined with a Manipūrī force, expelled them. Since then a British officer has always been resident at Manipūr, and at one time (c. 1838-41) a great deal of labour was expended on opening a road between Cachar and Manipūr. [The murder of Mr. Quinton, Chief-Commissioner of Assam, and other British officers at Manipūr, in the close of 1890, led to the infliction of severe punishment on the leaders of the outbreak. The Mahārāja, whose abdication led to this tragedy, died in Calcutta in the following year, and the State is now under British management during the minority of his successor.]

This State has been called by a variety of names. Thus, in Rennell's _Memoir_ and maps of India it bears the name of MECKLEY. In Symes's _Narrative_, and in maps of that period, it is CASSAY; names, both of which have long disappeared from modern maps. _Meckley_ represents the name (_Makli?_) by which the country was known in Assam; _Mogli_ (apparently a form of the same) was the name in Cachar; _Ka-sé_ or _Ka-thé_ (according to the Ava pronunciation) is the name by which it is known to the Shans or Burmese.

1755.—"I have carried my Arms to the _confines_ of CHINA ... on the other quarter I have reduced to my subjection the major part of the Kingdom of CASSAY; whose Heir I have taken captive, see there he sits behind you...."—Speech of _Alompra_ to _Capt. Baker_ at _Momchabue_. _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 152.

1759.—"CASSAY, which ... lies to the N. Westward of AVA, is a Country, so far as I can learn, hitherto unheard of in Europe...."—_Letter_, dd. 22 June 1759, in _ibid._ 116.

[1762.—"... the President sent the Board a letter which he had received from Mr. Verelst at Chittagong, containing an invitation which had been made to him and his Council by the Rajah of MECKLEY to assist him in obtaining redress ... from the Burmas...."—Letter, in _Wheeler, Early Records_, 291.]

1763.—"MECKLEY is a Hilly Country, and is bounded on the North, South, and West by large tracts of _Cookie Mountains_, which prevent any intercourse with the countries beyond them; and on the East[175] by the Burampoota (see BURRAMPOOTER); beyond the Hills, to the North by Asam and _Poong_; to the West Cashar; to the South and East the BURMAH Country, which lies between Meckley and China.... The _Burampoota_ is said to divide, somewhere to the north of _Poong_, into two large branches, one of which passes through ASAM, and down by the way of _Dacca_, the other through POONG into the Burma Country."—_Acct. of Meckley_, by _Nerher Doss Gosseen_, in _Dalrymple's Or. Rep._, ii. 477-478.

" "... there is about _seven days plain country_ between MONEYPOOR and BURAMPOOTA, after crossing which, about _seven days, Jungle and Hills_, to the inhabited border of the Burmah country."—_Ibid._ 481.

1793.—"... The first ridge of mountains towards Thibet and Bootan, forms the limit of the survey to the north; to which I may now add, that the surveys extend no farther eastward, than the frontiers of Assam and MECKLEY.... The space between Bengal and China, is occupied by the province of MECKLEY and other districts, subject to the King of Burmah, or Ava...."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 295.

1799.—(Referring to 1757). "Elated with success Alompra returned to Monchaboo, now the seat of imperial government. After some months ... he took up arms against the CASSAYERS.... Having landed his troops, he was preparing to advance to MUNNEPOORA, the capital of CASSAY, when information arrived that the Peguers had revolted...."—_Symes, Narrative_, 41-42.

" "All the troopers in the King's service are natives of CASSAY, who are much better horsemen than the Birmans."—_Ibid._ 318.

1819.—"Beyond the point of Negraglia (see NEGRAIS), as far as Azen (see ASSAM), and even further, there is a small chain of mountains that divides Aracan and CASSÉ from the Burmese...."—_Sangermano_, p. 33.

1827.—"The extensive area of the Burman territory is inhabited by many distinct nations or tribes, of whom I have heard not less than eighteen enumerated. The most considerable of these are the proper Burmans, the Peguans or Talains, the Shans or people of Lao, the CASSAY, or more correctly Kathé...."—_Crawfurd's Journal_, 372.

1855.—"The weaving of these silks ... gives employment to a large body of the population in the suburbs and villages round the capital, especially to the MUNNIPOORIANS, or KATHÉ, as they are called by the Burmese.

"These people, the descendants of unfortunates who were carried off in droves from their country by the Burmans in the time of King Mentaragyi and his predecessors, form a very great proportion ... of the metropolitan population, and they are largely diffused in nearly all the districts of Central Burma.... Whatever work is in hand for the King or for any of the chief men near the capital, these people supply the labouring hands; if boats have to be manned they furnish the rowers; and whilst engaged on such tasks any remuneration they may receive is very scanty and uncertain."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 153-154.

MUNSUBDAR. Hind. from Pers. _manṣabdār_, 'the holder of office or dignity' (Ar. _manṣab_). The term was used to indicate quasi-feudal dependents of the Mogul Government who had territory assigned to them, on condition of their supplying a certain number of horse, 500, 1000 or more. In many cases the title was but nominal, and often it was assumed without warrant. [Mr. Irvine discusses the question at length and represents _manṣab_ by "the word '_rank_,' as its object was to settle precedence and fix gradation of pay; it did not necessarily imply the exercise of any particular office, and meant nothing beyond the fact that the holder was in the employ of the State, and bound in return to yield certain services when called upon." (_J.R.A.S._, July 1896, pp. 510 _seqq._)]

[1617.—"... slew one of them and twelve MAANCIPDARES."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 417; in ii. 461, "MANCIPDARIES."

[1623.—"... certain Officers of the Militia, whom they call MANSUBDÀR."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 97.]

c. 1665.—"MANSEBDARS are Cavaliers of _Manseb_, which is particular and honourable Pay; not so great indeed as that of the _Omrahs_ ... they being esteemed as little _Omrahs_, and of the rank of those, that are advanced to that dignity."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 67; [ed. _Constable_, 215].

1673.—"MUNSUBDARS or petty _omrahs_."—_Fryer_, 195.

1758.—"... a MUNSUBDAR or commander of 6000 horse."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, ii. 278.

MUNTRA, s. Skt. _mantra_, 'a text of the Vedas; a magical formula.'

1612.—"... Trata da causa primeira, segundo os livros que tem, chamados Terum MANDRA mole" (_mantra-mūla_, _mūla_ 'text').—_Couto_, Dec. V. liv. vi. cap. 3.

1776.—"MANTUR—a text of the Shaster."—_Halhed, Code_, p. 17.

1817.—"... he is said to have found the great MANTRA, spell or talisman."—_Mill, Hist._ ii. 149.

MUNTREE, s. Skt. _Mantri_. A minister or high official. The word is especially affected in old Hindu States, and in the Indo-Chinese and Malay States which derive their ancient civilisation from India. It is the word which the Portuguese made into MANDARIN (q.v.).

1810.—"When the Court was full, and Ibrahim, the son of Candu the merchant, was near the throne, the Raja entered.... But as soon as the Rajah seated himself, the MUNTRIES and high officers of state arrayed themselves according to their rank."—In a Malay's account of Government House at Calcutta, transl. by Dr. Leyden, in _Maria Graham_, p. 200.

[1811.—"MANTRI." See under ORANKAY.

[1829.—"The MANTRIS of Mewar prefer estates to pecuniary stipend, which gives more consequence in every point of view."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i. 150.]

MUNZIL, s. Ar. _manzil_, 'descending or alighting,' hence the halting place of a stage or march, a day's stage.

1685.—"We were not able to reach Obdeen-deen (ye usual MENZILL) but lay at a sorry CARAVAN SARAI."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 30; [Hak. Soc. i. 203. In i. 214, MANZEILL].

MUSCÁT, n.p., properly _Măskăt_. A port and city of N.E. Arabia; for a long time the capital of 'Omān. (See IMAUM.)

[1659.—"The Governor of the city was Chah-Navaze-kan ... descended from the ancient Princes of MACHATE...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 73.]

1673.—"MUSCHAT." See under IMAUM.

MUSIC. There is no matter in which the sentiments of the people of India differ more from those of Englishmen than on that of music, and curiously enough the one kind of Western music which they appreciate, and seem to enjoy, is that of the bagpipe. This is testified by Captain Munro in the passage quoted below; but it was also shown during Lord Canning's visit to Lahore in 1860, in a manner which dwells in the memory of one of the present writers. The escort consisted of part of a Highland regiment. A venerable Sikh chief who heard the pipes exclaimed: 'That is indeed music! it is like that which we hear of in ancient story, which was so exquisite that the hearers became insensible (_behosh_).'

1780.—"The bagpipe appears also to be a favourite instrument among the natives. They have no taste indeed for any other kind of music, and they would much rather listen to this instrument a whole day than to an organ for ten minutes."—_Munro's Narrative_, 33.

MUSK, s. We get this word from the Lat. _muschus_, Greek μόσχος, and the latter must have been got, probably through Persian, from the Skt. _mushka_, the literal meaning of which is rendered in the old English phrase 'a cod of musk.' The oldest known European mention of the article is that which we give from St. Jerome; the oldest medical prescription is in a work of Aetius, of Amida (c. 540). In the quotation from Cosmas the word used is μόσχος, and _kastūri_ is a Skt. name, still, according to Royle, applied to the musk-deer in the Himālaya. The transfer of the name to (or from) the article called by the Greeks καστόριον, which is an analogous product of the beaver, is curious. The Musk-deer (_Moschus moschiferus_, L.) is found throughout the Himālaya at elevations rarely (in summer) below 8000 feet, and extends east to the borders of Szechuen, and north to Siberia.

c. 390.—"Odoris autem suavitas, et diversa thymiamata, et amomum, et cyphi, oenanthe, MUSCUS, et peregrini muris pellicula, quod dissolutis et amatoribus conveniat, nemo nisi dissolutus negat."—_St. Jerome_, in Lib. Secund. _adv. Jovinianum_, ed. _Vallarsii_, ii. col. 337.

c. 545.—"This little animal is the MUSK (μόσχος). The natives call it in their own tongue καστοῦρι. They hunt it and shoot it, and binding tight the blood collected about the navel they cut this off, and this is the sweet smelling part of it, and what we call MUSK."—_Cosmas Indicopleustes_, Bk. xi.

["MUSKE commeth from Tartaria.... There is a certaine beast in Tartaria, which is wilde and big as a wolfe, which beast they take aliue, and beat him to death with small stanes y^t his blood may be spread through his whole body, then they cut it in pieces, and take out all the bones, and beat the flesh with the blood in a mortar very smal, and dry it, and make purses to put it in of the skin, and these be the Cods of MUSKE."—_Caesar Frederick_, in _Hakl._ ii. 372.]

1673.—"MUSK. It is best to buy it in the Cod ... that which openeth with a bright Mosk colour is best."—_Fryer_, 212.

MUSK-RAT, s. The popular name of the _Sorex caerulescens_, Jerdon, [_Crocidura caerulea_, Blanford], an animal having much the figure of the common shrew, but nearly as large as a small brown rat. It diffuses a strong musky odour, so penetrative that it is commonly asserted to affect bottled beer by running over the bottles in a cellar. As Jerdon judiciously observes, it is much more probable that the corks have been affected before being used in bottling; [and Blanford (_Mammalia,_ 237) writes that "the absurd story ... is less credited in India than it formerly was, owing to the discovery that liquors bottled in Europe and exported to India are not liable to be tainted."] When the female is in heat she is often seen to be followed by a string of males giving out the odour strongly. Can this be the _mus peregrinus_ mentioned by St. Jerome (see MUSK), as P. Vincenzo supposes?

c. 1590.—"Here (in Tooman Bekhrad, n. of Kabul R.) are also MICE that have a fine MUSKY SCENT."—_Ayeen_, by _Gladwin_ (1800) ii. 166; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 406].

[1598.—"They are called sweet smelling RATTES, for they have a smell as if they were full of MUSKE."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 303.]

1653.—"Les rats d'Inde sont de deux sortes.... La deuxiesme espece que les Portugais appellent _cheroso_ ou odoriferant est de la figure d'vn furet" (a ferret), "mais extremement petit, sa morseure est veneneuse. Lorsqu'il entre en vne chambre l'on le sent incontinent, et l'on l'entend crier _krik, krik, krik_."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 256. I may note on this that Jerdon says of the _Sorex murinus_,—the large musk-rat of China, Burma, and the Malay countries, extending into Lower Bengal and Southern India, especially the Malabar coast, where it is said to be the common species (therefore probably that known to our author),—that the bite is considered venomous by the natives (_Mammals_, p. 54), [a belief for which, according to Blanford (_l.c._ p. 236), there is no foundation].

1672.—P. Vincenzo Maria, speaking of his first acquaintance with this animal (_il ratto del musco_), which occurred in the Capuchin Convent at Surat, says with simplicity (or malignity?): "I was astonished to perceive an odour so fragrant[176] in the vicinity of those most religious Fathers, with whom I was at the moment in conversation."—_Viaggio_, p. 385.

1681.—"This country has its vermin also. They have a sort of Rats they call MUSK-RATS, because they smell strong of musk. These the inhabitants do not eat of, but of all other sorts of Rats they do."—_Knox_, p. 31.

1789.—H. Munro in his _Narrative_ (p. 34) absurdly enough identifies this animal with the BANDICOOT, q.v.

1813.—See _Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 42; [2nd. ed. i. 26].

MUSLIN, s. There seems to be no doubt that this word is derived from Mosul (Mauṣal or Mauṣil) on the Tigris,[177] and it has been from an old date the name of a texture, but apparently not always that of the thin semi-transparent tissue to which we now apply it. Dozy (p. 323) says that the Arabs employ _mauṣili_ in the same sense as our word, quoting the _Arabian Nights_ (Macnaghten's ed., i. 176, and ii. 159), in both of which the word indicates the material of a _fine_ turban. [Burton (i. 211) translates 'Mosul stuff,' and says it may mean either of 'Mosul fashion,' or muslin.] The quotation from Ives, as well as that from Marco Polo, seems to apply to a different texture from what we call muslin.

1298.—"All the cloths of gold and silk that are called MOSOLINS are made in this country (Mausul)."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. chap. 5.

c. 1544.—"_Almussoli_ est regio in Mesopotamia, in qua texuntur telae ex bombyce valde pulchrae, quae apud Syros et Aegyptios et apud mercatores Venetos appellantur MUSSOLI, ex hoc regionis nomine. Et principes Aegyptii et Syri, tempore aestatis sedentes in loco honorauiliori induunt vestes ex hujusmodi MUSSOLI."—_Andreae Bellunensis_, Arabicorum nominum quae in libris _Avicennae_ sparsim legebantur _Interpretatio_.

1573.—"... you have all sorts of Cotton-works, Handkerchiefs, long Fillets, Girdles ... and other sorts, by the _Arabians_ called MOSSELLINI (after the Country _Mussoli_, from whence they are brought, which is situated in Mesopotamia), by us MUSLIN."—_Rauwolff_, p. 84.

c. 1580.—"For the rest the said Agiani (misprint for Bagnani, BANYANS) wear clothes of white MUSSOLO or _sessa_ (?); having their garments very long and crossed over the breast."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 33_b_.

1673.—"Le drap qu'on estend sur les matelas est d'une toille aussy fine que de la MOUSCELINE."—App. to _Journal d'Ant. Galland_, ii. 198.

1685.—"I have been told by several, that MUSCELIN (so much in use here for cravats) and _Calligo_ (!), and the most of the Indian linens, are made of nettles, and I see not the least improbability but that they may be made of the fibres of them."—_Dr. Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray_, in _Ray Correspondence_, 1848, p. 163.

c. 1760.—"This city (Mosul)'s manufacture is MUSSOLIN [read MUSSOLEN] (a cotton cloth) which they make very strong and pretty fine, and sell for the European and other markets."—_Ives, Voyage_, p. 324.

MUSNUD, s. H.—Ar. _masnad_, from root _sanad_, 'he leaned or rested upon it.' The large cushion, &c., used by native Princes in India, in place of a throne.

1752.—"Salabat-jing ... went through the ceremony of sitting on the MUSNUD or throne."—_Orme_, ed. 1803, i. 250.

1757.—"On the 29th the Colonel went to the Soubah's Palace, and in the presence of all the Rajahs and great men of the court, led him to the MUSLAND...."—_Reflexions by Luke Scrafton, Esq._, ed. 1770, p. 93.

1803.—"The Peshwah arrived yesterday, and is to be seated on the MUSNUD."—_A. Wellesley_, in _Munro's Life_, i. 343.

1809.—"In it was a MUSNUD, with a carpet, and a little on one side were chairs on a white cloth."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 346.

1824.—"They spread fresh carpets, and prepared the royal MUSNUD, covering it with a magnificent shawl."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 142.

1827.—"The Prince Tippoo had scarcely dismounted from his elephant, and occupied the MUSNUD, or throne of cushions."—_Sir W. Scott, Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xiv.

MUSSALLA, s. P.—H. (with change of sense from Ar. _maṣāliḥ_, pl. of _maṣlaḥa_) 'materials, ingredients,' lit. 'things for the good of, or things or affairs conducive to good.' Though sometimes used for the ingredients of any mixture, _e.g._ to form a cement, the most usual application is to spices, curry-stuffs and the like. There is a tradition of a very gallant Governor-General that he had found it very tolerable, on a sharp but brief campaign, to "rough it on CHUPRASSIES and MUSSAULCHEES" (qq.v.), meaning _chupatties_ and _mussalla_.

1780.—"A dose of MARSALL, or purgative spices."—_Munro, Narrative_, 85.

1809.—"At the next hut the woman was grinding MISSALA or curry-stuff on a flat smooth stone with another shaped like a rolling pin."—_Maria Graham_, 20.

MUSSAUL, s. Hind. from Ar. _mash'al_, 'a torch.' It is usually made of rags wrapt round a rod, and fed at intervals with oil from an earthen pot.

c. 1407.—"Suddenly, in the midst of the night they saw the Sultan's camp approaching, accompanied by a great number of MASHAL."—_Abdurazzāk_, in _N. & Exts._ xiv. Pt. i. 153.

1673.—"The _Duties_[178] march like Furies with their lighted MUSSALS in their hands, they are Pots filled with Oyl in an Iron Hoop like our Beacons, and set on fire by stinking rags."—_Fryer_, 33.

1705.—"... flambeaux qu'ils appellent MANSALLES."—_Luillier_, 89.

1809.—"These MUSSAL or link-boys."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 17.

1810.—"The MOSAUL, or flambeau, consists of old rags, wrapped very closely round a small stick."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 219.

[1813.—"These nocturnal processions illumined by many hundred MASSAULS or torches, illustrate the parable of the ten virgins...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 274.

[1857.—"Near him was another Hindoo ... he is called a MUSSAL; and the lamps and lights are his special department."—_Lady Falkland, Chow-Chow_, 2nd ed. i. 35.]

MUSSAULCHEE, s. Hind. _mash'alchī_ from _mash'al_ (see MUSSAUL), with the Turkish termination _chī_, generally implying an agent. [In the _Arabian Nights_ (_Burton_, i. 239) _al-masha'ilī_ is the executioner.] The word properly means a link-boy, and was formerly familiar in that sense as the epithet of the person who ran alongside of a palankin on a night journey, bearing a MUSSAUL. "In Central India it is the special duty of the barber (_nāī_) to carry the torch; hence _nāī_ commonly = 'torch-bearer'" (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_). The word [or sometimes in the corrupt form MUSSAUL] is however still more frequent as applied to a humble domestic, whose duty was formerly of a like kind, as may be seen in the quotation from Ld. Valentia, but who now looks after lamps and washes dishes, &c., in old English phrase 'a scullion.'

1610.—"He always had in service 500 MASSALGEES."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 432.

1662.—(In Asam) "they fix the head of the corpse rigidly with poles, and put a lamp with plenty of oil, and a MASH'ALCHÍ [torch-bearer] alive into the vault, to look after the lamp."—_Shihábuddín Tálish_, tr. by _Blochmann_, in _J.A.S.B._ xli. Pt. i. 82.

[1665.—"They (flambeaux) merely consist of a piece of iron hafted in a stick, and surrounded at the extremity with linen rags steeped in oil, which are renewed ... by the MASALCHIS, or link boys, who carry the oil in long narrow-necked vessels of iron or brass."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 361.]

1673.—"Trois MASSALGIS du Grand Seigneur vinrent faire honneur à M. l'Ambassadeur avec leurs feux allumés."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_, ii. 103.

1686.—"After strict examination he chose out 2 persons, the _Chout_ (_Chous?_), an Armenian, who had charge of watching my tent that night, and my MOSSALAGEE, a person who carries the light before me in the night."—_Hedges, Diary_, July 2; [Hak. Soc. i. 232].

[1775.—"... MASHARGUES, Torch-bearers."—Letter of _W. Mackrabie_, in _Francis, Letters_, i. 227.]

1791.—"... un MASOLCHI, ou porte-flambeau, pour la nuit."—_B. de St. Pierre, La Chaumière Indienne_, 16.

1809.—"It is universally the custom to drive out between sunset and dinner. The MASSALCHEES, when it grows dark, go out to meet their masters on their return, and run before them, at the full rate of eight miles an hour, and the numerous lights moving along the esplanade produce a singular and pleasing effect."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 240.

1813.—"The occupation of MASSAULCHEE, or torch-bearer, although generally allotted to the village barber, in the purgannas under my charge, may vary in other districts."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 417; [2nd ed. ii. 43].

1826.—"After a short conversation, they went away, and quickly returned at the head of 200 men, accompanied by MUSSALCHEES or torch-bearers."—_Pandurang Hari_, 557; [ed. 1873, ii. 69].

[1831.—"... a MOSSOLEI, or man to light up the place."—_Asiatic Journal_, N.S. v. 197.]

MUSSENDOM, CAPE, n.p. The extreme eastern point of Arabia, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Properly speaking, it is the extremity of a small precipitous island of the name, which protrudes beyond the N.E. horn of 'Omān. The name is written _Masándim_ in the map which Dr. Badger gives with his _H. of 'Oman_. But it is _Rās Masandam_ (or possibly _Masandum_) in the _Mohit_ of Sidi 'Ali Kapudān (_J. As. Soc. Ben._, v. 459). Sprenger writes _Mosandam_ (_Alt. Geog. Arabiens_, p. 107). [Morier gives another explanation (see the quotation below).]

1516.—"... it (the coast) trends to the N.E. by N. 30 leagues until Cape MOCONDON, which is at the mouth of the Sea of Persia."—_Barbosa_, 32.

1553.—"... before you come to Cape MOÇANDAN, which Ptolemy calls _Asaboro_ (Ἀσαβῶν ἄκρον) and which he puts in 23½°, but which we put in 26°; and here terminates our first division" (of the Eastern Coasts).—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1572.—

"Olha o cabo Asabóro que chamado Agora he MOÇANDÃO dos navegantes: Por aqui entra o lago, que he fechado De Arabia, e Persias terras abundantes." _Camões_, x. 102.

By Burton:

"Behold of Asabón the Head, now hight MOSANDAM, by the men who plough the Main: Here lies the Gulf whose long and lake-like Bight, parts Araby from fertile Persia's plain."

The fact that the poet copies the misprint or mistake of Barros in _Asaboro_, shows how he made use of that historian.

1673.—"On the one side St. Jaques (see JASK) his Headland, on the other that of MUSSENDOWN appeared, and afore Sunset we entered the Straights Mouth."—_Fryer_, 221.

1727.—"The same Chain of rocky Mountains continue as high as Zear, above Cape MUSENDEN, which Cape and Cape Jaques begin the Gulf of Persia."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 71; [ed. 1744, i. 73].

1777.—"At the mouth of the Strait of MOCANDON, which leads into the Persian gulph, lies the island of GOMBROON" (?)—_Raynal_, tr. 1777, i. 86.

[1808.—"MUSSELDOM is a still stronger instance of the perversion of words. The genuine name of this head-land is _Mama Selemeh_, who was a female saint of Arabia, and lived on the spot or in its neighbourhood."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, p. 6.]

MUSSOOLA, MUSSOOLAH, BOAT, s. The surf boat used on the Coromandel Coast; of capacious size, and formed of planks sewn together with coir-twine; the open joints being made good with a caulking or wadding of twisted coir. The origin of the word is very obscure. Leyden thought it was derived from "_masoula_ ... the Mahratta term for fish" (_Morton's Life of Leyden_, 64). As a matter of fact the Mahr. word for fish is _māsolī_, Konk. _măsūlī_. This etymology is substantially adopted by Bp. Heber (see below); [and by the compiler of the _Madras Gloss._, who gives Tel. _māsūla_, Hind. _machhlī_]. But it may be that the word is some Arabic sea-term not in the dictionaries. Indeed, if the term used by C. Federici (below) be not a clerical error, it suggests a possible etymology from the Ar. _masad_, 'the fibrous bark of the palm-tree, a rope made of it.' Another suggestion is from the Ar. _mauṣūl_, 'joined,' as opposed to 'dug-out,' or canoes; or possibly it may be from _maḥsūl_, 'tax,' if these boats were subject to a tax. Lastly it is possible that the name may be connected with MASULIPATAM (q.v.), where similar boats would seem to have been in use (see _Fryer_, 26). But these are conjectures. The quotation from Gasparo Balbi gives a good account of the handling of these boats, but applies no name to them.

c. 1560.—"Spaventosa cosa'è chi nõ ha più visto, l'imbarcare e sbarcar le mercantie e le persone a San Tomè ... adoperano certe barchette fatte aposta molto alte e larghe, ch'essi chiamano MASUDI, e sono fatte con tauole sottili, e con corde sottili cusite insieme vna tauola con l'altre," &c. (there follows a very correct description of their use).—_C. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391.

c. 1580.—"... where (Negapatam) they cannot land anything but in the MAÇULES of the same country."—_Primor e Honra_, &c., f. 93.

c. 1582.—"... There is always a heavy sea there (San Thomé), from swell or storm; so the merchandise and passengers are transported from shipboard to the town by certain boats which are sewn with fine cords, and when they approach the beach, where the sea breaks with great violence, they wait till the perilous wave has past, and then, in the interval between one wave and the next, those boatmen pull with great force, and so run ashore; and being there overtaken by the waves they are carried still further up the beach. And the boats do not break, because they give to the wave, and because the beach is covered with sand, and the boats stand upright on their bottoms."—_G. Balbi_, f. 89.

1673.—"I went ashore in a MUSSOOLA, a Boat wherein ten Men paddle, the two aftermost of whom are Steersmen, using their Paddles instead of a Rudder. The Boat is not strengthened with Knee-Timbers, as ours are; the bended Planks are sowed together with Rope-Yarn of the Cocoe, and calked with _Dammar_ (see DAMMER) (a sort of Resin taken out of the Sea), so artificially that it yields to every ambitious Surf."—_Fryer_, 37.

[1677.—"MESULLAS." See MUCOA.]

1678.—"Three Englishmen drowned by upsetting of a MUSSOOLA boat. The fourth on board saved with the help of the _Muckwas_" (see MUCOA).—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._, Aug. 13. _Notes and Exts._, No. i. p. 78.

1679.—"A MUSSOOLEE being overturned, although it was very smooth water and no surf, and one Englishman being drowned, a Dutchman being with difficulty recovered, the Boatmen were seized and put in prison, one escaping."—_Ibid._ July 14. In No. ii. p. 16.

[1683.—"This Evening about seven a Clock a MUSSULA coming ashoar ... was oversett in the Surf and all four drowned."—_Pringle, Diary, Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. ii. 54.]

1685.—"This morning two MUSOOLAS and two _Cattamarans_ came off to ye Shippe."—_Hedges, Diary_, Feb. 3; [Hak. Soc. i. 182].

1760.—"As soon as the yawls and pinnaces reached the surf they dropped their graplings, and cast off the MASOOLAS, which immediately rowed ashore, and landed the troops."—_Orme_, iii. 617.

1762.—"No European boat can land, but the natives make use of a boat of a particular construction called a MAUSOLO," &c.—_MS. Letter of James Rennell_, April 1.

[1773.—"... the governor ... sent also four MOSSULAS, or country boats, to accommodate him...."—_Ives_, 182.]

1783.—"The want of MASSOOLA boats (built expressly for crossing the surf) will be severely felt."—In _Life of Colebrooke_, 9.

1826.—"The MASULI-boats (which first word is merely a corruption of 'muchli,' fish) have been often described, and except that they are sewed together with coco-nut twine, instead of being fastened with nails, they very much resemble the high, deep, charcoal boats ... on the Ganges."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 174.

1879.—"Madras has no harbour; nothing but a long open beach, on which the surf dashes with tremendous violence. Unlucky passengers were not landed there in the ordinary sense of the term, but were thrown violently on the shore, from springy and elastic MASULAH boats, and were occasionally carried off by sharks, if the said boats chanced to be upset in the rollers."—_Saty. Review_, Sept. 20.

MUSSUCK, s. The leathern water-bag, consisting of the entire skin of a large goat, stript of the hair and dressed, which is carried by a _bhishtī_ (see BHEESTY). Hind. _mashak_, Skt. _maśaka_.

[1610.—"MUSSOCKE." See under RUPEE.

[1751.—"7 hands of MUSUK" (probably meaning _Bhistis_).—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. II. xi.]

