ii. 335), is derived from a small Hindū shrine within it dedicated to the

hermit _Gwāli_ or _Gwāli-pā_, after whom the fortress received the name of _Gwāli-āwar_, contracted into _Gwāliār_.

c. 1020.—"From Kanauj, in travelling south-east, on the western side of the Ganges, you come to Jajáhotí, at a distance of 30 parasangs, of which the capital is Kajuráha. In that country are the two forts of GWÁLIÁR and Kálinjar...."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 57-8.

1196.—The royal army marched "towards GĀLEWĀR, and invested that fort, which is the pearl of the necklace of the castles of Hind, the summit of which the nimble-footed wind from below cannot reach, and on the bastions of which the clouds have never cast their shade...."—_Hasan Nizāmī_, in _Elliot_, ii. 227.

c. 1340.—"The castle of GĀLYŪR, of which we have been speaking, is on the top of a high hill, and appears, so to speak, as if it were itself cut out of the rock. There is no other hill adjoining; it contains reservoirs of water, and some 20 wells walled round are attached to it: on the walls are mounted mangonels and catapults. The fortress is ascended by a wide road, traversed by elephants and horses. Near the castle-gate is the figure of an elephant carved in stone, and surmounted by a figure of the driver. Seeing it from a distance one has no doubt about its being a real elephant. At the foot of the fortress is a fine city, entirely built of white stone, mosques and houses alike; there is no timber to be seen in it, except that of the gates."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 193.

1526.—"I entered GUÂLIÂR by the Hâtipûl gate.... They call an elephant _hâti_, and a gate _pûl_. On the outside of this gate is the figure of an elephant, having two elephant drivers on it...."—_Baber_, p. 383.

[c. 1590.—"GUALIAR is a famous fort, in which are many stately buildings, and there is a stone elephant over the gate. The air and water of this place are both esteemed good. It has always been celebrated for fine singers and beautiful women...."—_Ayeen, Gladwin_, ed. 1800, ii. 38; ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 181.]

1610.—"The 31 to GWALERE, 6 c., a pleasant Citie with a Castle.... On the West side of the Castle, which is a steep craggy cliffe of 6 c. compasse at least (divers say eleven).... From hence to the top, leads a narrow stone cawsey, walled on both sides; in the way are three gates to be passed, all exceeding strong, with Courts of guard to each. At the top of all, at the entrance of the last gate, standeth a mightie Elephant of stone very curiously wrought...."—_Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 426-7.

1616.—"23. GWALIER, the chief City so called, where the Mogol hath a very rich Treasury of Gold and Silver kept in this City, within an exceeding strong Castle, wherein the King's _Prisoners_ are likewise kept. The Castle is continually guarded by a very strong Company of Armed Souldiers."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 356.

[ " "KUALIAR," in _Sir T. Roe's List_, Hak. Soc. ii. 539.]

c. 1665.—"For to shut them up in GOUALEOR, which is a Fortress where the Princes are ordinarily kept close, and which is held impregnable, it being situated upon an inaccessible Rock, and having within itself good water, and provision enough for a Garison; _that_ was not an easie thing."—_Bernier_, E.T. 5; [ed. _Constable_, 14].

c. 1670.—"Since the Mahometan Kings became Masters of this Countrey, this Fortress of GOUALEOR is the place where they secure Princes and great Noblemen. _Chaiehan_ coming to the Empire by foul-play, caus'd all the Princes and Lords whom he mistrusted, to be seiz'd one after another, and sent them to the Fortress of GOUALEOR; but he suffer'd them all to live and enjoy their estates. _Aureng-zeb_ his Son acts quite otherwise; for when he sends any great Lord to this place, at the end of nine or ten days he orders him to be poison'd; and this he does that the people may not exclaim against him for a bloody Prince."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 35; [ed. _Ball_, i. 63].

GYAUL (properly GAYĀL), [Skt. _go_, 'an ox'], s. A large animal (_Gavaeus frontalis_, Jerd., _Bos f._ Blanford, _Mammalia_, 487) of the ox tribe, found wild in various forest tracts to the east of India. It is domesticated by the Mishmis of the Assam valley, and other tribes as far south as Chittagong. In Assam it is called _Mithan_.

[c. 1590.—In Arakan, "cows and buffaloes there are none, but there is an animal which has somewhat of the characteristics of both, piebald and particoloured whose milk the people drink."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 119.]

1824.—"In the park several uncommon animals are kept. Among them the GHYAL, an animal of which I had not, to my recollection, read any account, though the name was not unknown to me. It is a very noble creature, of the ox or buffalo kind, with immensely large horns...."—_Heber_, i. 34.

1866-67.—"I was awakened by an extraordinary noise, something between a bull's bellow and a railway whistle. What was it? We started to our feet, and Fuzlah and I were looking to our arms when Adupah said, 'It is only the GUYAL calling; Sahib! Look, the dawn is just breaking, and they are opening the village gates for the beasts to go out to pasture.'

"These GUYAL were beautiful creatures, with broad fronts, sharp wide-spreading horns, and mild melancholy eyes. They were the indigenous cattle of the hills domesticated by these equally wild Lushais...."—_Lt.-Col. T. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, &c., p. 303.

GYELONG, s. A Buddhist priest in Tibet. Tib. _dGe-sLong_, _i.e._ 'beggar of virtue,' _i.e._ a _bhikshu_ or mendicant friar (see under BUXEE); but latterly a priest who has received the highest orders. See _Jaeschke_, p. 86.

1784.—"He was dressed in the festival habit of a GYLONG or priest, being covered with a scarlet satin cloak, and a gilded mitre on his head."—_Bogle_, in _Markham's Tibet_, 25.

GYM-KHANA, s. This word is quite modern, and was unknown 40 years ago. The first use that we can trace is (on the authority of Major John Trotter) at Rūrkī in 1861, when a _gymkhana_ was instituted there. It is a factitious word, invented, we believe, in the Bombay Presidency, and probably based upon _gend-khāna_ ('ball-house'), the name usually given in Hind. to an English racket-court. It is applied to a place of public resort at a station, where the needful facilities for athletics and games of sorts are provided, including (when that was in fashion) a skating-rink, a lawn-tennis ground, and so forth. The _gym_ may have been simply a corruption of _gend_ shaped by _gymnastics_, [of which the English public school short form _gym_ passed into Anglo-Indian jargon]. The word is also applied to a meeting for such sports; and in this sense it has travelled already as far as Malta, and has since become common among Englishmen abroad. [The suggestion that the word originated in the P.—H. _jamā'at-khana_, 'a place of assemblage,' is not probable.]

1877.—"Their proposals are that the Cricket Club should include in their programme the games, &c., proposed by the promoters of a GYMKHANA Club, so far as not to interfere with cricket, and should join in making a rink and lawn-tennis, and badminton courts, within the cricket-ground enclosure."—_Pioneer Mail_, Nov. 3.

1879.—"Mr. A—— F—— can always be depended on for epigram, but not for accuracy. In his letters from Burma he talks of the GYMKHANA at Rangoon as a sort of _establissement_ [_sic_] where people have pleasant little dinners. In the 'Oriental Arcadia,' which Mr. F—— tells us is flavoured with naughtiness, people may do strange things, but they do _not_ dine at GYMKHANAS."—_Ibid._ July 2.

1881.—"R. E. GYMKHANA at Malta, for Polo and other Ponies, 20th June, 1881."—Heading in _Royal Engineer Journal_, Aug. 1, p. 159.

1883.—"I am not speaking of Bombay people with their clubs and GYMKHANAS and other devices for oiling the wheels of existence...."—_Tribes on My Frontier_, 9.

GYNEE, s. H. _gainī_. A very diminutive kind of cow bred in Bengal. It is, when well cared for, a beautiful creature, is not more than 3 feet high, and affords excellent meat. It is mentioned by Aelian:

c. 250.—"There are other bullocks in India, which to look at are no bigger than the largest goats; these also are yoked, and run very swiftly."—_De Nat. Anim._, xv. 24.

c. 1590.—"There is also a species of oxen called GAINI, small like _gūt_ (see GOONT) horses, but very beautiful."—_Āīn_, i. 149.

[1829.—"... I found that the said tiger had feasted on a more delicious morsel,—a nice little GHINEE, a small cow."—_Mem. of John Shipp_, iii. 132.]

1832.—"We have become great farmers, having sown our crop of oats, and are building outhouses to receive some 34 dwarf cows and oxen (GYNEES) which are to be fed up for the table."—_F. Parkes, Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, i. 251.

H

HACKERY, s. In the Bengal Presidency this word is now applied only to the common native bullock-cart used in the slow draught of goods and materials. But formerly in Bengal, as still in Western India and Ceylon, the word was applied to lighter carriages (drawn by bullocks) for personal transport. In Broughton's _Letters from a Mahratta Camp_ (p. 156; [ed. 1892, p. 117]) the word is used for what in Upper India is commonly called an EKKA (q.v.), or light native pony-carriage; but this is an exceptional application. Though the word is used by Englishmen almost universally in India, it is unknown to natives, or if known is regarded as an English term; and its origin is exceedingly obscure. The word seems to have originated on the west side of India, where we find it in our earliest quotations. It is probably one of those numerous words which were long in use, and undergoing corruption by illiterate soldiers and sailors, before they appeared in any kind of literature. Wilson suggests a probable Portuguese origin, _e.g._ from _acarretar_, 'to convey in a cart.' It is possible that the mere Portuguese article and noun '_a carreta_' might have produced the Anglo-Indian _hackery_. Thus in Correa, under 1513, we have a description of the Surat hackeries; "and the carriages (_as carretas_) in which he and the Portuguese travelled, were elaborately wrought, and furnished with silk hangings, covering them from the sun; and these carriages (_as carretas_) run so smoothly (the country consisting of level plains) that the people travelling in them sleep as tranquilly as on the ground" (ii. 369).

But it is almost certain that the origin of the word is the H. _chhakra_, 'a two-wheeled cart'; and it may be noted that in old Singhalese _chakka_, 'a cart-wheel,' takes the forms _haka_ and _saka_ (see _Kuhn, On Oldest Aryan Elements of Singhalese_, translated by D. Ferguson in _Indian Ant._ xii. 64). [But this can have no connection with _chhakra_, which represents Skt. _śakaṭa_, 'a waggon.']

1673.—"The Coach wherein I was breaking, we were forced to mount the Indian HACKERY, a Two-wheeled Chariot, drawn by swift little Oxen."—_Fryer_, 83. [For these swift oxen, see quot. from Forbes below, and from Aelian under GYNEE].

1690.—"Their HACKERIES likewise, which are a kind of Coach, with two Wheels, are all drawn by Oxen."—_Ovington_, 254.

1711.—"The Streets (at Surat) are wide and commodious; otherwise the HACKERYS, which are very common, would be an Inconveniency. These are a sort of Coaches drawn by a Pair of Oxen."—_Lockyer_, 259.

1742.—"The bridges are much worn, and out of repair, by the number of HACKARIES and other carriages which are continually passing over them."—In _Wheeler_, iii. 262.

1756.—"The 11th of July the Nawab arrived in the city, and with him Bundoo Sing, to whose house we were removed that afternoon in a HACKERY."—_Holwell_, in _Wheeler's Early Records_, 249.

c. 1760.—"The HACKREES are a conveyance drawn by oxen, which would at first give an idea of slowness that they do not deserve ... they are open on three sides, covered a-top, and are made to hold two people sitting cross-legged."—_Grose_, i. 155-156.

1780.—"A HACKERY is a small covered carriage upon two wheels drawn by bullocks, and used generally for the female part of the family."—_Hodges, Travels_, 5.

c. 1790.—"Quant aux palankins et HAKKARIES (voitures à deux roues), on les passe sur une double SANGARIE" (see JANGAR).—_Haafner_, ii. 173.

1793.—"To be sold by Public Auction ... a new Fashioned HACKERY."—_Bombay Courier_, April 13.

1798.—"At half-past six o'clock we each got into a HACKERAY."—_Stavorinus_, tr. by _Wilcocks_, iii. 295.

1811.—Solvyns draws and describes the HACKERY in the modern Bengal sense.

" "Il y a cependant quelques endroits où l'on se sert de charettes couvertes à deux roues, appelées HICKERIS, devant lesquelles on attèle des bœufs, et qui servent à voyager."—Editor of _Haafner, Voyages_, ii. 3.

1813.—"Travelling in a light HACKAREE, at the rate of five miles an hour."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 376; [2nd ed. ii. 352; in i. 150, HACKERIES, ii. 253, HACKAREES]. Forbes's engraving represents such an ox-carriage as would be called in Bengal a _bailī_ (see BYLEE).

1829.—"The genuine vehicle of the country is the HACKERY. This is a sort of wee tent, covered more or less with tinsel and scarlet, and bells and gilding, and placed upon a clumsy two-wheeled carriage with a pole that seems to be also a kind of boot, as it is at least a foot deep. This is drawn by a pair of white bullocks."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 2nd ed., 84.

1860.—"Native gentlemen, driving fast trotting oxen in little HACKERY carts, hastened home from it."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 140.

[HADDY, s. A grade of troops in the Mogul service. According to Prof. Blochmann (_Āīn_, i. 20, note) they corresponded to our "Warranted officers." "Most clerks of the Imperial offices, the painters of the Court, the foremen in Akbar's workshops, &c., belonged to this corps. They were called _Aḥadīs_, or single men, because they stood under Akbar's immediate orders." And Mr. Irvine writes: "Midway between the nobles or leaders (_mansabdārs_) with the horsemen under them (_tābīnān_) on the one hand, and the _Aḥshām_ (see EYSHAM), or infantry, artillery, and artificers on the other, stood the _Aḥadī_, or gentleman trooper. The word is literally 'single' or 'alone' (A. _aḥad_, 'one'). It is easy to see why this name was applied to them; they offered their services singly, they did not attach themselves to any chief, thus forming a class apart from the _tābīnān_; but as they were horsemen, they stood equally apart from the specialised services included under the remaining head of _Aḥshām_." (_J. R. As. Soc._, July 1896, p. 545.)

[c. 1590.—"Some soldiers are placed under the care and guidance of _one_ commander. They are called AHADIS, because they are fit for a harmonious _unity_."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 231.

[1616.—"The Prince's HADDY ... betrayed me."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 383.

[1617.—"A HADDEY of horse sent down to see it effected."—_Ibid._ ii. 450.

[c. 1625.—"The day after, one of the King's HADDYS finding the same."—_Coryat_, in _Purchas_, i. 600.]

HADGEE, s. Ar. _Ḥājj_, a pilgrim to Mecca; from _ḥajj_, the pilgrimage, or visit to a venerated spot. Hence _Hājjī_ and _Hājī_ used colloquially in Persian and Turkish. Prof. Robertson Smith writes: "There is current confusion about the word _ḥājj_. It is originally the participle of _ḥajj_, 'he went on the _ḥajj_.' But in modern use _ḥājij_ is used as part., and _ḥājj_ is the title given to one who has made the pilgrimage. When this is prefixed to a name, the double _j_ cannot be pronounced without inserting _a_ short vowel and the a is shortened; thus you say '_el-Hajjĕ_ Soleimān,' or the like. The incorrect form _Hājjī_ is however used by Turks and Persians."

[1609.—"Upon your order, if HOGHEE Careen so please, I purpose to delve him 25 pigs of lead."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 26.

[c. 1610.—"Those who have been to Arabia ... are called AGY."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 165.

[c. 1665.—"_Aureng-Zebe_ once observed perhaps by way of joke, that _Sultan Sujah_ was become at last an AGY or pilgrim."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 113.

[1673.—"HODGE, a Pilgrimage to Mecca." (See under A MUCK.)

[1683.—"HODGEE Sophee Caun." See under FIRMAUN.]

1765.—"HODGEE acquired this title from his having in his early years made a pilgrimage to HODGE (or the tomb of _Mahommed_ at _Mecca_)."—_Holwell, Hist. Events_, &c., i. 59.

[c. 1833.—"The very word in Hebrew _Khog_, which means 'festival,' originally meant 'pilgrimage,' and corresponds with what the Arabs call HATCH...."—_Travels of Dr. Wolff_, ii. 155.]

HÁKIM, s. H. from Ar. _ḥākim_, 'a judge, a ruler, a master'; 'the authority.' The same Ar. root _ḥakm_, 'bridling, restraining, judging,' supplies a variety of words occurring in this Glossary, viz. _Ḥākim_ (as here); _Ḥakīm_ (see HUCKEEM); _Ḥukm_ (see HOOKUM); _Ḥikmat_ (see HICKMAT).

[1611.—"Not standing with his greatness to answer every HACCAM, which is as a Governor or petty King."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 158. In _ibid._ i. 175, HACKUM is used in the same way.]

1698.—"HACKUM, a Governor."—_Fryer's Index Explanatory_.

c. 1861.—

"Then comes a settlement HAKIM, to teach me to plough and weed— I sowed the cotton he gave me—but first I boiled the seed...." _Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

HALÁLCORE, s. Lit. Ar.—P. _ḥalāl-khor_, 'one who eats what is lawful,' [_ḥalāl_ being the technical Mahommedan phrase for the slaying of an animal to be used for food according to the proper ritual], applied euphemistically to a person of very low caste, a sweeper or scavenger, implying 'to whom all is lawful food.' Generally used as synonymous with BUNGY (q.v.). [According to Prof. Blochmann, "_Ḥalālkhūr_, _i.e._ one who eats that which the ceremonial law allows, is a euphemism for _ḥarāmkhūr_, one who eats forbidden things, as pork, &c. The word _ḥalālkhūr_ is still in use among educated Muhammadans; but it is doubtful whether (as stated in the _Āīn_) it was Akbar's invention." (_Āīn_, i. 139 note.)]

1623.—"Schiah Selim nel principio ... si sdegnò tanto, che poco mancò che per dispetto non la desse per forza in matrimonio ad uno della razza che chiamano HALAL CHOR, quasi dica 'mangia lecito,' cioè che ha per lecito di mangiare ogni cosa...." (See other quotation under HAREM).—_P. della Valle_, ii. 525; [Hak. Soc. i. 54].

1638.—"... sont obligez de se purifier depuis la teste i'usqu'aux pieds si quelqu'vn de ces gens qu'ils appellent ALCHORES, leur a touché."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 219.

1665.—"Ceux qui ne parlent que Persan dans les Indes, les appellent HALALCOUR, c'est à dire celui qui se donne la liberté de manger de tout ce qu'il lui plait, ou, selon quelques uns, celui qui mange ce qu'il a légitimement gagné. Et ceux qui approuvent cette dernière explication, disent qu'autrefois HALALCOURS s'appellent _Haramcours_, mangeurs de Viande defenduës."—_Thevenot_, v. 190.

1673.—"That they should be accounted the Offscum of the People, and as base as the HOLENCORES (whom they account so, because they defile themselves by eating anything)."—_Fryer_, 28; [and see under BOY, B].

1690.—"The HALALCHORS ... are another Sort of Indians at Suratt, the most contemptible, but extremely necessary to be there."—_Ovington_, 382.