1842.—"Might it not be worth while to try the experiment of having 'MUSSUCKS' made of waterproof cloth in England?"—_Sir G. Arthur_, in _Ind. Adm. of Lord Ellenborough_, 220.

MUSSULMAN, adj. and s. Mahommedan. _Muslim_, 'resigning' or 'submitting' (_sc._ oneself to God), is the name given by Mahommed to the Faithful. The Persian plural of this is _Muslimân_, which appears to have been adopted as a singular, and the word _Muslimān_ or _Musalmān_ thus formed. [Others explain it as either from Ar. pl. _Muslimīn_, or from _Muslim-mān_, 'like a Muslim,' the former of which is adopted by Platts as most probable.]

1246.—"Intravimus terram BISERMINORUM. Isti homines linguam Comanicam loquebantur, et adhuc loquuntur; sed legem Sarracenorum tenent."—_Plano Carpini_, in _Rec. de Voyages_, &c. iv. 750.

c. 1540.—"... disse por tres vezes, _Lah, hilah, hilah, lah Muhamed roçol halah, o_ MASSOLEYMOENS _e homes justos da santa ley de Mafamede_."—_Pinto_, ch. lix.

1559.—"Although each horde (of Tartars) has its proper name, _e.g._ particularly the horde of the Savolhensians ... and many others, which are in truth Mahometans; yet do they hold it for a grievous insult and reproach to be called and styled _Turks_; they wish to be styled BESERMANI, and by this name the Turks also desire to be styled."—_Herberstein_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 171.

[1568.—"I have noted here before that if any Christian will become a BUSORMAN, ... and be a Mahumetan of their religion, they give him any gifts ..."—_A. Edward_, in _Hakl._ i. 442.]

c. 1580.—"Tutti sopradetti Tartari seguitano la fede de' Turchi et alla Turchesca credono, ma si tẽgono a gran vergogna, e molto si corrociano l'esser detti Turchi, secondo che all'incontro godono d'esser BESURMANI, cioè gẽte eletta, chiamati."—_Descrittione della Sarmatia Evropea_ del magn. caval. _Aless. Gvagnino, in Ramusio_, ii. Pt. ii. f. 72.

1619.—"... i MUSULMANI, cioè i salvati: che cosa pazzamente si chiamano fra di loro i maomettani."—_P. della Valle_, i. 794.

" "The precepts of the MOSLEMANS are first, circumcision ..."—_Gabriel Sionita_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1504.

1653.—"... son infanterie d'Indistannis MANSULMANS, ou Indiens de la secte des Sonnis."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 233.

1673.—"Yet here are a sort of bold, lusty, and most an end, drunken Beggars of the MUSSLEMEN Cast, that if they see a Christian in good clothes, mounted on a stately horse ... are presently upon their Punctilio's with God Almighty, and interrogate him, Why he suffers him to go a Foot, and in Rags, and this _Coffery_ (see CAFFER) (Unbeliever) to vaunt it thus?"—_Fryer_, 91.

1788.—"We escape an ambiguous termination by adopting _Moslem_ instead of MUSULMAN in the plural number."—_Gibbon_, pref. to vol. iv.

MUST, adj. Pers. _mast_, 'drunk.' It is applied in Persia also, and in India specially, to male animals, such as elephants and camels, in a state of periodical excitement.

[1882.—"Fits of MUST differ in duration in different animals (elephants); in some they last for a few weeks, in others for even four or five months."—_Sanderson, Thirteen Years_, 3rd ed., 59.]

MUSTEES, MESTIZ, &c., s. A HALF-CASTE. A corruption of the Port. _mestiço_, having the same meaning; "a mixling; applied to human beings and animals born of a father and mother of different species, like a mule" (_Bluteau_); French, _métis_ and _métif_.

1546.—"The Governor in honour of this great action (the victory at Diu) ordered that all the MESTIÇOS who were in Dio should be inscribed in the Book, and that pay and subsistence should be assigned to them,—subject to the King's confirmation. For a regulation had been sent to India that no MESTIÇO of India should be given pay or subsistence: for, as it was laid down, it was their duty to serve for nothing, seeing that they had their houses and heritages in the country, and being on their native soil were bound to defend it."—_Correa_, iv. 580.

1552.—"... the sight of whom as soon as they came, caused immediately to gather about them a number of the natives, Moors in belief, and Negroes with curly hair in appearance, and some of them only swarthy, as being MISTIÇOS."—_Barros_, I. ii. 1.

1586.—"... che se sono nati qua di donne indiane, gli domandano MESTIZI."—_Sassetti_, in _De Gubernatis_, 188.

1588.—"... an Interpretour ... which was a MESTIZO, that is halfe an Indian, and halfe a Portugall."—_Candish_, in _Hakl._ iv. 337.

c. 1610.—"Le Capitaine et les Marchands estoient MESTIFS, les autres Indiens Christianisez."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 165; [Hak. Soc. i. 78; also see i. 240]. This author has also MÉTIFS (ii. 10; [Hak. Soc. i. 373]), and again: "... qu'ils appellent METICES, c'est à dire METIFS, meslez" (ii. 23; [Hak. Soc. ii. 38]).

" "Ie vy vne moustre generalle de tous les Habitans portans armes, tant Portugais que METICES et Indiens, et se trouuerent environ 4000."—_Moquet_, 352.

[1615.—"A MESTISO came to demand passage in our junck."—_Cocks's Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 216.]

1653.—(At Goa) "Les MESTISSOS sont de plusieurs sortes, mais fort mesprisez des REINOLS et Castissos (see CASTEES), parce qu'il y a eu vn peu de sang noir dans la generation de leurs ancestres ... la tache d'auoir eu pour ancestre une Indienne leur demeure iusques à la centiesme generation: ils peuuent toutesfois estre soldats et Capitaines de forteresses ou de vaisseaux, s'ils font profession de suiure les armes, et s'ils se iettent du costé de l'Eglise ils peuuent estre Lecteurs, mais non Prouinciaux."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 226.

c. 1665.—"And, in a word, _Bengale_ is a country abounding in all things; and 'tis for this very reason that so many _Portuguese_, MESTICKS, and other Christians are fled thither."—_Bernier_, E.T. 140; [ed. _Constable_, 438].

[1673.—"Beyond the Outworks live a few Portugals MUSTEROES or MISTERADOES."—_Fryer_, 57.]

1678.—"Noe Roman Catholick or Papist, whether English or of any other nation shall bear office in this Garrison, and shall have no more pay than 80 FANAMS per mensem, as private centinalls, and the pay of those of the Portuguez nation, as Europeans, MUSTEESES, and TOPASEES, is from 70 to 40 FANAMS per mensem."—_Articles and Orders ... of Ft. St. Geo._, Madraspatam. In _Notes and Exts._, i. 88.

1699.—"Wives of Freemen, MUSTEES."—Census of Company's Servants on the Coast, in _Wheeler_, i. 356.

1727.—"A poor Seaman had got a pretty MUSTICE Wife."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 10; [ed. 1744, ii. 8].

1781.—"Eloped from the service of his Mistress a Slave Boy aged 20 years, or thereabouts, pretty white or colour of MUSTY, tall and slinder."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, Feb. 24.

1799.—"August 13th.... Visited by appointment ... Mrs. Carey, the last survivor of those unfortunate persons who were imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.... This lady, now fifty-eight years of age, as she herself told me, is ... of a fair MESTICIA colour.... She confirmed all which Mr. Holwell has said...."—_Note by_ Thomas Boileau (an attorney in Calcutta, the father of Major-Generals John Theophilus and A. H. E. Boileau, R.E. (Bengal)), quoted in _Echoes of Old Calcutta_, 34.

1834.—"You don't know these Baboos.... Most of them now-a-days have their MISTEESA _Beebees_, and their Moosulmaunees, and not a few their _Gora_ Beebees likewise."—_The Baboo_, &c., 167-168.

1868.—"These MESTIZAS, as they are termed, are the native Indians of the Philippines, whose blood has to a great extent perhaps been mingled with that of their Spanish rulers. They are a very exclusive people ... and have their own places of amusement ... and MESTIZA balls, to which no one is admitted who does not don the costume of the country."—_Collingwood, Rambles of a Naturalist_, p. 296.

MUSTER, s. A pattern, or a sample. From Port. _mostra_ (Span. _muestra_, Ital. _mostra_). The word is current in China, as well as India. See _Wells Williams's Guide_, 237.

c. 1444.—"Vierão as nossas Galés por commissão sua com algunas AMOSTRAS de açucar da Madeira, de Sangue de Drago, e de outras cousas."—_Cadamosta, Navegação primeira_, 6.

1563.—"And they gave me a MOSTRA of _amomum_, which I brought to Goa, and showed to the apothecaries here; and I compared it with the drawings of the simples of Dioscorides."—_Garcia_, f. 15.

1601.—"MUSTERS and Shewes of Gold."—_Old Transl. of Galvano_, Hak. Soc. p. 83.

1612.—"A Moore came aboord with a MUSTER of Cloves."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 357.

[1612-13.—"MUSTRAES." See under CORGE.]

1673.—"Merchants bringing and receiving MUSTERS."—_Fryer_, 84.

1702.—"... Packing Stuff, Packing Materials, MUSTERS."—Quinquepartite Indenture, in _Charters of the E.I. Co._, 325.

1727.—"He advised me to send to the King ... that I designed to trade with his Subjects ... which I did, and in twelve Days received an Answer that I might, but desired me to send some person up with MUSTERS of all my Goods."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 200; [ed. 1744].

c. 1760.—"He (the tailor) never measures you; he only asks _master for_ MUSTER, as he terms it, that is for a pattern."—_Ives_, 52.

1772.—"The Governor and Council of Bombay must be written to, to send round MUSTERS of such kinds of silk, and silk piece-goods, of the manufacture of Bengal, as will serve the market of Surat and Bombay."—_Price's Travels_, i. 39.

[1846.—"The above MUSTER was referred to a party who has lately arrived from ... England...."—_J. Agri. Hort. Soc._, in _Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. ii. 601.]

MUTLUB, s. Hind. from Ar. _maṭlab_. The Ar. from _ṭalab_, 'he asked,' properly means a question, hence intention, wish, object, &c. In Anglo-Indian use it always means 'purpose, gist,' and the like. Illiterate natives by a common form of corruption turn the word into _matbal_. In the Punjab this occurs in printed books; and an adjective is formed, _matbalī_, 'opinionated,' and the like.

MUTT, MUTH, s. Skt. _maṭha_; a sort of convent where a celibate priest (or one making such profession) lives with disciples making the same profession, one of whom becomes his successor. Buildings of this kind are very common all over India, and some are endowed with large estates.

[1856.—"... a Gosaeen's MUT in the neighbourhood ..."—_Rās Mālā_, ed. 1878, p. 527.]

1874.—"The monastic Order is celibate, and in a great degree erratic and mendicant, but has anchorage places and head-quarters in the MATHS."—_Calc. Review_, cxvii. 212.

MUTTONGOSHT, s. (_i.e._ 'Mutton-flesh.') Anglo-Indian domestic Hind. for 'Mutton.'

MUTTONGYE, s. Sea-Hind. _matangai_, a (nautical) martingale; a corruption of the Eng. word.

MUTTRA, n.p. A very ancient and holy Hindu city on the Jumna, 30 miles above Agra. The name is _Mathura_, and it appears in _Ptolemy_ as Μόδουρα ἡ τῶν Θεῶν. The sanctity of the name has caused it to be applied in numerous new localities; see under MADURA. [Tavernier (ed. _Ball_, ii. 240) calls it MATURA, and Bernier (ed. _Constable_, 66), MATURAS.]

MUXADABAD, n.p. Ar.—P. _Maḳṣūdābād_, a name that often occurs in books of the 18th century. It pertains to the same city that has latterly been called _Murshidābād_, the capital of the Nawābs of Bengal since the beginning of the 18th century. The town _Maḳṣūdābād_ is stated by Tiefenthaler to have been founded by Akbar. The Governor of Bengal, Murshid Ḳulī Khān (also called in English histories Jafier Khan), moved the seat of Government hither in 1704, and gave the place his own name. It is written _Muxudavad_ in the early English records down to 1760 (_Sir W. W. Hunter_).

[c. 1670.—"MADESOU BAZARKI," in _Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 132.]

1684.—"Dec. 26.—In ye morning I went to give Bulchund a visit according to his invitation, who rose up and embraced me when I came near him, enquired of my health and bid me welcome to MUXOODAVAD...."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 59.

1703-4.—"The first act of the Nuwab, on his return to Bengal, was to change the name of the city of MAKHSOOSABAD to Moorshudabad; and by establishing in it the mint, and by erecting a palace ... to render it the capital of the Province."—_Stewart, H. of Bengal_, 309.

1726.—"MOXADABATH."—_Valentijn, Chorom._, &c., 147.

1727.—"MUXADABAUD is but 12 miles from it (Cossimbazar), a Place of much greater Antiquity, and the Mogul has a Mint there; but the ancient name of _Muxadabaud_ has been changed for Rajahmal, for above a Century."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 20; [ed. 1744]. (There is great confusion in this.)

1751.—"I have heard that Ram Kissen Seat, who lives in Calcutta, has carried goods to that place without paying the MUXIDAVAD Syre (see SAYER) Chowkey duties. I am greatly surprised, and send a Chubdar to bring him, and desire you will be speedy in delivering him over."—Letter from _Nawab Allyverdi Caun_ to the Prest. of Council, dated MUXIDAVAD, May 20.

1753.—"En omettant quelques lieux de moindre considération, je m'arrête d'abord à MOCSUDABAD. Ce nom signifie ville de la monnoie. Et en effet c'est là où se frappe celle du pays; et un grand fauxbourg de cette ville, appelé _Azingonge_, est la résidence du Nabab, qui gouverne le Bengale presque souverainement."—_D'Anville_, 63.

1756.—"The Nabob, irritated by the disappointment of his expectations of immense wealth, ordered Mr. Holwell and the two other prisoners to be sent to MUXADAVAD."—_Orme_, iii. 79.

1782.—"You demand an account of the East Indies, the Mogul's dominions and MUXADABAD.... I imagine when you made the above requisition that you did it with a view rather to try my knowledge than to increase your own, for your great skill in geography would point out to you that MUXADABAD is as far from Madras, as Constantinople is from Glasgow."—_T. Munro_ to his brother William, in _Life_, &c. iii. 41.

1884.—It is alleged in a passage introduced in Mrs. C. Mackenzie's interesting memoir of her husband, _Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life_, that "Admiral Watson used to sail up in his ships to Moorshedabad." But there is no ground for this statement. So far as I can trace, it does not appear that the Admiral's flag-ship ever went above Chandernagore, and the largest of the vessels sent to Hoogly even was the _Bridgewater_ of 20 guns. No vessel of the fleet appears to have gone higher.

MUZBEE, s. The name of a class of Sikhs originally of low caste, vulg. _mazbī_, apparently _maẓhabī_ from Ar. _maẓhab_, 'religious belief.' Cunningham indeed says that the name was applied to Sikh converts from Mahommedanism (_History_, p. 379). But this is not the usual application now. ["When the sweepers have adopted the Sikh faith they are known as MAZHABIS.... When the _Chuhra_ is circumcised and becomes a Musulman, he is known as a _Musalli_ or a _Kotána_" (_Maclagan, Panjab Census Rep._, 1891, p. 202).] The original corps of MUZBEES, now represented by the 32nd Bengal N.I. (Pioneers) was raised among the men labouring on the Baree Doab Canal.

1858.—"On the 19th June (1857) I advocated, in the search for new Military classes, the raising of a corps of MUZZUBEES.... The idea was ultimately carried out, and improved by making them pioneers."—_Letter from Col. H. B. Edwardes_ to _R. Montgomery, Esq._, March 23.

" "To the same destination (Delhi) was sent a strong corps of MUZHUBEE (low-caste) Sikhs, numbering 1200 men, to serve as pioneers."—_Letter from R. Temple, Secretary to Punjab Govt._, dd. _Lahore_, May 25, 1858.

MYDAN, MEIDAUN, s. Hind. from Pers. _maidān_. An open space, an esplanade, parade-ground or green, in or adjoining a town; a _piazza_ (in the Italian sense); any open plain with grass on it; a _chaugān_ (see CHICANE) ground; a battle-field. In Ar., usually, a hippodrome or race-course.

c. 1330.—"But the brethren were meanwhile brought out to the MEDAN, _i.e._, the piazza of the City, where an exceeding great fire had been kindled. And Friar Thomas went forward to cast himself into the fire, but as he did so a certain Saracen caught him by the hood...."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, 63.

1618.—"When it is the hour of complines, or a little later to speak exactly, it is the time for the promenade, and every one goes on horseback to the MEIDAN, which is always kept clean, watered by a number of men whose business this is, who water it carrying the water in skins slung over the shoulder, and usually well shaded and very cool."—_P. della Valle_, i. 707.

c. 1665.—"Celui (Quervansera) des Étrangers est bien plus spacieux que l'autre et est quarré, et tous deux font face au MEIDAN."—_Thevenot_, v. 214.

1670.—"Before this house is a great square MEIDAN or promenade, planted on all sides with great trees, standing in rows."—_Andriesz_, 35.

1673.—"The MIDAN, or open Space before the Caun's Palace, is an Oblong and Stately Piatzo, with real not belied Cloisters."—_Fryer_, 249.

1828.—"All this was done with as much coolness and precision, as if he had been at exercise upon the MAIDAUN."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 223.

[1859.—"A 24-pound howitzer, hoisted on to the maintop of the Shannon, looked menacingly over the MAIDAN (at Calcutta) ..."—_Oliphant, Narrative of Ld. Elgin's Mission_, i. 60.

MYNA, MINA, &c. s. Hind. _mainā_. A name applied to several birds of the family of starlings. The common _myna_ is the _Acridotheres tristis_ of Linn.; the southern Hill-Myna is the _Gracula_, also _Eulabes religiosa_ of Linn.; the Northern Hill-Myna, _Eulabes intermedia_ of Hay (see _Jerdon's Birds_, ii. Pt. i. 325, 337, 339). Of both the first and last it may be said that they are among the most teachable of imitative birds, articulating words with great distinctness, and without Polly's nasal tone. We have heard a wild one (probably the first), on a tree in a field, spontaneously echoing the very peculiar call of the black partridge from an adjoining jungle, with unmistakable truth. There is a curious description in Aelian (_De Nat. An._ xvi. 2) of an Indian talking bird which we thought at one time to be the _Myna_; but it seems to be nearer the SHĀMĀ, and under that head the quotation will be found. [Mr. M‘Crindle (_Invasion of India_, 186) is in favour of the _Myna_.]

[1590.—"The MYNAH is twice the size of the _Shárak_, with glossy black plumage, but with the bill, wattles and tail coverts yellow. It imitates the human voice and speaks with great distinctness."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 121.]

1631.—Jac. Bontius describes a kind of MYNA in Java, which he calls _Pica, seu potius Sturnus Indicus_. "The owner, an old Mussulman woman, only lent it to the author to be drawn, after great persuasion, and on a stipulation that the beloved bird should get no swine's flesh to eat. And when he had promised accordingly, the _avis pessima_ immediately began to chaunt: _Orang Nasarani catjor macan babi!_ i.e. 'Dog of a Christian, eater of swine!'"—Lib. v. cap. 14, p. 67.

[1664.—"In the Duke's chamber there is a bird, given him by Mr. Pierce, the surgeon, comes from the East Indys, black the greatest part, with the finest collar of white about the neck; but talks many things and neyes like the horse, and other things, the best almost that ever I heard bird in my life."—_Pepys, Diary_, April 25. Prof. Newton in Mr. Wheatley's ed. (iv. 118) is inclined to identify this with the Myna, and notes that one of the earliest figures of the bird is by Eleazar Albin (_Nat. Hist. of Birds_, ii. pl. 38) in 1738.

[1703.—"Among singing birds that which in Bengall is called the MINAW is the only one that comes within my knowledge."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxxxiv.]

1803.—"During the whole of our stay two MINAHS were talking almost incessantly, to the great delight of the old lady, who often laughed at what they said, and praised their talents. Her hookah filled up the interval."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 227-8.

1813.—"The MYNEH is a very entertaining bird, hopping about the house, and articulating several words in the manner of the starling."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 47; [2nd ed. i. 32.]

1817.—"Of all birds the _chiong_ (MINER) is the most highly prized."—_Raffles, Java_, i. 260.

1875.—"A talking MINA in a cage, and a rat-trap, completed the adornments of the veranda."—_The Dilemma_, ch. xii.

1878.—"The MYNA has no wit.... His only way of catching a worm is to lay hold of its tail and pull it out of its hole,—generally breaking it in the middle and losing the bigger half."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian Garden_, 28.

1879.—"So the dog went to a MAINÁ, and said: 'What shall I do to hurt this cat!'"—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 18.

"

"... beneath Striped squirrels raced, the MYNAS perked and picked. The NINE BROWN SISTERS chattered in the thorn ..." _E. Arnold, The Light of Asia_, Book i.

See SEVEN SISTERS in Gloss. Mr. Arnold makes too many!

MYROBALAN, s. A name applied to certain dried fruits and kernels of astringent flavour, but of several species, and not even all belonging to the same Natural Order, which were from an early date exported from India, and had a high reputation in the medieval pharmacopoeia. This they appear (some of them) to retain in native Indian medicine; though they seem to have disappeared from English use and have no place in Hanbury and Flückiger's great work, the _Pharmacographia_. They are still, to some extent, imported into England, but for use in tanning and dyeing, not in pharmacy.

It is not quite clear how the term _myrobalan_, in this sense, came into use. For the people of India do not seem to have any single name denoting these fruits or drugs as a group; nor do the Arabic dictionaries afford one either (but see further on). Μυροβάλανος is spoken of by some ancient authors, _e.g._ Aristotle, Dioscorides and Pliny, but it was applied by them to one or more fruits[179] entirely unconnected with the subjects of this article. This name had probably been preserved in the laboratories, and was applied by some early translator of the Arabic writers on Materia Medica to these Indian products. Though we have said that (so far as we can discover) the dictionaries afford no word with the comprehensive sense of _Myrobalan_, it is probable that the physicians had such a word, and Garcia de Orta, who is trustworthy, says explicitly that the Arab practitioners whom he had consulted applied to the whole class the name _delegi_, a word which we cannot identify, unless it originated in a clerical error for _alelegi_, i.e. _ihlīlaj_. The last word may perhaps be taken as covering all myrobalans; for according to the Glossary to Rhazes at Leyden (quoted by Dozy, _Suppt._ i. 43) it applies to the _Kābulī_, the _yellow_, and the _black_ (or Indian), whilst the _Emblic_ is also called _Ihlīlaj amlaj_.

In the Kashmīr Customs Tariff (in _Punjab Trade Report_, ccxcvi.) we have entries of

"_Hulela_ (Myrobalan). _Bulela_ (Bellerick ditto). _Amla_ (Emblica Phyllanthus)."

The kinds recognised in the Medieval pharmacopoeia were five, viz.:—

(1) The _Emblic myrobalan_; which is the dried astringent fruit of the _Ānwulā_, _ānwlā_ of Hind., the _Emblica officinalis_ of Gaertner (_Phyllanthus Emblica_, L., N. O. _Euphorbiaceae_). The Persian name of this is _āmlah_, but, as the Arabic _amlaj_ suggests, probably in older Persian _amlag_, and hence no doubt _Emblica_. Garcia says it was called by the Arab physicians _embelgi_ (which we should write _ambaljī_).

(2) The _Belleric Myrobalan_; the fruit of _Terminalia Bellerica_, Roxb. (N.O. _Combretaceae_), consisting of a small nut enclosed in a thin exterior rind. The Arabic name given in Ibn Baithar is _balīlij_; in the old Latin version of Avicenna _belilegi_; and in Persian it is called _balīl_ and _balīla_. Garcia says the Arab physicians called it _beleregi_ (_balīrij_, and in old Persian probably _balīrig_) which accounts for _Bellerica_.

(3) The _Chebulic Myrobalan_; the fruit of _Terminalia Chebula_, Roxb. The derivation of this name which we have given under CHEBULI is confirmed by the Persian name, which is _Halīla-i-Kābulī_. It can hardly have been a product of Kabul, but may have been imported into Persia by that route, whence the name, as calicoes got their name from Calicut. Garcia says these myrobalans were called by his Arabs _quebulgi_. Ibn Baithar calls them _halīlaj_, and many of the authorities whom he quotes specify them as _Kābulī_.

(4) and (5). The _Black Myrobalan_, otherwise called '_Indian_,' and the _Yellow_ or _Citrine_. These, according to Royle (_Essay on Antiq. of Hindoo Medicine_, pp. 36-37), were both products of _T. Chebula_ in different states; but this does not seem quite certain. Further varieties were sometimes recognised, and _nine_ are said to be specified in a paper in an early vol. of the _Philos. Transactions_.[180] One kind called _Ṣīnī_ or Chinese, is mentioned by one of the authorities of Ibn Baithar, quoted below, and is referred to by Garcia.

The virtues of Myrobalans are said to be extolled by Charaka, the oldest of the Sanskrit writers on Medicine. Some of the Arabian and Medieval Greek authors, referred to by Royle, also speak of a combination of different kinds of Myrobalan called _Tryphera_ or _Tryphala_; a fact of great interest. For this is the _triphala_ ('Three-fruits') of Hindu medicine, which appears in _Amarakosha_ (c. A.D. 500), as well as in a prescription of Susruta, the disciple of Charaka, and which is still, it would seem, familiar to the native Indian practitioners. It is, according to Royle, a combination of the black, yellow and _Chebulic_; but Garcia, who calls it _tinepala_ (_tīn-phal_ in Hind. = 'Three-fruits'), seems to imply that it consisted of the three kinds known in Goa, viz. _citrine_ (or yellow), the _Indian_ (or black), and the _belleric_. [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iv. 32 _seqq._] The _emblic_, he says, were not used in medicine there, only in tanning, like sumach. The Myrobalans imported in the Middle Ages seem often to have been preserved (in syrup?).

c. B.C. 340.—"διότι ἡ γέννησις τοῦ καρποῦ ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ ἐστὶ χωρὶς γλυκύτητος. Τῶν μυραβαλάνων δὲ δένδρων ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ, ὅταν φανῶσιν, οἱ καρποί εἰσι γλυκεῖς· κοινῶς δὲ εἰσι στρυφνοὶ καὶ ἐν τῇ κράσει αὐτῶν πικροὶ..."—_Aristoteles, De Plantis_, ii. 10.

c. A.D. 60.—"φοῖνιξ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γίνεται· τρυγᾶται δε μετοπωρούσης τῆς κατὰ τὴν ὀπώραν ἀκμῆς, παρεμφέρων τῇ Ἀραβικῇ μυροβαλάνῳ, πόμα δὲ λέγεται."—_Dioscorides, de Mat. Medica_, i. cxlviii.

c. A.D. 70.—"MYROBALANUM Troglodytis et Thebaidi et Arabiae quae Iudaeam ab Aegypto disterminat commune est, nascens unguento, ut ipso nomine apparet, quo item indicatur et glandem esse. Arbor est heliotropio ... simili folio, fructus magnitudine abellanae nucis," &c.—_Pliny_, xii. 21 (46).

c. 540.—A prescription of Aëtius of Amida, which will be found transcribed under ZEDOARY, includes MYROBALAN among a large number of ingredients, chiefly of Oriental origin; and one doubts whether the word may not here be used in the later sense.

c. 1343.—"Preserved MIRABOLANS (_mirabolani conditi_) should be big and black, and the envelope over the nut tender to the tooth; and the bigger and blacker and tenderer to the tooth (like candied walnuts), the better they are.... Some people say that in India they are candied when unripe (_acerbe_), just as we candy[181] the unripe tender walnuts, and that when they are candied in this way they have no nut within, but are all through tender like our walnut-comfits. But if this is really done, anyhow none reach us except those with a nut inside, and often very hard nuts too. They should be kept in brown earthen pots glazed, in a syrop made of _cassia fistula_[182] and honey or sugar; and they should remain always in the syrop, for they form a moist preserve and are not fit to use dry."—_Pegolotti_, p. 377.

c. 1343.—(At Alexandria) "_are sold by the ten_ mans (_mene_, see MAUND), ... amomum, MIROBALANS of every kind, camphor, castor...."—_Ibid._ 57.

1487.—"... Vasi grandi di confectione, MIROBOLANI e gengiovo."—_Letter_ on presents sent by the Sultan to L. de' Medici, in _Roscoe's Lorenzo_, ed. 1825, ii. 372.

1505.—(In Calicut) "li nasce MIRABOLANI, emblici e chebali, li quali valeno ducati do' el _baar_ (see BAHAR.)"—_Lionardo Ca' Masser_, p. 27.

1552.—"La campagne de Iericho est entournée de mõtaignes de tous costez: poignant laquelle, et du costé de midy est la mer morte.... Les arbres qui portent le Licion, naissent en ceste plaine, et aussi les arbres qui portent les MYROBALANS _Citrins_, du noyau desquels les habitants font de l'huille."[183]—_P. Belon, Observations_, ed. 1554, f. 144.