1763.—"And now I must mention the HALLACHORES, whom I cannot call a Tribe, being rather the refuse of all the Tribes. These are a set of poor unhappy wretches, destined to misery from their birth...."—_Reflexions_, &c., by _Luke Scrafton_, Esq., 7-8. It was probably in this passage that Burns (see below) picked up the word.

1783.—"That no HOLLOCORE, Derah, or Chandala caste, shall upon any consideration come out of their houses after 9 o'clock in the morning, lest they should taint the air, or touch the superior Hindoos in the streets."—_Mahratta Proclamation at Baroch_, in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 232.

1786.—"When all my schoolfellows and youthful compeers (those misguided few excepted who joined, to use a Gentoo phrase, the HALLACHORES of the human race) were striking off with eager hope and earnest intent, in some one or other of the many paths of a busy life, I was 'standing idle in the market-place.'"—_Letter of Robert Burns_, in A. Cunningham's ed. of _Works and Life_, vi. 63.

1788.—The _Indian Vocabulary_ also gives HALLACHORE.

1810.—"For the meaner offices we have a HALLALCOR or Chandela (one of the most wretched Pariahs)."—_Maria Graham_, 31.

HALÁLLCUR. V. used in the imperative for infinitive, as is common in the Anglo-Indian use of H. verbs, being Ar.—H. _ḥalāl-kar_, 'make lawful,' _i.e._ put (an animal) to death in the manner prescribed to Mahommedans, when it is to be used for food.

[1855.—"Before breakfast I bought a moderately sized sheep for a dollar. Shaykh Hamid 'HALALED' (butchered) it according to rule...."—_Burton, Pilgrimage_, ed. 1893, i. 255.]

1883.—"The diving powers of the poor duck are exhausted.... I have only ... to seize my booty, which has just enough of life left to allow Peer Khan to MAKE IT HALAL, by cutting its throat in the name of Allah, and dividing the webs of its feet."—_Tribes on My Frontier_, 167.

HALF-CASTE, s. A person of mixt European and Indian blood. (See MUSTEES; EURASIAN.)

1789.—"Mulattoes, or as they are called in the East Indies, HALF-CASTS."—_Munro's Narrative_, 51.

1793.—"They (the Mahratta Infantry) are commanded by HALF-CAST people of Portuguese and French extraction, who draw off the attention of the spectators from the bad clothing of their men, by the profusion of antiquated lace bestowed on their own."—_Dirom, Narrative_, ii.

1809.—"The Padre, who is a HALF-CAST Portuguese, informed me that he had three districts under him."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 329.

1828.—"An invalid sergeant ... came, attended by his wife, a very pretty young HALF-CASTE."—_Heber_, i. 298.

1875.—"Othello is black—the very tragedy lies there; the whole force of the contrast, the whole pathos and extenuation of his doubts of Desdemona, depend on this blackness. Fechter makes him a HALF-CASTE."—_G. H. Lewes, On Actors and the Art of Acting._

HANGER, s. The word in this form is not in Anglo-Indian use, but (with the Scotch _whinger_, Old Eng. _whinyard_, Fr. _cangiar_, &c., other forms of the same) may be noted here as a corruption of the Arab. _khanjar_, 'a dagger or short falchion.' This (vulg. CUNJUR) is the Indian form. [According to the _N.E.D._ though '_hanger_' has sometimes been employed to translate _khanjar_ (probably with a notion of etymological identity) there is no connection between the words.] The _khanjar_ in India is a large double-edged dagger with a very broad base and a slight curve. [See drawings in _Egerton, Handbook of Indian Arms_, pl. X. Nos. 504, 505, &c.]

1574.—"Patrick Spreull ... being persewit be Johne Boill Chepman ... in invadyng of him, and stryking him with ane QUHINGER ... throuch the quhilk the said Johnes neis wes woundit to the effusioun of his blude."—_Exts. from Records of the Burgh of Glasgow_ (1876), p. 2.

1601.—"The other day I happened to enter into some discourse of a HANGER, which I assure you, both for fashion and workmanship was most peremptory beautiful and gentlemanlike...."—_B. Jonson, Every Man in His Humour_, i. 4.

[c. 1610.—"The islanders also bore their arms, viz., ALFANGES (_al-khanjar_) or scimitars."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 43.]

1653.—"GANGEARD est en Turq, Persan et Indistanni vn poignard courbé."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 539.

1672.—"... il s'estoit emporté contre elle jusqu'à un tel excès qu'il luy avoit porté quelques coups de CANGIAR dans les mamelles...."—_Journal d'Ant. Galland_, i. 177.

1673.—"... HANDJAR de diamants...."—_App._ to _do._ ii. 189.

1676.—

"His pistol next he cock'd anew And out his nutbrown WHINYARD drew." _Hudibras_, Canto iii.

1684.—"The Souldiers do not wear HANGERS or Scimitars like the _Persians_, but broad Swords like the Switzers...."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 65; [ed. _Ball_, i. 157].

1712.—"His Excy ... was presented by the Emperor with a Hindoostany CANDJER, or dagger, set with fine stones."—_Valentijn_, iv. (Suratte), 286.

[1717.—"The 23rd ultimo, John Surman received from his Majesty a horse and a CUNGER...."—In _Wheeler, Early Records_, 183.]

1781.—"I fancy myself now one of the most formidable men in Europe; a blunderbuss for Joe, a pair of double barrels to stick in my belt, and a cut and thrust HANGER with a little pistol in the hilt, to hang by my side."—_Lord Minto, in Life_, i. 56.

" "Lost out of a buggy on the Road between Barnagur and Calcutta, a steel mounted HANGER with a single guard."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, June 30.

1883.—"... by _farrashes_, the carpet-spreader class, a large CANJAR, or curved dagger, with a heavy ivory handle, is carried; less for use than as a badge of office."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 326.

HANSALERI, s. Table-servant's Hind. for 'horse-radish'! "A curious corruption, and apparently influenced by _saleri_, 'celery'"; (_Mr. M. L. Dames_, in _Panjab N. and Q._ ii. 184).

HANSIL, s. A hawser, from the English (_Roebuck_).

HANSPEEK, USPUCK, &c., s. Sea Hind. _Aspak_. A handspike, from the English.

HARAKIRI, s. This, the native name of the Japanese rite of suicide committed as a point of honour or substitute for judicial execution, has long been interpreted as "happy despatch," but what the origin of this curious error is we do not know. [The _N.E.D._ s.v. _dispatch_, says that it is humorous.] The real meaning is realistic in the extreme, viz., _hara_, 'belly,' _kiri_, 'to cut.'

[1598.—"And it is often seene that they RIP their own BELLIES open."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 153.

[1615.—"His mother CUT her own BELLY."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 45.]

1616.—"Here we had news how Galsa Same was to passe this way to morrow to goe to a church near Miaco, called Coye; som say to CUT HIS BELLIE, others say to be shaved a prist and to remeane theare the rest of his dais."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 164.

1617.—"The King demanded 800 _tais_ from Shosque Dono, or else to CUT HIS BELLY, whoe, not having it to pay, did it."—_Ibid._ 337, see also ii. 202.

[1874.—See the elaborate account of the rite in _Mitford, Tales of Old Japan_, 2nd ed. 329 _seqq._ For a similar custom among the Karens, see _M‘Mahon, Karens of the Golden Chersonese_, 294.]

HARAMZADA, s. A scoundrel; literally 'misbegotten'; a common term of abuse. It is Ar.—P. _ḥarām-zāda_, 'son of the unlawful.' _Ḥarām_ is from a root signifying _sacer_ (see under HAREM), and which appears as Hebrew in the sense of 'devoting to destruction,' and of 'a ban.' Thus in Numbers xxi. 3: "They utterly destroyed them and their cities; and he called the name of the place _Hormah_." [See _Encycl. Bibl._ i. 468; ii. 2110.]

[1857.—"I am no advocate for slaying Shahzadas or any such-like HARAMZADAS without trial."—_Bosworth Smith, L. of Ld. Lawrence_, ii. 251.]

HAREM, s. Ar. _ḥaram_, _ḥarīm_, _i.e._ _sacer_, applied to the women of the family and their apartment. This word is not now commonly used in India, ZENANA (q.v.) being the common word for 'the women of the family,' or their apartments.

1298.—"... car maintes homes emorurent e mantes dames en furent veves ... e maintes autres dames ne furent à toz jorz mès en plores et en lermes: ce furent les meres et les ARAINES de homes qe hi morurent."—_Marco Polo_, in Old Text of _Soc. de Géographie_, 251.

1623.—"Non so come sciah Selim ebbe notizia di lei e s'innamorò. Volle condurla nel suo HARAM o _gynaeceo_, e tenerla quivi appresso di sè come una delle altre concubine; ma questa donna (Nurmahal) che era sopra modo astuta ... ricusò."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 525; [Hak. Soc. i. 53].

1630.—"This Duke here and in other seralios (or HARAMS as the Persians term them) has above 300 concubines."—_Herbert_, 139.

1676.—"In the midst of the large Gallery is a Nich in the Wall, into which the King descends out of his HARAM by a private pair of Stairs."—_Tavernier_, E.T. ii. 49; [ed. _Ball_, i. 101].

1726.—"On the Ganges also lies a noble fortress, with the Palace of the old Emperor of Hindostan, with his HHARAAM or women's apartment...."—_Valentijn_, v. 168.

[1727.—"The King ... took his Wife into his own HARRAN or Seraglio...."—_A. Hamilton_, ed. 1744, i. 171.

[1812.—"Adjoining to the Chel Sitoon is the HAREM; the term in Persia is applied to the establishments of the great, _zenana_ is confined to those of inferior people."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., 166.]

HARRY, s. This word is quite obsolete. Wilson gives _Hāṛī_ as Beng. 'A servant of the lowest class, a sweeper.' [The word means 'a collector of bones,' Skt. _haḍḍa_, 'a bone'; for the caste, see _Risley, Tribes of Bengal_, i. 314 _seqq._] M.-Gen. Keatinge remarks that they are the goldsmiths of Assam; they are village watchmen in Bengal. (See under PYKE.) In two of the quotations below, _Harry_ is applied to a _woman_, in one case employed to carry water. A female servant of this description is not now known among English families in Bengal.

1706.—

"2 Tendells (see TINDAL) 6 0 0 * * * * * 1 _Hummummee_[142] 2 0 0 * * * * * 4 MANJEES 10 0 0 5 _Dandees_ (see DANDY) 8 0 0 * * * * * 5 HARRYS 9 8 0 * * * * *

_List of Men's Names, &c., immediately in the Service of the Honble. the_ Vnited Compy. _in their Factory of_ Fort William, Bengall, _November, 1706_" (MS. in India Office).

c. 1753.—Among the expenses of the Mayor's Court at Calcutta we find: "A HARRY ... Rs. 1."—_Long_, 43.

c. 1754.—"A HARRY or water-wench...." (at Madras).—_Ives_, 50.

[ " "HARRIES are the same at Bengal, as _Frosts_ (see FARASH) are at Bombay. Their women do all the drudgery at your houses, and the men carry your Palanquin."—_Ibid._ 26.]

" In a tariff of wages recommended by the "Zemindars of Calcutta," we have: "HARRY-woman to a Family ... 2 Rs."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 95.

1768-71.—"Every house has likewise ... a HARRY-maid or _matarani_ (see MATRANEE) who carries out the dirt; and a great number of slaves, both male and female."—_Stavorinus_, i. 523.

1781.—

"2 HARRIES or Sweepers ... 6 Rs. * * * * * 2 _Beesties_ ... 8 Rs."

_Establishment ... under the Chief Magistrate of Banaris_, in Appendix to _Narr. of Insurrection there_, Calcutta, 1782.

[1813.—"He was left to view a considerable time, and was then carried by the HURRIES to the Golgotha."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 131.]

HATTY, s. Hind. _hāthī_, the most common word for an elephant; from Skt. _hasta_, 'the hand,' and _hastī_, 'the elephant,' come the Hind. words _hāth_ and _hāthī_, with the same meanings. The analogy of the elephant's trunk to the hand presents itself to Pliny:

"Mandunt ore; spirant et bibunt odoranturque haud inproprie appellatâ MANU."—viii. 10.

and to Tennyson:

"... camels knelt Unbidden, and the brutes of mountain back That carry kings in castles, bow'd black knees Of homage, ringing with their SERPENT HANDS, To make her smile, her golden ankle-bells." _Merlin and Vivien._

c. 1526.—"As for the animals peculiar to Hindustân, one is the elephant, as the Hindustânis call it HATHÌ, which inhabits the district of Kalpi, the more do the wild elephants increase in number. That is the tract in which the elephant is chiefly taken."—_Baber_, 315. This notice of Baber's shows how remarkably times have changed. No elephants now exist anywhere near the region indicated. [On elephants in Hindustan, see _Blochmann's Āīn_, i. 618].

[1838.—"You are of course aware that we habitually call elephants HOTTIES, a name that might be safely applied to every other animal in India, but I suppose the elephants had the first choice of names and took the most appropriate."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 269.]

HATTYCHOOK, s. Hind. _hāthīchak_, servant's and gardener's Hind. for the globe artichoke; [the Jerusalem artichoke is _hāthīpīch_]. This is worth producing, because our word (ARTICHOKE) is itself the corruption of an Oriental word thus carried back to the East in a mangled form.

HAUT, s.

A. Hind. _hāth_, (the hand or forearm, and thence) 'a cubit,' from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger; a measure of 18 inches, and sometimes more.

[1614.—"A godown 10 HAST high."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 112.

[c. 1810.—"... even in the measurements made by order of the collectors, I am assured, that the only standards used were the different Kazis' arms, which leaves great room for fraud.... All persons measuring cloth know how to apply their arm, so as to measure a cubit of 18 inches with wonderful exactness."—_Buchanan, Eastern India_, ii. 576.]

B. Hind. _hāṭ_, Skt. _haṭṭa_, 'a market held on certain days.'

[1800.—"In this Carnatic ... there are no fairs like the HAUTS of Bengal."—_Buchanan, Mysore_, i. 19.

[1818.—"The Hindoos have also market days (HĂTŬS), when the buyers and sellers assemble, sometimes in an open plain, but in general in market places."—_Ward, Hindoos_, i. 151.]

HAVILDAR, s. Hind. _ḥavildār_. A sepoy non-commissioned officer, corresponding to a sergeant, and wearing the chevrons of a sergeant. This dating from about the middle of the 18th century is the only modern use of the term in that form. It is a corruption of Pers. _ḥawāladār_, or _ḥawāldār_, 'one holding an office of trust'; and in this form it had, in other times, a variety of applications to different charges and subordinate officers. Thus among the Mahrattas the commandant of a fort was so styled; whilst in Eastern Bengal the term was, and perhaps still is, applied to the holder of a _ḥawāla_, an intermediate tenure between those of zemindar and ryot.

1672.—Regarding the COWLE obtained from the Nabob of Golcondah for the Fort and Town of Chinapatnam. 11,000 Pagodas to be paid in full of all demands for the past, and in future Pagodas 1200 per annum rent, "and so to hold the Fort and Town free from any AVILDAR or DIVAN'S People, or any other imposition for ever."—_Fort St. George Consn._, April 11, in _Notes and Exts._, No. i. 25.

1673.—"We landed at about Nine in the Morning, and were civilly treated by the Customer in his _Choultry_, till the HAVILDAR could be acquainted of my arrival."—_Fryer_, 123.

[1680.—"AVALDAR." See under JUNCAMEER.]

1696.—"... the HAVILDAR of St. Thomé and Pulecat."—_Wheeler_, i. 308.

[1763.—"Three _avaldars_ (AVALDARES) or receivers."—India Office MSS. _Conselho, Ultramarino_, vol. i.

[1773.—"One or two Hircars, one HAVILDAH, and a company of sepoys...."—_Ives_, 67.]

1824.—"Curreem Musseeh was, I believe, a HAVILDAR in the Company's army, and his sword and sash were still hung up, with a not unpleasing vanity, over the desk where he now presided as catechist."—_Heber_, i. 149.

HAVILDAR'S GUARD, s. There is a common way of cooking the fry of fresh-water fish (a little larger than whitebait) as a breakfast dish, by frying them in rows of a dozen or so, spitted on a small skewer. On the Bombay side this dish is known by the whimsical name in question.

HAZREE, s. This word is commonly used in Anglo-Indian households in the Bengal Presidency for 'breakfast.' It is not clear how it got this meaning. [The earlier sense was religious, as below.] It is properly _ḥāẓirī_, 'muster,' from the Ar. _ḥāẓir_, 'ready or present.' (See CHOTA-HAZRY.)

[1832.—"The Sheeahs prepare HAZREE (breakfast) in the name of his holiness Abbas Allee Ullum-burdar, Hosein's step-brother; _i.e._ they cook _polaoo_, _rotee_, curries, &c., and distribute them."—_Herklots, Qanoon-e-Islam_, ed. 1863, p. 183.]

HENDRY KENDRY, n.p. Two islands off the coast of the Concan, about 7 m. south of the entrance to Bombay Harbour, and now belonging to Kolāba District. The names, according to Ph. Anderson, are _Haneri_ and _Khaneri_; in the Admy. chart they are _Oonari_, and _Khundari_. They are also variously written (the one) _Hundry_, _Ondera_, _Hunarey_, _Henery_, and (the other) _Kundra_, _Cundry_, _Cunarey_, _Kenery_. The real names are given in the _Bombay Gazetteer_ as _Underi_ and _Khanderi_. Both islands were piratically occupied as late as the beginning of the 19th century. Khanderi passed to us in 1818 as part of the Peshwa's territory; Underi lapsed in 1840. [Sir G. Birdwood (_Rep. on Old Records_, 83), describing the "Consultations" of 1679, writes: "At page 69, notice of 'Sevagee' fortifying 'Hendry Kendry,' the twin islets, now called Henery (_i.e._ _Vondarī_, 'Mouse-like,' _Kenery_ (_i.e._ _Khandarī_), _i.e._ 'Sacred to Khandaroo.'" The former is thus derived from Skt. _undaru_, _unduru_, 'a rat'; the latter from Mahr. _Khanḍerāv_, 'Lord of the Sword,' a form of Siva.]

1673.—"These islands are in number seven; viz. _Bombaim_, _Canorein_, _Trumbay_, _Elephanto_, the _Putachoes_, _Munchumbay_, and _Kerenjau_, with the Rock of HENRY KENRY...."—_Fryer_, 61.

1681.—"Although we have formerly wrote you that we will have no war for HENDRY KENDRY, yet all war is so contrary to our constitution, as well as our interest, that we cannot too often inculcate to you our aversion thereunto."—_Court of Directors to Surat_, quoted in _Anderson's Western India_, p. 175.