1560.—"Mais pource que le Ben, que les Grecz appellent Balanus Myrepsica, m'a fait souvenir des MYRABOLANS des Arabes, dont y en a cinq especes: et que d'ailleurs, on en vse ordinairement en Medecine, encores que les anciens Grecz n'en ayent fait aucune mention: il m'a semblé bon d'en toucher mot: car i'eusse fait grand tort à ces Commentaires de les priuer d'vn fruict si requis en Medecine. Il y a donques cinq especes de MYRABOLANS."—_Matthioli, Com. on Dioscorides_, old Fr. Tr. p. 394.

1610.—

"_Kastril._ How know you?

_Subtle._ By inspection on her forehead; And subtlety of lips, which must be tasted Often, to make a judgment.

[_Kisses her again._]

'Slight, she melts Like a MYRABOLANE."—_The Alchemist_, iv. 1.

[c. 1665.—"Among other fruits, they preserve (in Bengal) large citrons ... small MIROBOLANS, which are excellent...."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 438.]

1672.—"Speaking of the _Glans Unguentaria_, otherwise call'd _Balanus Mirepsica_ or _Ben Arabum_, a very rare Tree, yielding a most fragrant and highly esteem'd Oyl; he is very particular in describing the extraordinary care he used in cultivating such as were sent to him in Holland."—_Notice of a Work by Abraham Munting, M.D._, in _Philosoph. Trans._ ix. 249.

MYSORE, n.p. Tam. _Maisūr_, Can. _Maisūru_. The city which was the capital of the Hindu kingdom, taking its name, and which last was founded in 1610 by a local chief on the decay of the Vijayanagar (see BISNAGAR, NARSINGA) dynasty. C. P. Brown gives the etym. as _Maisi-ūr_, _Maisi_ being the name of a local goddess like Pomona or Flora; _ūr_, 'town, village.' It is however usually said to be a corruption of _Mahish-āsura_, the buffalo demon slain by the goddess Durga or Kali. [Rice (_Mysore_, i. 1) gives Can. _Maisa_, from Skt. _Mahisha_, and _ūru_, 'town.']

[1696.—"Nabob Zulphecar Cawn is gone into the MIZORE country after the Mahratta army...."—Letter in _Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, Madras reprint, i. 60.]

MYSORE THORN. The _Caesalpinia sepiaria_, Roxb. It is armed with short, sharp, recurved prickles; and is much used as a fence in the Deccan. Hyder Ali planted it round his strongholds in Mysore, and hence it is often called "Hyder's Thorn," _Haidar kā jhār_.

[1857.—"What may be termed the underwood consisted of MILK BUSHES, PRICKLY PEARS, MYSORE THORN, intermingled in wild confusion...."—_Lady Falkland, Chow-chow_, 2nd ed. i. 300.]

N

NABÓB, s. Port. _Nabâbo_, and Fr. _Nabab_, from Hind. _Nawāb_, which is the Ar. pl. of sing. _Nāyab_ (see NAIB), 'a deputy,' and was applied in a singular sense[184] to a delegate of the supreme chief, viz. to a Viceroy or chief Governor under the Great Mogul, _e.g._ the _Nawāb_ of Surat, the _Nawāb_ of Oudh, the _Nawāb_ of Arcot, the _Nawāb Nāzim_ of Bengal. From this use it became a title of rank without necessarily having any office attached. It is now a title occasionally conferred, like a peerage, on Mahommedan gentlemen of distinction and good service, as _Rāī_ and _Rājā_ are upon Hindus.

_Nabob_ is used in two ways: (A) simply as a corruption and representative of _Nawāb_. We get it direct from the Port. _nabâbo_, see quotation from Bluteau below. (B) It began to be applied in the 18th century, when the transactions of Clive made the epithet familiar in England, to Anglo-Indians who returned with fortunes from the East; and Foote's play of 'The NABOB' (_Nábob_) (1768) aided in giving general currency to the word in this sense.

A.—

1604.—"... delante del NAUABO que es justicia mayor."—_Guerrero, Relacion_, 70.

1615.—"There was as NABABO in Surat a certain Persian Mahommedan (_Mouro Parsio_) called Mocarre Bethião, who had come to Goa in the time of the Viceroy Ruy Lourenço de Tavora, and who being treated with much familiarity and kindness by the Portuguese ... came to confess that it could not but be that truth was with their Law...."—_Bocarro_, p. 354.

1616.—"Catechumeni ergo parentes viros aliquot inducunt honestos et assessores NAUABI, id est, judicis supremi, cui consiliarii erant, uti et Proregi, ut libellum famosum adversus Pinnerum spargerent."—_Jarric, Thesaurus_, iii. 378.

1652.—"The NAHAB[185] was sitting, according to the custom of the Country, barefoot, like one of our Taylors, with a great number of Papers sticking between his Toes, and others between the Fingers of his left hand, which Papers he drew sometimes from between his Toes, sometimes from between his Fingers, and order'd what answers should be given to every one."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 99; [ed. _Ball_, i. 291].

1653.—"... il prend la qualité de NABAB qui vault autant à dire que monseigneur."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_ (ed. 1657), 142.

1666.—"The ill-dealing of the NAHAB proceeded from a scurvy trick that was play'd me by three Canary-birds at the Great Mogul's Court. The story whereof was thus in short ..."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 57; [ed. _Ball_, i. 134].

1673.—"Gaining by these steps a nearer intimacy with the NABOB, he cut the new Business out every day."—_Fryer_, 183.

1675.—"But when we were purposing next day to depart, there came letters out of the Moorish Camp from the NABAB, the field-marshal of the Great Mogul...."—_Heiden Vervaarlijke Schíp-Breuk_, 52.

1682.—"... Ray Nundelall ye NÁBABS _Duan_, who gave me a most courteous reception, rising up and taking of me by ye hands, and ye like at my departure, which I am informed is a greater favour than he has ever shown to any _Franke_...."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 27; [Hak. Soc. i. 42]. Hedges writes _Nabob_, _Nabab_, _Navab_, _Navob_.

1716.—"NABÂBO. Termo do Mogol. He o Titolo do Ministro que he Cabeca."—_Bluteau_, s.v.

1727.—"A few years ago, the NABOB or Vice-Roy of _Chormondel_, who resides at _Chickakal_, and who superintends that Country for the Mogul, for some Disgust he had received from the Inhabitants of Diu Islands, would have made a Present of them to the Colony of Fort St. George."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 374; [ed. 1744].

1742.—"We have had a great man called the NABOB (who is the next person in dignity to the Great Mogul) to visit the Governor.... His lady, with all her women attendance, came the night before him. All the guns fired round the fort upon her arrival, as well as upon his; _he_ and _she_ are MOORS, whose women are never seen by any man upon earth except their husbands."—Letter from Madras in _Mrs. Delany's Life_, ii. 169.

1743.—"Every governor of a fort, and every commander of a district had assumed the title of NABOB ... one day after having received the homage of several of these little lords, Nizam ul muluck said that he had that day seen no less than eighteen NABOBS in the Carnatic."—_Orme_, Reprint, Bk. i. 51.

1752.—"Agreed ... that a present should be made the NOBAB that might prove satisfactory."—In _Long_, 33.

1773.—

"And though my years have passed in this hard duty, No Benefit acquired—no NABOB'S booty." Epilogue at Fort Marlborough, by _W. Marsden_, in _Mem._ 9.

1787.—

"Of armaments by flood and field; Of NABOBS you have made to yield." _Ritson_, in _Life and Letters_, i. 124.

1807.—"Some say that he is a Tailor who brought out a long bill against some of Lord Wellesley's staff, and was in consequence provided for; others say he was an adventurer, and sold knicknacks to the NABOB of Oude."—_Sir T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 371.

1809.—"I was surprised that I had heard nothing from the NAWAUB of the Carnatic."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 381.

c. 1858.—

"Le vieux NABAB et la Begum d'Arkate." _Leconte de Lisle_, ed. 1872, p. 156.

B.—

[1764.—"Mogul Pitt and NABOB Bute."—_Horace Walpole, Letters_, ed. 1857, iv. 222 (_Stanf. Dict._).]

1773.—"I regretted the decay of respect for men of family, and that a NABOB would not carry an election from them.

"JOHNSON: Why, sir, the NABOB will carry it by means of his wealth, in a country where money is highly valued, as it must be where nothing can be had without money; but if it comes to personal preference, the man of family will always carry it."—_Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, under Aug. 25.

1777.—"In such a revolution ... it was impossible but that a number of individuals should have acquired large property. They did acquire it; and with it they seem to have obtained the detestation of their countrymen, and the appellation of NABOBS as a term of reproach."—_Price's Tracts_, i. 13.

1780.—"The Intrigues of a NABOB, or Bengal the Fittest Soil for the Growth of Lust, Injustice, and Dishonesty. Dedicated to the Hon. the Court of Directors of the East India Company. By Henry Fred. Thompson. Printed for the Author." (A base book).

1783.—"The office given to a young man going to India is of trifling consequence. But he that goes out an insignificant boy, in a few years returns a great NABOB. Mr. Hastings says he has two hundred and fifty of that kind of raw material, who expect to be speedily manufactured into the merchantlike quality I mention."—_Burke, Speech on Fox's E.I. Bill_, in _Works and Corr._, ed. 1852, iii. 506.

1787.—"The speakers for him (Hastings) were Burgess, who has completely done for himself in one day; Nichols, a lawyer; Mr. Vansittart, a NABOB; Alderman Le Mesurier, a smuggler from Jersey; ... and Dempster, who is one of the good-natured candid men who connect themselves with every bad man they can find."—_Ld. Minto_, in _Life_, &c., i. 126.

1848.—"'Isn't he very rich?' said Rebecca.

"'They say all Indian NABOBS are enormously rich.'"—_Vanity Fair_, ed. 1867, i. 17.

1872.—"Ce train de vie facile ... suffit à me faire décerner ... le surnom de NABOB par les bourgeois et les visiteurs de la petite ville."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, xcviii. 938.

1874.—"At that time (c. 1830) the Royal Society was very differently composed from what it is now. Any wealthy or well-known person, any M.P. ... or East Indian NABOB, who wished to have F.R.S. added to his name, was sure to obtain admittance."—_Geikie, Life of Murchison_, i. 197.

1878.—"... A Tunis?—interrompit le duc.... Alors pourquoi ce nom de NABAB?—Bah! les Parisiens n'y regardent pas de si près. Pour eux tout riche étranger est un NABAB, n'importe d'où il vienne."—_Le_ NABAB, par _Alph. Daudet_, ch. i.

It is purism quite erroneously applied when we find NABOB in this sense miswritten _Nawab_; thus:

1878.—"These were days when India, little known still in the land that rules it, was less known than it had been in the previous generation, which had seen Warren Hastings impeached, and burghs[186] bought and sold by Anglo-Indian NAWABS."—_Smith's Life of Dr John Wilson_, 30.

But there is no question of purism in the following delicious passage:

1878.—"If ... the spirited proprietor of the Daily Telegraph had been informed that our aid of their friends the Turks would have taken the form of a tax upon paper, and a concession of the Levis to act as Commanders of Regiments of Bashi-Bozouks, with a request to the Generalissimo to place them in as forward a position as NABOB was given in the host of King David, the harp in Peterborough Court would not have twanged long to the tune of a crusade in behalf of the Sultan of Turkey."—_Truth_, April 11, p. 470. In this passage in which the wit is equalled only by the scriptural knowledge, observe that _Nabob_ = Naboth, and _Naboth_ = Uriah.

NACODA, NACODER, &c., s. Pers. _nā-khudā_ (_navis dominus_) 'a skipper'; the master of a native vessel. (Perhaps the original sense is rather the owner of the ship, going with it as his own supercargo.) It is hard to understand why Reinaud (_Relation_, ii. 42) calls this a "Malay word ... derived from the Persian," especially considering that he is dealing with a book of the 9th and 10th centuries. [Mr. Skeat notes that the word is sometimes, after the manner of _Hobson-Jobson_, corrupted by the Malays into _Anak kuda_, 'son of a horse.']

c. 916.—"Bientôt l'on ne garda pas même de ménagements pour les patrons de navires (_nawākhuda_, pl. of NĀKHUDĀ) Arabes, et les maîtres de batiments marchands furent en butte à des pretensions injustes."—_Relation_, &c., i. 68.

c. 1348.—"The second day after our arrival at the port of Kailūkarī, this princess invited the NĀKHODHA, or owner of the ship (_ṣāḥib-al-markab_), the _karānī_ (see CRANNY) or clerk, the merchants, the chief people, the _tandail_ (see TINDAL) or commander of the crew, the _sipasalār_ (see SIPAHSELAR) or commander of the fighting men."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 250.

1502.—"But having been seen by our fleet, the caravels made for them, and the Moors being laden could no longer escape. So they brought them to the Captain General, and all struck sail, and from six of the _Zambucos_ (see SAMBOOK) the NACODAS came to the Captain General."—_Correa_, i. 302.

1540.—"Whereupon he desired us that the three NECODAS of the Junks, so are the commanders of them called in that country...."—_Pinto_, (orig. cap. xxxv.) in _Cogan_, p. 42.

[c. 1590.—"In large ships there are twelve classes. 1. The NAKHUDA, or owner of the ship. This word is evidently a short form of _Nāvkhudā_. He fixes the course of the ship."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 280.]

1610.—"The sixth NOHUDA Melech Ambor, Captaine of a great ship of _Dabull_ (see DABUL), came ashore with a great many of Merchants with him, he with the rest were carried about the Towne in pompe."—_Sir H. Middleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 260.

[1616.—"NOHODY Chinhonne's voyage for Syam was given over."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 187.]

1623.—"The China NOCHEDA hath too long deluded you through your owne simplicitie to give creditt unto him."—_Council at Batavia, to Rich. Cocks_, in his _Diary_, ii. 341.

1625.—Purchas has the word in many forms; NOKAYDAY, NAHODA, NOHUDA, &c.

1638.—"Their NOCKADO or India Pilot was stab'd in the Groyne twice."—In _Hakl._ iv. 48.

1649.—"In addition to this a receipt must be exacted from the NACHODAS."—Secret Instructions in _Baldaeus_ (Germ.), p. 6.

1758.—"Our _Chocarda_[187] (?) assured us they were rogues; but our KNOCKATY or pilot told us he knew them."—_Ives_, 248. This word looks like confusion, in the manner of the poet of the "Snark," between _nākhuda_ and (Hind.) _arkātī_, "a pilot," [so called because many came from ARCOT.]

[1822.—"The KNOCKADA was very attentive to Thoughtless and his family...."—_Wallace, Fifteen Years in India_, 241.

[1831.—"The Roban (Ar. _rubbān_, 'the master of a ship') and NOCKADER being afraid to keep at sea all night ..."—_Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce, written by himself_, ii. 303.]

1880.—"That a pamphlet should be printed, illustrated by diagrams, and widely circulated, commends itself to the Government of India ... copies being supplied to NAKHUDAS and tindals of native craft at small cost."—_Resn. of Govt. of India_ as to Lights for Shipping, 28 Jan.

NAGA, n.p. The name applied to an extensive group of uncivilised clans of warlike and vindictive character in the eastern part of the hill country which divides Assam Proper (or the valley of the Brahmaputra) from Kachār and the basin of the Surma. A part of these hills was formed into a British district, now under Assam, in 1867, but a great body of the Nāga clans is still independent. The etymology of the name is disputed; some identifying it with the _Nāga_ or Snake Aborigines, who are so prominent in the legends and sculptures of the Buddhists. But it is, perhaps, more probable that the word is used in the sense of 'naked' (Skt. _nagna_, Hind. _nangā_, Beng. _nengṭā_, &c.), which, curiously enough, is that which Ptolemy attributes to the name, and which the spelling of Shihābuddīn also indicates. [The word is also used for a class of ascetics of the Dādupanthī sect, whose head-quarters are at Jaypur.]

c. A.D. 50.—"Καὶ μέχρι τοῦ Μαιάνδρου, ... Ναγγα λόγαι ὃ σημαίνει γυμνῶν κόσμος."—_Ptol._ VII. ii. 18.

c. 1662.—"The Rájah had first intended to fly to the NÁGÁ Hills, but from fear of our army the NÁGÁS[188] would not afford him an asylum. 'The Nágás live in the southern mountains of Asám, have a light brown complexion, are well built, but treacherous. In number they equal the helpers of Yagog and Magog, and resemble in hardiness and physical strength the 'Ádis (an ancient Arabian tribe). They go about naked like beasts.... Some of their chiefs came to see the Nawáb. They wore dark hip-clothes (_lung_), ornamented with cowries, and round about their heads they wore a belt of boar's tusks, allowing their black hair to hang down their neck.'"—_Shihábuddín Tálísh_, tr. by _Prof. Blochmann_, in _J. As. Soc. Beng._, xli. Pt. i. p. 84. [See Plate xvi. of _Dalton's Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal; Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xxvi. 161 _seqq._]

1883.—A correspondent of the "Indian Agriculturist" (Calcutta), of Sept. 1, dates from the Naga Hills, which he calls "NOGA, from _Nok_, not _Naga_, ..." an assertion which one is not bound to accept. "One on the Spot" is not bound to know the etymology of a name several thousand years old.

[Of the ascetic class:

[1879.—"The NÁGÁS of Jaipur are a sect of militant devotees belonging to the Dádú Panthi sect, who are enrolled in regiments to serve the State; they are vowed to celibacy and to arms, and constitute a sort of military order in the sect."—_Rajputana Gazetteer_, ii. 147.]

NAGAREE, s. Hind. from Skt. _nāgarī_. The proper Sanskrit character, meaning literally 'of the city'; and often called _deva-nāgarī_, 'the divine city character.'

[1623.—"An antique character ... us'd by the Brachmans, who in distinction from other vulgar Characters ... call it NAGHERI."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 75.

[1781.—"The Shanskrit alphabet ... is now called DIEWNĀGAR, or the Language of Angels...."—_Halhed, Code_, Intro. xxiii.]

[c. 1805.—"As you sometimes see Mr. Wilkins, who was the inventor of printing with Bengal and NAGREE types...."—Letter of _Colebrooke_, in _Life_, 227.]

NAIB, s. Hind. from Ar. _nāyab_, a deputy; (see also under NABOB).

[c. 1610.—In the Maldives, "Of these are constituted thirteen provinces, over each of which is a chief called a NAYBE."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 198.]

1682.—"Before the expiration of this time we were overtaken by ye _Caddie's_ NEIP, ye _Meerbar's_ (see MEARBAR) deputy, and ye Dutch Director's _Vakill_ (see VAKEEL) (by the way it is observable ye Dutch omit no opportunity to do us all the prejudice that lyes in their power)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 11; [Hak. Soc. i. 35].

1765.—"... this person was appointed NIAB, or deputy governor of Orissa."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, i. 53.

[1856.—"The NAIB gave me letters to the chiefs of several encampments, charging them to provide me with horses."—_Ferrier, Caravan Journeys_, 237.]

NAIK, NAIQUE, &c. s. Hind. _nāyak_. A term which occurs in nearly all the vernacular languages; from Skt. _nāyaka_, 'a leader, chief, general.' The word is used in several applications among older writers (Portuguese) referring to the south and west of India, as meaning a native captain or headman of some sort (A). It is also a title of honour among Hindus in the Deccan (B). It is again the name of a Telugu caste, whence the general name of the Kings of Vijayanagara (A.D. 1325-1674), and of the Lords of Madura (1559-1741) and other places (C). But its common Anglo-Indian application is to the non-commissioned officer of Sepoys who corresponds to a corporal, and wears the double chevron of that rank (D).

(A)—

c. 1538.—"Mandou tambem hũ NAYQUE com vinti Abescins, que nos veio guardando dos ladrões."—_Pinto_, ch. iv.

1548.—"With these four captains there are 12 NAIQUES, who receive as follows—to wit, for 7 NAIQUES who have 37 pardaos and 1 tanga a year ... 11,160 reis. For Cidi NAIQUE, who has 30 pardaos, 4 tangas ... and Madguar NAIQUE the same ... and Salgy NAIQUE 24 pardaos a year, and two _nafares_ [Ar. _nafar_, 'servant'] who have 8 vintens a month, equal to 12 pardaos 4 tangas a year."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 215.

1553.—"To guard against these he established some people of the same island of the Canarese Gentoos with their NAIQUES, who are the captains of the footmen and of the horsemen."—_Barros_, Dec. II. Liv. v. cap. 4.

c. 1565.—"Occorse l'anno 1565, se mi ricordo bene, che il NAIC cioè il Signore della Città li mandi a domandami certi caualli Arabi."—_C. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391.

c. 1610.—"Ie priay donc ce capitaine ... qu'il me fit bailler vne almadie ou basteau auec des mariniers et vn NAIQUE pour truchement."—_Mocquet_, 289.

1646.—"Il s'appelle NAÏQUE, qui signifie Capitaine, doutant que c'est vn Capitaine du Roy du Narzingue."—_Barretto, Rel. du Prov. de Malabar_, 255.

(B)—

1598.—"The Kings of _Decam_ also have a custome when they will honour a man or recompense [recompence] their service done, and rayse him to dignitie and honour. They give him the title of NAYGUE, which signifieth a Capitaine."—_Linschoten_, 51; [Hak. Soc. i. 173].

1673.—"The Prime Nobility have the title of NAIKS or NAIGS."—_Fryer_, 162.

c. 1704.—"Hydur Sáhib, the son of Muhammad Ilias, at the invitation of the Ministers of the Polygar of Mysore, proceeded to that country, and was entertained by them in their service ... he also received from them the honourable title of NAIK, a term which in the Hindu dialect signifies an officer or commander of foot soldiers."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, p. 7. This was the uncle of the famous Haidar Naik or Hyder Ali Khan.

(C)—

1604.—"Maduré; corte del NAYGUE Señor destas terras."—_Guerrero, Relacion_, 101.

1616.—"... and that orders should be given for issuing a proclamation at Negapatam that no one was to trade at Tevenapatam, Porto Novo, or other port belonging to the NAIQUE of Ginja or the King of Massulapatam."—_Bocarro_, 619.

1646.—"Le NAIQUE de Maduré, à qui appartient la coste de la pescherie, a la pesche d'vn jour par semaine pour son tribut."—_Barretto_, 248.

c. 1665.—"Il y a plusieurs NAIQUES au Sud de Saint-Thomé, qui sont Souverains: Le NAIQUE de Madure en est un."—_Thevenot_, v. 317.

1672.—"The greatest Lords and NAIKS of this kingdom (Carnataca) who are subject to the Crown of Velour ... namely Vitipa NAIK of Madura, the King's Cuspidore- (see CUSPADORE) bearer ... and Cristapa NAIK of Chengier, the King's Betel-holder ... the NAIK of Tanjower the King's Shield-bearer."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ.), p. 153.

1809.—"All I could learn was that it was built by a NAIG of the place."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 398.

(D)—

[c. 1610.—"These men are hired, whether Indians or Christians, and are called NAICLES."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 42.]

1787.—"A Troop of Native Cavalry on the present Establishment consists of 1 European subaltern, 1 European sergeant, 1 Subidar, 3 Jemidars, 4 Havildars, 4 NAIGUES, 1 Trumpeter, 1 Farrier, and 68 Privates."—_Regns. for H. Co.'s Troops on the Coast of Coromandel_, &c., 6.

1834.—"... they went gallantly on till every one was shot down except the one NAIK, who continued hacking at the gate with his axe ... at last a shot from above ... passed through his body. He fell, but in dying hurled his axe against the enemy."—_Mrs. Mackenzie, Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life_, i. 37-38.

We may add as a special sense that in West India _Naik_ is applied to the head-man of a hamlet (_Kūrī_) or camp (_Tānda_) of BRINJARRIES (q.v.). [Bhangi and Jhangi Naiks, the famous Banjāra leaders, are said to have had 180,000 bullocks in their camp. See _Berar Gazetteer_, 196.]

NAIR, s. Malayal. _nāyar_; from the same Skt. origin as NAIK. Name of the ruling caste in Malabar. [The Greek νάουρα as a tract stood for the country of the Nairs. For their customs, see _Logan, Malabar_, i. 131.]

1510.—"The first class of Pagans in Calicut are called Brahmins. The second are NAERI, who are the same as the gentlefolks amongst us; and these are obliged to bear sword and shield or bows and lances."—_Varthema_, pp. 141-142.

1516.—"These kings do not marry ... only each has a mistress, a lady of great lineage and family, which is called NAYRE."—_Barbosa_, 165.

1553.—"And as ... the Gentiles of the place are very superstitious in dealing with people foreign to their blood, and chiefly those called Brammanes and NAIRES."—_Barros_, Dec. I. liv. iv. cap. 7.

1563.—"... The NAIRES who are the Knights."—_Garcia._

1582.—"The Men of Warre which the King of Calicut and the other Kings have, are NAYRES, which be all Gentlemen."—_Castañeda_ (by N. L.), f. 35b.

1644.—"We have much Christian people throughout his territory, not only the Christians of St. Thomas, who are the best soldiers that he (the King of Cochin) has, but also many other vassals who are converts to our Holy Catholic Faith, through the preaching of the Gospel, but none of these are NAYRES, who are his fighting men, and his nobles or gentlemen."—_Bocarro, MS._, f. 315.

1755.—"The king has disciplined a body of 10,000 NAIRES; the people of this denomination are by birth the Military tribe of the Malabar coast."—_Orme_, i. 400.

1781.—"The soldiers preceded the NAIRS or nobles of Malabar."—_Gibbon_, ch. xlvii.

It may be added that _Nāyar_ was also the term used in Malabar for the mahout of an elephant; and the fact that _Nāyar_ and _Nāyaka_ are of the same origin may be considered with the etymology which we have given of CORNAC (see _Garcia_, 85_v_).

NALKEE, s. Hind. _nālkī_. A kind of litter formerly used by natives of rank; the word and thing are now obsolete. [It is still the name of the bride's litter in Behar (_Grierson, Bihār Peasant Life_, 45).] The name was perhaps a factitious imitation of _pālkī_? [Platts suggests Skt. _nalika_, 'a tube.']

1789.—"A NALEKY is a _paleky_, either opened or covered, but it bears upon two bamboos, like a sedan in Europe, with this difference only, that the poles are carried by four or eight men, and upon the shoulders."—Note by Tr. of _Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 269.

[1844.—"This litter is called a 'NALKI.' It is one of the three great insignia which the Mogul emperors of Delhi conferred upon independent princes of the first class, and could never be used by any person upon whom, or upon whose ancestors, they had not been so conferred. These were the NALKI, the order of the Fish, and the fan of peacock's feathers."—_Sleeman, Rambles_, ed. _V. A. Smith_, i. 165.]

NAMBEADARIM, s. Malayāl. _nambiyadiri_, _nambiyattiri_, a general, a prince. [See _Logan, Malabar_, i. 121.]

1503.—"Afterwards we were presented to the King called NAMBIADORA; who received us with no small gladness and kindness."—_Giov. da Empoli_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 146.

1552.—"This advice of the NAMBEADARIM was disapproved by the kings and lords."—_Castanheda_; see also Transl. by N. L., 1582, f. 147.

1557.—"The NAMBEADARIM who is the principal governor."—_D'Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 9. The word is, by the translator, erroneously identified with _Nambūdiri_ (see NAMBOOREE), a Malabar Brahman.

1634.—

"Entra em Cochim no thalamo secreto Aonde NAMBEODERÁ dorme quieto." _Malaca Conquist._ i. 50.

NAMBOOREE, Malayāl. _nambūdiri_, Tam. _nambūri_; [_Logan_ (_Malabar_, ii. Gloss. ccxi.) gives _nambūtiri_, _nambūri_, from Drav. _nambuka_, 'to trust,' _tiri_, Skt. _śrī_, 'blessed.' The _Madras Gloss._ has Mal. _nambu_, 'the Veda,' _ōthu_, 'to teach,' _tiri_, 'holy.'] A Brahman of Malabar. (See _Logan_, i. 118 _seqq._].

1644.—"No more than any of his NAMBURES (among Christian converts) who are his _padres_, for you would hardly see any one of them become converted and baptized because of the punishment that the king has attached to that."—_Bocarro, MS._, f. 313.

1727.—"The NAMBOURIES are the first in both Capacities of Church and State, and some of them are Popes, being sovereign Princes in both."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 312; [ed. 1744].

[1800.—"The NAMBURIS eat no kind of animal food, and drink no spirituous liquors."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, ii. 426.]

NANKEEN, s. A cotton stuff of a brownish yellow tinge, which was originally imported from China, and derived its name from the city of Nanking. It was not dyed, but made from a cotton of that colour, the _Gossypium religiosum_ of Roxb., a variety of _G. herbaceum_. It was, however, imitated with dyed cotton in England, and before long exports of this imitation were made to China. Nankeen appears to be known in the Central Asia markets under the modified name of NANKA (see below).

1793-4.—"The land in this neighbourhood produces the cloth usually called NANKEENS in Europe ... in that growing in the province of Kiangnan, of which the city of Nan-kin is the capital, the down is of the same yellow tinge which it possesses when spun and woven into cloth."—_Staunton's Narr. of Ld. Macartney's Embassy_, ii. 425.

1794-5.—"The colour of NAM-KING is thus natural, and not subject to fade.... The opinion (that it was dyed) that I combat was the cause of an order being sent from Europe a few years ago to dye the pieces of NAM-KING of a deeper colour, because of late they had grown paler."—_Van Braam's Embassy_, E.T. ii. 141.