1727.—"... four Leagues south of _Bombay_, are two small Islands UNDRA, and CUNDRA. The first has a Fortress belonging to the _Sedee_, and the other is fortified by the _Sevajee_, and is now in the Hands of _Connajee Angria_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 243; [ed. 1744].

c. 1760.—"At the harbor's mouth lie two small fortified rocks, called HENARA and CANARA.... These were formerly in the hands of Angria, and the _Siddees_, or Moors, which last have long been dispossest of them."—_Grose_, i. 58.

HERBED, s. A Parsee priest, not specially engaged in priestly duties. Pers. _hirbad_, from Pahlavi _aêrpat_.

1630.—"The HERBOOD or ordinary Churchman."—_Lord's Display_, ch. viii.

HICKMAT, s. Ar.—H. _ḥikmat_; an ingenious device or contrivance. (See under HAKIM.)

1838.—"The house has been roofed in, and my relative has come up from Meerut, to have the slates put on after some peculiar HIKMAT of his own."—_Wanderings of a Pilgrim_, ii. 240.

HIDGELEE, n.p. The tract so called was under native rule a _chakla_, or district, of Orissa, and under our rule formerly a _zilla_ of Bengal; but now it is a part of the Midnapūr Zilla, of which it constitutes the S.E. portion, viz. the low coast lands on the west side of the Hoogly estuary, and below the junction of the Rūpnārāyan. The name is properly _Hijilī_; but it has gone through many strange phases in European records.

1553.—"The first of these rivers (from the E. side of the Ghauts) rises from two sources to the east of Chaul, about 15 leagues distant, and in an altitude of 18 to 19 degrees. The river from the most northerly of these sources is called _Crusna_, and the more southerly _Benkora_, and when they combine they are called _Ganga_: and this river discharges into the illustrious stream of the Ganges between the two places called ANGELI and Picholda in about 22 degrees."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1586.—"An haven which is called ANGELI in the Country of Orixa."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 389.

1686.—"Chanock, on the 15th December (1686) ... burned and destroyed all the magazines of salt, and granaries of rice, which he found in the way between Hughley and the island of INGELEE."—_Orme_ (reprint), ii. 12.

1726.—"HINGELI."—_Valentijn_, v. 158.

1727.—... inhabited by Fishers, as are also INGELLIE and KIDGERIE (see KEDGEREE), two neighbouring Islands on the West Side of the Mouth of the Ganges."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 275; [ed. 1744, ii. 2].

1758.—In apprehension of a French Fleet the Select Committee at Fort William recommend: "That the pagoda at INGELIE should be washed black, the great tree at the place cut down, and the buoys removed."—In _Long_, 153.

1784.—"Ships laying at KEDGEREE, INGELLEE, or any other parts of the great River."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 37.

HILSA, s. Hind. _hilsā_, Skt. _ilīśa_, _illiśa_; a rich and savoury fish of the shad kind (_Clupea ilisha_, Day), called in books the 'sable-fish' (a name, from the Port. _savel_, quite obsolete in India) and on the Indus _pulla_ (_palla_). The large shad which of late has been commonly sold by London fishmongers in the beginning of summer, is very near the _hilsa_, but not so rich. The _hilsa_ is a sea-fish, ascending the river to spawn, and is taken as high as Delhi on the Jumna, as high as Mandalay on the Irawadi (_Day_). It is also taken in the Guzerat rivers, though not in the short and shallow streams of the Concan, nor in the Deccan rivers, from which it seems to be excluded by the rocky obstructions. It is the special fish of Sind under the name of _palla_, and monopolizes the name of fish, just as salmon does on the Scotch rivers (_Dr. Macdonald's Acct. of Bombay Fisheries_, 1883).

1539.—"... A little Island, called _Apofingua_ (_Ape-Fingan_) ... inhabited by poor people who live by the fishing of _shads_ (_que vive de la pescaria dos_ SAVEIS)."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xviii.), _Cogan_, p. 22.

1613.—"Na quella costa marittima occidental de Viontana (_Ujong-Tana_, Malay Peninsula) habitavão Saletes pescadores que não tinhão outro tratto ... salvo de sua pescarya de SAVEIS, donde so aproveitarão das ovas chamado _Turabos_ passados por salmeura."—_Eredia de Godinho_, 22. [On this Mr. Skeat points out that "Saletes pescadores" must mean "Fishermen of the Straits" (Mal. _selat_, "straits"); and when he calls them "_Turabos_" he is trying to reproduce the Malay name of this fish, _terubok_ (pron. _trubo_).]

1810.—"The HILSAH (or sable-fish) seems to be midway between a mackerel and a salmon."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 154-5.

1813.—Forbes calls it the _sable_ or _salmon_-fish, and says "it a little resembles the European fish (salmon) from which it is named."—_Or. Mem._ i. 53; [2nd ed. i. 36].

1824.—"The fishery, we were told by these people, was of the 'HILSA' or 'Sable-fish.'"—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 81.

HIMALÝA, n.p. This is the common pronunciation of the name of the great range

"Whose snowy ridge the roving Tartar bounds,"

properly _Himālăya_, 'the Abode of Snow'; also called _Himavat_, 'the Snowy'; _Himagiri_ and _Himaśaila_; _Himādri_, _Himakūta_, &c., from various forms of which the ancients made _Imaus_, _Emōdus_, &c. Pliny had got somewhere the true meaning of the name: "... a montibus Hemodis, quorum promontorium Imaus vocatur _nivosum_ significante ..." (vi. 17). We do not know how far back the use of the modern name is to be found. [The references in early Hindu literature are collected by _Atkinson_ (_Himalayan Gazetteer_, ii. 273 _seqq._).] We do not find it in Baber, who gives _Siwālak_ as the Indian name of the mountains (see SIWALIK). The oldest occurrence we know of is in the _Āīn_, which gives in the Geographical Tables, under the Third Climate, _Koh-i-_HIMĀLAH (orig. ii. 36); [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 69]). This is disguised in Gladwin's version by a wrong reading into _Kerdehmaleh_ (ed. 1800, ii. 367).[143] This form (HIMMALEH) is used by Major Rennell, but hardly as if it was yet a familiar term. In Elphinstone's Letters HIMĀLEH or some other spelling of that form is always used (see below). When we get to Bishop Heber we find HIMALAYA, the established English form.

1822.—"What pleases me most is the contrast between your present enjoyment, and your former sickness and despondency. Depend upon it England will turn out as well as HEMALEH."—_Elphinstone_ to Major Close, in _Life_, ii. 139; see also i. 336, where it is written HIMALLEH.

HINDEE, s. This is the Pers. adjective form from _Hind_, 'India,' and illustration of its use for a native of India will be found under HINDOO. By Europeans it is most commonly used for those dialects of Hindustani speech which are less modified by P. vocables than the usual Hindustani, and which are spoken by the rural population of the N.W. Provinces and its outskirts. The earliest literary work in Hindi is the great poem of Chand Bardai (c. 1200), which records the deeds of Prithirāja, the last Hindu sovereign of Delhi. [On this literature see Dr. G. A. Grierson, The _Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustān_, in _J.A.S.B._ Part I., 1888.] The term HINDUWĪ appears to have been formerly used, in the Madras Presidency, for the Marāṭhī language. (See a note in _Sir A. Arbuthnot's_ ed. of _Munro's Minutes_, i. 133.)

HINDKĪ, HINDEKĪ, n.p. This modification of the name is applied to people of Indian descent, but converted to Islam, on the Peshawar frontier, and scattered over other parts of Afghanistan. They do the banking business, and hold a large part of the trade in their hands.

[1842.—"The inhabitants of Peshawer are of Indian origin, but speak Pushtoo as well as HINDKEE."—_Elphinstone, Caubul_, i. 74.]

HINDOO, n.p. P. _Hindū_. A person of Indian religion and race. This is a term derived from the use of the Mahommedan conquerors (see under INDIA). The word in this form is Persian; _Hindī_ is that used in Arabic, _e.g._

c. 940.—"An inhabitant of Mansūra in Sind, among the most illustrious and powerful of that city ... had brought up a young Indian or Sindian slave (_Hindī_ aw Sindī)."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, vi. 264.

In the following quotation from a writer in Persian observe the distinction made between HINDŪ and Hindī:

c. 1290.—"Whatever live HINDÚ fell into the King's hands was pounded into bits under the feet of elephants. The Musalmáns, who were _Hindís_ (country born), had their lives spared."—_Amīr Khosrū_, in _Elliot_, iii. 539.

1563.—"... moreover if people of Arabia or Persia would ask of the men of this country whether they are Moors or Gentoos, they ask in these words: 'Art thou Mosalman or INDU?'"—_Garcia_, f. 137b.

1653.—"Les INDOUS gardent soigneusement dans leurs Pagodes les Reliques de Ram, Schita (Sita), et les autres personnes illustres de l'antiquité."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 191.

_Hindu_ is often used on the Peshawar frontier as synonymous with _bunya_ (see under BANYAN). A soldier (of the tribes) will say: 'I am going to the HINDU,' _i.e._ to the _bunya_ of the company.

HINDOO KOOSH, n.p. _Hindū-Kūsh_; a term applied by our geographers to the whole of the Alpine range which separates the basins of the Kabul River and the Helmand from that of the Oxus. It is, as Rennell points out, properly that part of the range immediately north of Kabul, the _Caucasus_ of the historians of Alexander, who crossed and recrossed it somewhere not far from the longitude of that city. The real origin of the name is not known; [the most plausible explanation is perhaps that it is a corruption of _Indicus Caucasus_]. It is, as far as we know, first used in literature by Ibn Batuta, and the explanation of the name which he gives, however doubtful, is still popular. The name has been by some later writers modified into Hindu _Koh_ (mountain), but this is factitious, and throws no light on the origin of the name.

c. 1334.—"Another motive for our stoppage was the fear of snow; for there is midway on the road a mountain called HINDŪ-KŪSH, _i.e._ 'the Hindu-Killer,' because so many of the slaves, male and female, brought from India, die in the passage of this mountain, owing to the severe cold and quantity of snow."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 84.

1504.—"The country of Kâbul is very strong, and of difficult access.... Between Balkh, Kundez, and Badakshân on the one side, and Kâbul on the other, is interposed the mountain of HINDÛ-KÛSH, the passes over which are seven in number."—_Baber_, p. 139.

1548.—"From this place marched, and entered the mountains called HINDŪ-KUSH."—_Mem. of Emp. Humayun_, 89.

" "It was therefore determined to invade Badakhshan.... The Emperor, passing over the heel of the HINDŪ-KUSH, encamped at Shergirán."—_Tabakāt-i-Akbarī_, in _Elliot_, v. 223.

1753.—"Les montagnes qui donnent naissance à l'Indus, et à plusieurs des rivières qu'il reçoit, se nomment HENDOU KESH, et c'est l'histoire de Timur qui m'instruit de cette denomination. Elle est composée du nom d'_Hendou_ ou _Hind_, qui désigne l'Inde ... et de _kush_ ou _kesh_ ... que je remarque être propre à diverses montagnes."—_D'Anville_, p. 16.

1793.—"The term Hindoo-Kho, or HINDOO-KUSH, is not applied to the ridge throughout its full extent; but seems confined to that part of it which forms the N.W. boundary of Cabul; and this is the INDIAN CAUCASUS of Alexander."—_Rennell, Mem._ 3rd ed. 150.

1817.—

"... those Who dwell beyond the everlasting snows Of HINDOO KOOSH, in stormy freedom bred."—_Mokanna._

HINDOSTAN, n.p. Pers. _Hindūstān_. (A) 'The country of the Hindūs,' India. In modern native parlance this word indicates distinctively (B) India north of the Nerbudda, and exclusive of Bengal and Behar. The latter provinces are regarded as _pūrb_ (see POORUB), and all south of the Nerbudda as _Dakhan_ (see DECCAN). But the word is used in older Mahommedan authors just as it is used in English school-books and atlases, viz. as (A) the equivalent of India Proper. Thus Baber says of Hindustān: "On the East, the South, and the West it is bounded by the Ocean" (310).

A.—

1553.—"... and so the Persian nation adjacent to it give it as at present its proper name that of INDOSTĀN."—_Barros_, I. iv. 7.

1563.—"... and common usage in Persia, and Coraçone, and Arabia, and Turkey, calls this country INDUSTAM ... for _istām_ is as much as to say 'region,' and _indu_ 'India.'"—_Garcia_, f. 137_b_.

1663.—"And thus it came to pass that the Persians called it INDOSTAN."—_Faria y Sousa_, i. 33.

1665.—"La derniere parti est la plus connüe: c'est celle que l'on appelle INDOSTAN, et dont les bornes naturelles au Couchant et au Levant, sont le Gange et l'Indus."—_Thevenot_, v. 9.

1672.—"It has been from old time divided into two parts, _i.e._ the Eastern, which is India beyond the Ganges, and the Western India within the Ganges, now called INDOSTAN."—_Baldaeus_, 1.

1770.—"By INDOSTAN is properly meant a country lying between two celebrated rivers, the Indus and the Ganges.... A ridge of mountains runs across this long tract from north to south, and dividing it into two equal parts, extends as far as Cape Comorin."—_Raynal_ (tr.), i. 34.

1783.—"In Macassar INDOSTAN is called _Neegree Telinga_."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 82.

B.—

1803.—"I feared that the dawk direct through HINDOSTAN would have been stopped."—_Wellington_, ed. 1837, ii. 209.

1824.—"One of my servants called out to them,—'Aha! dandee folk, take care! You are now in HINDOSTAN! The people of this country know well how to fight, and are not afraid.'"—_Heber_, i. 124. See also pp. 268, 269.

In the following stanza of the good bishop's the application is apparently the same; but the accentuation is excruciating—'Hindóstan,' as if rhyming to 'Boston.'

1824.—

"Then on! then on! where duty leads, My course be onward still, O'er broad HINDOSTAN'S sultry meads, Or bleak Almora's hill."—_Ibid._ 113.

1884.—"It may be as well to state that Mr. H. G. Keene's forthcoming _History of Hindustan_ ... will be limited in its scope to the strict meaning of the word 'HINDUSTAN' = India north of the Deccan."—_Academy_, April 26, p. 294.

HINDOSTANEE, s. _Hindūstānī_, properly an adjective, but used substantively in two senses, viz. (A) a native of Hindustān, and (B) (_Hindūstānī zabān_) 'the language of that country,' but in fact the language of the Mahommedans of Upper India, and eventually of the Mahommedans of the Deccan, developed out of the Hindi dialect of the Doab chiefly, and of the territory round Agra and Delhi, with a mixture of Persian vocables and phrases, and a readiness to adopt other foreign words. It is also called OORDOO, _i.e._ the language of the Urdū ('Horde') or Camp. This language was for a long time a kind of Mahommedan _lingua franca_ over all India, and still possesses that character over a large part of the country, and among certain classes. Even in Madras, where it least prevails, it is still recognised in native regiments as the language of intercourse between officers and men. Old-fashioned Anglo-Indians used to call it the MOORS (q.v.).

A.—

1653.—(applied to a native.) "INDISTANNI est vn Mahometan noir des Indes, ce nom est composé de _Indou_, Indien, et _stan_, habitation."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, 543.

B.—

1616.—"After this he (Tom Coryate) got a great mastery in the INDOSTAN, or more vulgar language; there was a woman, a landress, belonging to my Lord Embassador's house, who had such a freedom and liberty of speech, that she would sometimes scould, brawl, and rail from the sun-rising to the sun-set; one day he undertook her in her own language. And by eight of the clock he so silenced her, that she had not one word more to speak."—_Terry, Extracts relating to T. C._

1673.—"The Language at Court is _Persian_, that commonly spoke is INDOSTAN (for which they have no proper Character, the written Language being called _Banyan_), which is a mixture of _Persian_ and _Sclavonian_, as are all the dialects of India."—_Fryer_, 201. This intelligent traveller's reference to Sclavonian is remarkable, and shows a notable perspicacity, which would have delighted the late Lord Strangford, had he noticed the passage.

1677.—In Court's letter of 12th Dec. to Ft. St. Geo. they renew the offer of a reward of £20, for proficiency in the Gentoo or INDOSTAN languages, and sanction a reward of £10 each for proficiency in the Persian language, "and that fit persons to teach the said language be entertained."—_Notes and Exts._, No. i. 22.

1685.—"... so applyed myself to a Portuguese mariner who spoke INDOSTAN (ye current language of all these Islands) [Maldives]."—_Hedges, Diary_, March 9; [Hak. Soc. i. 191].

1697.—"Questions addressed to Khodja Movaad, Ambassador from Abyssinia.

* * * * *

4.—"What language he, in his audience made use of?

"The HINDUSTANI language (_Hindoestanze taal_), which the late Hon. Paulus de Roo, then Secretary of their Excellencies the High Government of Batavia, interpreted."—_Valentijn_, iv. 327.

[1699.—"He is expert in the HINDORSTAND or Moores Language."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cclxvii.]

1726.—"The language here is HINDUSTANS or MOORS (so 'tis called there), though he who can't speak any Arabic and Persian passes for an ignoramus."—_Valentijn, Chor._ i. 37.

1727.—"This Persian ... and I, were discoursing one Day of my Affairs in the INDUSTAN Language, which is the established Language spoken in the Mogul's large Dominions."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 183; [ed. 1744, ii. 182].

1745.—"Benjamini Schulzii Missionarii Evangelici, Grammatica HINDOSTANICA ... Edidit, et de suscipiendâ barbaricarum linguarum culturâ praefatus est D. Jo. Henr. Callenberg, Halae Saxoniae."—Title from Catalogue of M. Garcin de Tassy's Books, 1879. This is the earliest we have heard of.

1763.—"Two of the Council of Pondicherry went to the camp, one of them was well versed in the INDOSTAN and Persic languages, which are the only tongues used in the Courts of the Mahomedan Princes."—_Orme_, i. 144 (ed. 1803).

1772.—"Manuscripts have indeed been handed about, ill spelt, with a confused mixture of Persian, INDOSTANS, and Bengals."—Preface to _Hadley's Grammar_, xi. (See under MOORS.)

1777.—"Alphabetum Brammhanicum seu INDOSTANUM."—_Romae._

1778.—"Grammatica INDOSTANA—A mais Vulgar—Que se practica no Imperio do gram Mogol—Offerecida—Aos muitos Reverendos—Padres Missionarios—Do dito Imperio. Em Roma MDCCLXXVIII—Na Estamperia da Sagrada Congregação—de Propaganda Fide."—(Title transcribed.) There is a reprint of this (apparently) of 1865, in the Catalogue of Garcin de Tassy's books.

c. 1830.—"Cet ignoble patois d'HINDOUSTANI, qui ne servira jamais à rien quand je serai retourné en Europe, est difficile."—_V. Jacquemont, Correspondance_, i. 95.

1844.—"Hd. Quarters, Kurrachee, 12th February, 1844. The Governor unfortunately does not understand HINDOOSTANEE, nor Persian, nor Mahratta, nor any other eastern dialect. He therefore will feel particularly obliged to Collectors, sub-Collectors, and officers writing the proceedings of Courts-Martial, and all Staff Officers, to indite their various papers in English, larded with as small a portion of the to him unknown tongues as they conveniently can, instead of those he generally receives—namely, papers written in HINDOSTANEE larded with occasional words in English.