1797.—"_China Investment per Upton Castle._... Company's broad and narrow NANKEEN, brown NANKEEN."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii. 605.

c. 1809.—"Cotton in this district (_Puraniya_ or _Purneea_) is but a trifling article. There are several kinds mentioned.... The _Kukti_ is the most remarkable, its wool having the colour of NANKEEN cloth, and it seems in fact to be the same material which the Chinese use in that manufacture."—_F. Buchanan_, in _Eastern India_, iii. 244. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ iv. 16, 29.]

1838.—"NANKA is imported in the greatest quantity (to Kabul) from Russia, and is used for making the outer garments for the people, who have a great liking to it. It is similar to NANKEEN cloth that comes to India from China, and is of a strong durable texture."—_Report by Baines_, in _Punjab Trade Report_, App. p. ix. See also p. clxvii.

1848.—"'Don't be trying to deprecate the value of the lot, Mr. Moss,' Mr. Hammerdown said; 'let the company examine it as a work of art—the attitude of the gallant animal quite according to natur, the gentleman in a NANKEEN-jacket, his gun in hand, is going to the chase; in the distance a _banyhann_ tree (see BANYAN-TREE) and a PAGODY."—_Vanity Fair_, i. 178.

NANKING, n.p. The great Chinese city on the lower course of the Yangtse-kiang, which was adopted as capital of the Empire for a brief space (1368-1410) by the (native) Ming dynasty on the expulsion of the Mongol family of Chinghiz. The city, previously known as _Kin-ling-fu_, then got the style of _Nan-king_, or 'South Court.' Peking ('North Court') was however re-occupied as imperial residence by the Emperor Ching-su in 1410, and has remained such ever since. Nanking is mentioned as a great city called _Chilenfu_ (Kin-ling), whose walls had a circuit of 40 miles, by Friar Odoric (c. 1323). And the province bears the same name (_Chelim_) in the old notices of China translated by R. Willes in _Hakluyt_ (ii. 546).

It appears to be the city mentioned by Conti (c. 1430), as founded by the emperor: "Hinc prope XV. dierum itinere (_i.e._ from Cambalec or Peking), alia civitas _Nemptai_ nomine, ab imperatore condita, cujus ambitus patet triginta milliaribus, eaque est popolosissima omnium." This is evidently the same name that is coupled with Cambalec, in Petis de la Croix's translation of the _Life of Timour_ (iii. 218) under the form _Nemnai_. The form _Lankin_, &c., is common in old Portuguese narratives, probably, like LIAMPO (q.v.), a Fuhkien form.

c. 1520.—"After that follows Great China, the king of which is the greatest sovereign in the world.... The port of this kingdom is called Guantan, and among the many cities of this empire two are the most important, namely NANKIN and Comlaka (read _Combalak_), where the king usually resides."—_Pigafetta's Magellan_ (Hak. Soc.), p. 156.

c. 1540.—"Thereunto we answered that we were strangers, natives of the Kingdom of _Siam_, and that coming from the port of _Liampoo_ to go to the fishing of NANQUIN, we were cast away at sea ... that we purposed to go to the city of NANQUIN there to imbarque ourselves as rowers in the first _Lanteaa_ (see LANTEAS) that should put to sea, for to pass unto Cantan...."—_Pinto_, E.T. p. 99 (orig. cap. xxxi.).

1553.—"Further, according to the Cosmographies of China ... the maritime provinces of this kingdom, which run therefrom in a N.W. direction almost, are these three: NANQUIJ, Xanton (_Shantung_), and Quincij" (_Kingsze_ or capital, _i.e._ Pecheli).—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1556.—"Ogni anno va di Persia alla China vna grossa Carauana, che camina sei mesi prima ch'arriui alla Città de LANCHIN, Città nella quale risiede il Re con la sua Corte."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391_v_.

[1615.—"678-1/5 Catties China of raw LANKINE silk."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 137.]

NARCONDAM, n.p. The name of a strange weird-looking volcanic cone, which rises, covered with forest, to a height of some 2,330 feet straight out of the deep sea, to the eastward of the Andamans. One of the present writers has observed (_Marco Polo_, Bk. III. ch. 13, note) that in the name of _Narkandam_ one cannot but recognise _Narak_, 'Hell'; perhaps _Naraka-kuṇḍam_, 'a pit of hell'; adding: "Can it be that in old times, but still contemporary with Hindu navigation, this volcano was active, and that some Brahmin St. Brandon recognised in it the mouth of Hell, congenial to the Rakshasas of the adjacent group" of the Andamans? We have recently received an interesting letter from Mr. F. R. Mallet of the Geological Survey of India, who has lately been on a survey of Narcondam and Barren Island. Mr. Mallet states that Narcondam is "without any crater, and has certainly been extinct for many thousand years. Barren Island, on the other hand, forms a complete amphitheatre, with high precipitous encircling walls, and the volcano has been in violent eruption within the last century. The term 'pit of hell,' therefore, while quite inapplicable to Narcondam, applies most aptly to Barren Island." Mr. Mallet suggests that there may have been some confusion between the two islands, and that the name _Narcondam_ may have been really applicable to Barren Island. [See the account of both islands in _Ball, Jungle Life_, 397 _seqq._] The name Barren Island is quite modern. We are told in Purdy's _Or. Navigator_ (350) that Barren Island was called by the Portuguese _Ilha alta_, a name which again would be much more apt for Narcondam, Barren Island being only some 800 feet high. Mr. Mallet mentions that in one of the charts of the _E.I. Pilot or Oriental Navigator_ (1781) he finds "Narcondam according to the Portuguese" in 13° 45′ N. lat. and 110° 35′ E. long. (from Ferro) and "Narcondam or _High Island_, according to the French," in 12° 50′ N. lat. and 110° 55′ E. long. This is valuable as showing both that there may have been some confusion between the islands, and that _Ilha alta_ or High Island has been connected with the name of Narcondam. The real positions by our charts are of _Narcondam_, N. lat. 13° 24′, E. long. 94° 12′. _Barren Island_, N. lat. 12° 16′, E. long. 93° 54′.

The difference of lat. (52 miles) agrees well with that between the Portuguese and French Narcondam, but the difference in long., though approximate in amount (18 or 20 miles), is in one case _plus_ and in the other _minus_; so that the discrepancies may be due merely to error in the French reckoning. In a chart in the _E.I. Pilot_ (1778) "Monday or Barren Island, called also High Island" and "Ayconda or Narcondam," are marked approximately in the positions of the present Barren Island and Narcondam. Still, we believe that Mr. Mallet's suggestion is likely to be well founded. The form _Ayconda_ is nearer that found in the following:

1598.—"... as you put off from the Ilandes of _Andeman_ towards the Coast ... there lyeth onely in the middle way an Ilande which the inhabitantes call VIACONDAM, which is a small Iland having faire ground round about it, but very little fresh water."—_Linschoten_, p. 328.

The discrepancy in the position of the islands is noticed in D'Anville:

1753.—"Je n'oublierai pas NARCONDAM, et d'autant moins que ce que j'en trouve dans les Portugais ne repond point à la position que nos cartes lui donnent. Le routier de Gaspar Pereira de los Reys indique l'île NARCODÃO ou Narcondam à 6 lieues des îles Cocos, 12 de la tête de l'Andaman; et le rhumb de vent à l'égard de ce point il le determine, _leste quarta da nordeste, meya quarta mais para les nordestes_, c'est à dire à peu-près 17 degrés de l'est au nord. Selon les cartes Françoises, NARCONDAM s'écarte environ 25 lieues marines de la tête d'Andaman; et au lieu de prendre plus du nord, cette île baisse vers le sud d'une fraction de degré plus ou moins considérable selon differéntes cartes."—_D'Anville, Eclairc._, 141-142.

I may add that I find in a French map of 1701 (_Carte Marine depuis Suratte jusqu'au Detroit de Malaca, par le Père_ P. P. Tachard) we have, in the (approximately) true position of Narcondam, _Isle Haute_, whilst an islet without name appears in the approximate position of Barren Island.

NARD, s. The rhizome of the plant _Nardostachys Jatamansi_, D.C., a native of the loftier Himālaya (allied to Valerian). This is apparently an Indian word originally, but, as we have it, it has come from the Skt. _nalada_ through Semitic media, whence the change of _l_ into _r_; and in this form it is found both in Hebrew and Greek. [Prof. Skeat gives: "F. _nard_, L. _nardus_. Greek νάρδος, Pers. _nard_ (whence Skt. _nalada_), spikenard. Skt. _nada_, a reed."] The plant was first identified in modern times by Sir W. Jones. See in Canticles, i. 12, and iv. 13, 14.

B.C. c. 25.—

"Cur non sub altâ vel platano, vel hac Pinu jacentes sic temere, et rosâ Canos odorati capillos, Dum licet, Assyriâque NARDO Potamus uncti?" _Horace, Odes_, II. xi.

A.D. 29.—"Καὶ ὄντος αὐτοῦ ἐν Βηθανίᾳ, ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ Σίμωνος ... ἦλθε γυνὴ ἔχουσα ἀλάβαστρον μύρον, νάρδου πιστικῆς πολυτελοῦς...."—_St. Mark_, xiv. 3.

c. A.D. 70.—"As touching the leafe of NARDUS, it were good that we discoursed thereof at large, seeing that it is one of the principal ingredients aromaticall that goe to the making of most costly and precious ointments.... The head of NARDUS spreadeth into certain spikes and ears, whereby it hath a twofold use both as spike and also as leafe."—_Pliny_ (Ph. Holland), xii. 12.

c. A.D. 90.—"Κατάγεται δὲ δι' αὐτῆς (Οζηνῆς) καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄνω τόπων, ἡ διὰ Πωκλαΐδος καταφερομένη νάρδος, ἡ Κασπαπυρηνὴ, καὶ ἡ Παροπανισηνὴ, καὶ ἡ Καβολίτη, καὶ ἡ διά τῆς παρακειμένης Σκυθίας."—_Periplus_, § 48 (corrected by Fabricius).

c. A.D. 545.—"... also to Sindu, where you get the musk or castorin, and _androstachyn_" (for NARDOSTACHYS, _i.e._ spikenard).—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay_, p. clxxviii.

1563.—"I know no other spikenard (_espique_-NARDO) in this country, except what I have already told you, that which comes from Chitor and Mandou, regions on the confines of Deli, Bengala, and the Decan."—_Garcia_, f. 191.

1790.—"We may on the whole be assured that the NARDUS of Ptolemy, the _Indian Sumbul_ of the Persians and Arabs, the _Jatámánsì_ of the Hindus, and the _spikenard_ of our shops, are one and the same plant."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _As. Res._ ii. 410.

c. 1781.—

"My _first_ shuts out thieves from your house or your room, My _second_ expresses a Syrian perfume; My _whole_ is a man in whose converse is shared The strength of a _Bar_ and the sweetness of NARD."— _Charade_ on Bishop Barnard by _Dr. Johnson_.

NARGEELA, NARGILEH, s. Properly the coco-nut (Skt. _nārikera_, _-kela_, or _-keli_; Pers. _nārgīl_; Greek of Cosmas, Ἀργέλλιον); thence the HUBBLE-BUBBLE, or HOOKA in its simplest form, as made from a coco-nut shell; and thence again, in Persia, a HOOKA or water-pipe with a glass or metal vase.

[c. 545.—"ARGELL." See under SURA.

[1623.—"NARGHIL, like the palm in the leaves also, and is that which we call _Nux Indica_."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 40.

[1758.—"An ARGILE, or smoking tube, and coffee, were immediately brought us ..."—_Ives_, 271.

[1813.—"... the Persians smoked their culloons and NARGILLS...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 173.]

NARROWS, THE, n.p. A name applied by the Hoogly pilots for at least two centuries to the part of the river immediately below Hoogly Point, now known as 'Hoogly Bight.' See Mr. Barlow's note on _Hedges' Diary_, i. 64.

1684.—"About 11 o'clock we met with ye _Good-hope_, at an anchor in ye NARROWS, without Hugly River,[189] and ordered him upon ye first of ye flood to weigh, and make all haste he could to Hugly ..."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 64.

1711.—"From the lower Point of the NARROWS on the Starboard-side ... the Eastern Shore is to be kept close aboard, until past the said Creek, afterwards allowing only a small Birth for the Point off the RIVER OF ROGUES, commonly called by the Country People, Adegom.... From the RIVER OF ROGUES, the Starboard Shore, with a great Ship, ought to be kept close aboard down to the Channel Trees, for in the Offing lies the Grand middle Ground...."—_English Pilot_, p. 57.

NARSINGA, n.p. This is the name most frequently applied in the 16th and 17th centuries to the kingdom in Southern India, otherwise termed Vijayanagara or BISNAGAR (q.v.), the latest powerful Hindu kingdom in the Peninsula. This kingdom was founded on the ruins of the Belāla dynasty reigning at Dwāra Samudra, about A.D. 1341 [see _Rice, Mysore_, i. 344 _seqq._]. The original dynasty of Vijayanagara became extinct about 1487, and was replaced by _Narasiṉha_, a prince of Telugu origin, who reigned till 1508. He was therefore reigning at the time of the first arrival of the Portuguese, and the name of Narsinga, which they learned to apply to the kingdom from his name, continued to be applied to it for nearly two centuries.

1505.—"Hasse notizia delli maggiori Re che hanno nell'India, che è el Re de NARSIN, indiano zentil; confina in Estremadura con el regno de Comj (qu. _regno Deconij_?), el qual Re si è Moro. El qual Re de NARSIN tien grande regno; sarà (harà?) ad ogni suo comando 10 mila elefanti, 30 mila cavalli, e infinito numero di genti."—_Lionardo Ca' Masser_, 35.

1510.—"The Governor ... learning of the embassy which the King of Bisnega was sending to Cananore to the Viceroy, to offer firm friendship, he was most desirous to make alliance and secure peace ... principally because the kingdom of NARSINGA extends in the interior from above Calecut and from the Balagate as far as Cambaya, and thus if we had any wars in those countries by sea, we might by land have the most valuable aid from the King of Bisnega."—_Correa_, ii. 30.

1513.—"Aderant tunc apud nostrũ praefectũ a NARSINGAE rege legati."—_Emanuel. Reg. Epist._ f. 3_v_.

1516.—"45 leagues from these mountains inland, there is a very large city which is called Bijanaguer, very populous.... The King of NARSINGA always resides there."—_Barbosa_, 85.

c. 1538.—"And she (the Queen of Onor) swore to him by the golden sandals of her pagod that she would rejoice as much should God give him the victory over them (the Turks) as if the King of NARSINGA, whose slave she was, should place her at table with his wife."—_F. Mendez Pinto_, ch. ix.; see also _Cogan_, p. 11.

1553.—"And they had learned besides from a Friar who had come from _Narsinga_ to stay at Cananor, how that the King of NARSINGA, who was as it were an Emperor of the Gentiles of India in state and riches, was appointing ambassadors to send him ..."—_Barros_, I. viii. 9.

1572.—

"... O Reyno NARSINGA poderoso Mais de ouro e de pedras, que de forte gente." _Camões_, vii. 21.

By Burton:

"Narsinga's Kingdom, with her rich display Of gold and gems, but poor in martial vein ..."

1580.—"In the Kingdom of NARSINGUA to this day, the wives of their priests are buried alive with the bodies of their husbands; all other wives are burnt at their husbands' funerals."—_Montaigne_, by _Cotton_, ch. xi. (What is here said about priests applies to LINGAITS, q.v.).

1611.—"... the Dutch President on the coast of _Choromandell_, shewed us a _Caul_ (see COWLE) from the King of NARSINGA, _Wencapati, Raia_, wherein was granted that it should not be lawfull for any one that came out of Europe to trade there, but such as brought Prince _Maurice_ his Patent, and therefore desired our departure."—_P. W. Floris_, in _Purchas_, i. 320.

1681.—"Coromandel. Ciudad muy grande, sugeta al Rey de NARSINGA, el qual Reyno e llamado por otre nombre _Bisnaga_."—_Martinez de la Puente, Compendio_, 16.

NASSICK, n.p. _Nāsik_; Νασίκα of _Ptolemy_ (vii. i. 63); an ancient city of Hindu sanctity on the upper course of the Godavery R., and the headquarter of a district of the same name in the Bombay Presidency. A curious discussion took place at the R. Geog. Society in 1867, arising out of a paper by Mr. (afterwards Sir) George Campbell, in which the selection of a capital for British India was determined on logical principles in favour of Nassick. But logic does not decide the site of capitals, though government by logic is quite likely to lose India. Certain highly elaborated magic squares and magic cubes, investigated by the Rev. A. H. Frost (_Cambridge Math. Jour._, 1857) have been called by him _Nasik_ squares, and Nasik cubes, from his residence in that ancient place (see _Encyc. Britan._ 9th ed. xv. 215).

NAT, s. Burmese _nāt_, [apparently from Skt. _nātha_, 'lord']; a term applied to all spiritual beings, angels, elfs, demons, or what not, including the gods of the Hindus.

[1878.—"Indeed, with the country population of Pegu the worship, or it should rather be said the propitiation of the 'NÁTS' or spirits, enters into every act of their ordinary life, and Buddha's doctrine seems kept for sacred days and their visits to the KYOUNG (monastery) or to the pagoda."—_Forbes, British Burma_, 222.]

NAUND, s. Hind. _nānd_. A coarse earthen vessel of large size, resembling in shape an inverted bee-hive, and useful for many economic and domestic purposes. The dictionary definition in Fallon, 'an earthen trough,' conveys an erroneous idea.

[1832.—"The ghurī (see GHURRY), or copper cup, floats usually in a vessel of coarse red pottery filled with water, called a NĀN."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i. 250.

[1899.—"To prevent the crickets from wandering away when left, I had a large earthen pan placed over them upside down. These pans are termed NANDS. They are made of the coarsest earthenware, and are very capacious. Those I used were nearly a yard in diameter and about eighteen inches deep."—_Thornhill, Haunts and Hobbies of an Indian Official_, 79.]

NAUTCH, s. A kind of ballet-dance performed by women; also any kind of stage entertainment; an European ball. Hind. and Mahr. _nāch_, from Skt. _nṛitya_, dancing and stage-playing, through Prakrit _nachcha_. The word is in European use all over India. [A _poggly nautch_ (see POGGLE) is a fancy-dress ball. Also see POOTLY NAUTCH.] Browning seems fond of using this word, and persists in using it wrongly. In the first of the quotations below he calls Fifine the 'European _nautch_,' which is like calling some Hindu dancing-girl 'the Indian ballet.' He repeats the mistake in the second quotation.

[1809.—"You Europeans are apt to picture to yourselves a NACH as a most attractive spectacle, but once witnessed it generally dissolves the illusion."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 142.]

1823.—"I joined Lady Macnaghten and a large party this evening to go to a NÂCH given by a rich native, Rouplall Mullich, on the opening of his new house."—_Mrs. Heber_, in _Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 37.

[1829.—"... a dance by black people which they calls a NOTCH...."—_Oriental Sport. Mag._ ed. 1873, i. 129.]

c. 1831.—"Elle (Begum Sumrou) fit enterrer vivante une jeune esclave, dont elle était jalouse, et donna à son mari un NAUTCH (bal) sur cette horrible tombe."—_Jacquemont, Correspondance_, ii. 221.

1872.—

"... let be there was no worst Of degradation spared Fifine; ordained from first To last, in body and soul, for one life-long debauch, The Pariah of the North, the European NAUTCH!" _Fifine at the Fair_, 31.

1876.—

"... I locked in the swarth little lady—I swear, From the head to the foot of her,—well quite as bare! 'No NAUTCH shall cheat me,' said I, taking my stand At this bolt which I draw...." _Natural Magic_, in _Pacchiarotto_, &c.

NAUTCH-GIRL, s. (See BAYADÈRE, DANCING-GIRL.) The last quotation is a glorious jumble, after the manner of the compiler.

[1809.—"NACH GIRLS are exempted from all taxes, though they pay a kind of voluntary one monthly to a Fuqeer...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 113-4.]

1825.—"The NÂCH WOMEN were, as usual, ugly, huddled up in huge bundles of red petticoats; and their exhibition as dull and insipid to an European taste, as could well be conceived."—_Heber_, ii. 102.

1836.—"In India and the East dancing-girls are trained called _Almeh_, and they give a fascinating entertainment called a NATCH, for which they are well paid."—In _R. Phillips, A Million of Facts_, 322.

NAVAIT, NAITEA, NEVOYAT, &c., n.p. A name given to Mahommedans of mixt race in the Konkan and S. Canara, corresponding more or less to MOPLAHS (q.v.) and LUBBYES of Malabar and the Coromandel coast. [The head-quarters of the Navayats are in N. Canara, and their traditions state that their ancestors fled from the Persian Gulf about the close of the 7th century, to escape the cruelty of a Governor of Irān. See _Sturrock, Man. of S. Canara_, i. 181.] It is apparently a Konkani word connected with Skt. _nava_, 'new,' and implying 'new convert.' [The _Madras Gloss._ derives the word from Pers. _nāīt̤ī_, from _Nāīt̤_, the name of an Arab clan.]

1552.—"Sons of Moors and of Gentile women, who are called NEITEAS...."—_Castanheda_, iii. 24.

1553.—"NAITEAS que são mestiços: quanto aos padres de geração dos Arabios ... e perparte das madres das Gentias."—_Barros_, I. ix. 3.

" "And because of this fertility of soil, and of the trade of these ports, there was here a great number of Moors, natives of the country, whom they call NAITEAS, who were accustomed to buy the horses and sell them to the Moors of the Decan...."—_Ibid._ I. viii. 9.

c. 1612.—"From this period the Mahomedans extended their religion and their influence in Malabar, and many of the princes and inhabitants, becoming converts to the true faith, gave over the management of some of the seaports to the strangers, whom they called NOWAYITS (literally the New Race)...."—_Firishta_, by _Briggs_, iv. 533.

1615.—"... et passim infiniti Mahometani reperiebantur, tum indigenae quos NAITEAS vocabant, tum externi...."—_Jarric_, i. 57.

1626.—"There are two sorts of Moors, one _Mesticos_ of mixed seed of Moore-fathers and Ethnike-mothers, called NAITEANI, Mungrels also in their religion, the other Forreiners...."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 554.

NAZIR, s. Hind. from Ar. _nāẓir_, 'inspector' (_naẓr_, 'sight'). The title of a native official in the Anglo-Indian Courts, sometimes improperly rendered 'sheriff,' because he serves processes, &c.

1670.—"The Khan ... ordered his NASSIR, or Master of the Court, to assign something to the servants...."—_Andriesz_, 41.

[1708.—"He especially, who is called NADER, that is the chief of the Mahal ..."—_Catrou, H. of the Mogul Dynasty_, E.T. 295.

[1826.—"The NAZIR is a perpetual sheriff, and executes writs and summonses to all the parties required to attend in civil and criminal cases."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, ii. 118.]

1878.—"The NAZIR had charge of the treasury, stamps, &c., and also the issue of summonses and processes."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 204.

[In the following the word represents _naḳḳāra_, 'a kettle-drum.'

1763.—"His Excellency (Nawab Meer Cossim) had not eaten for three days, nor allowed his NAZIR to be beaten."—_Diary of a Prisoner at Patna_, in _Wheeler, Early Records_, 323.]

NEELÁM, LEELÁM, s. Hind. _nīlām_, from Port. _leilão_. An auction or public OUTCRY, as it used to be called in India (corresponding to Scotch _roup_; comp. Germ. _rufen_, and _outroop_ of Linschoten's translator below). The word is, however, Oriental in origin, for Mr. C. P. Brown (MS. notes) points out that the Portuguese word is from Ar. _i'lām_ (_al-i'lām_), 'proclamation, advertisement.' It is omitted by Dozy and Engelmann. How old the custom in India of prompt disposal by auction of the effects of a deceased European is, may be seen in the quotation from Linschoten.

1515.—"Pero d'Alpoym came full of sorrow to Cochin with all the apparel and servants of Afonso d'Alboquerque, all of which Dom Gracia took charge of; but the Governor (Lopo Soares) gave orders that there should be a LEILÃO (auction) of all the wardrobe, which indeed made a very poor show. Dom Gracia said to D. Aleixo in the church, where they met: The Governor your uncle orders a LEILÃO of all the old wardrobe of Afonso d'Alboquerque. I can't praise his intention, but what he has done only adds to my uncle's honour; for all the people will see that he gathered no rich Indian stuffs, and that he despised everything but to be foremost in honour."—_Correa_, ii. 469.

[1527.—"And should any man die, they at once make a LEYLAM of his property."—India Office MSS., _Corpo Chronologico_, vol. i. Letter of _Fernando Nunes_ to the King, Sept. 7.

[1554.—"All the spoil of Mombasa that came into the general stock was sold by LEILÃO."—_Castanheda_, Bk. ii. ch. 13.]

1598.—"In Goa there is holden a daylie assemblie ... which is like the meeting upõ the burse in Andwarpe ... and there are all kindes of Indian commodities to sell, so that in a manner it is like a Faire ... it beginneth in y^e morning at 7 of the clocke, and continueth till 9 ... in the principal streete of the citie ... and is called the LEYLON, which is as much as to say, as an _outroop_ ... and when any man dieth, all his goods are brought thether and sold to the last pennieworth, in the same outroop, whosoever they be, yea although they were the Viceroyes goodes...."—_Linschoten_, ch. xxix.; [Hak. Soc. i. 184; and compare _Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 52, who spells the word LAYLON].

c. 1610.—"... le mary vient frapper à la porte, dont la femme faisant fort l'estonnée, prie le Portugais de se cacher dans vne petite cuue à pourcelaine, et l'ayant fait entrer là dedans, et ferme très bien à clef, ouurit la porte a son mary, qui ... le laissa tremper là iusqu'au lendemain matin, qu'il fit porter ceste cuue au marché, ou LAILAN ainsi qu'ils appellent...."—_Mocquet_, 344.

Linschoten gives an engraving of the _Rua Direita_ in Goa, with many of these auctions going on, and the superscription: "_O_ LEILAO _que se faz cada dia pola menhã na Rua direita de Goa_." The Portuguese word has taken root at Canton Chinese in the form _yélang_; but more distinctly betrays its origin in the Amoy form _lé-lang_ and Swatow _loylang_ (see _Giles_; also _Dennys's Notes and Queries_, vol. i.).

NEELGYE, NILGHAU, &c., s. Hind. _nīlgāū_, _nīlgāī_, _līlgāī_, _i.e._ 'blue cow'; the popular name of the great antelope, called by Pallas _Antilope tragocamelus_ (_Portax pictus_ of Jerdon, [_Boselaphus tragocamelus_ of Blanford, _Mammalia_, 517]), given from the slaty blue which is its predominant colour. The proper Hind. name of the animal is _rojh_ (Skt. _ṛiśya_, or _ṛishya_).

1663.—"After these Elephants are brought divers tamed _Gazelles_, which are made to fight with one another; as also some NILGAUX, or grey oxen, which in my opinion are a kind of _Elands_, and _Rhinoceross_, and those great _Buffalos_ of _Bengala_ ... to combat with a Lion or Tiger."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 84; [ed. _Constable_, 262; in 218 NILSGAUS; in 364, 377, NIL-GHAUX].

1773.—"Captain Hamilton has been so obliging as to take charge of two deer, a male and a female, of a species which is called NEELGOW, and is, I believe, unknown in Europe, which he will deliver to you in my name."—_Warren Hastings_ to _Sir G. Colebrooke_, in _Gleig_, i. 288.

1824.—"There are not only NEELGHAUS, and the common Indian deer, but some noble red-deer in the park" (at Lucknow).—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 214.

1882.—"All officers, we believe, who have served, like the present writers, on the canals of Upper India, look back on their peripatetic life there as a happy time ... occasionally on a winding part of the bank one intruded on the solitude of a huge NÍLGAI."—_Mem. of General Sir W. E. Baker_, p. 11.

NEEM, s. The tree (N. O. _Meliaceae_) _Azadirachta indica_, Jussieu; Hind. _nīm_ (and _nīb_, according to Playfair, _Taleef Shereef_, 170), Mahr. _nimb_, from Skt. _nimba_. It grows in almost all parts of India, and has a repute for various remedial uses. Thus poultices of the leaves are applied to boils, and their fresh juice given in various diseases; the bitter bark is given in fevers; the fruit is described as purgative and emollient, and as useful in worms, &c., whilst a medicinal oil is extracted from the seeds; and the gum also is reckoned medicinal. It is akin to the _bakain_ (see BUCKYNE), on which it grafts readily.

1563.—"_R._ I beg you to recall the tree by help of which you cured that valuable horse of yours, of which you told me, for I wish to remember it.

"_O._ You are quite right, for in sooth it is a tree that has a great repute as valuable and medicinal among nations that I am acquainted with, and the name among them all is NIMBO. I came to know its virtues in the Balaghat, because with it I there succeeded in curing sore backs of horses that were most difficult to clean and heal; and these sores were cleaned very quickly, and the horses very quickly cured. And this was done entirely with the leaves of this tree pounded and put over the sores, mixt with lemon-juice...."—_Garcia_, f. 153.

1578.—"There is another tree highly medicinal ... which is called NIMBO; and the Malabars call it _Bepole_ [Malayāl. _vēppu_]."—_Acosta_, 284.