"Any Indent made for English Dictionaries shall be duly attended to, if such be in the stores at Kurrachee; if not, gentlemen who have forgotten the vulgar tongue are requested to procure the requisite assistance from England."—_GG. OO._, by _Sir Charles Napier_, 85.

[Compare the following:

[1617.—(In answer to a letter from the Court not now extant). "Wee have forbidden the severall Factoryes from wrighting words in this languadge and refrayned itt our selues, though in bookes of Coppies wee feare there are many which by wante of tyme for perusall wee cannot rectifie or expresse."—_Surat Factors to Court_, February 26, 1617. (_I.O. Records_: O. C., No. 450.)]

1856.—

"... they sound strange As HINDOSTANEE to an Ind-born man Accustomed many years to English speech." _E. B. Browning, Aurora Leigh._

HING, s. Asafoetida. Skt. _hingu_, Hind. _hīng_, Dakh. _hīngu_. A repulsively smelling gum-resin which forms a favourite Hindu condiment, and is used also by Europeans in Western and Southern India as an ingredient in certain cakes eaten with curry. (See POPPER-CAKE). This product affords a curious example of the uncertainty which sometimes besets the origin of drugs which are the objects even of a large traffic. Hanbury and Flückiger, whilst describing Falconer's _Narthex Asafoetida_ (_Ferula Narthex_, Boiss.) and _Scorodosma foetidum_, Bunge; (_F. asafoetida_, Boiss.) two umbelliferous plants, both cited as the source of this drug, say that neither has been proved to furnish the _asafoetida_ of commerce. Yet the plant producing it has been described and drawn by Kaempfer, who saw the gum-resin collected in the Persian Province of Lāristān (near the eastern shore of the P. Gulf); and in recent years (1857) Surgeon-Major Bellew has described the collection of the drug near Kandahar. Asafoetida has been identified with the σίλφιον or _laserpitium_ of the ancients. The substance is probably yielded not only by the species mentioned above, but by other allied plants, _e.g._ _Ferula Jaeschkiana_, Vatke, of Kashmīr and Turkistan. The _hing_ of the Bombay market is the produce of _F. alliacea_, Boiss. [See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ iii. 328 _seqq._]

c. 645.—"This kingdom of Tsao-kiu-tcha (Tsāukūta?) has about 7000 _li_ of compass,—the compass of the capital called _Ho-sí-na_ (Ghazna) is 30 _li_.... The soil is favourable to the plant _Yo-Kin_ (Curcuma, or turmeric) and to that called HING-KIU."—_Pèlerins Boudd._, iii. 187.

1563.—"A Portuguese in Bisnagar had a horse of great value, but which exhibited a deal of flatulence, and on that account the King would not buy it. The Portuguese cured it by giving it this YMGU mixt with flour: the King then bought it, finding it thoroughly well, and asked him how he had cured it. When the man said it was with YMGU, the King replied: ''Tis nothing then to marvel at, for you have given it to eat the food of the gods' (or, as the poets say, nectar). Whereupon the Portuguese made answer _sotto voce_ and in Portuguese: 'Better call it the food of the devils!'"—_Garcia_, f. 21_b_. The Germans do worse than this Portuguese, for they call the drug _Teufels dreck_, _i.e._ _diaboli non cibus sed stercus_!

1586.—"I went from _Agra_ to _Satagam_ (see CHITTAGONG) in _Bengale_ in the companie of one hundred and four score Boates, laden with Salt, _Opium_, HINGE, Lead, Carpets, and divers other commodities down the River Jemena."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 386.

1611.—"In the Kingdom of Gujarat and Cambaya, the natives put in all their food INGU, which is Assafetida."—_Teixeira, Relaciones_, 29.

1631.—"... ut totas aedas foetore replerent, qui insuetis vix tolerandus esset. Quod Javani et Malaii et caeteri Indiarum incolae negabant se quicquam odoratius naribus unquam percepisse. Apud hos HIN his succus nominatur."—_Jac. Bontii_, lib. iv. p. 41.

1638.—"Le HINGH, que nos droguistes et apoticaires appellent _Assa foetida_, vient la plus part de Perse, mais celle que la Province d'Vtrad (?) produit dans les Indes est bien meilleur."—_Mandelslo_, 230.

1673.—"In this Country _Assa Foetida_ is gathered at a place called _Descoon_; some deliver it to be the Juice of a Cane or Reed inspissated; others, of a Tree wounded: It differs much from the stinking Stuff called HING, it being of the Province of _Carmania_; this latter is that the _Indians_ perfume themselves with, mixing it in all their Pulse, and make it up in Wafers to correct the Windiness of their Food."—_Fryer_, 239.

1689.—"The Natives at Suratt are much taken with _Assa Foetida_, which they call HIN, and mix a little with the Cakes that they eat."—_Ovington_, 397.

1712.—"... substantiam obtinet ponderosam, instar rapae solidam candidissimamque, plenam succi pinguis, albissimi, foetidissimi, porraceo odore nares horridé ferientis; qui ex eâ collectus, Persis Indisque HINGH, Europaeis Asa foetida appellatur."—_Eng. Kaempfer Amoen. Exotic._ 537.

1726.—"HING or _Assa Foetida_, otherwise called Devil's-dung (_Duivelsdrek_)."—_Valentijn_, iv. 146.

1857.—"Whilst riding in the plain to the N.E. of the city (Candahar) we noticed several assafœtida plants. The assafœtida, called HANG or HING by the natives, grows wild in the sandy or gravelly plains that form the western part of Afghanistan. It is never cultivated, but its peculiar gum-resin is collected from the plants on the deserts where they grow. The produce is for the most part exported to Hindustan."—_Bellew, Journal of a Pol. Mission_, &c., p. 270.

HIRAVA, n.p. Malayāl. _Iraya_. The name of a very low caste in Malabar. [The _Iraya_ form one section of the _Cherumar_, and are of slightly higher social standing than the _Pulayar_ (see POLEA). "Their name is derived from the fact that they are allowed to come only as far as the eaves (_ira_) of their employers' houses." (_Logan, Malabar_, i. 148.)]

1510.—"La sexta sorte (de' Gentili) se chiamão HIRAVA, e questi seminano e raccoglieno il riso."—_Varthema_ (ed. 1517, f. 43_v_).

[HIRRAWEN, s. The Musulman pilgrim dress; a corruption of the Ar. _iḥrām_. Burton writes: "_Al-Iḥrām_, literally meaning 'prohibition' or 'making unlawful,' equivalent to our 'mortification,' is applied to the ceremony of the toilette, and also to the dress itself. The vulgar pronounce the word '_herām_,' or '_l'ehrām_.' It is opposed to _ihlāl_, 'making lawful,' or 'returning to laical life.' The further from Mecca it is assumed, provided that it be during the three months of Hajj, the greater is the religious merit of the pilgrim; consequently some come from India and Egypt in the dangerous attire" (_Pilgrimage_, ed. 1893, ii. 138, note).

[1813.—"... the ceremonies and penances mentioned by Pitts, when the _hajes_, or pilgrims, enter into HIRRAWEN, a ceremony from which the females are exempted; but the men, taking off all their clothes, cover themselves with two HIRRAWENS or large white wrappers...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 101, 2nd ed.]

HOBSON-JOBSON, s. A native festal excitement; a _tamāsha_ (see TUMASHA); but especially the MOHARRAM ceremonies. This phrase may be taken as a typical one of the most highly assimilated class of Anglo-Indian _argot_, and we have ventured to borrow from it a concise alternative title for this Glossary. It is peculiar to the British soldier and his surroundings, with whom it probably originated, and with whom it is by no means obsolete, as we once supposed. My friend Major John Trotter tells me that he has repeatedly heard it used by British soldiers in the Punjab; and has heard it also from a regimental Moonshee. It is in fact an Anglo-Saxon version of the wailings of the Mahommedans as they beat their breasts in the procession of the _Moharram_—"YĀ HASAN! YĀ HOSAIN!" It is to be remembered that these observances are _in India_ by no means confined to Shī'as. Except at Lucknow and Murshīdābād, the great majority of Mahommedans in that country are professed Sunnis. Yet here is a statement of the facts from an unexceptionable authority:

"The commonalty of the Mussalmans, and especially the women, have more regard for the memory of Hasan and Husein, than for that of Muhammad and his khalifs. The heresy of making Ta'ziyas (see TAZEEA) on the anniversary of the two latter imáms, is most common throughout India: so much so that opposition to it is ascribed by the ignorant to blasphemy. This example is followed by many of the Hindus, especially the Mahrattas. The Muharram is celebrated throughout the Dekhan and Malwa, with greater enthusiasm than in other parts of India. Grand preparations are made in every town on the occasion, as if for a festival of rejoicing, rather than of observing the rites of mourning, as they ought. The observance of this custom has so strong a hold on the mind of the commonalty of the Mussulmans that they believe Muhammadanism to depend merely on keeping the memory of the imáms in the above manner."—_Mīr Shahāmat 'Ali_, in _J. R. As. Soc._ xiii. 369.

We find no literary quotation to exemplify the phrase as it stands. [But see those from the _Orient. Sporting Mag._ and _Nineteenth Century_ below.] Those which follow show it in the process of evolution:

1618.—"... e particolarmente delle donne che, battendosi il petto e facendo gesti di grandissima compassione replicano spesso con gran dolore quegli ultimi versi di certi loro cantici: VAH HUSSEIN! SCIAH HUSSEIN!"—_P. della Valle_, i. 552.

c. 1630.—"Nine dayes they wander up and downe (shaving all that while neither head nor beard, nor seeming joyfull), incessantly calling out HUSSAN, HUṢSAN! in a melancholy note, so long, so fiercely, that many can neither howle longer, nor for a month's space recover their voices."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 261.

1653.—"... ils dressent dans les rues des Sepulchres de pierres, qu'ils couronnent de Lampes ardentes, et les soirs ils y vont dancer et sauter crians HUSSAN, HOUSSAIN, HOUSSAIN, HASSAN...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 144.

c. 1665.—"... ainsi j'eus tout le loisir dont j'eus besoin pour y voir celebrer la Fête de Hussein Fils d'Aly.... Les Mores de Golconde le celebrent avec encore beaucoup plus de folies qu'en Perse ... d'autres font des dances en rond, tenant des épées nües la pointe en haut, qu'ils touchent les unes contre les autres, en criant de toute leur force HUSSEIN."—_Thevenot_, v. 320.

1673.—"About this time the Moors solemnize the Exequies of HOSSEEN GOSSEEN, a time of ten days Mourning for two Unfortunate Champions of theirs."—_Fryer_, p. 108.

" "On the Days of their Feasts and Jubilees, Gladiators were approved and licensed; but feeling afterwards the Evils that attended that Liberty, which was chiefly used in their HOSSY GOSSY, any private Grudge being then openly revenged: it never was forbid, but it passed into an Edict by the following King, that it should be lawfull to Kill any found with Naked Swords in that Solemnity."—_Ibid._ 357.

[1710.—"And they sing around them SAUCEM SAUCEM."—_Oriente Conquistado_, vol. ii.; _Conquista_, i. Div. 2, sec. 59.]

1720.—"Under these promising circumstances the time came round for the Mussulman feast called HOSSEIN JOSSEN ... better known as the Mohurrum."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 347.

1726.—"In their month Moharram they have a season of mourning for the two brothers Hassan and Hossein.... They name this mourning-time in Arabic _Ashur_, or the 10 days; but the Hollanders call it JAKSOM BAKSOM."—_Valentijn, Choro._ 107.

1763.—"It was the 14th of November, and the festival which commemorates the murder of the brothers HASSEIN and JASSEIN happened to fall out at this time."—_Orme_, i. 193.

[1773.—"The Moors likewise are not without their feasts and processions ... particularly of their HASSAN HASSAN...."—_Ives_, 28.

[1829.—"Them paper boxes are purty looking consarns, but then the folks makes sich a noise, firing and troompeting and shouting HOBSON JOBSON, HOBSON JOBSON."—_Oriental Sporting Mag._, reprint 1873, i. 129.

[1830.—"The ceremony of HUSEN HASEN ... here passes by almost without notice."—_Raffles, Hist. Java_, 2nd ed. ii. 4.]

1832.—"... they kindle fires in these pits every evening during the festival; and the ignorant, old as well as young, amuse themselves in fencing across them with sticks or swords; or only in running and playing round them, calling out, _Ya Allee! Ya Allee!_ ... SHAH HUSSUN! SHAH HUSSUN! ... SHAH HOSEIN! SHAH HOSEIN! ... _Doolha! Doolha!_ (bridegroom! ...); _Haee dost! Haee dost!_ (alas, friend! ...); _Ruheeo! Ruheeo!_ (Stay! Stay!). Every two of these words are repeated probably a hundred times over as loud as they can bawl out."—_Jaffur Shureef, Qanoon-e-Islam_, tr. by _Herklots_, p. 173.

1883.—"... a long procession ... followed and preceded by the volunteer mourners and breast-beaters shouting their cry of HOUS-S-E-I-N H-AS-SAN HOUSS-E-I-N H-A-S-SAN, and a simultaneous blow is struck vigorously by hundreds of heavy hands on the bare breasts at the last syllable of each name."—_Wills' Modern Persia_, 282.

[1902.—"The HOBSON-JOBSON." By Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, in _The Nineteenth Century and After_, April 1902.]

HODGETT, s. This is used among the English in Turkey and Egypt for a title-deed of land. It is Arabic _ḥujjat_, 'evidence.' _Hojat_, perhaps a corruption of the same word, is used in Western India for an account current between landlord and tenant. [Molesworth, _Mahr. Dict._, gives "_Hujjat_, Ar., a Government acknowledgment or receipt."]

[1871.—"... the Ḳaḍee attends, and writes a document (ḤOGGET-_el-baḥr_) to attest the fact of the river's having risen to the height sufficient for the opening of the Canal...."—_Lane, Mod. Egypt._, 5th ed. ii. 233.]

[HOG-BEAR, s. Another name for the sloth-bear, _Melursus ursinus_ (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 201). The word does not appear in the _N.E.D._

[1895.—"Between the tree-stems he heard a HOG-BEAR digging hard in the moist warm earth."—_R. Kipling, The Jungle Book_, 171.]

HOG-DEER, s. The Anglo-Indian popular name of the _Axis porcinus_, Jerd.; [_Cervus porcinus_ (_Blanford, Mammalia_, 549)], the _Pārā_ of Hindustan. The name is nearly the same as that which Cosmas (c. 545) applies to an animal (Χοιρέλαφος) which he draws (see under BABI-ROUSSA), but the two have no other relation. The Hog-deer is abundant in the grassy openings of forests throughout the Gangetic valley and further east. "It runs with its head low, and in a somewhat ungainly manner; hence its popular appellation."—_Jerdon, Mammals_, 263.

[1885.—"Two HOG-DEER were brought forward, very curious-shaped animals that I had never seen before."—_Lady Dufferin, Viceregal Life_, 146.]

HOG-PLUM, s. The austere fruit of the _amrā_ (Hind.), _Spondias mangifera_, Pers. (Ord. _Terebinthaceae_), is sometimes so called; also called the wild mango. It is used in curries, pickles, and tarts. It is a native of various parts of India, and is cultivated in many tropical climates.

1852.—"The Karens have a tradition that in those golden days when God dwelt with men, all nations came before him on a certain day, each with an offering from the fruits of their lands, and the Karens selected the HOG'S PLUM for this oblation; which gave such offence that God cursed the Karen nation and placed it lowest...."—_Mason's Burmah_, ed. 1860, p. 461.

HOKCHEW, HOKSIEU, AUCHEO, etc., n.p. These are forms which the names of the great Chinese port of _Fuh-chau_, the capital of Fuh-kien, takes in many old works. They, in fact, imitate the pronunciation in the Fuh-kien dialect, which is _Hok-chiu_; Fuh-kien similarly being called _Hoh-kien_.

1585.—"After they had travelled more than halfe a league in the suburbs of the cittie of AUCHEO, they met with a post that came from the vizroy."—_Mendoza_, ii. 78.

1616.—"Also this day arrived a small China bark or _soma_ from HOCHCHEW, laden with silk and stuffes."—_Cocks_, i. 219.

HOME. In Anglo-Indian and colonial speech this means England.

1837.—"HOME always means England; nobody calls India _home_—not even those who have been here thirty years or more, and are never likely to return to Europe."—_Letters from Madras_, 92.

1865.—"You may perhaps remember how often in times past we debated, with a seriousness becoming the gravity of the subject, what article of food we should each of us respectively indulge in, on our first arrival at HOME."—_Waring, Tropical Resident_, 154.

So also in the West Indies:

c. 1830.—"... 'Oh, your cousin Mary, I forgot—fine girl, Tom—may do for you at HOME yonder' (all Creoles speak of England as HOME, although they may never have seen it)."—_Tom Cringle_, ed. 1863, 238.

HONG, s. The Chinese word is _hang_, meaning 'a row or rank'; a house of business; at Canton a warehouse, a factory, and particularly applied to the establishments of the European nations ("Foreign Hongs"), and to those of the so-called "HONG-MERCHANTS." These were a body of merchants who had the monopoly of trade with foreigners, in return for which privilege they became security for the good behaviour of the foreigners, and for their payment of dues. The guild of these merchants was called 'The HONG.' The monopoly seems to have been first established about 1720-30, and it was terminated under the Treaty of Nanking, in 1842. The _Hong_ merchants are of course not mentioned in Lockyer (1711), nor by A. Hamilton (in China previous to and after 1700, pubd. 1727). The latter uses the word, however, and the rudiments of the institution may be traced not only in this narrative, but in that of Ibn Batuta.

c. 1346.—"When a Musulman trader arrives in a Chinese city, he is allowed to choose whether he will take up his quarters with one of the merchants of his own faith settled in the country, or will go to an inn. If he prefers to go and lodge with a merchant, they count all his money and confide it to the merchant of his choice; the latter then takes charge of all expenditure on account of the stranger's wants, but acts with perfect integrity...."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 265-6.

1727.—"When I arrived at _Canton_ the _Hapoa_ (see HOPPO) ordered me lodgings for myself, my Men, and Cargo, in (a) HAUNG or Inn belonging to one of his Merchants ... and when I went abroad, I had always some Servants belonging to the HAUNG to follow me at a Distance."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 227; [ed. 1744].

1782.—"... _l'Opeou_ (see HOPPO) ... s'embarque en grande ceremonie dans une galère pavoisée, emmenant ordinairement avec lui trois ou quatre HANISTES."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 236.

" "... Les loges Européennes s'appellent HAMS."—_Ibid._ 245.

1783.—"It is stated indeed that a monopolizing Company in Canton, called the COHONG, had reduced commerce there to a desperate state."—_Report of Com. on Affairs of India, Burke_, vi. 461.