[1813.—"... the principal square ... regularly planted with beautiful NYM or LYM-trees."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 445.

[1856.—"Once on a time Guj Singh ... said to those around him, 'Is there any one who would leap down from that LIMB tree into the court?'"—_Forbes, Rās Mālā_, ed. 1878, p. 465.]

1877.—"The elders of the Clans sat every day on their platform, under the great NEEM tree in the town, and attended to all complaints."—_Meadows Taylor, Story_, &c., ii. 85.

NEGAPATAM, n.p. A seaport of Tanjore district in S. India, written _Nāgai-ppaṭṭanam_, which may mean 'Snake Town.' It is perhaps the Νίγαμα Μητρόπολις of Ptolemy; and see under COROMANDEL.

1534.—"From this he (Cunhall Marcar, a Mahommedan corsair) went plundering the coast as far as NEGAPATÃO, where there were always a number of Portuguese trading, and Moorish merchants. These latter, dreading that this pirate would come to the place and plunder them, to curry favour with him, sent him word that if he came he would make a famous haul, because the Portuguese had there a quantity of goods on the river bank, where he could come up...."—_Correa_, iii. 554.

[1598.—"The coast of Choramandel beginneth from the Cape of NEGAPATAN."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 82.

[1615.—"Two (ships) from NEGAPOTAN, one from Cullmat and Messepotan."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 6.]

NEGOMBO, n.p. A pleasant town and old Dutch fort nearly 20 miles north of Colombo in Ceylon; formerly famous for the growth of the best cinnamon. The etymology is given in very different ways. We read recently that the name is properly (Tamil) _Nīr-Kol̤umbu_, _i.e._ 'Columbo in the water.' But, according to Emerson Tennent, the ordinary derivation is _Mi-gamoa_, the 'Village of bees'; whilst Burnouf says it is properly _Nāga-bhu_, 'Land of Nagas,' or serpent worshippers (see _Tennent_, ii. 630).

1613.—"On this he cast anchor; but the wind blowing very strong by daybreak, the ships were obliged to weigh, as they could not stand at their moorings. The vessel of Andrea Coelho and that of Nuno Alvares Teixeira, after weighing, not being able to weather the reef of NEGUMBO, ran into the bay, where the storm compelled them to be beached: but as there were plenty of people there, the vessels were run up by hand and not wrecked."—_Bocarro_, 42.

NEGRAIS, CAPE, n.p. The name of the island and cape at the extreme south end of Arakan. In the charts the extreme south point of the mainland is called Pagoda Point, and the seaward promontory, N.W. of this, _Cape Negrais_. The name is a Portuguese corruption probably of the Arab or Malay form of the native name which the Burmese express as _Naga-rīt_, 'Dragon's whirlpool.' The set of the tide here is very apt to carry vessels ashore, and thus the locality is famous for wrecks. It is possible, however, that the Burmese name is only an effort at interpretation, and that the locality was called in old times by some name like _Nāgarāshtra_. Ibn Batuta touched at a continental coast occupied by uncivilised people having elephants, between Bengal and Sumatra, which he calls _Baranagār_. From the intervals given, the place must have been near Negrais, and it is just possible that the term _Barra de Negrais_, which frequently occurs in the old writers (_e.g._ see Balbi, Fitch, and Bocarro below) is a misinterpretation of the old name used by Ibn Batuta (iv. 224-228).

1553.—"Up to the Cape of NEGRAIS, which stands in 16 degrees, and where the Kingdom of Pegu commences, the distance may be 100 leagues."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1583.—"Then the wind came from the S.W., and we made sail with our stern to the N.E., and running our course till morning we found ourselves close to the _Bar of_ NEGRAIS, as in their language they call the port which runs up into Pegu."—_Gasparo Balbi_, f. 92.

1586.—"We entered the _barre of_ NEGRAIS, which is a braue barre," &c. (see COSMIN).—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 390.

1613.—"Philip de Brito having sure intelligence of this great armament ... ordered the arming of seven ships and some _sanguicels_, and appointing as their commodore Paulo de Rego Pinheiro, gave him precise orders to engage the prince of Arracan at sea, before he should enter the _Bar_ and rivers of NEGRAIS, which form the mouth of all those of the kingdom of Pegù."—_Bocarro_, 137.

1727.—"The Sea Coast of Arackan reaches from Xatigam (see CHITTAGONG) to Cape NEGRAIS, about 400 Miles in length, but few places inhabited ... (after speaking of "the great Island of Negrais") ... he goes on.... "The other Island of Negrais, which makes the Point called the Cape ... is often called _Diamond_ Island, because its Shape is a Rhombus.... Three Leagues to the Southward of _Diamond_ Island lies a Reef of Rocks a League long ... conspicuous at all Times by the Sea breaking over them ... the Rocks are called the _Legarti_, or in English, the _Lizard_."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 29. This reef is the _Alguada_, on which a noble lighthouse was erected by Capt. (afterwards Lieut.-Gen.) Sir A. Fraser, C.B., of the Engineers, with great labour and skill. The statement of Hamilton suggests that the original name may have been _Lagarto_. But _Alagada_, "overflowed," is the real origin. It appears in the old French chart of d'Après as _Ile Noyée_. In Dunn it is _Negada_ or _Neijada_, or _Lequado_, or Sunken Island (_N. Dir._ 1780, 325).

1759.—"The Dutch by an Inscription in _Teutonic Characters_, lately found at NEGRAIS, on the Tomb of a _Dutch Colonel_, who died in 1607 (qu. if not 1627?), appear then to have had Possession of that Island."—Letter in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 98.

1763.—"It gives us pleasure to observe that the King of the Burmahs, who caused our people at NEGRAIS to be so cruelly massacred, is since dead, and succeeded by his son, who seems to be of a more friendly and humane disposition."—_Fort William Consns._, Feb. 19. In _Long_, 288.

[1819.—"NEGRAGLIA." See under MUNNEEPORE.]

NELLY, NELE. s. Malayāl. _nel_, 'rice in the husk'; [Tel. and Tam. _nelli_, 'rice-like']. This is the Dravidian equivalent of PADDY (q.v.), and is often used by the French and Portuguese in South India, where Englishmen use the latter word.

1606.—"... when they sell NELE, after they have measured it out to the purchaser, for the seller to return and take out two grains for himself for luck (_com superstição_), things that are all heathen vanities, which the synod entirely prohibits, and orders that those who practise them shall be severely punished by the Bishop."—_Gouvea, Synodo_, f. 52_b_.

1651.—"NILI, that is unpounded rice, which is still in the husk."—_Rogerius_, p. 95.

1760.—"Champs de NELIS." See under JOWAUR.

[1796.—"75 parahs NELLY."—List of Export Duties, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 265.]

NELLORE, n.p. A town and district north of Madras. The name may be Tamil _Nall-ūr_, 'Good Town.' But the local interpretation is from _nel_ (see NELLY); and in the local records it is given in Skt. as _Dhānyapuram_, meaning 'rice-town' (_Seshagiri Sāstri_). [The _Madras Man._ (ii. 214) gives _Nall-ūr_, 'Good-town'; but the _Gloss._ (s.v.) has _nellu_, 'paddy,' _ūru_, 'village.' Mr. Boswell (_Nellore_, 687) suggests that it is derived from a _nelli chett_ tree under which a famous _lingam_ was placed.]

c. 1310.—"Ma'bar extends in length from Kulam to NILÁWAR, nearly 300 parasangs along the sea coast."—_Wassáf_, in _Elliot_, iii. 32.

NERBUDDA R., n.p. Skt. _Narmadā_, 'causing delight'; _Ptol._ Νάμαδος; _Peripl._ Λαμναιος (amended by Fabricius to Νάμμαδος). Dean Vincent's conjectured etymology of _Nahr-Budda_, 'River of Budda,' is a caution against such guesses.

c. 1020.—"From Dhár southwards to the R. NERBADDA nine (parasangs); thence to Mahrat-des ... eighteen ..."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 60. The reading of Nerbadda is however doubtful.

c. 1310.—"There were means of crossing all the rivers, but the NERBÁDDA was such that you might say it was a remnant of the universal deluge."—_Amír Khusrú_, in _Elliot_, i. 79.

[1616.—"The King rode to the riuer of DARBADATH."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 413. In his list (ii. 539) he has NARBADAH.]

1727.—"The next Town of Note for Commerce is Baroach ... on the Banks of the River NERDABA."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i. 145.]

NERCHA, s. Malayāl. _nerchcha_, 'a vow,' from verb _neruγa_, 'to agree or promise.'

1606.—"They all assemble on certain days in the porches of the churches and dine together ... and this they call NERCHA."—_Gouvea, Synodo_, f. 63. See also f. 11. This term also includes offerings to saints, or to temples, or particular forms of devotion. Among Hindus a common form is to feed a lamp before an idol with _ghee_ instead of oil.

NERRICK, NERRUCK, NIRK, &c., s. Hind. from Pers. _nirkh_, vulgarly _nirakh_, _nirikh_. A tariff, rate, or price-current, especially one established by authority. The system of publishing such rates of prices and wages by local authority prevailed generally in India a generation or two back, and is probably not quite extinct even in our own territories. [The provincial Gazettes still publish periodical lists of current prices, but no attempt is made to fix such by authority.] It is still in force in the French settlements, and with no apparent ill effects.

1799.—"I have written to Campbell a long letter about the NERRICK of exchange, in which I have endeavoured to explain the principles of the whole system of _shroffing_ (see SHROFF)...."—_Wellington_, i. 56.

1800.—"While I was absent with the army, Col. Sherbrooke had altered the NERRICK of artificers, and of all kinds of materials for building, at the instigation of Capt. Norris ... and on the examination of the subject a system of engineering came out, well worthy of the example set at Madras."—_Ibid._ i. 67.

[ " "Here is established a NIRUC, or regulation, by which all coins have a certain value affixed to them; and at this rate they are received in the payment of the revenue; but in dealings between private persons attention is not paid to this rule."—_F. Buchanan, Mysore_, ii. 279.]

1878.—"On expressing his surprise at this, the man assured him that it was really the case that the bazar 'NERIK' or market-rate, had so risen."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. p. 33.

NGAPEE, s. The Burmese name, _ngapi_, 'pressed fish,' of the odorous delicacy described under BALACHONG. [See _Forbes, British Burma_, 83.]

1855.—"Makertich, the Armenian, assured us that the jars of NGAPÉ at Amarapoora exhibited a flux and reflux of tide with the changes of the moon. I see this is an old belief. De la Loubère mentions it in 1688 as held by the Siamese."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, p. 160.

NICOBAR ISLANDS, n.p. The name for centuries applied to a group of islands north of Sumatra. They appear to be the βάρουσσαι of Ptolemy, and the Lankha Bālus of the oldest Arab _Relation_. [Sir G. Birdwood identifies them with the Island of the Bell (_Nakūs_) to which Sindbad, the Seaman, is carried in his fifth voyage. (_Report on Old Records_, 108; _Burton, Arabian Nights_, iv. 368).] The Danes attempted to colonize the islands in the middle of the 18th century, and since, unsuccessfully. An account of the various attempts will be found in the _Voyage of the Novara_. Since 1869 they have been partially occupied by the British Government, as an appendage of the Andaman settlement. Comparing the old forms _Lankha_ and _Nakkavāram_, and the nakedness constantly attributed to the people, it seems possible that the name may have had reference to this (_nañgā_). [Mr. Man (_Journ. Anthrop. Institute_, xviii. 359) writes: "A possible derivation may be suggested by the following extract from a paper by A. de Candolle (1885) on 'The Origin of Cultivated Plants': 'The presence of the coconut in Asia three or four thousand years ago is proved by several Sanskrit names.... The Malays have a name widely diffused in the Archipelago, _kalapa_, _klapa_, _klopo_. At Sumatra and Nicobar we find the name _njior_, _nieor_, in the Philippines _niog_, at Bali, _nioh_, _njo_....' While the Nicobars have long been famed for the excellence of their coconuts, the only words which bear any resemblance to the forms above given are _ngoât_, 'a ripe nut,' and _ñi-nàu_, 'a half-ripe nut.'"]

c. 1050.—The name appears as NAKKAVĀRAM in the great Tanjore Inscription of the 11th century.

c. 1292.—"When you leave the island of Java (the Less) and the Kingdom of Lambri, you sail north about 150 miles, and then you come to two Islands, one of which is called NECUVERAN. In this island they have no king nor chief, but live like beasts...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. III. ch. 12.

c. 1300.—"Opposite Lámúri is the island of Lákwáram (probably to read NÁKWÁRAM), which produces plenty of red amber. Men and women go naked, except that the latter cover the pudenda with cocoanut leaves. They are all subject to the Káán."—_Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 71.

c. 1322.—"Departing from that country, and sailing towards the south over the Ocean Sea, I found many islands and countries, where among others was one called NICOVERAN ... both the men and women there have faces like dogs, etc...."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 97.

1510.—"In front of the before named island of Samatra, across the Gulf of the Ganges, are 5 or 6 small islands, which have very good water and ports for ships. They are inhabited by Gentiles, poor people, and are called NICONVAR (_Nacabar_ in Lisbon ed.), and they find in them very good amber, which they carry thence to Malaca and other parts."—_Barbosa_, 195.

1514.—"Seeing the land, the pilot said it was the land of NICUBAR.... The pilot was at the top to look out, and coming down he said that this land was all cut up (_i.e._ in islands), and that it was possible to pass through the middle; and that now there was no help for it but to chance it or turn back to Cochin.... The natives of the country had sight of us and suddenly came forth in great boats full of people.... They were all _Caffres_, with fish-bones inserted in their lips and chin: big men and frightful to look on; having their boats full of bows and arrows poisoned with herbs."—_Giov. da Empoli_, in _Archiv. Stor._ pp. 71-72.

NIGGER, s. It is an old brutality of the Englishman in India to apply this title to the natives, as we may see from Ives quoted below. The use originated, however, doubtless in following the old Portuguese use of _negros_ for "the BLACKS" (q.v.), with no malice prepense, without any intended confusion between Africans and Asiatics.

1539.—See quot. from Pinto under COBRA DE CAPELLO, where NEGROES is used for natives of Sumatra.

1548.—"Moreover three blacks (NEGROS) in this territory occupy lands worth 3000 or 4000 pardaos of rent; they are related to one another, and are placed as guards in the outlying parts."—_S. Botelho, Cartas_, 111.

1582.—"A NIGROE of John _Cambrayes_, Pilot to _Paulo de la Gama_, was that day run away to the Moores."—_Castañeda_, by N. L., f. 19.

[1608.—"The King and people NIGGERS."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 10.]

1622.—Ed. Grant, purser of the Diamond, reports capture of vessels, including a junk "with some stoor of NEGERS, which was devided bytwick the Duch and the English."—_Sainsbury_, iii. p. 78.

c. 1755.—"You cannot affront them (the natives) more than to call them by the name of NEGROE, as they conceive it implies an idea of slavery."—_Ives, Voyage_, p. 23.

c. 1757.—"Gli Gesuiti sono missionarii e parocchi de' NEGRI detti Malabar."—_Della Tomba_, 3.

1760.—"The Dress of this Country is entirely linnen, save Hats and Shoes; the latter are made of tanned Hides as in England ... only that they are no thicker than coarse paper. These shoes are neatly made by NEGROES, and sold for about 10_d._ a Pr. each of which will last two months with care."—_MS. Letter of James Rennell_, Sept. 30.

1866.—"Now the political creed of the frequenters of dawk bungalows is too uniform ... it consists in the following tenets ... that Sir Mordaunt Wells is the greatest judge that ever sat on the English bench; and that when you hit a NIGGER he dies on purpose to spite you."—_The Dawk Bungalow_, p. 225.

NILGHERRY, NEILGHERRY, &c., n.p. The name of the Mountain Peninsula at the end of the Mysore table land (originally known as _Malaināḍu_, 'Hill country'), which is the chief site of hill sanataria in the Madras Presidency. Skt. _Nīlagiri_, 'Blue Mountain.' The name _Nīla_ or _Nīlādri_ (synonymous with _Nīlagiri_) belongs to one of the mythical or semi-mythical ranges of the Puranic Cosmography (see _Vishnu Purāna_, in _Wilson's Works_, by _Hall_, ii. 102, 111, &c.), and has been applied to several ranges of more assured locality, _e.g._ in Orissa as well as in S. India. The name seems to have been fancifully applied to the Ootacamund range about 1820, by some European. [The name was undoubtedly applied by natives to the range before the appearance of Europeans, as in the _Kongu-deśa Rajákal_, quoted by Grigg (_Nilagiri Man._ 363), and the name appears in a letter of Col. Mackenzie of about 1816 (_Ibid._ 278). Mr. T. M. Horsfall writes: "The name is in common use among all classes of natives in S. India, but when it may have become specific I cannot say. Possibly the solution may be that the Nilgiris being the first large mountain range to become familiar to the English, that name was by them caught hold of, but not _coined_, and stuck to them by mere priority. It is on the face of it improbable that the Englishmen who early in the last century discovered these Hills, that is, explored and shot over them, would call them by a long Skt. name."]

Probably the following quotation from Dampier refers to Orissa, as does that from Hedges:

"One of the English ships was called the _Nellegree_, the name taken from the NELLEGREE Hills in Bengal, as I have heard."—_Dampier_, ii. 145.

1683.—"In y^e morning early I went up the NILLIGREE Hill, where I had a view of a most pleasant fruitfull valley."—_Hedges, Diary_, March 2; [Hak. Soc. i. 67].

The following also refers to the Orissa Hills:

1752.—"Weavers of Balasore complain of the great scarcity of rice and provisions of all kinds occasioned by the devastations of the Mahrattas, who, 600 in number, after plundering Balasore, had gone to the NELLIGREE Hills."—In _Long_, 42.

NIPA, s. Malay _nīpah_.

A. The name of a stemless palm (_Nipa fruticans_, Thunb.), which abounds in estuaries from the Ganges delta eastwards, through Tenasserim and the Malay countries, to N. Australia, and the leaves of which afford the chief material used for thatch in the Archipelago. "In the Philippines," says Crawfurd, "but not that I am aware of anywhere else, the sap of the _Nipa_ ... is used as a beverage, and for the manufacture of vinegar, and the distillation of spirits. On this account it yields a considerable part of the revenue of the Spanish Government" (_Desc. Dict._ p. 301). But this fact is almost enough to show that the word is the same which is used in sense B; and the identity is placed beyond question by the quotations from Teixeira and Mason.

B. Arrack made from the sap of a palm tree, a manufacture by no means confined to the Philippines. The Portuguese, appropriating the word _Nipa_ to this spirit, called the tree itself _nipeira_.

A.—

1611.—"Other wine is of another kind of palm which is called NIPA (growing in watery places), and this is also extracted by distillation. It is very mild and sweet, and clear as pure water; and they say it is very wholesome. It is made in great quantities, with which ships are laden in Pegu and Tanasarim, Malaca, and the Philippines or Manila; but that of Tanasarim exceeds all in goodness."—_Teixeira, Relaciones_, i. 17.

1613.—"And then on from the marsh to the NYPEIRAS or wild-palms of the rivulet of Paret China."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 6.

" "And the wild palms called NYPEIRAS ... from those flowers is drawn the liquor which is distilled into wine by an alembic, which is the best wine of India."—_Ibid._ 16_v_.

[1817.—"In the maritime districts, _atap_, or thatch, is made almost exclusively from the leaves of the NÍPA or _búyu_."—_Raffles, H. of Java_, 2nd ed. i. 185.]

1848.—"Steaming amongst the low swampy islands of the Sunderbunds ... the paddles of the steamer tossed up the large fruits of the NIPA _fruticans_, a low stemless palm that grows in the tidal waters of the Indian ocean, and bears a large head of nuts. It is a plant of no interest to the common observer, but of much to the geologist, from the nuts of a similar plant abounding in the tertiary formations at the mouth of the Thames, having floated about there in as great profusion as here, till buried deep in the silt and mud that now form the island of Sheppey."—_Hooker, Himalayan Journals_, i. 1-2.

1860.—"The NIPA is very extensively cultivated in the Province of Tavoy. From incisions in the stem of the fruit, toddy is extracted, which has very much the flavour of mead, and this extract, when boiled down, becomes sugar."—_Mason's Burmah_, p. 506.

1874.—"It (sugar) is also got from NIPA _fruticans_, Thunb., a tree of the low coast-regions, extensively cultivated in Tavoy."—_Hanbury and Flückiger_, 655.

These last quotations confirm the old travellers who represent Tenasserim as the great source of the NIPA spirit.

B.—

c. 1567.—"Euery yeere is there lade (at Tenasserim) some ships with Verzino, NIPA, and Benjamin."—_Ces. Federici_ (E.T. in _Hakl._), ii. 359.

1568.—"NIPA, qual'è vn Vino eccellentissimo che nasce nel fior d'vn arbore chiamato NIPER, il cui liquor si distilla, e se ne fa vna beuanda eccellentissima."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 392v.

1583.—"I Portoghesi e noi altri di queste bande di quà non mangiamo nel Regno di Pegù pane di grano ... ne si beve vino; ma una certa acqua lambiccata da vn albero detto ANNIPPA, ch'è alla bocca assai gustevole; ma al corpo giova e nuoce, secondo le complessioni de gli huomini."—_G. Balbi_, f. 127.

1591.—"Those of Tanaseri are chiefly freighted with Rice and NIPAR wine, which is very strong."—_Barker's Account of Lancaster's Voyage_, in _Hakl._ ii. 592.

In the next two quotations _nipe_ is confounded with coco-nut spirit.

1598.—"Likewise there is much wine brought thether, which is made of Cocus or Indian Nuttes, and is called NYPE _de Tanassaria_, that is _Aqua-Composita of Tanassaria_."—_Linschoten_, 30; [Hak. Soc. i. 103].

" "The Sura, being distilled, is called _Fula_ (see FOOL'S RACK) or NIPE, and is an excellent _Aqua Vitae_ as any is made in Dort."—_Ibid._ 101; [Hak. Soc. ii. 49].

[1616.—"One jar of NEEPE."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 162].

1623.—"In the daytime they did nothing but talk a little with one another, and some of them get drunk upon a certain wine they have of raisins, or on a kind of aqua vitæ with other things mixt in it, in India called NIPPA, which had been given them."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 669; [Hak. Soc. ii. 272].

We think there can be little doubt that the slang word NIP, for a small dram of spirits, is adopted from NIPA. [But compare Dutch _nippen_, 'to take a dram.' The old word _nippitatum_ was used for 'strong drink'; see _Stanf. Dict._]

NIRVÁNA, s. Skt. _nirvāṇa_. The literal meaning of this word is simply 'blown out,' like a candle. It is the technical term in the philosophy of the Buddhists for the condition to which they aspire as the crown and goal of virtue, viz. the cessation of sentient existence. On the exact meaning of the term see Childer's _Pali Dictionary_, s.v. _nibbāna_, an article from which we quote a few sentences below, but which covers ten double-column pages. The word has become common in Europe along with the growing interest in Buddhism, and partly from its use by Schopenhauer. But it is often employed very inaccurately, of which an instance occurs in the quotation below from Dr. Draper. The oldest European occurrence of which we are aware is in _Purchas_, who had met with it in the Pali form common in Burma, &c., _nibban_.

1626.—"After death they (the Talapoys) beleeve three Places, one of Pleasure _Scuum_ (perhaps _sukham_) like the Mahumitane Paradise; another of Torment _Naxac_ (read _Narac_); the third of Annihilation which they call NIBA."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 506.

c. 1815.—"... the state of NIBAN, which is the most perfect of all states. This consists in an almost perpetual extacy, in which those who attain it are not only free from troubles and miseries of life, from death, illness and old age, but are abstracted from all sensation; they have no longer either a thought or a desire."—_Sangermano, Burmese Empire_, p. 6.

1858.—"... Transience, Pain, and Unreality ... these are the characters of all existence, and the only true good is exemption from these in the attainment of NIRWĀNA, whether that be, as in the view of the Brahmin or the theistic Buddhist, absorption into the supreme essence; or whether it be, as many have thought, absolute nothingness; or whether it be, as Mr. Hodgson quaintly phrases it, the _ubi_ or the _modus_ in which the infinitely attenuated elements of all things exist, in this last and highest state of abstraction from all particular modifications such as our senses and understandings are cognisant of."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 236.

" "When from between the sál trees at Kusinára he passed into NIRWÁNA, he (Buddha) ceased, as the extinguished fire ceases."—_Ibid._ 239.

1869.—"What Bishop Bigandet and others represent as the popular view of the NIRVÂNA, in contradistinction to that of the Buddhist divines, was, in my opinion, the conception of Buddha and his disciples. It represented the entrance of the soul into rest, a subduing of all wishes and desires, indifference to joy and pain, to good and evil, an absorption of the soul into itself, and a freedom from the circle of existences from birth to death, and from death to a new birth. This is still the meaning which educated people attach to it, whilst NIRVÂNA suggests rather a kind of Mohammedan Paradise or of blissful Elysian fields to the minds of the larger masses."—_Prof. Max Müller, Lecture on Buddhistic Nihilism_, in _Trübner's Or. Record_, Oct. 16.

1875.—"NIBBĀNAM. Extinction; destruction; annihilation; annihilation of being, NIRVĀṆA; annihilation of human passion, Arhatship or final sanctification.... In Trübner's Record for July, 1870, I first propounded a theory which meets all the difficulties of the question, namely, that the word NIRVĀṆA is used to designate two different things, the state of blissful sanctification called Arhatship, and the annihilation of existence in which Arhatship ends."—_Childers, Pali Dictionary_, pp. 265-266.

" "But at length reunion with the universal intellect takes place; NIRWANA is reached, oblivion is attained ... the state in which we were before we were born."—_Draper, Conflict_, &c., 122.

1879.—

"And how—in fulness of the times—it fell That Buddha died ... And how a thousand thousand crores since then Have trod the Path which leads whither he went Unto NIRVÂNA where the Silence lives." _Sir E. Arnold, Light of Asia_, 237.

NIZAM, THE, n.p. The hereditary style of the reigning prince of the Hyderabad Territories; 'His Highness the Nizám,' in English official phraseology. This in its full form, _Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk_, was the title of Aṣaf Jāh, the founder of the dynasty, a very able soldier and minister of the Court of Aurangzīb, who became Sūbadār (see SOUBADAR) of the Deccan in 1713. The title is therefore the same that had pertained to the founder of the Ahmednagar dynasty more than two centuries earlier, which the Portuguese called that of NIZAMALUCO. And the circumstances originating the Hyderabad dynasty were parallel. At the death of Aṣaf Jāh (in 1748) he was independent sovereign of a large territory in the Deccan, with his residence at Hyderabad, and with dominions in a general way corresponding to those still held by his descendant.

NIZAMALUCO, n.p. IZAM MALUCO is the form often found in Correa. One of the names which constantly occur in the early Portuguese writers on India. It represents _Niz̤ām-ul-Mulk_ (see NIZAM). This was the title of one of the chiefs at the court of the Bāhmani king of the Deccan, who had been originally a Brahman and a slave. His son Ahmed set up a dynasty at Ahmednagar (A.D. 1490), which lasted for more than a century. The sovereigns of this dynasty were originally called by the Portuguese _Nizamaluco_. Their own title was _Niz̤ām Shāh_, and this also occurs as _Nizamoxa_. [Linschoten's etymology given below is an incorrect guess.]

1521.—"Meanwhile (the Governor Diego Lopes de Sequeira) ... sent Fernão Camello as ambassador to the NIZAMALUCO, Lord of the lands of Choul, with the object of making a fort at that place, and arranging for an expedition against the King of Cambaya, which the Governor thought the NIZAMALUCO would gladly join in, because he was in a quarrel with that King. To this he made the reply that I shall relate hereafter."—_Correa_, ii. 623.

c. 1539.—"_Trelado do Contrato que o Viso Rey_ Dom Garcia de Noronha _fez com hu_ NIZA MUXAA, _que d'antes se chamava Hu_ NIZA MALUQUO."—_Tombo_, in _Subsidios_, 115.

1543.—"IZAM MALUCO." See under COTAMALUCO.

1553.—"This city of Chaul ... is in population and greatness of trade one of the chief ports of that coast; it was subject to the NIZAMALUCO, one of the twelve Captains of the Kingdom of Decan (which we corruptly call _Daquem_).... The NIZAMALUCO being a man of great estate, although he possessed this maritime city, and other ports of great revenue, generally, in order to be closer to the Kingdom of the Decan, held his residence in the interior in other cities of his dominion; instructing his governors in the coast districts to aid our fleets in all ways and content their captains, and this was not merely out of dread of them, but with a view to the great revenue that he had from the ships of Malabar...."—_Barros_, II. ii. 7.

1563.—"... This King of Dely conquered the Decam (see DECCAN) and the Cuncam (see CONCAM); and retained the dominion a while; but he could not rule territory at so great a distance, and so placed in it a nephew crowned as king. This king was a great favourer of foreign people, such as Turks, Rumis, Coraçonis, and Arabs, and he divided his kingdom into captaincies, bestowing upon _Adelham_ (whom we call _Idalcam_—see IDALCAN) the coast from Angediva to Cifardam ... and to NIZAMOLUCO the coast from Cifardam to Negotana...."—_Garcia_, f. 34_v_.

" "_R._ Let us mount and ride in the country; and by the way you shall tell me who is meant by NIZAMOXA, as you often use that term to me.

"_O._ At once I tell you he is a king in the Balaghat (see BALAGHAUT) (_Bagalate_ for _Balagate_), whose father I have often attended, and sometimes also the son...."—_Ibid._ f. 33_v_.

[1594-5.—"NIZÁM-UL-MULKHIYA." See under IDALCAN.

[1598.—"_Maluco_ is a Kingdome, and _Nisa_ a Lance or Speare, so that _Nisa Maluco_ is as much as to say as the Lance or Speare of the Kingdom."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 172. As if _Neza-ul-mulk_, 'spear of the kingdom.']

NOKAR, s. A servant, either domestic, military, or civil, also pl. _Nokar-logue_, 'the servants.' Hind. _naukar_, from Pers. and _naukar-lōg_. Also _naukar-chākar_, 'the servants,' one of those jingling double-barrelled phrases in which Orientals delight even more than Englishmen (see LOOTY). As regards Englishmen, compare hugger-mugger, hurdy-gurdy, tip-top, highty-tighty, higgledy-piggledy, hocus-pocus, tit for tat, topsy-turvy, harum-scarum, roly-poly, fiddle-faddle, rump and stump, slip-slop. In this case _chākar_ (see CHACKUR) is also Persian. _Naukar_ would seem to be a Mongol word introduced into Persia by the hosts of Chinghiz. According to I. J. Schmidt, _Forschungen im Gebiete der Volker Mittel Asiens_, p. 96, NÜKUR is in Mongol, 'a comrade, dependent, or friend.'

c. 1407.—"L'Emir Khodaidad fit partir avec ce député son serviteur (NAUKAR) et celui de Mirza Djihanghir. Ces trois personnages joignent la cour auguste...."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _Notices et Extraits_, XIV. i. 146.

c. 1660.—"Mahmúd Sultán ... understood accounts, and could reckon very well by memory the sums which he had to receive from his subjects, and those which he had to pay to his 'NAUKARS' (apparently armed followers)."—_Abulghāzi_, by _Desmaisons_, 271.

[1810.—"NOKER." See under CHACKUR.

[1834.—"Its (Balkh) present population does not amount to 2000 souls; who are chiefly ... the remnant of the Kara NOUKUR, a description of the militia established here by the Afgans."—_Burnes, Travels into Bokhara_, i. 238.]

1840.—"NOKER, 'the servant'; this title was borne by Tuli the fourth son of Chenghiz Khan, because he was charged with the details of the army and the administration."—_Hammer, Golden Horde_, 460.

NOL-KOLE, s. This is the usual Anglo-Indian name of a vegetable a good deal grown in India, perhaps less valued in England than it deserves, and known here (though rarely seen) as _Kol-rabi_, _kohl-rabi_, 'cabbage-turnip.' It is the _Brassica oleracea_, var. _caulorapa_. The stalk at one point expands into a globular mass resembling a turnip, and this is the edible part. I see my friend Sir G. Birdwood in his _Bombay Products_ spells it _Knolkhol_. It is apparently Dutch, '_Knollkool_' 'Turnip-cabbage; _Chouxrave_ of the French.'

NON-REGULATION, adj. The style of certain Provinces of British India (administered for the most part under the more direct authority of the Central Government in its Foreign Department), in which the ordinary Laws (or REGULATIONS, as they were formerly called) are not in force, or are in force only so far as they are specially declared by the Government of India to be applicable. The original theory of administration in such Provinces was the union of authority in all departments under one district chief, and a kind of paternal despotism in the hands of that chief. But by the gradual restriction of personal rule, and the multiplication of positive laws and rules of administration, and the division of duties, much the same might now be said of the difference between _Regulation_ and _Non-regulation_ Provinces that a witty Frenchman said of Intervention and Non-intervention:—"La _Non-intervention_ est une phrase politique et technique qui veut dire enfin à-peu-près la même chose que _l'Intervention_."

Our friend Gen. F. C. Cotton, R.E., tells us that on Lord Dalhousie's visit to the Neilgherry Hills, near the close of his government, he was riding with the Governor-General to visit some new building. Lord Dalhousie said to him: "It is not a thing that one must say in public, but I would give a great deal that the whole of India should be _Non-regulation_."

The Punjab was for many years the greatest example of a Non-regulation Province. The chief survival of that state of things is that there, as in Burma and a few other provinces, military men are still eligible to hold office in the civil administration.

1860.—"... Nowe what ye ffolke of Bengala worschyppen Sir Jhone discourseth lityl. This moche wee gadere. Some worschyppin ane Idole yclept REGULACIOUN and some worschyppen NON-REGULACION (_veluti_ GOG ET MAGOG)...."—Ext. from a MS. of _The Travels of Sir John Mandevill in the E. Indies_, lately discovered.

1867.—"... We believe we should indicate the sort of government that Sicily wants, tolerably well to Englishmen who know anything of India, by saying that it should be treated in great measure as a 'NON-REGULATION' province."—_Quarterly Review_, Jan. 1867, p. 135.

1883.—"The Delhi district, happily for all, was a NON-REGULATION province."—_Life of Ld. Lawrence_, i. 44.

NORIMON, s. Japanese word. A sort of portable chair used in Japan.

[1615.—"He kept himselfe close in a NEREMON."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 164.]

1618.—"As we were going out of the towne, the street being full of hackneymen and horses, they would not make me way to passe, but fell a quarreling with my NEREMONERS, and offred me great abuse...."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 99; [NEREMONNEARS in ii. 23].

1768-71.—"Sedan-chairs are not in use here (in Batavia). The ladies, however, sometimes employ a conveyance that is somewhat like them, and is called a NORIMON."—_Stavorinus_, E.T. i. 324.

NOR'-WESTER, s. A sudden and violent storm, such as often occurs in the hot weather, bringing probably a 'dust-storm' at first, and culminating in hail or torrents of rain. (See TYPHOON.)

1810.—"... those violent squalls called 'NORTH-WESTERS,' in consequence of their usually either commencing in, or veering round to that quarter.... The force of these NORTH-WESTERS is next to incredible."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 35.

[1827.—"A most frightful NOR' WESTER had come on in the night, every door had burst open, the peals of thunder and torrents of rain were so awful...."—_Mrs. Fenton, Diary_, 98.]

NOWBEHAR, n.p. This is a name which occurs in various places far apart, a monument of the former extension of Buddhism. Thus, in the early history of the Mahommedans in Sind, we find repeated mention of a temple called _Nauvihār_ (_Nava-vihāra_, 'New Monastery'). And the same name occurs at Balkh, near the Oxus. (See VIHARA).

NOWROZE, s. Pers. _nau-rōz_, 'New (Year's) Day'; _i.e._ the first day of the Solar Year. In W. India this is observed by the Parsees. [For instances of such celebrations at the vernal equinox, see _Frazer, Pausanias_, iv. 75.]

c. 1590.—"This was also the cause why the NAURÚZ _i Jaláli_ was observed, on which day, since his Majesty's accession, a great feast was given.... The NEW YEAR'S DAY _feast_ ... commences on the day when the Sun in his splendour moves to Aries, and lasts till the 19th day of the month (Farwardīn)."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 183, 276.

[1614.—"Their NOROOSE, which is an annual feast of 20 days continuance kept by the Moors with great solemnity."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 65.

[1615.—"The King and Prince went a hunting ... that his house might be fitted against the NOROSE, which began the first Newe Moon in March."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 138; also see 142.]

1638.—"There are two Festivals which are celebrated in this place with extraordinary ceremonies; one whereof is that of the first day of the year, which, with the Persians, they call NAURUS, NAUROS, or NOROSE, which signifies _nine dayes_, though now it lasts _eighteen_ at least, and it falls at the moment that the Sun enters Aries."—_Mandelslo_, 41.

1673.—"On the day of the Vernal _Equinox_, we returned to _Gombroon_, when the _Moores_ introduced their New-Year _Æde_ (see EED) or NOE ROSE, with Banqueting and great Solemnity."—_Fryer_, 306.

1712.—"Restat NAURUUS, _i.e._ vertentis anni initium, incidens in diem aequinoctii verni. Non legalis est, sed ab antiquis Persis haereditate accepta festivitas, omnium caeterarum maxima et solennissima."—_Kaempfer, Am. Exot._ 162.

1815.—"Jemsheed also introduced the solar year; and ordered the first day of it, when the sun entered Aries, to be celebrated by a splendid festival. It is called NAUROZE, or new year's day, and is still the great festival in Persia."—_Malcolm, H. of Persia_, i. 17.

1832.—"NOW-ROZ (new year's day) is a festival or EED of no mean importance in the estimation of Mussulman society.... The trays of presents prepared by the ladies for their friends are tastefully set out, and the work of many days' previous arrangement. Eggs are boiled hard, some of these are stained in colours resembling our mottled papers; others are neatly painted in figures and devices; many are ornamented with gilding; every lady evincing her own peculiar taste in the prepared eggs for NOW-ROZ."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Obsns. on the Mussulmans of India_, 283-4.

NOWSHADDER, s. Pers. _naushādar_ (Skt. _narasāra_, but recent), Sal-ammoniac, _i.e._ chloride of ammonium.

c. 1300.—We find this word in a medieval list of articles of trade contained in Capmany's _Memorias de Barcelona_ (ii. App. 74) under the form NOXADRE.

1343.—"Salarmoniaco, cioè LISCIADRO, e non si dà nè sacco ne cassa con essa."—_Pegolotti_, p. 17; also see 57, &c.

[1834.—"Sal ammoniac (NOUCHADUR) is found in its native state among the hills near Juzzak."—_Burnes, Travels into Bokhara_, ii. 166.]

NUDDEEA RIVERS, n.p. See under HOOGLY RIVER, of which these are branches, intersecting the _Nadiya_ District. In order to keep open navigation by the directest course from the Ganges to Calcutta, much labour is, or was, annually expended, under a special officer, in endeavouring during the dry season to maintain sufficient depth in these channels.

NUGGURKOTE, n.p. _Nagarkoṭ_. This is the form used in olden times, and even now not obsolete, for the name of the ancient fortress in the Punjab Himālaya which we now usually know by the name of _Koṭ-kāngra_, both being substantially the same name, _Nagarkoṭ_, 'the fortress town,' or _Koṭ-kā-nagara_, 'the town of the fortress.' [If it be implied that _Kāngra_ is a corruption of _Koṭ-kā-nagara_, the idea may be dismissed as a piece of folk-etymology. What the real derivation of _Kāngra_ is is unknown. One explanation is that it represents the Hind. _khankhaṛa_, 'dried up, shrivelled.'] In yet older times, and in the history of Mahmūd of Ghazni, it is styled Bhīm-nagar. The name _Nagarkoṭ_ is sometimes used by older European writers to designate the Himalayan mountains.

1008.—"The Sultan himself (Mahmūd) joined in the pursuit, and went after them as far as the fort called _Bhím-nagar_, which is very strong, situated on the promontory of a lofty hill, in the midst of impassable waters."—_Al-'Utbi_, in _Elliot_, i. 34.

1337.—"When the sun was in Cancer, the King of the time (Mahommed Tughlak) took the stone fort of NAGARKOT in the year 738.... It is placed between rivers like the pupil of an eye ... and is so impregnable that neither Sikandar nor Dara were able to take it."—_Badr-i-chach_, _ibid._ iii. 570.

c. 1370.—"Sultan Firoz ... marched with his army towards NAGARKOT, and passing by the valleys of Nákhach-nuhgarhí, he arrived with his army at NAGARKOT, which he found to be very strong and secure. The idol Jwálámukhi (see JOWAULLA MOOKHEE), much worshiped by the infidels, was situated in the road to Nagarkot...."—_Shams-i-Siráj_, _ibid._ iii. 317-318.

1398.—"When I entered the valley on that side of the Siwálik, information was brought to me about the town of NAGARKOT, which is a large and important town of Hindustán, and situated in these mountains. The distance was 30 _kos_, but the road lay through jungles, and over lofty and rugged hills."—_Autobiog. of Timur_, _ibid._ 465.

1553.—"But the sources of these rivers (Indus and Ganges) though they burst forth separately in the mountains which Ptolemy calls Imaus, and which the natives call _Dalanguer_ and NANGRACOT, yet are these mountains so closely joined that it seems as if they sought to hide these springs."—_Barros_, I. iv. 7.

c. 1590.—"NAGERKOTE is a city situated upon a mountain, with a fort called Kangerah. In the vicinity of this city, upon a lofty mountain, is a place called Mahamaey (_Mahāmāyā_), which they consider as one of the works of the Divinity, and come in pilgrimage to it from great distances, thereby obtaining the accomplishment of their wishes. It is most wonderful that in order to effect this, they cut out their tongues, which grow again in the course of two or three days...."—_Ayeen_, ed. _Gladwin_, ii. 119; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 312].

1609.—"Bordering to him is another great _Raiaw_ called _Tulluck Chand_, whose chiefe City is NEGERCOAT, 80 c. from _Lahor_, and as much from _Syrinan_, in which City is a famous Pagod, called _Ie_ or _Durga_, vnto which worlds of People resort out of all parts of _India_.... Diuers _Moores_ also resorte to this Peer...."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 438.

1616.—"27. NAGRA CUTT, the chiefe Citie so called...."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii.; [ed. 1777, p. 82].

[c. 1617.—"NAKARKUTT."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 534.]

c. 1676.—"The caravan being arriv'd at the foot of the Mountains which are call'd at this day by the name of NAUGROCOT, abundance of people come from all parts of the Mountain, the greatest part whereof are women and maids, who agree with the Merchants to carry them, their Goods and provisions cross the Mountains...."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 183; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 263].

1788.—"Kote Kangrah, the fortress belonging to the famous temple of NAGORCOTE, is given at 49 royal cosses, equal to 99 G. miles, from Sirhind (northward)."—_Rennell, Memoir_, ed. 1793, p. 107.

1809.—"At Patancote, where the Padshah (so the Sikhs call Runjeet) is at present engaged in preparations and negotiations for the purpose of obtaining possession of COTE CAUNGRAH (or NAGAR COTE), which place is besieged by the Raja of Nepaul...."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 217.

NUJEEB, s. Hind. from Ar. _najīb_, 'noble.' A kind of half-disciplined infantry soldiers under some of the native Governments; also at one time a kind of militia under the British; receiving this honorary title as being gentlemen volunteers.

[c. 1790.—"There were 1000 men, NUDJEEVES, sword men...." Evidence of Sheikh Mohammed, quoted by Mr. Plumer, in Trial of W. Hastings, in _Bond_, iii. 393.

[1796.—"The NEZIBS are Matchlock men."—_W. A. Tone, A Letter on the Mahratta People_, Bombay, 1798, p. 50.]

1813.—"There are some corps (Mahratta) styled NUJEEB or men of good family.... These are foot soldiers invariably armed with a sabre and matchlock, and having adopted some semblance of European discipline are much respected."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 46; [2nd ed. i. 343].

[ " "A corps of NUJEEBS, or infantry with matchlocks...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 11.

[1817.—"In some instances they are called NUJEEB (literally, Noble) and would not deign to stand sentry or perform any fatiguing duty."—_V. Blacker, Mem. of the Operations in India_ in 1817-19, p. 22.]

NULLAH, s. Hind. _nālā_. A watercourse; not necessarily a dry watercourse, though this is perhaps more frequently indicated in the Anglo-Indian use.

1776.—"When the water falls in all the NULLAHS...."—_Halhed's Code_, 52.

c. 1785.—"Major Adams had sent on the 11th Captain Hebbert ... to throw a bridge over Shinga NULLAH."—_Carraccioli, Life of Clive_, i. 93.

1789.—"The ground which the enemy had occupied was entirely composed of sandhills and deep NULLAHS...."—_Munro, Narrative_, 224.

1799.—"I think I can show you a situation where two embrasures might be opened in the bank of the NULLAH with advantage."—_Wellington, Despatches_, i. 26.

1817.—"On the same evening, as soon as dark, the party which was destined to open the trenches marched to the chosen spot, and before daylight formed a NULLAH ... into a large parallel."—_Mill's Hist._ v. 377.

1843.—"Our march tardy because of the NULLAHS. Watercourses is the right name, but we get here a slip-slop way of writing quite contemptible."—_Life of Sir C. Napier_, ii. 310.

1860.—"The real obstacle to movement is the depth of the NULLAHS hollowed out by the numerous rivulets, when swollen by the rains."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 574.

NUMDA, NUMNA, s. Hind. _namda_, _namdā_, from Pers. _namad_, [Skt. _namata_]. Felt; sometimes a woollen saddle-cloth, properly made of felt. The word is perhaps the same as Ar. _namaṭ_, 'a coverlet,' spread on the seat of a sovereign, &c.

[1774.—"The apartment was full of people seated on NÆMETS (felts of camel hair) spread round the sides of the room...."—_Hanway, Hist. Account of British Trade_, i. 226.]

1815.—"That chief (Temugin or Chingiz), we are informed, after addressing the Khans in an eloquent harangue, was seated upon a black felt or NUMMUD, and reminded of the importance of the duties to which he was called."—_Malcolm, H. of Persia_, i. 410.

[1819.—"A Kattie throws a NUNDA on his mare."—_Trans. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 279.]

1828.—"In a two-poled tent of a great size, and lined with yellow woollen stuff of Europe, sat Nader Koolee Khan, upon a coarse NUMUD...."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 254.

[1850.—"The natives use (for their tents) a sort of woollen stuff, about half an inch thick, called 'NUMBDA.'... By the bye, this word 'NUMBDA' is said to be the origin of the word _nomade_, because the nomade tribes used the same material for their tents" (!)—Letter in _Notes and Queries_, 1st ser. i. 342.]

NUMERICAL AFFIXES, CO-EFFICIENTS, or DETERMINATIVES.[190] What is meant by these expressions can perhaps be best elucidated by an extract from the _Malay Grammar_ of the late venerable John Crawfurd:

"In the enumeration of certain objects, the Malay has a peculiar idiom which, as far as I know, does not exist in any other language of the Archipelago. It is of the same nature as the word 'head,' as we use it in the tale of cattle, or 'sail' in the enumeration of ships; but in Malay it extends to many familiar objects. _Alai_, of which the original meaning has not been ascertained, is applied to such tenuous objects as leaves, grasses, &c.; _Batang_, meaning 'stem,' or 'trunk,' to trees, logs, spears, and javelins; _Bantak_, of which the meaning has not been ascertained, to such objects as rings; _Bidang_, which means 'spreading' or 'spacious,' to mats, carpets, thatch, sails, skins, and hides; _Biji_, 'seeds,' to corn, seeds, stones, pebbles, gems, eggs, the eyes of animals, lamps, and candlesticks," and so on. Crawfurd names 8 or 9 other terms, one or other of which is always used in company with the numeral, in ennumerating different classes of objects, as if, in English, idiom should compel us to say 'two _stems_ of spears,' 'four _spreads_ of carpets,' 'six _corns_ of diamonds.' As a matter of fact we do speak of 20 _head_ of cattle, 10 _file_ of soldiers, 100 _sail_ of ships, 20 _pieces_ of cannon, a dozen _stand_ of rifles. But still the practice is in none of these cases obligatory, it is technical and exceptional; insomuch that I remember, when a boy, in old Reform-Bill days, and when disturbances were expected in a provincial town, hearing it stated by a well-informed lady that a great proprietress in the neighbourhood was so alarmed that she had ordered from town a _whole stand of muskets_!

To some small extent the idiom occurs also in other European languages, including French and German. Of French I don't remember any example now except _tête_ (de betail), nor of German except _Stück_, which is, however, almost as universal as the Chinese _piecey_. A quaint example dwells in my memory of a German courier, who, when asked whether he had any employer at the moment, replied: '_Ja freilich! dreizehn_ Stück _Amerikaner_!'

The same peculiar idiom that has been described in the extract from Crawfurd as existing in Malay, is found also in Burmese. The Burmese affixes seem to be more numerous, and their classification to be somewhat more arbitrary and sophisticated. Thus _oos_, a root implying 'chief' or 'first,' is applied to kings, divinities, priests, &c.; _Yauk_, 'a male,' to rational beings not divine; _Gaung_, 'a brute beast,' to irrational beings; _Pya_ implying superficial extent, to dollars, countries, dishes, blankets, &c.; _Lun_, implying rotundity, to eggs, loaves, bottles, cups, toes, fingers, candles, bamboos, hands, feet, &c.; _Tseng_ and _Gyaung_, 'extension in a straight line,' to rods, lines, spears, roads, &c.

The same idiom exists in Siamese, and traces of it appear in some of the vocabularies that have been collected of tribes on the frontier of China and Tibet, indicated by the fact that the numerals in such vocabularies in various instances show identity of origin in the essential part of the numeral, whilst a different aspect is given to the whole word by a variation in what appears to be the numeral-affix[191] (or what Mr. Brian Hodgson calls the 'servile affix'). The idiom exists in the principal vernaculars of China itself, and it is a transfer of this idiom from Chinese dialects to Pigeon-English which has produced the _piecey_, which in that quaint jargon seems to be used as the universal numerical affix ("Two _piecey_ cooly," "three _piecey_ dollar," &c.).

This one PIGEON phrase represents scores that are used in the vernaculars. For in some languages the system has taken what seems an extravagant development, which must form a great difficulty in the acquisition of colloquial use by foreigners. Some approximate statistics on this subject will be given below.

The idiom is found in Japanese and Corean, but it is in these cases possibly not indigenous, but an adoption from the Chinese.

It is found in several languages of C. America, _i.e._ the Quiché of Guatemala, the Nahault of Mexico Proper; and in at least two other languages (Tep and Pirinda) of the same region. The following are given as the co-efficients or determinatives chiefly used in the (Nahualt or) Mexican. Compare them with the examples of Malay and Burmese usage already given:

_Tetl_ (a stone) used for roundish or cylindrical objects; _e.g._ eggs, beans, cacao beans, cherries, prickly-pears, Spanish loaves, &c., also for books, and fowls:

_Pantli_ (?) for long rows of persons and things; also for walls and furrows:

_Tlamantli_ (from _mana_, to spread on the ground), for shoes, dishes, basins, paper, &c., also for speeches and sermons:

_Olotl_ (maize-grains) for ears of maize, cacao-pods, bananas: also for flint arrow-heads (see _W. v. Humboldt, Kawi-Sprache_, ii. 265).

I have, by the kind aid of my friend Professor Terrien de la Couperie, compiled a list of nearly fifty languages in which this curious idiom exists. But it takes up too much space to be inserted here. I may, however, give his statistics of the number of such determinatives, as assigned in the grammars of some of these languages. In Chinese vernaculars, from 33 in the Shanghai vernacular to 110 in that of Fuchau. In Corean, 12; in Japanese, 16; in Annamite, 106; in Siamese, 24; in Shan, 42; in Burmese, 40; in Malay and Javanese, 19.

If I am not mistaken, the propensity to give certain technical and appropriated titles to couples of certain beasts and birds, which had such an extensive development in old English sporting phraseology, and still partly survives, had its root in the same state of mind, viz. difficulty in grasping the idea of abstract numbers, and a dislike to their use. Some light to me was, many years ago, thrown upon this feeling, and on the origin of the idiom of which we have been speaking, by a passage in a modern book, which is the more noteworthy as the author does not make any reference to the existence of this idiom in any language, and possibly was not aware of it:

"On entering into conversation with the (Red) Indian, it becomes speedily apparent that he is unable to comprehend the idea of abstract numbers. They exist in his mind only as associated ideas. He has a distinct conception of five dogs or five deer, but he is so unaccustomed to the idea of number as a thing apart from specific objects, that I have tried in vain to get an Indian to admit that the idea of the number five, as associated in his mind with five dogs, is identical, as far as number is concerned, with that of five fingers."—(_Wilson's Prehistoric Man_, 1st ed. ii. 470.) [Also see _Tylor, Primitive Culture_, 2nd ed. i. 252 _seqq._].

Thus it seems probable that the use of the _numeral_ co-efficient, whether in the Malay idiom or in our old sporting phraseology, is a kind of _survival_ of the effort to bridge the difficulty felt, in identifying abstract numbers as applied to different objects, by the introduction of a common concrete term.

Traces of a like tendency, though probably grown into a mere fashion and artificially developed, are common in Hindustani and Persian, especially in the official written style of _munshīs_, who delight in what seemed to me, before my attention was called to the Indo-Chinese idiom, the wilful surplusage (_e.g._) of two 'sheets' (_fard_) of letters, also used with quilts, carpets, &c.; three 'persons' (_nafar_) of barḳandāzes; five 'rope' (_rās_) of buffaloes; ten 'chains' (_zanjīr_) of elephants; twenty 'grips' (_ḳabẓa_) of swords, &c. But I was not aware of the extent of the idiom in the _munshī's_ repertory till I found it displayed in Mr. Carnegy's _Kachahri Technicalities_, under the head of _Muḥāwara_ (Idioms or Phrases). Besides those just quoted, we there find _'adad_ ('number') used with coins, utensils, and sleeveless garments; _dāna_ ('grain') with pearls and coral beads; _dast_ ('hand') with falcons, &c., shields, and robes of honour; _jild_ (volume, lit. 'skin') with books; _muhār_ ('nose-bit') with camels; _ḳiṭa_ ('portion,' _piecey!_) with precious stones, gardens, tanks, fields, letters; _manzil_ ('a stage on a journey, an alighting place') with tents, boats, houses, carriages, beds, howdas, &c.; _sāz_ ('an instrument') with guitars, &c.; _silk_ ('thread') with necklaces of all sorts, &c. Several of these, with others purely Turkish, are used also in Osmanli Turkish.[192]

NUNCATIES, s. Rich cakes made by the Mahommedans in W. India chiefly imported into Bombay from Surat. [There is a Pers. word, _nānḵhat̤āi_, 'bread of Cathay or China,' with which this word has been connected. But Mr. Weir, Collector of Surat, writes that it is really _nankhaṭāī_, Pers. _nān_, 'bread,' and Mahr. _khaṭ_, _shaṭ_, 'six'; meaning a special kind of cake composed of six ingredients—wheat-flour, eggs, sugar, butter or ghee, leaven produced from toddy or grain, and almonds.]

[NUT, s. Hind. _nath_, Skt. _nastā_, 'the nose.' The nose-ring worn by Indian women.

[1819.—"An old fashioned NUTH or nose-ring, stuck full of precious or false stones."—_Trans. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 284.

[1832.—"The NUT (nose-ring) of gold wire, on which is strung a ruby between two pearls, worn only by married women."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Obsns._ i. 45.]

NUT PROMOTION, s. From its supposed indigestible character, the kernel of the CASHEW-nut is so called in S. India, where, roasted and hot, it is a favourite dessert dish. [See _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 28.]

NUZZER, s. Hind. from Ar. _naẓr_ or _nazar_ (prop. _nadhr_), primarily 'a vow or votive offering'; but, in ordinary use, a ceremonial present, properly an offering from an inferior to a superior, the converse of _in'ām_. The root is the same as that of _Nazarite_ (Numbers, vi. 2).

[1765.—"The congratulatory NAZIRS, &c., shall be set opposite my ordinary expenses; and if ought remains, it shall go to Poplar, or some other hospital."—Letter of _Ld. Clive_, Sept. 30, in _Verelst, View of Bengal_, 127.

[c. 1775.—"The Governor lays before the board two bags ... which were presented to him in NIZZERS...."—Progs. of Council, quoted by Fox in speech against W. Hastings, in _Bond_, iv. 201.]

1782.—"Col. Monson was a man of high and hospitable household expenses; and so determined against receiving of presents, that he would not only not touch a NAZIER (a few silver rupees, or perhaps a gold mohor) always presented by COUNTRY gentlemen, according to their rank...."—_Price's Tracts_, ii. 61.

1785.—"Presents of ceremony, called NUZZERS, were to many a great portion of their subsistence...."—Letter in _Life of Colebrooke_, 16.

1786.—Tippoo, even in writing to the French Governor of Pondichery, whom it was his interest to conciliate, and in acknowledging a present of 500 muskets, cannot restrain his insolence, but calls them "sent by way of NUZR."—_Select Letters of Tippoo_, 377.

1809.—"The Aumil himself offered the NAZUR of fruit."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 453.

[1832.—"I ... looked to the Meer for explanation; he told me to accept Muckabeg's 'NUZZA.'"—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observns._ i. 193.]

1876.—"The Standard has the following curious piece of news in its Court Circular of a few days ago:—

'Sir Salar Jung was presented to the Queen by the Marquis of Salisbury, and offered his MUGGUR as a token of allegiance, which her Majesty touched and returned.'"—_Punch_, July 15.

For the true sense of the word so deliciously introduced instead of NUZZER, see MUGGUR.

O

OART, s. A coco-nut garden. The word is peculiar to Western India, and is a corruption of Port. _orta_ (now more usually _horta_). "Any man's particular allotment of coco-nut trees in the groves at Mahim or Girgaum is spoken of as his OART." (_Sir G. Birdwood_).