1797.—"A Society of HONG, or united merchants, who are answerable for one another, both to the Government and the foreign nations."—_Sir G. Staunton, Embassy to China_, ii. 565.

1882.—"The HONG merchants (collectively the CO-HONG) of a body corporate, date from 1720."—_The Fankwae at Canton_, p. 34.

_Cohong_ is, we believe, though speaking with diffidence, an exogamous union between the Latin _co-_ and the Chinese _hong_. [Mr. G. T. Gardner confirms this explanation, and writes: "The term used in Canton itself is invariable: 'The Thirteen _Hong_,' or 'The Thirteen Firms'; and as these thirteen firms formed an association that had at one time the monopoly of the foreign trade, and as they were collectively responsible to the Chinese Government for the conduct of the trade, and to the foreign merchants for goods supplied to any one of the firms, some collective expression was required to denote the co-operation of the Thirteen Firms, and the word COHANG, I presume, was found most expressive."]

HONG-BOAT, s. A kind of SAMPAN (q.v.) or boat, with a small wooden house in the middle, used by foreigners at Canton. "A public passenger-boat (all over China, I believe) is called HANG-CHWEN, where _chwen_ is generically 'vessel,' and _hang_ is perhaps used in the sense of '_plying_ regularly.' Boats built for this purpose, used as private boats by merchants and others, probably gave the English name HONG-BOAT to those used by our countrymen at Canton" (Note by _Bp. Moule_).

[1878.—"The _Koong-Sze Teng_, or _Hong-Mee-Teng_, or HONG BOATS are from thirty to forty feet in length, and are somewhat like the gondolas of Venice. They are in many instances carved and gilded, and the saloon is so spacious as to afford sitting room for eight or ten persons. Abaft the saloon there is a cabin for the boatmen. The boats are propelled by a large scull, which works on a pivot made fast in the stern post."—_Gray, China_, ii. 273.]

HONG KONG, n.p. The name of this flourishing settlement is _hiang-kiang_, 'fragrant waterway' (_Bp. Moule_).

HONORE, ONORE, n.p. _Honāvar_, a town and port of Canara, of ancient standing and long of piratical repute. The etymology is unknown to us (see what Barbosa gives as the native name below). [A place of the same name in the Bellary District is said to be Can. _Honnūru_, _honnu_, 'gold,' _ūru_, 'village.'] Vincent has supposed it to be the Νάουρα of the _Periplus_, "the first part of the pepper-country Λιμυρικὴ,"—for which read Διμυρικὴ, the _Tamil_ country or Malabar. But this can hardly be accepted, for Honore is less than 5000 stadia from Barygaza, instead of being 7000 as it ought to be by the _Periplus_, nor is it in the Tamil region. The true Νάουρα must have been Cannanore, or Pudopatana, a little south of the last. [The _Madras Gloss._ explains Νάουρα as the country of the Nairs.] The long defence of Honore by Captain Torriano, of the Bombay Artillery, against the forces of Tippoo, in 1783-1784, is one of the most noble records of the Indian army. (See an account of it in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 109 _seqq._; [2nd ed. ii. 455 _seqq._]).

c. 1343.—"Next day we arrived at the city of HINAUR, beside a great estuary which big ships enter.... The women of Hinaur are beautiful and chaste ... they all know the Ḳurān al-'Azīm by heart. I saw at Hinaur 13 schools for the instruction of girls and 23 for boys,—such a thing as I have seen nowhere else. The inhabitants of Maleibār pay the Sultan ... a fixed annual sum from fear of his maritime power."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 65-67.

1516.—"... there is another river on which stands a good town called HONOR; the inhabitants use the language of the country, and the Malabars call it _Ponou-aram_ (or _Ponaram_, in _Ramusio_); here the Malabars carry on much traffic.... In this town of ONOR are two Gentoo corsairs patronised by the Lord of the Land, one called Timoja and the other Raogy, each of whom has 5 or 6 very big ships with large and well-armed crews."—_Barbosa_, Lisbon ed. 291.

1553.—"This port (Onor) and that of Baticalá ... belonged to the King of Bisnaga, and to this King of ONOR his tributary, and these ports, less than 40 years before were the most famous of all that coast, not only for the fertility of the soil and its abundance in provisions ... but for being the ingress and egress of all merchandize for the kingdom of Bisnaga, from which the King had a great revenue; and principally of horses from Arabia...."—_Barros_, I. viii. cap. x. [And see _P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 202; _Comm. Dalboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 148.]

HOOGLY, HOOGHLEY, n.p. Properly _Hūglī_, [and said to take its name from Beng. _hoglā_, 'the elephant grass' (_Typha angustifolia_)]: a town on the right bank of the Western Delta Branch of the Ganges, that which has long been known from this place as the HOOGLY RIVER, and on which Calcutta also stands, on the other bank, and 25 miles nearer the sea. Hoogly was one of the first places occupied by Europeans in the interior of Bengal; first by the Portuguese in the first half of the 16th century. An English factory was established here in 1640; and it was for some time their chief settlement in Bengal. In 1688 a quarrel with the Nawab led to armed action, and the English abandoned Hoogly; but on the arrangement of peace they settled at Chatānatī (CHUTTANUTTY), now CALCUTTA.

[c. 1590.—"In the Sarkár of Satgáon , there are two ports at a distance of half a _kos_ from each other; the one is Sátgáon, the other HÚGLÍ: the latter the chief; both are in possession of the Europeans."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 125.]

1616.—"After the force of dom Francisco de Menezes arrived at Sundiva as we have related, there came a few days later to the same island 3 _sanguicels_, right well equipped with arms and soldiers, at the charges of Manuel Viegas, a householder and resident of OGOLIM, or Porto Pequeno, where dwelt in Bengala many Portuguese, 80 leagues up the Ganges, in the territory of the Mogor, under his ill faith that every hour threatened their destruction."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 476.

c. 1632.—"Under the rule of the Bengális a party of Frank merchants ... came trading to Sátgánw (see PORTO PEQUENO); one _kos_ above that place they occupied some ground on the bank of the estuary.... In course of time, through the ignorance and negligence of the rulers of Bengal, these Europeans increased in number, and erected substantial buildings, which they fortified.... In due course a considerable place grew up, which was known by the name of the Port of HÚGLÍ.... These proceedings had come to the notice of the Emperor (Sháh Jehán), and he resolved to put an end to them," &c.—_'Abdul Ḥamīd Lāhorī_, in _Elliot_, vii. 31-32.

1644.—"The other important voyage which used to be made from Cochim was that to Bengalla, when the port and town of UGOLIM were still standing, and much more when we had the PORTO GRANDE (q.v.) and the town of _Diangâ_; this used to be made by so many ships that often in one monsoon there came 30 or more from Bengalla to Cochim, all laden with rice, sugar, lac, iron, salt-petre, and many kinds of cloths both of grass and cotton, ghee (_manteyga_), long pepper, a great quantity of wax, besides wheat and many things besides, such as quilts and rich bedding; so that every ship brought a capital of more than 20,000 xerafins. But since these two possessions were lost, and the two ports were closed, there go barely one or two vessels to _Orixa_."—_Bocarro, MS._, f. 315.

1665.—"O Rey de Arracão nos tomou a fortaleza de Sirião em Pegù; O grão Mogor a cidade do GOLIM em Bengala."—_P. Manoel Godinho, Relação_, &c.

c. 1666.—"The rest they kept for their service to make Rowers of them; and such Christians as they were themselves, bringing them up to robbing and killing; or else they sold them to the Portugueses of _Goa_, _Ceilan_, _St. Thomas_, and others, and even to those that were remaining in _Bengall_ at OGOULI, who were come thither to settle themselves there by favour of _Jehan-Guyre_, the Grandfather of _Aureng-Zebe_...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 54; [ed. _Constable_, 176].

1727.—"HUGHLY is a Town of large Extent, but ill built. It reaches about 2 Miles along the River's Side, from the _Chinchura_ before mentioned to the BANDEL, a Colony formerly settled by the _Portuguese_, but the _Mogul's Fouzdaar_ governs both at present."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 19; [ed. 1744].

1753.—"UGLI est une forteresse des Maures.... Ce lieu étant le plus considérable de la contrée, des Européens qui remontent le Gange, lui ont donné le nom de RIVIÈRE D'UGLI dans sa partie inférieure...."—_D'Anville_, p. 64.

HOOGLY RIVER, n.p. See preceding. The stream to which we give this name is formed by the combination of the delta branches of the Ganges, viz., the Baugheruttee, Jalinghee, and Matabanga (_Bhāgirathī_, _Jalangī_, and _Mātābhāngā_), known as the NUDDEEA (Nadiyā) RIVERS.

HOOKA, s. Hind. from Arab. _ḥuḳḳah_, properly 'a round casket.' The Indian pipe for smoking through water, the elaborated HUBBLE-BUBBLE (q.v.). That which is smoked in the _hooka_ is a curious compound of tobacco, spice, molasses, fruit, &c. [See _Baden-Powell, Panjab Products_, i. 290.] In 1840 the _hooka_ was still very common at Calcutta dinner-tables, as well as regimental mess-tables, and its _bubble-bubble-bubble_ was heard from various quarters before the cloth was removed—as was customary in those days. Going back further some twelve or fifteen years it was not very uncommon to see the use of the _hooka_ kept up by old Indians after their return to Europe; one such at least, in the recollection of the elder of the present writers in his childhood, being a lady who continued its use in Scotland for several years. When the second of the present writers landed first at Madras, in 1860, there were perhaps half-a-dozen Europeans at the Presidency who still used the _hooka_; there is not one now (c. 1878). A few gentlemen at Hyderabad are said still to keep it up. [Mrs. Mackenzie writing in 1850 says: "There was a dinner party in the evening (at Agra), mostly civilians, as I quickly discovered by their _huqas_. I have never seen the _huqa_ smoked save at Delhi and Agra, except by a very old general officer at Calcutta." (_Life in the Mission_, ii. 196). In 1837 Miss Eden says: "the aides-de-camp and doctor get their newspapers and _hookahs_ in a cluster on their side of the street." (_Up the Country_, i. 70). The rules for the Calcutta Subscription Dances in 1792 provide: "That _hookers_ be not admitted to the ball room during any part of the night. But _hookers_ might be admitted to the supper rooms, to the card rooms, to the boxes in the theatre, and to each side of the assembly room, between the large pillars and the walls."—_Carey, Good Old Days_, i. 98.] "In former days it was a dire offence to step over another person's _hooka_-carpet and _hooka_-snake. Men who did so intentionally were called out." (_M.-Gen. Keatinge_).

1768.—"This last Season I have been without Company (except that of my Pipe or HOOKER), and when employed in the innocent diversion of smoaking it, have often thought of you, and Old England."—_MS. Letter of James Rennell_, July 1.

1782.—"When he observes that the gentlemen introduce their HOOKAS and smoak in the company of ladies, why did he not add that the mixture of sweet-scented Persian tobacco, sweet herbs, coarse sugar, spice, etc., which they inhale ... comes through clean water, and is so very pleasant, that many ladies take the tube, and draw a little of the smoak into their mouths."—_Price's Tracts_, vol. i. p. 78.

1783.—"For my part, in thirty years' residence, I never could find out one single luxury of the East, so much talked of here, except sitting in an arm-chair, smoaking a HOOKA, drinking cool water (when I could get it), and wearing clean linen."—(_Jos. Price_), _Some Observations on a late Publication_, &c., 79.

1789.—"When the cloth is removed, all the servants except the HOOKERBEDAR retire, and make way for the sea breeze to circulate, which is very refreshing to the Company, whilst they drink their wine, and smoke the HOOKER, a machine not easily described...."—_Munro's Narrative_, 53.

1828.—"Every one was hushed, but the noise of that wind ... and the occasional bubbling of my own HOOKAH, which had just been furnished with another chillum."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 2.

c. 1849.—See Sir C. Napier, quoted under GRAM-FED.

c. 1858.—

"Son HOUKA bigarré d'arabesques fleuries." _Leconte de Lisle, Poèmes Barbares._

1872.—"... in the background the carcase of a boar with a cluster of villagers sitting by it, passing a HOOKAH of primitive form round, for each to take a pull in turn."—_A True Reformer_, ch. i.

1874.—"... des HOUKAS d'argent emaillé et ciselé...."—_Franz, Souvenir d'une Cosaque_, ch. iv.

HOOKA-BURDAR, s. Hind. from Pers. _huḳḳa-bardār_, 'hooka-bearer'; the servant whose duty it was to attend to his master's hooka, and who considered that duty sufficient to occupy his time. See _Williamson, V.M._ i. 220.

[1779.—"Mr. and Mrs. Hastings present their compliments to Mr. —— and request the favour of his company to a concert and supper on Thursday next. Mr. —— is requested to bring no servants except his HOUCCABURDAR."—In _Carey, Good Old Days_, i. 71.]

1789.—"HOOKERBEDAR." (See under HOOKA.)

1801.—"The Resident ... tells a strange story how his HOOKAH-BURDAR, after cheating and robbing him, proceeded to England, and set up as the Prince of Sylhet, took in everybody, was waited upon by Pitt, dined with the Duke of York, and was presented to the King."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 34.

HOOKUM, s. An order; Ar.—H. _ḥukm_. (See under HAKIM.)

[1678.—"The King's HOOKIM is of as small value as an ordinary Governour's."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xlvi.

[1880.—"Of course Raja Joe HOOKHAM will preside."—_Ali Baba_, 106.]

HOOLUCK, s. Beng. _hūlak_? The word is not in the Dicts., [but it is possibly connected with _ulūk_, Skt. _ulūka_, 'an owl,' both bird and animal taking their name from their wailing note]. The black gibbon (_Hylobates hoolook_, _Jerd._; [_Blanford_, _Mammalia_, 5]), not unfrequently tamed on our E. frontier, and from its gentle engaging ways, and plaintive cries, often becoming a great pet. In the forests of the Kasia Hills, when there was neither sound nor sign of a living creature, by calling out hoo! hoo! one sometimes could wake a clamour in response from the _hoolucks_, as if hundreds had suddenly started to life, each shouting hoo! hoo! hoo! at the top of his voice.

c. 1809.—"The HULLUKS live in considerable herds; and although exceedingly noisy, it is difficult to procure a view, their activity in springing from tree to tree being very great; and they are very shy."—_Buchanan's Rungpoor_, in _Eastern India_, iii. 563.

1868.—"Our only captive this time was a HULUQ monkey, a shy little beast, and very rarely seen or caught. They have black fur with white breasts, and go about usually in pairs, swinging from branch to branch with incredible agility, and making the forest resound with their strange cachinatory cry...."—_T. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 374.

1884.—"He then ... describes a gibbon he had (not an historian nor a book, but a specimen of _Hylobates_ HOOLUCK) who must have been wholly delightful. This engaging anthropoid used to put his arm through Mr. Sterndale's, was extremely clean in his habits ('which,' says Mr. Sterndale thoughtfully and truthfully, 'cannot be said of all the monkey tribe'), and would not go to sleep without a pillow. Of course he died of consumption. The gibbon, however, as a pet has one weakness, that of 'howling in a piercing and somewhat hysterical fashion for some minutes till exhausted.'"—_Saty. Review_, May 31, on _Sterndale's Nat. Hist. of Mammalia of India_, &c.

HOOLY, s. Hind. _holī_ (Skt. _holākā_), [perhaps from the sound made in singing]. The spring festival, held at the approach of the vernal equinox, during the 10 days preceding the full moon of the month _P'hālguṇa_. It is a sort of carnival in honour of Kṛishna and the milkmaids. Passers-by are chaffed, and pelted with red powder, or drenched with yellow liquids from squirts. Songs, mostly obscene, are sung in praise of Kṛishna, and dances performed round fires. In Bengal the feast is called _ḍol jātrā_, or 'Swing-cradle festival.' [On the idea underlying the rite, see _Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. 306 _seq._]

c. 1590.—"Here is also a place called Cheramutty, where, during the feast of the HOOLY, flames issue out of the ground in a most astonishing manner."—_Gladwin's Ayeen Akbery_, ii. 34; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 173].

[1671.—"In Feb. or March they have a feast the Romanists call Carnival, the Indians WHOOLYE."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxiv.]

1673.—"... their HOOLY, which is at their other Seed-Time."—_Fryer_, 180.

1727.—"One (Feast) they kept on Sight of a New Moon in February, exceeded the rest in ridiculous Actions and Expense; and this they called the Feast of WOOLY, who was ... a fierce fellow in a War with some Giants that infested Sindy...."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 128; [ed. 1744, i. 129].

1808.—"I have delivered your message to Mr. H. about April day, but he says he understands the learned to place the HOOLY as according with May day, and he believes they have no occasion in India to set apart a particular day in the year for the manufacture...."—Letter from _Mrs. Halhed_ to _W. Hastings_, in _Cal. Review_, xxvi. 93.

1809.—"... We paid the Muha Raj (Sindhia) the customary visit at the HOHLEE. Everything was prepared for playing; but at Captain C.'s particular request, that part of the ceremony was dispensed with. Playing the HOHLEE consists in throwing about a quantity of flour, made from a water-nut called SINGARA, and dyed with red sanders; it is called _abeer_; and the principal sport is to cast it into the eyes, mouth, and nose of the players, and to splash them all over with water tinged of an orange colour with the flowers of the _dak_ (see DHAWK) tree."—_Broughton's Letters_, p. 87; [ed. 1892, p. 65 _seq._].

HOON, s. A gold PAGODA (coin), q.v. Hind. _hūn_, "perhaps from Canar. _honnu_ (gold)"—_Wilson_. [See _Rice, Mysore_, i. 801.]

1647.—"A wonderfully large diamond from a mine in the territory of Golkonda had fallen into the hands of Kutbu-l-Mulk; whereupon an order was issued, directing him to forward the same to Court; when its estimated value would be taken into account as part of the two _lacs_ of HUNS which was the stipulated amount of his annual tribute."—_'Ināyat Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 84.

1879.—"In Exhibit 320 Ramji engages to pay five HONS (= Rs. 20) to Vithoba, besides paying the Government assessment."—_Bombay High Court Judgment_, Jan. 27, p. 121.

HOONDY, s. Hind. _hunḍī_, _hunḍavī_; Mahr. and Guj. _huṇḍī_. A bill of exchange in a native language.

1810.—"HOONDIES (_i.e._ bankers' drafts) would be of no use whatever to them."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 530.

HOONIMAUN, s. The great ape; also called LUNGOOR.

1653.—"HERMAND est vn singe que les Indou tiennent pour Sainct."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, p. 541.

HOOWA. A peculiar call (_hūwa_) used by the Singhalese, and thence applied to the distance over which this call can be heard. Compare the Australian _coo-ee_.

HOPPER, s. A colloquial term in S. India for cakes (usually of rice-flour), somewhat resembling the wheaten CHUPATTIES (q.v.) of Upper India. It is the Tamil _appam_, [from _appu_, 'to clap with the hand.' In Bombay the form used is AP.]