1564.—"... e me praz de fazer merce a dita cidade emfatiota para sempre que a ortaliça des ORTAS dos moradores Portuguezes o christãos que nesta cidade de Goa e ilha tẽ ... possão vender...." &c.—_Proclamation of Dom Sebastian_, in _Archiv. Port. Orient._ fasc. 2, 157.

c. 1610.—"Il y a vn grand nombre de _Palmero_ ou ORTA, comme vous diriez ici de nos vergers, pleins d'arbres de Cocos, plantez bien pres à pres; mais ils ne viennent qu'ès lieux aquatiques et bas...."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 17-18; [Hak. Soc. ii. 28].

1613.—"E os naturaes habitão ao longo do ryo de Malaca, em seus pomares e ORTHAS."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 11.

1673.—"Old Goa ... her Soil is luxurious and Campaign, and abounds with Rich Inhabitants, whose Rural Palaces are immured with Groves and HORTOS."—_Fryer_, 154.

[1749.—"... as well _Vargems_ (Port. _vargem_, 'a field') lands as HORTAS."—Letter in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 48.]

c. 1760.—"As to the OARTS, or Coco-nut groves, they make the most considerable part of the landed property."—_Grose_, i. 47.

1793.—"For sale.... That neat and commodious Dwelling House built by Mr. William Beal; it is situated in a most lovely OART...."—_Bombay Courier_, Jan. 12.

OBANG, s. Jap. _Oh'o-ban_, lit. 'greater division.' The name of a large oblong Japanese gold piece, similar to the KOBANG (q.v.), but of 10 times the value; 5 to 6 inches in length and 3 to 4 inches in width, with an average weight of 2564 grs. troy. First issued in 1580, and last in 1860. Tavernier has a representation of one.

[1662.—"A thousand OEBANS of gold, which amount to forty seven thousand _Thayls_, or Crowns."—_Mandelslo_, E.T. Bk. ii. 147 (_Stanf. Dict._).

[1859.—"The largest gold coin known is the OBANG, a most inconvenient circulating medium, as it is nearly six inches in length, and three inches and a half in breadth."—_Oliphant, Narrative of Mission_, ii. 232.]

OLD STRAIT, n.p. This is an old name of the narrow strait between the island of Singapore and the mainland, which was the old passage followed by ships passing towards China, but has long been abandoned for the wider strait south of Singapore and north of Bintang. It is called by the Malays _Salāt Tambrau_, from an edible fish called by the last name. It is the Strait of Singapura of some of the old navigators; whilst the wider southern strait was known as New Strait or GOVERNOR'S STRAITS (q.v.).

1727.—"... _Johore Lami_, which is sometimes the Place of that King's Residence, and has the Benefit of a fine deep large River, which admits of two Entrances into it. The smallest is from the Westward, called by _Europeans_ the Streights of _Sincapore_, but by the Natives _Salleta de Brew_" (_i.e._ _Salāt Tambrau_, as above).—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 92; [ed. 1744].

1860.—"The OLD STRAITS, through which formerly our Indiamen passed on their way to China, are from 1 to 2 miles in width, and except where a few clearings have been made ... with the shores on both sides covered with dense jungle ... doubtless, in old times, an isolated vessel ... must have kept a good look out against attack from piratical _prahus_ darting out from one of the numerous creeks."—_Cavenagh, Rem. of an Indian Official_, 285-6.

OLLAH, s. Tam. _ōlai_, Mal. _ōla_. A palm-leaf; but especially the leaf of the PALMYRA (_Borassus flabelliformis_) as prepared for writing on, often, but incorrectly, termed CADJAN (q.v.). In older books the term _ola_ generally means a native letter; often, as in some cases below, a written order. A very good account of the royal scribes at Calicut, and their mode of writing, is given by Barbosa as follows:—

1516.—"The King of Calecut keeps many clerks constantly in his palace; they are all in one room, separate and far from the king, sitting on benches, and there they write all the affairs of the king's revenue, and his alms, and the pay which is given to all, and the complaints which are presented to the king, and, at the same time, the accounts of the collectors of taxes. All this is on broad stiff leaves of the palm-tree, without ink, with pens of iron; they write their letters in lines drawn like ours, and write in the same direction as we do. Each of these clerks has great bundles of these written leaves, and wherever they go they carry them under their arms, and the iron pen in their hands ... and amongst these are 7 or 8 who are great confidants of the king, and men held in great honour, who always stand before him with their pens in their hand and a bundle of paper under their arm; and each of them has always several of these leaves in blank but signed at the top by the king, and when he commands them to despatch any business they write it on these leaves."—Pp. 110-111, Hak. Soc., but translation modified.

1553.—"All the Gentiles of India ... when they wish to commit anything to written record, do it on certain palm-leaves which they call OLLA, of the breadth of two fingers."—_Barros_, I. ix. 3.

" "All the rest of the town was of wood, thatched with a kind of palm-leaf, which they call OLA."—_Ibid._ I. iv. vii.

1561.—"All this was written by the king's writer, whose business it is to prepare his OLAS, which are palm-leaves, which they use for writing-paper, scratching it with an iron point."—_Correa_, i. 212-213. Correa uses the word in three applications: (_a_) for a palm-leaf as just quoted; (_b_) for a palm-leaf letter; and (_c_) for (Coco) palm-leaf thatch.

1563.—"... in the Maldiva Islands they make a kind of vessel which with its nails, its sails, and its cordage is all made of palm; with the fronds (which we call OLLA in Malavar) they cover houses and vessels."—_Garcia_, f. 67.

1586.—"I answered that I was from Venice, that my name was Gasparo Balbi ... and that I brought the emeralds from Venice expressly to present to his majesty, whose fame for goodness, courtesy, and greatness flew through all the world ... and all this was written down on an OLLA, and read by the aforesaid 'Master of the Word' to his Majesty."—_G. Balbi_, f. 104.

" "But to show that he did this as a matter of justice, he sent a further order that nothing should be done till they received an OLLA, or letter of his sign manual written in letters of gold; and so he (the King of Pegù) ordered all the families of those nobles to be kept prisoners, even to the women big with child, and the infants in bands, and so he caused the whole of them to be led upon the said scaffolding; and then the king sent the OLLA, ordering them to be burnt; and the Decagini executed the order, and burned the whole of them."—_Ibid._ f. 112-113.

[1598.—"Sayles which they make of the leaves, which leaves are called OLAS."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 45.

[1611.—"Two OLLAHS, one to Gimpa Raya...."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 154.]

1626.—"The writing was on leaves of Palme, which they call OLLA."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 554.

1673.—"The houses are low, and thatched with OLLAS of the Cocoe-Trees."—_Fryer_, 66.

c. 1690.—"... OLA peculiariter Malabaris dicta, et inter alia Papyri loco adhibetur."—_Rumphius_, i. 2.

1718.—"... Damulian Leaves, commonly called OLES."—_Prop. of the Gospel_, &c., iii. 37.

1760.—"He (King Alompra) said he would give orders for OLIOS to be made out for delivering of what Englishmen were in his _Kingdom_ to me."—_Capt. Alves, in Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 377.

1806.—"Many persons had their OLLAHS in their hands, writing the sermon in Tamil shorthand."—_Buchanan, Christian Res._ 2nd ed. 70.

1860.—"The books of the Singhalese are formed to-day, as they have been for ages past, of OLAS, or strips taken from the young leaves of the Talipot or the Palmyra palm."—_Tennent, Ceylon_, i. 512.

1870.—"... Un manuscrit sur OLLES...."—_Revue Critique_, June 11, 374.

OMEDWAUR, s. Hind. from Pers. _ummedwār_ (_ummed_, _umed_, 'hope'); literally, therefore, 'a hopeful one'; _i.e._ "an expectant, a candidate for employment, one who awaits a favourable answer to some representation or request." (_Wilson._)

1816.—"The thoughts of being three or four years an OMEEDWAR, and of staying out here till fifty deterred me."—_M. Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 344.

OMLAH, s. This is properly the Ar. pl. _'amalat_, _'amalā_, of _'āmil_ (see AUMIL). It is applied on the Bengal side of India to the native officers, clerks, and other staff of a civil court or CUTCHERRY (q.v.) collectively.

c. 1778.—"I was at this place met by the OMLAH or officers belonging to the establishment, who hailed my arrival in a variety of boats dressed out for the occasion."—_Hon. R. Lindsay_, in _Lives of the Lindsays_, iii. 167.

1866.—"At the worst we will hint to the OMLAHS to discover a fast which it is necessary they shall keep with great solemnity."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, in _Fraser_, lxxiii. 390.

The use of an English plural, _omlahs_, here is incorrect and unusual; though _omrahs_ is used (see next word).

1878.—"... the subordinate managers, young, inexperienced, and altogether in the hands of the OMLAH."—_Life in the Mofussil_, ii. 6.

OMRAH, s. This is properly, like the last word, an Ar. pl. (_Umarā_, pl. of _Amīr_—see AMEER), and should be applied collectively to the higher officials at a Mahommedan Court, especially that of the Great Mogul. But in old European narratives it is used as a singular for a lord or grandee of that Court; and indeed in Hindustani the word was similarly used, for we have a Hind. plural _umarāyān_, 'omrahs.' From the remarks and quotations of Blochmann, it would seem that _Manṣabdārs_ (see MUNSUBDAR), from the commandant of 1000 upwards, were styled _umarā-i-kabār_, or _umara-i-'izām_, 'Great Amīrs'; and these would be the _Omrahs_ properly. Certain very high officials were styled _Amīr-ul-Umarā_ (_Āīn_, i. 239-240), a title used first at the Court of the Caliphs.

1616.—"Two OMRAHS who are great Commanders."—_Sir T. Roe._

[ " "The King lately sent out two VMBRAS with horse to fetch him in."—_Ibid._ Hak. Soc. ii. 417; in the same page he writes _Vmreis_, and in ii. 445, _Vmraes_.]

c. 1630.—"Howbeit, out of this prodigious rent, goes yearely many great payments: to his Leiftenants of Provinces, and VMBRAYES of Townes and Forts."—_Sir T. Herbert_, p. 55.

1638.—"Et sous le commandement de plusieurs autres seigneurs de ceux qu'ils appellent OMMERAUDES."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, p. 174.

1653.—"Il y a quantité d'elephans dans les Indes ... les OMARAS s'en seruent par grandeur."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 250.

c. 1664.—"It is not to be thought that the OMRAHS, or Lords of the Mogul's Court, are sons of great Families, as in _France_ ... these OMRAHS then are commonly but Adventurers and Strangers of all sorts of Nations, some of them slaves; most of them without instruction, which the Mogul thus raiseth to Dignities as he thinks good, and degrades them again, as he pleaseth."—_Bernier_, E.T. 66; [ed. _Constable_, 211].

c. 1666.—"Les OMRAS sont les grand seigneurs du Roiaume, qui sont pour la plupart Persans ou fils de Persans."—_Thevenot_, v. 307.

1673.—"The President ... has a Noise of Trumpets ... an Horse of State led before him, a _Mirchal_ (see MORCHAL) (a Fan of Ostrich Feathers) to keep off the Sun, as the OMBRAHS or Great Men have."—_Fryer_, 86.

1676.—

"Their standard, planted on the battlement, Despair and death among the soldiers sent; You the bold OMRAH tumbled from the wall, And shouts of victory pursued the fall." _Dryden, Aurengzebe_, ii. 1.

1710.—"Donna Juliana ... let the Heer Ambassador know ... that the Emperor had ordered the AMMARAWS Enay Ullah Chan (&c.) to take care of our interests."—_Valentijn_, iv. _Suratte_, 284.

1727.—"You made several complaints against former Governors, all of which I have here from several of my UMBRAS."—_Firmān of Aurangzīb_, in _A. Hamilton_, ii. 227; [ed. 1744, i. 231].

1791.—"... les OMRAHS ou grands seigneurs Indiens...."—_B. de St. Pierre, La Chaumière Indienne_, 32.

OMUM WATER, s. A common domestic medicine in S. India, made from the strong-smelling carminative seeds of an umbelliferous plant, _Carum copticum_, Benth. (_Ptychotis coptica_, and _Ptych. Ajowan_ of Decand.), called in Tamil _omam_, [which comes from the Skt. _yamāni_, _yavāni_, in Hind. _ajwān_.] See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 269.

OOJYNE, n.p. _Ujjayanī_, or, in the modern vernacular, _Ujjain_, one of the most ancient of Indian cities, and one of their seven sacred cities. It was the capital of King Vikramaditya, and was the first meridian of Hindu astronomers, from which they calculated their longitudes.

The name of Ujjain long led to a curious imbroglio in the interpretation of the Arabian geographers. Its meridian, as we have just mentioned, was the zero of longitude among the Hindus. The Arab writers borrowing from the Hindus wrote the name apparently _Azīn_, but this by the mere omission of a diacritical point became _Arīn_, and from the Arabs passed to medieval Christian geographers as the name of an imaginary point on the equator, the intersection of the central meridian with that circle. Further, this point, or transposed city, had probably been represented on maps, as we often see cities on medieval maps, by a cupola or the like. And hence the "Cupola of _Arin_ or _Arym_," or the "Cupola of the Earth" (_Al-ḳubba al-arḍh_) became an established commonplace for centuries in geographical tables or statements. The idea was that just 180° of the earth's circumference was habitable, or at any rate cognizable as such, and this meridian of _Arin_ bisected this habitable hemisphere. But as the western limit extended to the Fortunate Isles, it became manifest to the Arabs that the central meridian could not be so far east as the Hindu meridian of _Arin_ (or of _Lanka_, _i.e._ Ceylon). (See quotation from the _Aryabhatta_, under JAVA.) They therefore shifted it westward, but shifted the mystic _Arin_ along the equator westward also. We find also among medieval European students (as with Roger Bacon, below), a confusion between Arin and Syene. This Reinaud supposes to have arisen from the Ἐσσινὰ ἐμπόριον of Ptolemy, a place which he locates on the Zanzibar coast, and approximating to the shifted position of Arin. But it is perhaps more likely that the confusion arose from some survival of the real name _Azīn_. Many conjectures were vainly made as to the origin of _Arym_, and M. Sedillot was very positive that nothing more could be learned of it than he had been able to learn. But the late M. Reinaud completely solved the mystery by pointing out that _Arin_ was simply a corruption of _Ujjain_. Even in Arabic the mistake had been thoroughly ingrained, insomuch that the word _Arīn_ had been adopted as a generic name for a place of medium temperature or qualities (see _Jorjānī_, quoted below).

c. A.D. 150.—"Ὀζηνὴ Βασίλειον Τιαστανοῦ."—_Ptol._ VII. i. 63.

c. 930.—"The Equator passes between east and west through an island situated between Hind and Habash (Abyssinia), and a little south of these two countries. This point, half way between north and south is cut by the point (meridian?) half way between the Eternal Islands and the extremity of China; it is what is called _The Cupola of the Earth_."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 180-181.

c. 1020.—"Les Astronomes ... ont fait correspondre la ville d'ODJEIN avec le lieu qui dans le tableau des villes inséré dans les tables astronomiques a reçu le nom d'ARIN, et qui est supposé situé sur les bords de la mer. Mais entre ODJEIN et la mer, il y a près de cent _yodjanas_."—_Al-Birūnī_, quoted by _Reinaud, Intro. to Abulfeda_, p. ccxlv.

c. 1267.—"Meridianum vero latus Indiae descendit a tropico Capricorni, et secat aequinoctialem circulum apud Montem Maleum et regiones ei conterminos et transit per _Syenem_, quae nunc ARYM vocatur. Nam in libro cursuum planetarum dicitur quod duplex est _Syene_; una sub solstitio ... alia sub aequinoctiali circulo, de quâ nunc est sermo, distans per xc gradus ab occidente, sed magis ab oriente elongatur propter hoc, quod longitudo habitabilis major est quam medietas coeli vel terrae, et hoc versus orientem."—_Roger Bacon, Opus Majus_, ed. London, 1633, p. 195.

c. 1300.—"Sous la ligne équinoxiale, au milieu du monde, là où il n'y a pas de latitude, se trouve le point de la corrélation servant de centre aux parties que se coupent entre elles.... Dans cet endroit et sur ce point se trouve le lieu nommé _Coupole de_ AZIN ou _Coupole de_ ARIN. Là est un château grand, élevé et d'un accès difficile. Suivant Ibn-Alaraby, c'est le séjour des démons et la trône d'Eblis.... Les Indiens parlent également de ce lieu, et débitent des fables à son sujet."—_Arabic Cosmography_, quoted by _Reinaud_, p. ccxliii.

c. 1400.—"ARIN (_al-arīn_). Le lieu d'une proportion moyenne dans les choses ... un point sur la terre à une hauteur égale des deux poles, en sorte que la nuit n'y empiète point sur la durée du jour, ni le jour sur la durée de la nuit. Ce mot a passé dans l'usage ordinaire, pour signifier d'une manière générale un lieu d'une temperature moyenne."—Livre de _Definitions_ du _Seïd Scherif Zeineddin_ ... fils de _Mohammed Djordjani_, trad. de _Silv. de Sacy, Not. et Extr._ x. 39.

1498.—"Ptolemy and the other philosophers, who have written upon the globe, thought that it was spherical, believing that this hemisphere was round as well as that in which they themselves dwelt, the centre of which was in the island of ARIN, which is under the equinoctial line, between the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Persia."—_Letter of Columbus_, on his Third Voyage, to the King and Queen. _Major's Transl._, Hak. Soc. 2nd ed. 135.

[c. 1583.—"From thence we went to VGINI and Serringe...."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 385.

[1616.—"VGEN, the Cheefe Citty of Malwa."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 379.]

c. 1659.—"Dara having understood what had passed at EUGENES, fell into that choler against _Kasem Kan_, that it was thought he would have cut off his head."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 13; [ed. _Constable_, 41].

1785.—"The _City_ of UGEN is very ancient, and said to have been the _Residence_ of the Prince BICKER MAJIT, whose Æra is now Current among the Hindus."—_Sir C. Malet_, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 268.

OOOLOOBALLONG, s. Malay, _Ulubalang_, a chosen warrior, a champion. [Mr. Skeat notes: "_hulu_ or _ulu_ certainly means 'head,' especially the head of a Raja, and _balang_ probably means 'people'; hence _ulu-balang_, 'men of the head,' or 'bodyguard.']

c. 1546.—"Four of twelve gates that were in the Town were opened, thorough each of the which sallied forth one of the four Captaines with his company, having first sent out for Spies into the Camp six OROBALONS of the most valiant that were about the King...."—_Pinto_ (in _Cogan_), p. 260.

1688.—"The 500 gentlemen OROBALANG were either slain or drowned, with all the Janizaries."—_Dryden, Life of Xavier_, 211.

1784.—(At Acheen) "there are five great officers of state who are named Maha Rajah, Laxamana (see LAXIMANA), Raja Oolah, OOLOO BALLANG, and Parkah Rajah."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 41.

1811.—"The ULU BALANG are military officers, forming the body-guard of the Sultan, and prepared on all occasions to execute his orders."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 3rd ed. 351.

OOPLAH, s. Cow dung patted into cakes, and dried and stacked for fuel. Hind. _uplā_. It is in S. India called BRATTY (q.v.).

1672.—"The allowance of cowdunge and wood was—for every basket of cowdunge, 2 cakes for the Gentu Pagoda; for Peddinagg the watchman, of every baskett of cowdunge, 5 cakes."—_Orders at Ft. St. Geo., Notes and Exts._ i. 56.

[Another name for the fuel is _kaṇḍā_.

[1809.—"... small flat cakes of cow-dung, mixed with a little chopped straw and water, and dried in the sun, are used for fuel; they are called KUNDHAS...."—_Broughton, Letters from a Mahratta Camp_, ed. 1892, p. 158.]

This fuel which is also common in Egypt and Western Asia, appears to have been not unknown even in England a century ago, thus:—

1789.—"We rode about 20 miles that day (near Woburn), the country ... is very open, with little or no wood. They have even less fuel than we (_i.e._ in Scotland), and the poor burn _cow-dung_, which they scrape off the ground, and set up to burn as we do _divots_ (_i.e._ turf)."—_Lord Minto_, in _Life_, i. 301.

1863.—A passage in Mr. Marsh's _Man and Nature_, p. 242, contains a similar fact in reference to the practice, in consequence of the absence of wood, in France between Grenoble and Briançon.

[For the use of this fuel, in Tartary under the name of ARGOLS, see _Huc, Travels_, 2nd ed. i. 23. Numerous examples of its use are collected in 8 ser. _Notes and Queries_, iv. 226, 277, 377, 417.

[c. 1590.—"The plates (in refining gold) having been washed in clean water, are ... covered with cowdung, which in Hindi is called UPLAH."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 21.

1828.—"We next proceeded to the OOPLEE Wallee's Bastion, as it is most erroneously termed by the Mussulmans, being literally in English a 'BRATTEE,' or 'dried cowdung—Woman's Tower.'..." (This is the _Upri_ Burj, or 'Lofty Tower' of Bijapur, for which see _Bombay Gazetteer_, xxiii. 638).—_Welsh, Military Reminiscences_, ii. 318 _seq._]

[OORD, OORUD, s. Hind. _uṛad_. A variety of _dāl_ (see DHALL) or pulse, the produce of Phaseolus radiatus. "_Urd_ is the most highly prized of all the pulses of the genus _Phaseolus_, and is largely cultivated in all parts of India" (_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. i. 102, _seqq._).

[1792.—"The stalks of the OORD are hispid in a lesser degree than those of MOONG."—_Asiat. Res._ vi. 47.

[1814.—"OORD." See under POPPER.

[1857.—"The OORDH Dal is in more common use than any other throughout the country."—_Chevers, Man. of Medical Jurisprudence_, 309.]

OORDOO, s. The Hindustani language. The (Turki) word _urdū_ means properly the camp of a Tartar Khān, and is, in another direction, the original of our word _horde_ (Russian _orda_), [which, according to Schuyler (_Turkistan_, i. 30, note), "is now commonly used by the Russian soldiers and Cossacks in a very amusing manner as a contemptuous term for an Asiatic"]. The 'Golden Horde' upon the Volga was not properly (_pace_ Littré) the name of a tribe of Tartars, as is often supposed, but was the style of the Royal Camp, eventually Palace, of the Khāns of the House of Batu at Sarai. _Horde_ is said by Pihan, quoted by Dozy (_Oosterl._ 43) to have been introduced into French by Voltaire in his _Orphelin de la Chine_. But Littré quotes it as used in the 16th century. _Urda_ is now used in Turkistan, _e.g._ at Tashkend, Khokhand, &c., for a 'citadel' (_Schuyler_, _loc. cit._ i. 30). The word _urdū_, in the sense of a royal camp, came into India probably with Baber, and the royal residence at Delhi was styled _urdū-i-mu'allā_, 'the Sublime Camp.' The mixt language which grew up in the court and camp was called _zabān-i-urdū_, 'the Camp Language,' and hence we have elliptically _Urdū_. On the Peshawar frontier the word _urdū_ is still in frequent use as applied to the camp of a field-force.

1247.—"Post haec venimus ad primam ORDAM Imperatoris, in quâ erat una de uxoribus suis; et quia nondum videramus Imperatorem, noluerint nos vocare nec intromittere ad ORDAM ipsius."—_Plano Carpini_, p. 752.

1254.—"Et sicut populus Israel sciebat, unusquisque ad quam regionem tabernaculi deberet figere tentoria, ita ipsi sciunt ad quod latus curie debeant se collocare.... Unde dicitur curia ORDA lingua eorum, quod sonat medium, quia semper est in medio hominum suorum...."—_William of Rubruk_, p. 267.

1404.—"And the Lord (Timour) was very wroth with his Mirassaes (Mirzas), because he did not see the Ambassador at this feast, and because the _Truximan_ (Interpreter) had not been with them ... and he sent for the _Truximan_ and said to him: 'How is it that you have enraged and vexed the Lord? Now since you were not with the Frank ambassadors, and to punish you, and ensure your always being ready, we order your nostrils to be bored, and a cord put through them, and that you be led through the whole ORDO as a punishment.'"—_Clavijo_, § cxi.

c. 1440.—"What shall I saie of the great and innumerable moltitude of beastes that are in this LORDO? ... if you were disposed in one daie to bie a thousande or ij.^{ml} horses you shulde finde them to sell in this LORDO, for they go in heardes like sheepe...."—_Josafa Barbaro_, old E.T. Hak. Soc. 20.

c. 1540.—"Sono diuisi i Tartari in HORDE, e HORDA nella lor lingua significa ragunãza di popolo vnito e concorde a similitudine d'vna città."—_P. Jovio, delle Cose della Moscovia_, in _Ramusio_, ii. f. 133.

1545.—"The Tartars are divided into certain groups or congregations, which they call HORDES. Among which the Savola HORDE or group is the first in rank."—_Herberstein_, in _Ramusio_, ii. 171.

[1560.—"They call this place (or camp) ORDU bazaar."—_Tenreiro_, ed. 1829, ch. xvii. p. 45.]

1673.—"L'OURDY sortit d'Andrinople pour aller au camp. Le mot _ourdy_ signifie camp, et sous ce nom sont compris les mestiers que sont necessaires pour la commodité du voyage."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_, i. 117.

[1753.—"That part of the camp called in Turkish the ORDUBAZAR or camp-market, begins at the end of the square fronting the guard-rooms...."—_Hanway, Hist. Account_, i. 247.]

OORIAL, Panj. _ūrīal_, _Ovis cycloceros_, Hutton, [_Ovis vignei_, Blanford (_Mammalia_, 497), also called the _Shā_;] the wild sheep of the Salt Range and Sulimānī Mountains.

OORIYA, n.p. The adjective 'pertaining to ORISSA' (native, language, what not); Hind. _Uṛiya_. The proper name of the country is _Odṛa-deśa_, and _Oṛ-deśa_, whence _Oṛ-iya_ and _Uṛ-iya_. ["The Ooryah bearers were an old institution in Calcutta, as in former days palankeens were chiefly used. From a computation made in 1776, it is stated that they were in the habit of carrying to their homes every year sums of money sometimes as much as three lakhs made by their business" (_Carey, Good Old Days of Honble. John Company_, ii. 148).]

OOTACAMUND, n.p. The chief station in the Neilgherry Hills, and the summer residence of the Governor of Madras. The word is a corruption of the Badaga name of the site of 'Stone-house,' the first European house erected in those hills, properly _Hottaga-mand_ (see _Metz, Tribes of the Neilgherries_, 6). [Mr. Grigg (_Man. of the Nilagiris_, 6, 189), followed by the _Madras Gloss._, gives Tam. _Ottagaimandu_, from Can. _ottai_, 'dwarf bamboo,' Tam. _kay_, 'fruit,' _mandu_, 'a Toda village.']

OPAL, s. This word is certainly of Indian origin: Lat. _opalus_, Greek, ὀπάλλιος, Skt. _upala_, 'a stone.' The European word seems first to occur in Pliny. We do not know how the Skt. word received this specific meaning, but there are many analogous cases.

OPIUM, s. This word is in origin Greek, not Oriental. [The etymology accepted by Platts, Skt. _ahiphena_, 'snake venom' is not probable.] But from the Greek ὄπιον the Arabs took _afyūn_ which has sometimes reacted on old spellings of the word. The collection of the ὀπὸς, or juice of the poppy-capsules, is mentioned by Dioscorides (c. A.D. 77), and Pliny gives a pretty full account of the drug as _opion_ (see _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 40). The Opium-poppy was introduced into China, from Arabia, at the beginning of the 9th century, and its earliest Chinese name is A-FU-YUNG, a representation of the Arabic name. The Arab. _afyūn_ is sometimes corruptly called _afīn_, of which _afīn_, 'imbecile,' is a popular etymology. Similarly the Bengalees derive it from _afi-heno_, 'serpent-home.' [A number of early references to opium smoking have been collected by Burnell, _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 113.]

c. A.D. 70.—"... which juice thus drawne, and thus prepared, hath power not onely to provoke sleepe, but if it be taken in any great quantitie, to make men die in their sleepe: and this our Physicians call OPION. Certes I have knowne many come to their death by this meanes; and namely, the father of Licinius Cecinna late deceased, a man by calling a Pretour, who not being able to endure the intollerable pains and torments of a certaine disease, and being wearie of his life, at Bilbil in Spaine, shortened his owne daies by taking OPIUM."—_Pliny_, in _Holland's_ transl. ii. 68.

(_Medieval_).—

"Quod venit a Thebis, _opio_ laudem perhibebis; Naribus horrendum, rufum laus dictat emendum." _Otho Cremonensis._

1511.—"Next day the General (Alboquerque) sent to call me to go ashore to speak to the King; and that I should say on his part ... that he had got 8 Guzzarate ships that he had taken on the way because they were enemies of the King of Portugal; and that these had many rich stuffs and much merchandize, and ARFIUN (for so they call _opio tebaico_) which they eat to cool themselves; all which he would sell to the King for 300,000 ducats worth of goods, cheaper than they could buy it from the Moors, and more such matter."—Letter of _Giovanni da Empoli_, in _Archivio Storico Italiano_, 55.

[1513.—"Opium (OAFYAM) is nothing else than the milk of poppies."—_Alboquerque, Cartas_, p. 174.]

1516.—"For the return voyage (to China) they ship there (at Malacca) Sumatra and Malabar pepper, of which they use a great deal in China, and drugs of Cambay, much _anfiam_, which we call OPIUM...."—_Barbosa_, 206.

1563.—"_R._ I desire to know for certain about AMFIAO, what it is, which is used by the people of this country; if it is what we call OPIUM, and whence comes such a quantity as is expended, and how much may be eaten every day?

* * * * *

"_O._ ... that which I call of Cambaia come for the most part from one territory which is called Malvi (_Mālwā_).... I knew a secretary of Nizamoxa (see NIZAMALUCO), a native of Coraçon, who every day eat three _tóllas_ (see TOLA), or a weight of 10½ cruzados ... though he was a well educated man, and a great scribe and notary, he was always dozing or sleeping; yet if you put him to business he would speak like a man of letters and discretion; from this you may see what habit will do."—_Garcia_, 153_v_ to 155_v_.

1568.—"I went then to Cambaya ... and there I bought 60 parcels of OPIUM, which cost me two thousand and a hundreth duckets, every ducket at foure shillings two pence."—_Master C. Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 371. The original runs thus, showing the looseness of the translation: "... comprai sessanta _man_ D'ANFION, che mi costò 2100 ducati serafini (see XERAFINE), che a nostro conto possono valere 5 lire l'vno."—In _Ramusio_, iii. 396_v_.

1598.—"AMFION, so called by the Portingales, is by Arabians, Mores, and Indians called AFFION, in latine OPIO or OPIUM.... The Indians use much to eat _Amfion_.... Hee that useth to eate it, must eate it daylie, otherwise he dieth and consumeth himselfe ... likewise hee that hath never eaten it, and will venture at the first to eate as much as those that dayly use it, it will surely kill him...."—_Linschoten_, 124; [Hak. Soc. ii. 112].

[c. 1610.—"Opium, or as they (in the Maldives) call it, APHION."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 195.

[1614.—"The waster washer who to get AFFANAN hires them (the cloths) out a month."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 127.

[1615.—"... Coarse chintz, and OPHYAN."—_Ibid._ iv. 107].

1638.—"Turcae OPIUM experiuntur, etiam in bona quantitate, innoxium et confortativum; adeo ut etiam ante praelia ad fortitudinem illud sumant; nobis vero, nisi in parvâ quantitate, et cum bonis correctivis lethale est."—_Bacon, H. Vitae et Mortis_ (ed. Montague) x. 188.

1644.—"The principal cause that this monarch, or rather say, this tyrant, is so powerful, is that he holds in his territories, and especially in the kingdom of Cambaya, those three plants of which are made the ANFIAM, and the anil (see ANILE), and that which gives the _Algodam_" (Cotton).—_Bocarro_, MS.

1694.—"This people, that with _amphioen_ or OPIUM, mixed with tobacco, drink themselves not merely drunk but mad, are wont to fall furiously upon any one whom they meet, with a naked _kris_ or dagger in the hand, and to stab him, though it be but a child, in their mad passion, with the cry of _Amock_ (see A MUCK), that is 'strike dead,' or 'fall on him.'..."—_Valentijn_, iv. (_China_, &c.) 124.

1726.—"It will hardly be believed ... that Java alone consumes monthly 350 packs of OPIUM, each being of 136 _catis_ (see CATTY), though the E. I. Company make 145 catis out of it...."—_Valentijn_, iv. 61.

1727.—"The Chiefs of Calecut, for many years had vended between 500 and 1000 chests of _Bengal_ OPHIUM yearly up in the inland Countries, where it is very much used."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 315; [ed. 1744, i. 317 seq.].

1770.—"Patna ... is the most celebrated place in the world for the cultivation of OPIUM. Besides what is carried into the inland parts, there are annually 3 or 4000 chests exported, each weighing 300 lbs..... An excessive fondness for opium prevails in all the countries to the east of India. The Chinese emperors have suppressed it in their dominions, by condemning to the flames every vessel that imports this species of poison."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 424.

ORANGE, s. A good example of plausible but entirely incorrect etymology is that of orange from Lat. _aurantium_. The latter word is in fact an ingenious medieval fabrication. The word doubtless came from the Arab. _nāranj_, which is again a form of Pers. _nārang_, or _nārangī_, the latter being still a common term for the orange in Hindustan. The Persian indeed may be traced to Skt. _nāgarañga_, and _nārañga_, but of these words no satisfactory etymological explanation has been given, and they have perhaps been Sanscritized from some southern term. Sir W. Jones, in his article on the Spikenard of the Ancients, quotes from Dr. Anderson of Madras, "a very curious philological remark, that in the Tamul dictionary, most words beginning with _nar_ have some relation to fragrance; as _narukeradu_, to yield an odour; _nártum pillei_, lemon-grass; _nártei_, citron; _nárta manum_ (read _mārum_), the wild orange-tree; _nárum panei_, the Indian jasmine; _nárum alleri_, a strong smelling flower; and _nártu_, which is put for _nard_ in the Tamul version of our scriptures." (See _As. Res._ vol. ii. 414). We have not been able to verify many of these Tamil terms. But it is true that in both Tamil and Malayalam _naṛu_ is 'fragrant.' See, also, on the subject of this article, _A. E. Pott_, in Lassen's _Zeitschrift f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes_, vii. 114 _seqq._

The native country of the orange is believed to be somewhere on the northern border of India. A wild orange, the supposed parent of the cultivated species, both sweet and bitter, occurs in Garhwāl and Sikkim, as well as in the Kāsia (see COSSYA) country, the valleys of which last are still abundantly productive of excellent oranges. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ ii. 336 _seqq._] It is believed that the orange first known and cultivated in Europe was the bitter or Seville orange (see _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 111-112).

From the Arabic, Byzantine Greek got νεράντζιον, the Spaniards _naranja_, old Italian _narancia_, the Portuguese _laranja_, from which last, or some similar form, by the easy detachment of the _l_ (taken probably, as in many other instances, for an article), we have the Ital. _arancio_, L. Latin _aurantium_, French _orange_, the modification of these two being shaped by _aurum_ and _or_. Indeed, the quotation from Jacques de Vitry possibly indicates that some form like _al-arangi_ may have been current in Syria. Perhaps, however, his phrase _ab indigenis nuncupantur_ may refer only to the Frank or quasi-Frank settlers, in which case we should have among them the birthplace of our word in its present form. The reference to this passage we derived in the first place from Hehn, who gives a most interesting history of the introduction of the various species of _citrus_ into Europe. But we can hardly think he is right in supposing that the Portuguese first brought the sweet orange (_Citrus aurantium dulce_) into Europe from China, c. 1548. No doubt there may have been a re-introduction of some fine varieties at that time.[193] But as early as the beginning of the 14th century we find Abulfeda extolling the fruit of Cintra. His words, as rendered by M. Reinaud, run: "Au nombre des dependances de Lisbonne est la ville de Schintara; à Schintara on recueille des pommes admirables pour la grosseur et le gout" (244[194]). That these _pommes_ were the famous Cintra oranges can hardly be doubted. For Baber (_Autobiog._ 328) describes an orange under the name of _Sangtarah_, which is, indeed, a recognised Persian and Hind. word for a species of the fruit. And this early propagation of the sweet orange in Portugal would account not only for such wide diffusion of the name of _Cintra_, but for the persistence with which the alternative name of _Portugals_ has adhered to the fruit in question. The familiar name of the large sweet orange in Sicily and Italy is _portogallo_, and nothing else; in Greece πορτογαλέα, in Albanian _protokale_, among the Kurds _portoghāl_; whilst even colloquial Arabic has _burtuḳān_. The testimony of Maṣ'ūdī as to the introduction of the orange into Syria before his time (c. A.D. 930), even if that were (as it would seem) the Seville orange, renders it quite possible that better qualities should have reached Lisbon or been developed there during the Saracenic occupation. It was indeed suggested in our hearing by the late Sir Henry M. Elliot that _sangtarah_ might be interpreted as _sang-tar_, 'green stones' (or in fact 'moist pips'); but we hardly think he would have started this had the passage in Abulfeda been brought to his notice. [In the _Āīn_ (ed. _Gladwin_, 1800, ii. 20) we read: "Sircar Silhet.... Here grows a delicious fruit called _Soontara_, in colour like an orange, but of an oblong form." This passage reads in Col. Jarrett's translation (ii. 124): "There is a fruit called _Súntarah_ in colour like an orange but large and very sweet." Col. Jarrett disputes the derivation of _Sangtarah_ from _Cintra_, and he is followed by Mr. H. Beveridge, who remarks that Humayun calls the fruit _Sanat̤ra_. Mr. Beveridge is inclined to think that _Santra_ is the _Indian_ hill name of the fruit, of which _Sangtarah_ is a corruption, and refers to a village at the foot of the Bhutan Hills called _Santrabārī_, because it had orange groves.]

A.D. c. 930.—"The same may be said of the orange-tree (_Shajr-ul_-NĀRANJ) and of the round citron, which were brought from India after the year (A.H.) 300, and first sown in 'Oman. Thence they were transplanted to Basra, to 'Irāk, and to Syria ... but they lost the sweet and penetrating odour and beauty that they had in India, having no longer the benefits of the climate, soil, and water peculiar to that country."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, ii. 438-9.

c. 1220.—"In parvis autem arboribus quaedam crescunt alia poma citrina, minoris quantitatis frigida et acidi seu pontici (_bitter_) saporis, quae poma ORENGES ab indigenis nuncupantur."—_Jacobus Vitriacus_, in _Bongars_. These were apparently our Seville oranges.

c. 1290.—"In the 18th of Edward the first a large Spanish Ship came to Portsmouth; out of the cargo of which the Queen bought one frail (see FRAZALA) of Seville figs, one frail of raisins or grapes, one bale of dates, two hundred and thirty pomegranates, fifteen citrons, and seven oranges (_Poma de_ ORENGE)."—_Manners and Household Expenses of England in the 13th and 15th Centuries_, Roxb. Club, 1841, p. xlviii. The Editor deigns only to say that 'the MS. is in the Tower.' [Prof. Skeat writes (9 ser. _Notes and Queries_, v. 321): "The only known allusion to oranges, previously to 1400, in any piece of English literature (I omit household documents) is in the '_Alliterative Poems_,' edited by Dr. Morris, ii. 1044. The next reference, soon after 1400, is in Lydgate's '_Minor Poems_,' ed. Halliwell, p. 15. In 1440 we find ORONGE in the '_Promptorium Parvulorum_,' and in 1470 we find ORENGES in the '_Paston Letters_,' ed. Gairdner, ii. 394."]

1481.—"Item to the galeman (galley man) brought the lampreis and ORANGES ... iiij_d._"—_Household Book_ of John D. of Norfolk, Roxb. Club, 1844, p. 38.

c. 1526.—"They have besides (in India) the NÂRANJ [or Seville orange, Tr.] and the various fruits of the orange species.... It always struck me that the word NÂRANJ was accented in the Arab fashion; and I found that it really was so; the men of Bajour and Siwâd call _nâranj nârank_" (or perhaps rather NÂRANG).—_Baber_, 328. In this passage Baber means apparently to say that the right name was _nārang_, which had been changed by the usual influence of Arabic pronunciation into _nāranj_.

1883.—"Sometimes the foreign products thus cast up (on Shetland) at their doors were a new revelation to the islanders, as when a cargo of ORANGES was washed ashore on the coast of Delting, the natives boiled them as a new kind of potatoes."—_Saty. Review_, July 14, p. 57.

ORANG-OTANG, ORANG-OUTAN, &c. s. The great man-like ape of Sumatra and Borneo; _Simia Satyrus_, L. This name was first used by Bontius (see below). It is Malay, _ōrăng-ūtăn_, 'homo sylvaticus.' The proper name of the animal in Borneo is _mias_. Crawfurd says that it is never called _orang-utan_ by 'the natives.' But that excellent writer is often too positive—especially in his negatives! Even if it be not (as is probable) anywhere a recognised specific name, it is hardly possible that the name should not be sometimes applied popularly. We remember a tame HOOLUCK belonging to a gentleman in E. Bengal, which was habitually known to the natives as _janglī ādmī_, literally = _orang-utan_. [There seems reason to believe that Crawfurd was right after all. Mr. Scott (_Malayan Words in English_, p. 87) writes: "But this particular application of _ōrang ūtan_ to the ape does not appear to be, or ever to have been, familiar to the Malays generally; Crawfurd (1852) and Swettenham (1889) omit it, Pijnappel says it is 'Low Malay,' and Klinkert (1893) denies the use entirely. This uncertainty is explained by the limited area in which the animal exists within even native observation. Mr. Wallace could find no natives in Sumatra who 'had ever heard of such an animal,' and no 'Dutch officials who knew anything about it.' Then the name came to European knowledge more than 260 years ago; in which time probably more than one Malay name has faded out of general use or wholly disappeared, and many other things have happened." Mr. Skeat writes: "I believe Crawfurd is absolutely right in saying that it is never called _ōrang-ūtan_ by the natives. It is much more likely to have been a sailor's mistake or joke than an error on the part of the Malays who know better. Throughout the Peninsula _ōrang-ūtan_ is the name applied to the wild tribes, and though the _mawas_ or _mias_ is known to the Malays only by tradition, yet in tradition the two are never confused, and in those islands where the _mawas_ does exist he is never called _ōrang-ūtan_, the word _ōrang_ being reserved exclusively to describe the human species."]

1631.—"Loqui vero eos easque posse Iavani aiunt, sed non velle, ne ad labores cogantur; ridicule mehercules. Nomen ei induunt OURANG OUTANG, quod 'hominem silvae' significat, eosque nasci affirmant e libidine mulierum Indarum, quae se Simiis et Cercopithecis detestanda libidine uniunt."—_Bontii, Hist. Nat._ v. cap. 32, p. 85.

1668.—"Erat autem hic satyrus quadrupes: sed ab humanâ specie quam prae se fert, vocatur Indis OURANG-OUTANG: sive homo silvestris."—_Licetus de Monstris_, 338.

[1701.—"ORANG-OUTANG sive Homo Sylvestris: or the Anatomy of a Pygmie compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man...."—Title of work by _E. Tyson_ (_Scott_).]

1727.—"As there are many species of wild Animals in the Woods (of Java) there is one in particular called the OURAN-OUTANG."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 131; [ed. 1744, ii. 136].

1783.—"Were we to be driven out of India this day, nothing would remain to tell that it had been possessed, during the inglorious period of our dominion, by any thing better than the OURANG-OUTANG or the tiger."—_Burke, Sp. on Fox's E. India Bill, Works_, ed. 1852, iii. 468.

1802.—"Man, therefore, in a state of nature, was, if not the OURANG-OUTANG of the forests and mountains of Asia and Africa at the present day, at least an animal of the same family, and very nearly resembling it."—_Ritson, Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food_, pp. 13-14.

1811.—"I have one slave more, who was given me in a present by the Sultan of Pontiana.... This gentleman is Lord Monboddo's genuine ORANG-OUTANG, which in the Malay language signifies literally _wild man_.... Some people think seriously that the ORAN-OUTANG was the original patriarch and progenitor of the whole Malay race."—_Lord Minto, Diary in India_, 268-9.

1868.—"One of my chief objects ... was to see the ORANG-UTAN ... in his native haunts."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._ 39.

In the following passage the term is applied to a tribe of men:

1884.—"The Jacoons belong to one of the wild aboriginal tribes ... they are often styled ORANG UTAN, or men of the forest."—_Cavenagh, Rem. of an Indian Official_, 293.

ORANKAY, ARANGKAIO, &c. s. Malay _Orang kāya_. In the Archipelago, a person of distinction, a chief or noble, corresponding to the Indian OMRAH; literally 'a rich man,' analogous therefore to the use of _riche-homme_ by Joinville and other old French authors. [Mr. Skeat notes that the terminal o in ARANGKAIO represents a dialectical form used in Sumatra and Java. The Malay leader of the Pahang rising in 1891-2, who was supposed to bear a charmed life, was called by the title of _Orang Kāya Pahlawan_ (see PULWAUN).]

c. 1612.—"The Malay officers of state are classified as 1. _Bandahara_; 2. _Ferdana Mantri_; 3. _Punghulu Bandari_; 4. the chief _Hulubalang_ or champion (see OOLOOBALLONG); 5. the _Paramantris_; 6. ORANG KAYAS; 7. _Chatriyas_ (Kshatriyas); 8. _Seda Sidahs_; 9. _Bentaras_ or heralds; 10. _Hulubalangs_."—_Sijara Malayu_, in _J. Ind. Arch._ v. 246.

1613.—"The nobler ORANCAYAS spend their time in pastimes and recreations, in music and in cock fighting, a royal sport...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 31_v_.

1613.—"An ORAN CAYA came aboord, and told me that a _Curra Curra_ (see CARACOA) of the Flemmings had searched three or foure Praws or Canoas comming aboord vs with Cloues, and had taken them from them, threatening death to them for the next offence."—_Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 348.

[ " "... gave him the title of ORANCAYA PUTE, which is white or clear hearted lord."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 270.]

1615.—"Another conference with all the ARRANKAYOS of Lugho and Cambello in the hills among the bushes: their reverence for the King and the honourable Company."—_Sainsbury_, i. 420.

[ " "Presented by Mr. Oxwicke to the WRANKIAW."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 96.

[ " "... a nobleman called ARON CAIE Hettam."—_Ibid._ iii. 128.]

1620.—"Premierement sur vn fort grand Elephant il y auoit vne chaire couuerte, dans laquelle s'est assis vn des principaux ORANGCAYES ou Seigneurs."—_Beaulieu_, in _Thevenot's Collection_, i. 49.

1711.—"Two Pieces of Callico or Silk to the _Shabander_ (see SHABUNDER), and head ORONKOY or Minister of State."—_Lockyer_, 36.

1727.—"As he was entering at the Door, the ORANKAY past a long Lance through his Heart, and so made an end of the Beast."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 97; [ed. 1744, ii. 96].

" "However, the reigning King not expecting that his Customs would meet with such Opposition, sent an ORANGKAYA aboard of my Ship, with the Linguist, to know why we made War on him."—_Ibid._ 106; [ed. 1744].

1784.—"Three or four days before my departure, Posally signified to me the King meant to confer on me the honour of being made Knight of the Golden Sword, ORANG KAYO _derry piddang mas_" (_orang kaya dări pădang mas_).—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 54.

1811.—"From amongst the ORANG KAYAS the Sultan appoints the officers of state, who as members of Council are called _mantri_ (see MUNTREE, MANDARIN)."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 350.

[ORGAN, s. An Oriental form of mitrailleuse. Steingass (_Dict._ 38) has Pers. _arghan_, _arghon_, from the Greek ὄργανον, 'an organ.'

1790.—"A weapon called an ORGAN, which is composed of about thirty-six gun barrels so joined as to fire at once."—Letter from De Boigne's Camp at Mairtha, dated Sept. 13, in _H. Compton, A particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, from_ 1784 to 1803, p. 61.]

ORISSA, n.p. [Skt. _Oḍrāshtra_, 'the land of the Oḍras' (see OORIYA). The word is said to be the Prakrit form of _uttara_, 'north,' as applied to the N. part of Kalinga.] The name of the ancient kingdom and modern province which lies between Bengal and the Coromandel Coast.

1516.—"_Kingdom of_ ORISA. Further on towards the interior there is another kingdom which is conterminous with that of Narsynga, and on another side with Bengala, and on another with the great Kingdom of Dely...."—_Barbosa_, in Lisbon ed. 306.

c. 1568.—"ORISA fu già vn Regno molto bello e securo ... sina che regnò il suo Rè legitimo, qual era Gentile."—_Ces. Federici, Ramusio_, iii. 392.

[c. 1616.—"VDEZA, the Chiefe Citty called Iekanat (JUGGURNAUT)."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 538.]

ORMESINE, s. A kind of silk texture, which we are unable to define. The name suggests derivation from Ormus. [The _Draper's Dict._ defines "ARMOZEEN, a stout silk, almost invariably black. It is used for hat-bands and scarfs at funerals by those not family mourners. Sometimes sold for making clergymen's gowns." The _N.E.D._ s.v. ARMOZEEN, leaves the etymology doubtful. The _Stanf. Dict._ gives ORMUZINE, "a fabric exported from _Ormuz_."]

c. 1566.—"... a little Island called Tana, a place very populous with Portugals, Moores and Gentiles: these have nothing but Rice; they are makers of ARMESIE and weavers of girdles of wooll and bumbast."—_Caes. Fredericke_, in _Hakl._ ii. 344.

1726.—"Velvet, Damasks, ARMOSYN, Sattyn."—_Valentijn_, v. 183.

ORMUS, ORMUZ, n.p. Properly _Hurmuz_ or _Hurmūz_, a famous maritime city and minor kingdom near the mouth of the Persian Gulf. The original place of the city was on the northern shore of the Gulf, some 30 miles east of the site of Bandar Abbās or GOMBROON (q.v.); but about A.D. 1300, apparently to escape from Tartar raids, it was transferred to the small island of Gerūn or Jerūn, which may be identified with the _Organa_ of Nearchus, about 12 m. westward, and five miles from the shore, and this was the seat of the kingdom when first visited and attacked by the Portuguese under Alboquerque in 1506. It was taken by them about 1515, and occupied permanently (though the nominal reign of the native kings was maintained), until wrested from them by Shāh 'Abbās, with the assistance of an English squadron from Surat, in 1622. The place was destroyed by the Persians, and the island has since remained desolate, and all but uninhabited, though the Portuguese citadel and water-tanks remain. The islands of Hormuz, Kishm, &c., as well as Bandar 'Abbās and other ports on the coast of Kerman, had been held by the Sultans of Omān as fiefs of Persia, for upwards of a century, when in 1854 the latter State asserted its dominion, and occupied those places in force (see _Badger's Imams of Omān_, &c., p. xciv.).

B.C. c. 325.—"They weighed next day at dawn, and after a course of 100 stadia anchored at the mouth of the river Anamis, in a country called HARMOZEIA."—_Arrian, Voyage of Nearchus_, ch. xxxiii., tr. by _M‘Crindle_, p. 202.

c. A.D. 150.—(on the coast of Carmania)

"Ἅρμουζα πόλις. Ἅρμοζον ἄκρον." _Ptol._ VI. viii. 5.

c. 540.—At this time one Gabriel is mentioned as (Nestorian) Bishop of HORMUZ (see _Assemani_, iii. 147-8).

c. 655.—"Nobis ... visum est nihilominus velut ad sepulchra mortuorum, quales vos esse video, geminos hosce Dei Sacerdotes ad vos allegare; Theodorum videlicet Episcopum HORMUZDADSCHIR et Georgium Episcopum Susatrae."—Syriac Letter of the _Patriarch Jesujabus_, _ibid._ 133.

1298.—"When you have ridden these two days you come to the Ocean Sea, and on the shore you find a City with a harbour, which is called _Hormos_."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. xix.

c. 1330.—"... I came to the Ocean Sea. And the first city on it that I reached is called ORMES, a city strongly fenced and abounding in costly wares. The city is on an island some five miles distant from the main; and on it there grows no tree, and there is no fresh water."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., 56.

c. 1331.—"I departed from 'Omān for the country of HORMUZ. The city of Hormuz stands on the shore of the sea. The name is also called Moghistān. The new city of HORMUZ rises in face of the first in the middle of the sea, separated from it only by a channel 3 parasangs in width. We arrived at New HORMUZ, which forms an island of which the capital is called Jaraun.... It is a mart for Hind and Sind."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 230.

1442.—"ORMUS (qu. _Hurmūz_?), which is now called Djerun, is a port situated in the middle of the sea, and which has not its equal on the face of the globe."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XV. Cent._ p. 5.

c. 1470.—"HORMUZ is 4 miles across the water, and stands on an Island."—_Athan. Nikitin_, _ibid._ p. 8.

1503.—"Habitant autem ex eorum (Francorum) gente homines fere viginti in urbe Cananoro: ad quos profecti, postquam ex HORMIZDA urbe ad eam Indorum civitatem Cananorum venimus, significavimus illis nos esse Christianos, nostramque conditionem et gradum indicavimus; et ab illis magno cum gaudio suscepti sumus.... Eorundem autem Francorum regio Portugallus vocatur, una ex Francorum regionibus; eorumque Rex Emanuel appellatur; Emmanuelem oramus ut illum custodiat."—Letter from _Nestorian Bishops_ on Mission to India, in _Assemani_, iii. 591.

1505.—"In la bocha di questo mare (di Persia) è vn altra insula chiamata AGRAMUZO doue sono perle infinite: (e) caualli che per tutte quelle parti sono in gran precio."—Letter of _K. Emanuel_, p. 14.

1572.—

"Mas vê a illa Gerum, como discobre O que fazem do tempo os intervallos; Que da cidade ARMUZA, que alli esteve Ella o nome despois, e gloria teve." _Camões_, x. 103.

By Burton:

"But see yon Gerum's isle the tale unfold of mighty things which Time can make or mar; for of ARMUZA-town yon shore upon the name and glory this her rival won."

1575.—"Touchant le mot ORMUZ, il est moderne, et luy a esté imposé par les Portugais, le nom venant de l'accident de ce qu'ils cherchoient que c'estoit que l'Or; tellement qu'estant arrivez là, et voyans le trafic de tous biens, auquel le pais abonde, ils dirent _Vssi esta Or mucho_, c'est à dire, Il y a force d'Or; et pource ils donnerẽt le nom d'ORMUCHO à la dite isle."—_A. Thevet, Cosmographie Univ._, liv. x. i. 329.

1623.—"Non volli lasciar di andare con gl'Inglesi in HORMUZ a veder la forteza, la città, e ciò che vi era in fine di notabile in quell'isola."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 463. Also see ii. 61.

1667.—

"High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of ORMUS and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold." _Paradise Lost_, ii. 1-4.

OROMBARROS, s. This odd word seems to have been used as GRIFFIN (q.v.) now is. It is evidently the Malay _orang-baharu_, or _orang bharu_, 'a new man, a novice.' This is interesting as showing an unquestionable instance of an expression imported from the Malay factories to Continental India. [Mr. Skeat remarks that the form of the word shows that it came from the Malay under Portuguese influence.]

1711.—At Madras ... "refreshments for the Men, which they are presently supply'ed with from Country Boats and Cattamarans, who make a good Peny at the first coming of OROMBARROS, as they call those who have not been there before."—_Lockyer_, 28.

ORTOLAN, s. This name is applied by Europeans in India to a small lark, _Calandrella brachydactyla_, Temm., in Hind. _bargel_ and _bageri_, [Skt. _varga_, 'a troop']. Also sometimes in S. India to the finch-lark, _Pyrrhalauda grisea_, Scopoli.

OTTA, OTTER, s. Corruption of _āṭā_, 'flour,' a Hindi word having no Skt. original; [but Platts gives Skt. _ārdra_, 'soft']. Popular rhyme:

"Aī terī Shekhāwati Ādhā ĀṬĀ ādhā matī!"

"Confound this Shekhawati land, My bread's half wheat-meal and half sand." _Boileau, Tour through Rajwara_, 1837, p. 274.

[1853.—"After travelling three days, one of the prisoners bought some OTTAH. They prepared bread, some of which was given him; after eating it he became insensible...."—_Law Report_, in _Chevers, Ind. Med. Jurispr._ 166.]

OTTO, OTTER, s. Or usually 'Otto of Roses,' or by imperfect purists '_Attar_ of Roses,' an essential oil obtained in India from the petals of the flower, a manufacture of which the chief seat is at Ghāzipur on the Ganges. The word is the Arab. _'iṭr_, 'perfume.' From this word are derived _'aṭṭār_, a 'perfumer or druggist,' _'aṭṭārī_, adj., 'pertaining to a perfumer.' And a relic of Saracen rule in Palermo is the _Via Latterini_, 'the street of the perfumers' shops.' We find the same in an old Spanish account of Fez:

1573.—"Issuing thence to the Cayzerie by a gate which faces the north there is a handsome street which is called _of the_ ATARIN, which is the Spicery."—_Marmol, Affrica_, ii. f. 88.

[_'Itr_ of roses is said to have been discovered by the Empress Nūr-jahān on her marriage with Jahāngīr. A canal in the palace garden was filled with rose-water in honour of the event, and the princess, observing a scum on the surface, caused it to be collected, and found it to be of admirable fragrance, whence it was called _'iṭr-i-Jahāngīrī_.]

1712.—Kaempfer enumerating the departments of the Royal Household in Persia names: "_Pharmacopoeia_ ... ATTHAAR _choneh_, in quâ medicamenta, et praesertim variae virtutis opiata, pro Majestate et aulicis praeparantur...."—_Am. Exot._ 124.

1759.—

"To presents given, &c. * * * * * "1 OTTER box set with diamonds "_Sicca Rs._ 3000 3222 3 6." _Accts. of Entertainment to Jugget Set_, in _Long_, 89.

c. 1790.—"Elles ont encore une prédilection particulière pour les huiles oderiferantes, surtout pour celle de rose, appelée OTTA."—_Haafner_, ii. 122.

1824.—"The ATTAR is obtained after the rose-water is made, by setting it out during the night and till sunrise in the morning in large open vessels exposed to the air, and then skimming off the essential oil which floats at the top."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 154.

OUDH, OUDE, n.p. _Awadh_; properly the ancient and holy city of _Ayodhyā_ (Skt. 'not to be warred against'), the capital of Rāma, on the right bank of the river Sarayu, now commonly called the Gogra. Also the province in which Ayodhya was situated, but of which LUCKNOW for about 170 years (from