1582.—"Thus having talked a while, he gave him very good entertainment, and commanded to give him certaine cakes, made of the flower of Wheate, which the Malabars do call APES, and with the same honnie."—_Castañeda_ (by N.L.), f. 38.

1606.—"Great dishes of APAS."—_Gouvea_, f. 48_v_.

1672.—"These cakes are called APEN by the Malabars."—_Baldaeus, Afgoderye_ (Dutch ed.), 39.

c. 1690.—"Ex iis (the chestnuts of the Jack fruit) in sole siccatis farinam, ex eaque placentas, APAS dictas, conficiunt."—_Rheede_, iii.

1707.—"Those who bake OPPERS without permission will be subject to severe penalty."—_Thesavaleme_ (Tamil Laws of Jaffna), 700.

[1826.—"He sat down beside me, and shared between us his coarse brown APS."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 81.]

1860.—"_Appas_ (called HOPPERS by the English) ... supply their morning repast."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 161.

HOPPO, s. The Chinese Superintendent of Customs at Canton. Giles says: "The term is said to be a corruption of _Hoo poo_, the Board of Revenue, with which office the _Hoppo_, or Collector of duties, is in direct communication." Dr. Williams gives a different account (see below). Neither affords much satisfaction. [The _N.E.D._ accepts the account given in the quotation from Williams.]

1711.—"The HOPPOS, who look on Europe Ships as a great Branch of their Profits, will give you all the fair words imaginable."—_Lockyer_, 101.

1727.—"I have staid about a Week, and found no Merchants come near me, which made me suspect, that there were some underhand dealings between the HAPOA and his Chaps, to my Prejudice."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 228; [ed. 1744, ii. 227]. (See also under HONG.)

1743.—"... just as he (Mr. Anson) was ready to embark, the HOPPO or _Chinese_ Custom-house officer of _Macao_ refused to grant a permit to the boat."—_Anson's Voyage_, 9th ed. 1756, p. 355.

1750-52.—"The HOPPO, HAPPA, or first inspector of customs ... came to see us to-day."—_Osbeck_, i. 359.

1782.—"La charge d'OPEOU répond à celle d'intendant de province."—_Sonnerat_, ii. 236.

1797.—"... the HOPPO or mandarine more immediately connected with Europeans."—_Sir G. Staunton_, i. 239.

1842 (?).—"The term HOPPO is confined to Canton, and is a corruption of the term _hoi-po-sho_, the name of the officer who has control over the boats on the river, strangely applied to the Collector of Customs by foreigners."—_Wells Williams, Chinese Commercial Guide_, 221.

[1878.—"The second board or tribunal is named HOOPOO, and to it is entrusted the care and keeping of the imperial revenue."—_Gray, China_, i. 19.]

1882.—"It may be as well to mention here that the 'HOPPO' (as he was incorrectly styled) filled an office especially created for the foreign trade at Canton.... The Board of Revenue is in Chinese 'Hoo-poo,' and the office was locally misapplied to the officer in question."—_The Fankwae at Canton_, p. 36.

HORSE-KEEPER, s. An old provincial English term, used in the Madras Presidency and in Ceylon, for 'groom.' The usual corresponding words are, in N. India, SYCE (q.v.), and in Bombay _ghorāwālā_ (see GORAWALLAH).

1555.—"There in the reste of the Cophine made for the nones thei bewrie one of his dierest lemmans, a waityng manne, a Cooke, a HORSE-KEEPER, a Lacquie, a Butler, and a Horse, whiche thei al at first strangle, and thruste in."—_W. Watreman, Fardle of Faciouns_, N. 1.

1609.—"Watermen, Lackeyes, HORSE-KEEPERS."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 216.

1673.—"On St. George's Day I was commanded by the Honourable _Gerald Aungier_ ... to embarque on a Bombaim Boat ... waited on by two of the Governor's servants ... an HORSEKEEPER...."—_Fryer_, 123.

1698.—"... followed by his boy ... and his HORSEKEEPER."—In _Wheeler_, i. 300.

1829.—"In my English buggy, with lamps lighted and an English sort of a nag, I might almost have fancied myself in England, but for the black HORSE-KEEPER alongside of me."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 87.

1837.—"Even my horse pretends he is too fine to switch off his own flies with his own long tail, but turns his head round to order the HORSEKEEPER ... to wipe them off for him."—_Letters from Madras_, 50.

HORSE-RADISH TREE, s. This is a common name, in both N. and S. India, for the tree called in Hind. _sahajnā_; _Moringa pterygosperma_, Gaertn., _Hyperanthera Moringa_, Vahl. (N. O. _Moringaceae_), in Skt. _sobhānjana_. Sir G. Birdwood says: "A marvellous tree botanically, as no one knows in what order to put it; it has links with so many; and it is evidently a 'head-centre' in the progressive development of forms." The name is given because the scraped root is used in place of horse-radish, which it closely resembles in flavour. In S. India the same plant is called the DRUMSTICK-TREE (q.v.), from the shape of the long slender fruit, which is used as a vegetable, or in curry, or made into a native pickle "most nauseous to Europeans" (_Punjab Plants_). It is a native of N.W. India, and also extensively cultivated in India and other tropical countries, and is used also for many purposes in the native pharmacopœia. [See MYROBALAN.]

HOSBOLHOOKUM, &c. Properly (Ar. used in Hind.) _ḥasb-ul-ḥukm_, literally 'according to order'; these words forming the initial formula of a document issued by officers of State on royal authority, and thence applied as the title of such a document.

[1678.—"Had it bin another King, as Shajehawn, whose phirmaund (see FIRMAUN) and HASBULLHOOKIMS were of such great force and binding."—In _Yule, Hedges' Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xlvi.]

" "... the other given in the 10th year of Oranzeeb, for the English to pay 2 per cent. at Surat, which the Mogul interpreted by his order, and HUSBULL HOOKUM (_id est_, a word of command by word of mouth) to his Devan in Bengall, that the English were to pay 2 per cent. custom at Surat, and in all other his dominions to be custom free."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, 17th Dec., in _Notes and Exts._, Pt. I. pp. 97-98.

1702.—"The Nabob told me that the great God knows that he had ever a hearty respect for the English ... saying, here is the HOSBULHOCUM, which the king has sent me to seize Factories and all their effects."—In _Wheeler_, i. 387.

1727.—"The _Phirmaund_ is presented (by the _Goosberdaar_ (GOORZBURDAR), or HOSBALHOUCKAIN, or, in _English_, the King's Messenger) and the Governor of the Province or City makes a short speech."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 230; [ed. 1744, i. 233].

1757.—"This Treaty was conceived in the following Terms. I. Whatever Rights and Privileges the King had granted the English Company, in their Phirmaund, and the HUSHULHOORUMS (_sic_), sent from Delly, shall not be disputed."—_Mem. of the Revolution in Bengal_, pp. 21-22.

1759.—"HOUSBUL-HOOKUM (_under the great seal of the Nabob Vizier, Ulmah Maleck, Nizam al Mulack Bahadour_). Be peace unto the high and renowned Mr. John Spencer ..."—In _Cambridge's Acct. of the War_, &c., 229.

1761.—"A grant signed by the Mogul is called a Phirmaund (_farmān_). By the Mogul's Son, a Nushawn (_nishān_). By the Nabob a Perwanna (_parwāna_). By the Vizier, a HOUSEBUL-HOOKUM."—_Ibid._ 226.

1769.—"Besides it is obvious, that as great a sum might have been drawn from that Company without affecting property ... or running into his golden dream of cockets on the Ganges, or visions of Stamp duties, _Perwannas_, _Dusticks_, _Kistbundees_ and HUSBULHOOKUMS."—_Burke, Obsns. on a late Publication called_ "The Present State of the Nation."

HOT-WINDS, s. This may almost be termed the name of one of the seasons of the year in Upper India, when the hot dry westerly winds prevail, and such aids to coolness as the TATTY and THERMANTIDOTE (q.v.) are brought into use. May is the typical month of such winds.

1804.—"Holkar appears to me to wish to avoid the contest at present; and so does Gen. Lake, possibly from a desire to give his troops some repose, and not to expose the Europeans to the HOT WINDS in Hindustan."—_Wellington_, iii. 180.

1873.—"It's no use thinking of lunch in this roaring HOT WIND that's getting up, so we shall be all light and fresh for another shy at the pigs this afternoon."—_The True Reformer_, i. p. 8.

HOWDAH, vulg. HOWDER, &c., s. Hind. modified from Ar. _haudaj_. A great chair or framed seat carried by an elephant. The original Arabic word _haudaj_ is applied to litters carried by camels.

c. 1663.—"At other times he rideth on an Elephant in a _Mik-dember_ or HAUZE ... the _Mik-dember_ being a little square House or Turret of Wood, is always painted and gilded; and the HAUZE, which is an Oval seat, having a Canopy with Pillars over it, is so likewise."—_Bernier_, E.T. 119; [ed. _Constable_, 370].

c. 1785.—"Colonel Smith ... reviewed his troops from the HOUDAR of his elephant."—_Carraccioli's L. of Clive_, iii. 133.

A popular rhyme which was applied in India successively to Warren Hastings' escape from Benares in 1781, and to Col. Monson's retreat from Malwa in 1804, and which was perhaps much older than either, runs:

"Ghoṛe par HAUDA, hāthī par jīn Jaldī bhāg-gāyā { Warren Hastīn! { Kornail Munsīn!"

which may be rendered with some anachronism in expression:

"Horses with HOWDAHS, and elephants saddled Off helter skelter the Sahibs skedaddled."

[1805.—"HOUZA, HOWDA." See under AMBAREE.]

1831.—

"And when they talked of Elephants, And riding in my HOWDER, (So it was called by all my aunts) I prouder grew and prouder." _H. M. Parker_, in _Bengal Annual_, 119.

1856.—

"But she, the gallant lady, holding fast With one soft arm the jewelled HOWDAH'S side, Still with the other circles tight the babe Sore smitten by a cruel shaft ..." _The Banyan Tree_, a Poem.

1863.—"Elephants are also liable to be disabled ... ulcers arise from neglect or carelessness in fitting on the HOWDAH."—_Sat. Review_, Sept. 6, 312.

HUBBA, s. A grain; a jot or tittle. Ar. _ḥabba_.

1786.—"For two years we have not received a HUBBA on account of our TUNKAW, though the ministers have annually charged a lac of rupees, and never paid us anything."—In _Art. agst. Hastings, Burke_, vii. 141.

[1836.—"The HABBEH (or grain of barley) is the 48th part of dirhem, or third of a keerat ... or in commerce fully equal to an English grain."—_Lane, Mod. Egypt._, ii. 326.]

HUBBLE-BUBBLE, s. An onomatopoeia applied to the _hooka_ in its rudimentary form, as used by the masses in India. Tobacco, or a mixture containing tobacco amongst other things, is placed with embers in a terra-cotta CHILLUM (q.v.), from which a reed carries the smoke into a coconut shell half full of water, and the smoke is drawn through a hole in the side, generally without any kind of mouth-piece, making a bubbling or gurgling sound. An elaborate description is given in Terry's _Voyage_ (see below), and another in _Govinda Samanta_, i. 29 (1872).

1616.—"... they have little Earthen Pots ... having a narrow neck and an open round top, out of the belly of which comes a small spout, to the lower part of which spout they fill the Pot with water: then putting their _Tobacco_ loose in the top, and a burning coal upon it, they having first fastned a very small strait hollow Cane or Reed ... within that spout ... the Pot standing on the ground, draw that smoak into their mouths, which first falls upon the Superficies of the water, and much discolours it. And this way of taking their _Tobacco_, they believe makes it much more cool and wholsom."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 363.

c. 1630.—"Tobacco is of great account here; not strong (as our men love), but weake and leafie; suckt out of long canes call'd HUBBLE-BUBBLES ..."—_Sir. T. Herbert_, 28.

1673.—"Coming back I found my troublesome Comrade very merry, and packing up his Household Stuff, his _Bang_ bowl, and HUBBLE-BUBBLE, to go along with me."—_Fryer_, 127.

1673.—"... bolstered up with embroidered Cushions, smoaking out of a silver HUBBLE-BUBBLE."—_Fryer_, 131.

1697.—"... Yesterday the King's Dewan, and this day the King's Buxee ... arrived ... to each of whom sent two bottles of Rose-water, and a glass HUBBLE-BUBBLE, with a compliment."—In _Wheeler_, i. 318.

c. 1760.—See _Grose_, i. 146.

1811.—"Cette manière de fumer est extrêmement commune ... on la nomme HUBBEL DE BUBBEL."—_Solvyns_, tom. iii.

1868.—"His (the Dyak's) favourite pipe is a huge HUBBLE-BUBBLE."—_Wallace, Mal. Archip._, ed. 1880, p. 80.

HUBSHEE, n.p. Ar. _Ḥabashī_, P. _Ḥabshī_, 'an Abyssinian,' an Ethiopian, a negro. The name is often specifically applied to the chief of Jinjīra on the western coast, who is the descendant of an Abyssinian family.

1298.—"There are numerous cities and villages in this province of ABASH, and many merchants."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 425.

[c. 1346.—"HABSHIS." See under COLOMBO.]

1553.—"At this time, among certain Moors, who came to sell provisions to the ships, had come three ABESHIS (_Abexijs_) of the country of the Prester John ..."—_Barros_, I. iv. 4.

[1612.—"Sent away the Thomas towards the HABASH coast."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 166; "The HABESH shore."—_Ibid._ i. 131.

[c. 1661.—"... on my way to Gonder, the capital of HABECH, or Kingdom of Ethiopia."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 2.]

1673.—"Cowis Cawn, an HOBSY or Arabian _Coffery_ (CAFFER)."—_Fryer_, 147.

1681.—"_Habessini_ ... nunc passim nominantur; vocabulo ab Arabibus indito, quibus HABESH colluviem vel mixturam gentium denotat."—_Ludolphi, Hist. Aethiop._ lib. i. c. i.

1750-60.—"The Moors are also fond of having Abyssinian slaves known in India by the name of HOBSHY Coffrees."—_Grose_, i. 148.

1789.—"In India Negroes, _Habissinians_, _Nobis_ (_i.e._ Nubians) &c. &c. are promiscuously called HABASHIES or _Habissians_, although the two latter are no negroes; and the _Nobies_ and HABASHES differ greatly from one another."—_Note to Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 36.

[1813.—"... the master of a family adopts a slave, frequently a HAFFSHEE Abyssinian, of the darkest hue, for his heir."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 473.]

1884.—"One of my Tibetan ponies had short curly brown hair, and was called both by my servants, and by Dr. Campbell, 'a HUBSHEE.'

"I understood that the name was specific for that description of pony amongst the traders."—_Note by Sir Joseph Hooker._

HUCK. Properly Ar. _haḳḳ_. A just right; a lawful claim; a perquisite claimable by established usage.

[1866.—"The difference between the bazar price, and the amount price of the article sold, is the HUQ of the Dullal (DELOLL)."—_Confessions of an Orderly_, 50.]

HUCKEEM, s. Ar.—H. _ḥakīm_; a physician. (See note under HAKIM.)

1622.—"I, who was thinking little or nothing about myself, was forthwith put by them into the hands of an excellent physician, a native of Shiraz, who then happened to be at Lar, and whose name was _Hekim Abu'l fetab_. The word HEKIM signifies 'wise'; it is a title which it is the custom to give to all those learned in medical matters."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 318.

1673.—"My Attendance is engaged, and a Million of Promises, could I restore him to his Health, laid down from his Wives, Children, and Relations, who all (with the Citizens, as I could hear going along) pray to God that the HACKIN _Fringi_, the _Frank_ Doctor, might kill him ..."—_Fryer_, 312.

1837.—"I had the native works on Materia Medica collated by competent HAKEEMS and Moonshees."—_Royle, Hindoo Medicine_, 25.

HULLIA, s. Canarese _Holeya_; the same as POLEA (_pulayan_) (q.v.), equivalent to PARIAH (q.v.). ["_Holeyas_ field-labourers and agrestic serfs of S. Canara; _Pulayan_ being the Malayālam and _Paraiyan_ the Tamil form of the same word. Brahmans derive it from _hole_, 'pollution'; others from _hola_, 'land' or 'soil,' as being thought to be autochthones" (_Sturrock, Man. of S. Canara_, i. 173). The last derivation is accepted in the _Madras Gloss._ For an illustration of these people, see _Richter, Man. of Coorg_, 112.]

1817.—"... a HULLIÁ or Pariar King."—_Wilks, Hist. Sketches_, i. 151.

1874.—"At Melkotta, the chief seat of the followers of Râmanya [Rāmānuja] Achârya, and at the Brâhman temple at Bailur, the HŎLĔYARS or Pareyars have the right of entering the temple on three days in the year, specially set apart for them."—_M. J. Walhouse_, in _Ind. Antiq._ iii. 191.

HULWA, s. Ar. _ḥalwā_ and _ḥalāwa_ is generic for sweetmeat, and the word is in use from Constantinople to Calcutta. In H. the word represents a particular class, of which the ingredients are milk, sugar, almond paste, and ghee flavoured with cardamom. "The best at Bombay is imported from Muskat" (_Birdwood_).

1672.—"Ce qui estoit plus le plaisant, c'estoit un homme qui précédoit le corps des confituriers, lequel avoit une chemise qui luy descendoit aux talons, toute couverte D'ALVA, c'est à dire, de confiture."—_Journ. d'Ant. Galland_, i. 118.

1673.—"... the Widow once a Moon (to) go to the Grave with her Acquaintance to repeat the doleful Dirge, after which she bestows HOLWAY, a kind of Sacramental Wafer; and entreats their Prayers for the Soul of the Departed."—_Fryer_, 94.

1836.—"A curious cry of the seller of a kind of sweetmeat ('HALÁWEH'), composed of treacle fried with some other ingredients, is 'For a nail! O sweetmeat!...' children and servants often steal implements of iron, &c., from the house ... and give them to him in exchange...."—_Lane, Mod. Egypt._, ed. 1871, ii. 15.

HUMMAUL, s. Ar. _ḥammāl_, a porter. The use of the word in India is confined to the west, and there now commonly indicates a palankin-bearer. The word still survives in parts of Sicily in the form CAMALLU = It. 'facchino,' a relic of the Saracenic occupation. In Andalusia ALHAMEL now means a man who lets out a baggage horse; and the word is also used in Morocco in the same way (_Dozy_).

c. 1350.—"Those rustics whom they call CAMALLS (_camallos_), whose business it is to carry burdens, and also to carry men and women on their shoulders in litters, such as are mentioned in Canticles: '_Ferculum fecit sibi Solomon de lignis Libani_,' whereby is meant a portable litter such as I used to be carried in at Zayton, and in India."—_John de' Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., 366.

1554.—"To the Xabandar (see SHABUNDER) (at Ormuz) for the vessels employed in discharging stores, and for the AMALS who serve in the custom-house."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 103.

1691.—"His honour was carried by the AMAALS, _i.e._ the Palankyn bearers 12 in number, sitting in his Palankyn."—_Valentijn_, v. 266.

1711.—"HAMALAGE, or Cooley-hire, at 1 _coz_ (see GOSBECK) for every maund Tabrees."—Tariff in _Lockyer_, 243.

1750-60.—"The HAMAULS or porters, who make a livelihood of carrying goods to and from the warehouses."—_Grose_, i. 120.

1809.—"The palankeen-bearers are here called HAMAULS (a word signifying carrier) ... these people come chiefly from the Mahratta country, and are of the _coombie_ or agricultural caste."—_Maria Graham_, 2.

1813.—For HAMAULS at Bussora, see _Milburn_, i. 126.

1840.—"The HAMALS groaned under the weight of their precious load, the Apostle of the Ganges" (Dr. Duff to wit).—_Smith's Life of Dr. John Wilson_, 1878, p. 282.

1877.—"The stately iron gate enclosing the front garden of the Russian Embassy was beset by a motley crowd.... HAMALS, or street porters, bent double under the burden of heavy trunks and boxes, would come now and then up one or other of the two semicircular avenues."—_Letter from Constantinople_, in _Times_, May 7.

HUMMING-BIRD, s. This name is popularly applied in some parts of India to the sun-birds (sub-fam. _Nectarininae_).

HUMP, s. 'Calcutta humps' are the salted humps of Indian oxen exported from that city. (See under BUFFALO.)

HURCARRA, HIRCARA, &c., s. Hind. _harkārā_, 'a messenger, a courier; an emissary, a spy' (_Wilson_). The etymology, according to the same authority, is _har_, 'every,' _kār_, 'business.' The word became very familiar in the Gilchristian spelling _Hurkaru_, from the existence of a Calcutta newspaper bearing that title (_Bengal Hurkaru_, generally enunciated by non-Indians as _Hurkĕroó_), for the first 60 years of last century, or thereabouts.

1747.—"Given to the IRCARAS for bringing news of the Engagement. (Pag.) 4 3 0."—_Fort St David, Expenses of the Paymaster_, under January. MS. Records in India Office.

1748.—"The city of Dacca is in the utmost confusion on account of ... advices of a large force of Mahrattas coming by way of the Sunderbunds, and that they were advanced as far as Sundra Col, when first descried by their HURCURRAHS."—In _Long_, 4.

1757.—"I beg you to send me a good ALCARA who understands the Portuguese language."—Letter in _Ives_, 159.

" "HIRCARS or Spies."—_Ibid._ 161; [and comp. 67].

1761.—"The head HARCAR returned, and told me this as well as several other secrets very useful to me, which I got from him by dint of money and some rum."—Letter of _Capt. Martin White_, in _Long_, 260.

[1772.—"HERCARRAS." (See under DALOYET.)]

1780.—"One day upon the march a HIRCARRAH came up and delivered him a letter from Colonel Baillie."—Letter of _T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 26.

1803.—"The HIRCARRAS reported the enemy to be at Bokerdun."—Letter of _A. Wellesley_, _ibid._ 348.

c. 1810.—"We were met at the entrance of Tippoo's dominions by four HIRCARRAHS, or soldiers, whom the Sultan sent as a guard to conduct us safely."—_Miss Edgeworth, Lame Jervas._ Miss Edgeworth has oddly misused the word here.

1813.—"The contrivances of the native HALCARRAHS and spies to conceal a letter are extremely clever, and the measures they frequently adopt to elude the vigilance of an enemy are equally extraordinary."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 129; [compare 2nd ed. i. 64; ii. 201].

HURTAUL, s. Hind. from Skt. _haritalaka_, _hartāl_, _haritāl_, yellow arsenic, orpiment.

c. 1347.—Ibn Batuta seems oddly to confound it with camphor. "The best (camphor) called in the country itself _al_-ḤARDĀLA, is that which attains the highest degree of cold."—iv. 241.

c. 1759.—"... HARTAL and _Cotch_, Earth-Oil and Wood-Oil...."—List of Burmese Products, in _Dalrymple's Or. Reper._ i. 109.

HUZĀRA, n.p. This name has two quite distinct uses.

(A.) Pers. _Hazāra_. It is used as a generic name for a number of tribes occupying some of the wildest parts of Afghanistan, chiefly N.W. and S.W. of Kabul. These tribes are in no respect Afghan, but are in fact most or all of them Mongol in features, and some of them also in language. The term at one time appears to have been used more generally for a variety of the wilder clans in the higher hill countries of Afghanistan and the Oxus basin, much as in Scotland of a century and a half ago they spoke of "the clans." It appears to be merely from the Pers. _hazār_, 1000. The regiments, so to speak, of the Mongol hosts of Chinghiz and his immediate successors were called HAZĀRAS, and if we accept the belief that the _Hazāras_ of Afghanistan were predatory bands of those hosts who settled in that region (in favour of which there is a good deal to be said), this name is intelligible. If so, its application to the non-Mongol people of Wakhān, &c., must have been a later transfer. [See the discussion by Bellew, who points out that "amongst themselves this people never use the term _Hazārah_ as their national appellation, and yet they have no name for their people as a nation. They are only known amongst themselves by the names of their principal tribes and the clans subordinate to them respectively." (_Races of Afghanistan_, 114.)]

c. 1480.—"The HAZĀRA, Takdari, and all the other tribes having seen this, quietly submitted to his authority."—_Tarkhán-Náma_, in _Elliot_, i. 303. For _Takdari_ we should probably read _Nakudari_; and see _Marco Polo_, Bk. I. ch. 18, note on _Nigudaris_.

c. 1505.—Kabul "on the west has the mountain districts, in which are situated Karnûd and Ghûr. This mountainous tract is at present occupied and inhabited by the HAZÂRA and Nukderi tribes."—_Baber_, p. 136.

1508.—"Mirza Ababeker, the ruler and tyrant of Káshghar, had seized all the Upper HAZÁRAS of Badakhshán."—_Erskine's Baber and Humáyun_, i. 287. "_Hazáraját báládest._ The upper districts in Badakhshán were called _Hazáras_." Erskine's note. He is using the _Tarīkh Rashīdī_. But is not the word _Hazáras_ here, 'the clans,' used elliptically for the highland districts occupied by them?

[c. 1590.—"The HAZÁRAHS are the descendants of the Chaghatai army, sent by Manku Ḳáán to the assistance of Huláku Khán.... They possess horses, sheep and goats. They are divided into factions, each covetous of what they can obtain, deceptive in their common intercourse and their conventions of amity savour of the wolf."—_Āīn_, ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 402.]

(B.) A mountain district in the extreme N.W. of the Punjab, of which _Abbottābād_, called after its founder, General James Abbott, is the British head-quarter. The name of this region apparently has nothing to do with _Hazāras_ in the tribal sense, but is probably a survival of the ancient name of a territory in this quarter, called in Sanskrit _Abhisāra_, and figuring in Ptolemy, Arrian and Curtius as the kingdom of King _Abisarēs_. [See _M‘Crindle, Invasion of India_, 69.]

HUZOOR, s. Ar. _ḥuẓūr_, 'the presence'; used by natives as a respectful way of talking of or to exalted personages, to or of their master, or occasionally of any European gentleman in presence of another European. [The allied words _ḥaẓrat_ and _ḥuẓūrī_ are used in kindred senses as in the examples.]

[1787.—"You will send to the HUZZOOR an account particular of the assessment payable by each ryot."—_Parwana of Tippoo_, in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 125.

[1813.—"The Mahratta cavalry are divided into several classes: the HUSSERAT, or household troops called the _kassey-pagah_, are reckoned very superior to the ordinary horse...."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 344.

[1824.—"The employment of that singular description of officers called HUZOORIAH, or servants of the presence, by the Mahratta princes of Central India, has been borrowed from the usages of the Poona court. _Huzooriahs_ are personal attendants of the chief, generally of his own tribe, and are usually of respectable parentage; a great proportion are hereditary followers of the family of the prince they serve.... They are the usual envoys to subjects on occasions of importance.... Their appearance supersedes all other authority, and disobedience to the orders they convey is termed an act of rebellion."—_Malcolm, Central India_, 2nd ed. i. 536 _seq._

[1826.—"These men of authority being aware that I was a HOOGORIE, or one attached to the suite of a great man, received me with due respect."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 40.]

HYSON. (See under TEA.)

I

IDALCAN, HIDALCAN, and sometimes IDALXA, n.p. The title by which the Portuguese distinguished the kings of the Mahommedan dynasty of Bījapūr which rose at the end of the 15th century on the dissolution of the Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan. These names represented _'Adil Khān_, the title of the founder before he became king, more generally called by the Portuguese the SABAIO (q.v.), and _'Adil Shāh_, the distinctive style of all the kings of the dynasty. The Portuguese commonly called their kingdom BALAGHAUT (q.v.).

1510.—"The HIDALCAN entered the city (Goa) with great festivity and rejoicings, and went to the castle to see what the ships were doing, and there, inside and out, he found the dead Moors, whom Timoja had slain; and round about them the brothers and parents and wives, raising great wailings and lamentations, thus the festivity of the HIDALCAN was celebrated by weepings and wailings ... so that he sent João Machado to the Governor to speak about terms of peace.... The Governor replied that Goa belonged to his lord the K. of Portugal, and that he would hold no peace with him (Hidalcan) unless he delivered up the city with all its territories.... With which reply back went João Machado, and the HIDALCAN on hearing it was left amazed, saying that our people were sons of the devil...."—_Correa_, ii. 98.

1516.—"HYDALCAN." See under SABAIO.

1546.—"Trelado de contrato que ho Gouernador Dom Johão de Crastro ffeez com o IDALXAA, que d'antes se chamava IDALCÃO."—_Tombo_, in _Subsidios_, 39.

1563.—"And as those Governors grew weary of obeying the King of Daquem (DECCAN), they conspired among themselves that each should appropriate his own lands ... and the great-grandfather of this ADELHAM who now reigns was one of those captains who revolted; he was a Turk by nation and died in the year 1535; a very powerful man he was always, but it was from him that we twice took by force of arms this city of Goa...."—_Garcia_, f. 35_v_. [And comp. _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 199.] N.B.—It was the _second_ of the dynasty who died in 1535; the original 'ADIL KHĀN (or SABAIO) died in 1510, just before the attack of Goa by the Portuguese.

1594-5.—"There are three distinct States in the Dakhin. The NIZÁM-UL-MULKIYA, 'ADIL KHÁNIYA, and KUTBU-L-MULKIYA. The settled rule among them was, that if a foreign army entered their country, they united their forces and fought, notwithstanding the dissensions and quarrels they had among themselves. It was also the rule, that when their forces were united, Nizám-ul-Mulk commanded the centre, 'ADIL KHÁN the right, and Kutbu-l-Mulk the left. This rule was now observed, and an immense force had been collected."—_Akbar-Nāma_, in _Elliot_, vi. 131.

IMAUM, s. Ar. _Imām_, 'an exemplar, a leader' (from a root signifying 'to aim at, to follow after'), a title technically applied to the Caliph (_Khalīfa_) or 'Vicegerent,' or Successor, who is the head of Islām. The title "is also given—in its religious import only—to the heads of the four orthodox sects ... and in a more restricted sense still, to the ordinary functionary of a mosque who leads in the daily prayers of the congregation" (_Dr. Badger, Omân_, App. A.). The title has been perhaps most familiar to Anglo-Indians as that of the Princes of 'Omān, or "IMAUMS of Muscat," as they were commonly termed. This title they derived from being the heads of a sect (_Ibādhiya_) holding peculiar doctrine as to the Imamate, and rejecting the Caliphate of Ali or his successors. It has not been assumed by the Princes themselves since Sa'īd bin Ahmad who died in the early part of last century, but was always applied by the English to Saiyid Sa'īd, who reigned for 52 years, dying in 1856. Since then, and since the separation of the dominions of the dynasty in Omān and in Africa, the title IMĀM has no longer been used.

It is a singular thing that in an article on Zanzibar in the _J. R. Geog. Soc._ vol. xxiii. by the late Col. Sykes, the Sultan is always called the _Imaun_, [of which other examples will be found below].

1673.—"At night we saw _Muschat_, whose vast and horrid Mountains no Shade but Heaven does hide.... The Prince of this country is called IMAUM, who is guardian at _Mahomet's_ Tomb, and on whom is devolved the right of _Caliphship_ according to the Ottoman belief."—_Fryer_, 220.

[1753.—"These people are Mahommedans of a particular sect ... they are subject to an IMAN, who has absolute authority over them."—_Hanway_, iii. 67.

[1901.—Of the Bombay Kojas, "there were only 12 IMANS, the last of the number ... having disappeared without issue."—_Times_, April 12.]

IMAUMBARRA, s. This is a hybrid word _Imām-bāṛā_, in which the last part is the Hindī _bāṛā_, 'an enclosure,' &c. It is applied to a building maintained by Shī'a communities in India for the express purpose of celebrating the MOHURRUM ceremonies (see HOBSON-JOBSON). The sepulchre of the Founder and his family is often combined with this object. The Imāmbāṛā of the Nawāb Asaf-ud-daula at Lucknow is, or was till the siege of 1858, probably the most magnificent modern Oriental structure in India. It united with the objects already mentioned a mosque, a college, and apartments for the members of the religious establishment. The great hall is "conceived on so grand a scale," says Fergusson, "as to entitle it to rank with the buildings of an earlier age." The central part of it forms a vaulted apartment of 162 feet long by 53½ wide.

[1837.—"In the afternoon we went to see the EMAUNBERRA."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 87.]

IMPALE, v. It is startling to find an injunction to impale criminals given by an English governor (Vansittart, apparently) little more than a century ago. [See CALUETE.]

1764.—"I request that you will give orders to the Naib of Dacca to send some of the Factory Sepoys along with some of his own people, to apprehend the said murderers and to IMPALE them, which will be very serviceable to traders."—_The Governor of Fort William_ to the Nawab; in _Long_, 389.

1768-71.—"The punishments inflicted at Batavia are excessively severe, especially such as fall upon the Indians. IMPALEMENT is the chief and most terrible."—_Stavorinus_, i. 288. This writer proceeds to give a description of the horrible process, which he witnessed.

INAUM, ENAUM, s. Ar. _in'ām_, 'a gift' (from a superior), 'a favour,' but especially in India a gift of rent-free land: also land so held. IN'ĀMDĀR, the holder of such lands. A full detail of the different kinds of _in'ām_, especially among the Mahrattas, will be found in _Wilson_, s.v. The word is also used in Western India for BUCKSHEESH (q.v.). This use is said to have given rise to a little mistake on the part of an English political traveller some 30 or 40 years ago, when there had been some agitation regarding the IN'AM lands and the alleged harshness of the Government in dealing with such claims. The traveller reported that the public feeling in the west of India was so strong on this subject that his very palankin-bearers at the end of their stage invariably joined their hands in supplication, shouting, "IN'AM! IN'AM! Sahib!"

INDIA, INDIES, n.p. A book might be written on this name. We can only notice a few points in connection with it.

It is not easy, if it be possible, to find a truly native (_i.e._ Hindu) name for the whole country which we call India; but the _conception_ certainly existed from an early date. _Bhāratavarsha_ is used apparently in the Purānas with something like this conception. _Jambudwīpa_, a term belonging to the mythical cosmography, is used in the Buddhist books, and sometimes, by the natives of the south, even now. The accuracy of the definitions of India in some of the Greek and Roman authors shows the existence of the same conception of the country that we have now; a conception also obvious in the modes of speech of Hwen T'sang and the other Chinese pilgrims. The Aśoka inscriptions, c. B.C. 250, had enumerated Indian kingdoms covering a considerable part of the conception, and in the great inscription at Tanjore, of the 11th century A.D., which incidentally mentions the conquest (real or imaginary) of a great part of India, by the king of Tanjore, Vīra-Chola, the same system is followed. In a copperplate of the 11th century, by the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyāna, we find the expression "from the Himālaya to the Bridge" (_Ind. Antiq._ i. 81), _i.e._ the Bridge of Rāma, or 'Adam's Bridge,' as our maps have it. And Mahommedan definitions as old, and with the name, will be found below. Under the Hindu kings of Vijayanagara also (from the 14th century) inscriptions indicate all India by like expressions.

The origin of the name is without doubt (Skt.) _Sindhu_, 'the sea,' and thence the Great River on the West, and the country on its banks, which we still call _Sindh_.[144] By a change common in many parts of the world, and in various parts of India itself, this name exchanged the initial sibilant for an aspirate, and became (eventually) in Persia _Hindū_, and so passed on to the Greeks and Latins, viz. Ἰνδοὶ for the people, Ἰνδός for the river, Ἰνδική and India for the country on its banks. Given this name for the western tract, and the conception of the country as a whole to which we have alluded, the name in the mouths of foreigners naturally but gradually spread to the whole.

Some have imagined that the name of the land of _Nod_ ('wandering'), to which Cain is said to have migrated, and which has the same consonants, is but a form of this; which is worth noting, as this idea may have had to do with the curious statement in some medieval writers (_e.g._ John Marignolli) that certain eastern races were "the descendants of Cain." In the form _Hidhu_ [_Hindus_, see _Encycl. Bibl._ ii. 2169] India appears in the great cuneiform inscription on the tomb of Darius Hystaspes near Persepolis, coupled with _Gadāra_ (_i.e._ _Gandhāra_, or the Peshawar country), and no doubt still in some degree restricted in its application. In the Hebrew of Esther i. 1, and viii. 9, the form is _Hōd(d)ū_, or perhaps rather _Hiddū_ (see also _Peritsol_ below). The first Greek writers to speak of India and the Indians were Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, and Ctesias (B.C. c. 500, c. 440, c. 400). The last, though repeating more fables than Herodotus, shows a truer conception of what India was.

Before going further, we ought to point out that INDIA itself is a Latin form, and does not appear in a Greek writer, we believe, before Lucian and Polyænus, both writers of the middle of the 2nd century. The Greek form is ἡ Ἰνδική, or else 'The Land of the Indians.'

The name of 'India' spread not only from its original application, as denoting the country on the banks of the Indus, to the whole peninsula between (and including) the valleys of Indus and Ganges; but also in a vaguer way to all the regions beyond. The compromise between the vaguer and the more precise use of the term is seen in Ptolemy, where the boundaries of the true India are defined, on the whole, with surprising exactness, as 'India within the Ganges,' whilst the darker regions beyond appear as 'India beyond the Ganges.' And this double conception of India, as 'India Proper' (as we may call it), and India in the vaguer sense, has descended to our own time.

So vague became the conception in the 'dark ages' that the name is sometimes found to be used as synonymous with Asia, 'Europe, Africa, and India,' forming the three parts of the world. Earlier than this, however, we find a tendency to discriminate different Indias, in a form distinct from Ptolemy's _Intra et extra Gangem_; and the terms _India Major_, _India Minor_ can be traced back to the 4th century. As was natural where there was so little knowledge, the application of these terms was various and oscillating, but they continued to hold their ground for 1000 years, and in the later centuries of that period we generally find a third India also, and a tendency (of which the roots go back, as far at least as Virgil's time) to place one of the three in Africa.

It is this conception of a twofold or threefold India that has given us and the other nations of Europe the vernacular expressions in plural form which hold their ground to this day: the _Indies_, les _Indes_, (It.) le _Indie_, &c.

And we may add further, that China is called by Friar Odoric Upper India (_India Superior_), whilst Marignolli calls it _India Magna_ and _Maxima_, and calls Malabar _India Parva_, and _India Inferior_.

There was yet another, and an Oriental, application of the term India to the country at the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates, which the people of Basra still call _Hind_; and which Sir H. Rawlinson connects with the fact that the Talmudic writers confounded Obillah in that region with the _Havila_ of Genesis. (See _Cathay_, &c., 55, note.)

In the work of the Chinese traveller Hwen T'sang again we find that by him and his co-religionists a plurality of Indias was recognised, _i.e._ five, viz. North, Central, East, South, and West.

Here we may remark how two names grew out of the original _Sindhu_. The aspirated and Persianised form _Hind_, as applied to the great country beyond the Indus, passed to the Arabs. But when they invaded the valley of the Indus and found it called _Sindhu_, they adopted that name in the form _Sind_, and thenceforward '_Hind_ and _Sind_' were habitually distinguished, though generally coupled, and conceived as two parts of a great whole.

Of the application of _India_ to an Ethiopian region, an application of which indications extend over 1500 years, we have not space to speak here. On this and on the medieval plurality of Indias reference may be made to two notes on _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. vol. ii. pp. 419 and 425.

The vague extension of the term India to which we have referred, survives in another form besides that in the use of '_Indies_.' _India_, to each European nation which has possessions in the East, may be said, without much inaccuracy, to mean in colloquial use that part of the East in which their own possessions lie. Thus to the Portuguese, _India_ was, and probably still is, the West Coast only. In their writers of the 16th and 17th century a distinction is made between _India_, the territory of the Portuguese and their immediate neighbours on the West Coast, and _Mogor_, the dominions of the Great Mogul. To the Dutchman _India_ means Java and its dependencies. To the Spaniard, if we mistake not, _India_ is Manilla. To the Gaul are not _les Indes_ Pondicherry, Chandernagore, and Réunion?

As regards the WEST INDIES, this expression originates in the misconception of the great Admiral himself, who in his memorable enterprise was seeking, and thought he had found, a new route to the 'Indias' by sailing west instead of east. His discoveries were to Spain _the_ Indies, until it gradually became manifest that they were not identical with the ancient lands of the east, and then they became the _West-Indies_.

INDIAN is a name which has been carried still further abroad; from being applied, as a matter of course, to the natives of the islands, supposed of India, discovered by Columbus, it naturally passed to the natives of the adjoining continent, till it came to be the familiar name of all the tribes between (and sometimes even including) the Esquimaux of the North and the Patagonians of the South.

This abuse no doubt has led to our hesitation in applying the term to a native of India itself. We use the adjective _Indian_, but no modern Englishman who has had to do with India ever speaks of a man of that country as 'an Indian.' Forrest, in his _Voyage to Mergui_, uses the inelegant word _Indostaners_; but in India itself a HINDUSTANI means, as has been indicated under that word, a native of the upper Gangetic valley and adjoining districts. Among the Greeks 'an Indian' (Ἰνδὸς) acquired a notable specific application, viz. to an elephant driver or MAHOUT (q.v.).

B.C. c. 486.—"Says Darius the King: By the grace of Ormazd these (are) the countries which I have acquired besides Persia. I have established my power over them. They have brought tribute to me. That which has been said to them by me they have done. They have obeyed my law. Medea ... Arachotia (_Harauvatish_), Sattagydia (_Thatagush_), Gandaria (_Gadára_), India (HIDUSH)...."—On the Tomb of Darius at Nakhsh-i-Rustam, see _Rawlinson's Herod._ iv. 250.

B.C. c. 440.—"Eastward of INDIA lies a tract which is entirely sand. Indeed, of all the inhabitants of Asia, concerning whom anything is known, the INDIANS dwell nearest to the east, and the rising of the Sun."—_Herodotus_, iii. c. 98 (_Rawlinson_).

B.C. c. 300.—"INDIA then (ἡ τοίνυν Ἰνδικὴ) being four-sided in plan, the side which looks to the Orient and that to the South, the Great Sea compasseth; that towards the Arctic is divided by the mountain chain of Hēmōdus from Scythia, inhabited by that tribe of Scythians who are called Sakai; and on the fourth side, turned towards the West, the Indus marks the boundary, the biggest or nearly so of all rivers after the Nile."—_Megasthenes_, in _Diodorus_, ii. 35. (From Müller's _Fragm. Hist. Graec._, ii. 402.)

A.D. c. 140.—"Τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ινδοῦ πρὸς ἔω, τοῦτό μοι ἔστω ἡ τῶν Ἰνδῶν γῆ, καὶ Ἰνδοὶ οὖτοι ἔστωσαν."—_Arrian, Indica_, ch. ii.

c. 590.—"As for the land of the Hind it is bounded on the East by the Persian Sea (_i.e._ the Indian Ocean), on the W. and S. by the countries of Islām, and on the N. by the Chinese Empire.... The length of the land of the Hind from the government of Mokrān, the country of Manṣūra and Bodha and the rest of Sind, till thou comest to Ḳannūj and thence passest on to Tobbat (see TIBET), is about 4 months, and its breadth from the Indian Ocean to the country of Ḳannūj about three months."—_Istakhri_, pp. 6 and 11.

c. 650.—"The name of _T'ien-chu_ (India) has gone through various and confused forms.... Anciently they said _Shin-tu_; whilst some authors called it _Hien-teou_. Now conforming to the true pronunciation one should say IN-TU."—_Hwen T'sang_, in _Pèl. Bouddh._, ii. 57.

c. 944.—"For the nonce let us confine ourselves to summary notices concerning the kings of SIND and HIND. The language of Sind is different from that of HIND...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 381.

c. 1020.—"INDIA (AL-HIND) is one of those plains bounded on the south by the Sea of the Indians. Lofty mountains bound it on all the other quarters. Through this plain the waters descending from the mountains are discharged. Moreover, if thou wilt examine this country with thine eyes, if thou wilt regard the rounded and worn stones that are found in the soil, however deep thou mayest dig,—stones which near the mountains, where the rivers roll down violently, are large; but small at a distance from the mountains, where the current slackens; and which become mere sand where the currents are at rest, where the waters sink into the soil, and where the sea is at hand—then thou wilt be tempted to believe that this country was at a former period only a sea which the debris washed down by the torrents hath filled up...."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Reinaud's Extracts, Journ. As._ ser. 4. 1844.

" "HIND is surrounded on the East by Chín and Máchín, on the West by Sind and Kábul, and on the South by the Sea."—_Ibid._ in _Elliot_, i. 45.

1205.—"The whole country of HIND, from Pershaur to the shores of the Ocean, and in the other direction, from Siwistán to the hills of Chín...."—_Hasan Nizāmī_, in _Elliot_, ii. 236. That is, from Peshawar in the north, to the Indian Ocean in the south; from Sehwan (on the west bank of the Indus) to the mountains on the east dividing from China.

c. 1500.—"HODU quae est INDIA extra et intra Gangem."—_Itinera Mundi_ (in Hebrew), by _Abr. Peritsol_, in _Hyde, Syntagma Dissertt._, Oxon, 1767, i. 75.

1553.—"And had Vasco da Gama belonged to a nation so glorious as the Romans he would perchance have added to the style of his family, noble as that is, the surname 'OF INDIA,' since we know that those symbols of honour that a man wins are more glorious than those that he inherits, and that Scipio gloried more in the achievement which gave him the surname of '_Africanus_,' than in the name of Cornelius, which was that of his family."—_Barros_, I. iv. 12.

1572.—Defined, without being named, by Camoens:

"Alem do Indo faz, e aquem do Gange Hu terreno muy grãde, e assaz famoso, Que pela parte Austral o mar abrange, E para o Norte o Emodio cavernoso." _Lusiadas_, vii. 17.

Englished by Burton:

"Outside of Indus, inside Ganges, lies a wide-spread country, famed enough of yore; northward the peaks of caved Emódus rise, and southward Ocean doth confine the shore."

1577.—"INDIA is properly called that great Province of Asia, in the whiche great Alexander kepte his warres, and was so named of the ryuer Indus."—_Eden, Hist. of Trauayle_, f. 3_v_.

The _distinct_ INDIAS.

c. 650.—"The circumference of the Five Indies is about 90,000 _li_; on three sides it is bounded by a great sea; on the north it is backed by snowy mountains. It is wide at the north and narrow at the south; its figure is that of a half-moon."—_Hwen T'sang_, in _Pèl. Bouddh._, ii. 58.

1298.—"INDIA THE GREATER is that which extends from Maabar to Kesmacoran (_i.e._ from Coromandel to Mekran), and it contains 13 great kingdoms.... INDIA THE LESSER extends from the Province of Champa to Mutfili (_i.e._ from Cochin-China to the Kistna Delta), and contains 8 great Kingdoms.... Abash (Abyssinia) is a very great province, and you must know that it constitutes the MIDDLE INDIA."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 34, 35.

c. 1328.—"What shall I say? The greatness of this INDIA is beyond description. But let this much suffice concerning INDIA THE GREATER and THE LESS. Of INDIA TERTIA I will say this, that I have not indeed seen its many marvels, not having been there...."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 41.

INDIA MINOR, in _Clavijo_, looks as if it were applied to Afghanistan:

1404.—"And this same Thursday that the said Ambassadors arrived at this great River (the Oxus) they crossed to the other side. And the same day ... came in the evening to a great city which is called _Tenmit_ (Termedh), and this used to belong to INDIA MINOR, but now belongs to the empire of Samarkand, having been conquered by Tamurbec."—_Clavijo_, § ciii. (_Markham_, 119).

INDIES.

c. 1601.—"He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map with the augmentation of the INDIAES."—_Twelfth Night_, Act iii. sc. 2.

1653.—"I was thirteen times captive and seventeen times sold in the INDIES."—_Trans. of Pinto_, by _H. Cogan_, p. 1.

1826.—"... Like a French lady of my acquaintance, who had so general a notion of the East, that upon taking leave of her, she enjoined me to get acquainted with a friend of hers, living as she said _quelque part dans_ LES INDES, and whom, to my astonishment, I found residing at the Cape of Good Hope."—_Hajji Baba_, Introd. Epistle, ed. 1835, p. ix.

INDIA of the PORTUGUESE.

c. 1567.—"Di qui (Coilan) a Cao Comeri si fanno settanta due miglia, _e qui si finisse la costa_ DELL'INDIA."—_Ces. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 390.

1598.—"At the ende of the countrey of _Cambaia_ beginneth INDIA and the lands of Decam and Cuncam ... from the island called Das Vaguas (read _Vaquas_) ... which is the righte coast that in all the East Countries is called INDIA.... Now you must vnderstande that this coast of INDIA beginneth at _Daman_, or the Island Das Vaguas, and stretched South and by East, to the Cape of _Comorin_, where it endeth."—_Linschoten_, ch. ix.-x.; [Hak. Soc. i. 62. See also under ABADA].

c. 1610.—"Il y a grand nombre des Portugais qui demeurent ès ports du cette coste de Bengale ... ils n'osoient retourner en L'INDE, pour quelques fautes qu'ils y ont commis."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 239; [Hak. Soc. i. 334].

1615.—"Sociorum literis, qui Mogoris Regiam incolunt auditum est in INDIA de celeberrimo Regno illo quod Saraceni Cataium vocant."—_Trigautius, De Christianâ Expeditione apud Sinas_, p. 544.

1644.—(Speaking of the Daman district above Bombay.)—"The fruits are nearly all the same as those that you get in INDIA, and especially many _Mangas_ and _Cassaras_ (?), which are like chestnuts."—_Bocarro, MS._

It is remarkable to find the term used, in a similar restricted sense, by the Court of the E.I.C. in writing to Fort St. George. They certainly mean some part of the west coast.

1670.—They desire that DUNGAREES may be supplied thence if possible, as "they were not procurable on the COAST OF INDIA, by reason of the disturbances of Sevajee."—_Notes and Exts._, Pt. i. 2.

1673.—"The Portugals ... might have subdued INDIA by this time, had not we fallen out with them, and given them the first Blow at Ormuz ... they have added some Christians to those formerly converted by St. Thomas, but it is a loud Report to say all INDIA."—_Fryer_, 137.

1881.—In a correspondence with Sir R. Morier, we observe the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs calls their Goa Viceroy "The Governor General of INDIA."

INDIA of the DUTCH.

1876.—The Dorian "is common throughout all INDIA."—_Filet, Plant-Kunding Woordenboek_, 196.

INDIES applied to AMERICA.

1563.—"And please to tell me ... which is better, this (_Radix Chinae_) or the _guiacão_ of our INDIES as we call them...."—_Garcia_, f. 177.

INDIAN. This word in English first occurs, according to Dr. Guest, in the following passage:—

A.D. 433-440.

"Mid israelum ic waes Mid ebreum and INDEUM, and mid egyptum." In _Guest's English Rhythms_, ii. 86-87.

But it may be queried whether _indeum_ is not here an error for _iudeum_; the converse error to that supposed to have been made in the printing of Othello's death-speech—

"of one whose hand Like the base _Judean_ threw a pearl away."

INDIAN _used for_ MAHOUT.

B.C. ? 116-105.—"And upon the beasts (the elephants) there were strong towers of wood, which covered every one of them, and were girt fast unto them with devices: there were also upon every one two and thirty strong men, that fought upon them, beside the INDIAN that ruled them."—_I. Maccabees_, vi. 37.

B.C. c. 150.—"Of Beasts (_i.e._ elephants) taken with all their INDIANS there were ten; and of all the rest, which had thrown their INDIANS, he got possession after the battle by driving them together."—_Polybius_, Bk. i. ch. 40; see also iii. 46, and xi. 1. It is very curious to see the drivers of _Carthaginian_ elephants thus called _Indians_, though it may be presumed that this is only a Greek application of the term, not a Carthaginian use.

B.C. c. 20.—"Tertio die ... ad Thabusion castellum imminens fluvio Indo ventum est; cui fecerat nomen INDUS ab elephanto dejectus."—_Livy_, Bk. xxxviii. 14. This Indus or "Indian" river, named after the Mahout thrown into it by his elephant, was somewhere on the borders of Phrygia.

A.D. c. 210.—"Along with this elephant was brought up a female one called Nikaia. And the wife of their INDIAN being near death placed her child of 30 days old beside this one. And when the woman died a certain marvellous attachment grew up of the Beast towards the child...."—_Athenaeus_, xiii. ch. 8.

INDIAN, for _Anglo-Indian_.

1816.—"... our best INDIANS. In the idleness and obscurity of home they look back with fondness to the country where they have been useful and distinguished, like the ghosts of Homer's heroes, who prefer the exertions of a labourer on the earth to all the listless enjoyments of Elysium."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, i. 367.

INDIGO, s. The plant _Indigofera tinctoria_, L. (N.O. _Leguminosae_), and the dark blue dye made from it. Greek Ἰνδικὸν. This word appears from Hippocrates to have been applied in his time to _pepper_. It is also applied by Dioscorides to the mineral substance (a variety of the red oxide of iron) called Indian red (_F. Adams_, Appendix to _Dunbar's Lexicon_). [_Liddell & Scott_ call it "a dark-blue dye, indigo." The dye was used in Egyptian mummy-cloths (_Wilkinson, Ancient Egypt_, ed. 1878, ii. 163).]

A.D. c. 60.—"Of that which is called Ἰνδικὸν one kind is produced spontaneously, being as it were a scum thrown out by the Indian reeds; but that used for dyeing is a purple efflorescence which floats on the brazen cauldrons, which the craftsmen skim off and dry. That is deemed best which is blue in colour, succulent, and smooth to the touch."—_Dioscorides_, v. cap. 107.

c. 70.—"After this ... INDICO (_Indicum_) is a colour most esteemed; out of India it commeth; whereupon it tooke the name; and it is nothing els but a slimie mud cleaving to the foame that gathereth about canes and reeds: whiles it is punned or ground, it looketh blacke; but being dissolved it yeeldeth a woonderfull lovely mixture of purple and azur ... INDICO is valued at 20 denarii the pound. In physicke there is use of this INDICO; for it doth assuage swellings that doe stretch the skin."—_Plinie_, by _Ph. Holland_, ii. 531.

c. 80-90.—"This river (_Sinthus_, _i.e._ Indus) has 7 mouths ... and it has none of them navigable except the middle one only, on which there is a coast mart called Barbaricon.... The articles imported into this mart are.... On the other hand there are exported _Costus_, _Bdellium_ ... and _Indian Black_ (Ἰνδικὸν μέλαν, _i.e._ INDIGO)."—_Periplus_, 38, 39.

1298.—(At Coilum) "They have also abundance of very fine INDIGO (_ynde_). This is made of a certain herb which is gathered and [after the roots have been removed] is put into great vessels upon which they pour water, and then leave it till the whole of the plant is decomposed...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 22.

1584.—"INDICO from Zindi and Cambaia."—_Barrett_, in _Hakl._ ii. 413.

[1605-6.—"... for all which we shall buie Ryse, INDICO, Lapes Bezar which theare in aboundance are to be hadd."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 77.

[1609.—"... to buy such Comodities as they shall finde there as INDICO, of Laher (Lahore), here worth viij^s the pounde _Serchis_ and the best _Belondri_...."—_Ibid._ 287. _Serchis_ is Sarkhej, the _Sercaze_ of Forbes (_Or. Mem._, 2nd ed. ii. 204) near Ahmadābād: Sir G. Birdwood with some hesitation identifies _Belondri_ with Valabhi, 20 m. N.W. of Bhāvnagar.

[1610.—"_Anil_ or INDIGUE, which is a violet-blue dye."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 246.]

1610.—"In the country thereabouts is made some INDIGO."—_Sir H. Middleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 259.

[1616.—"INDIGO is made thus. In the prime June they sow it, which the rains bring up about the prime September: this they cut and it is called the _Newty_ (H. _naudhā_, 'a young plant'), formerly mentioned, and is a good sort. Next year it sprouts again in the prime August, which they cut and is the best INDIGO, called _Jerry_ (H. _jaṛī_, 'growing from the root (_jaṛ_).'"—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 241.]

c. 1670.—Tavernier gives a detailed account of the manufacture as it was in his time. "They that sift this INDIGO must be careful to keep a Linnen-cloath before their faces, and that their nostrils be well stopt.... Yet ... they that have sifted INDIGO for 9 or 10 days shall spit nothing but blew for a good while together. Once I laid an egg in the morning among the sifters, and when I came to break it in the evening it was all blew within."—_E.T._ ii. 128-9; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 11].

We have no conception what is meant by the following singular (apparently sarcastic) entry in the _Indian Vocabulary_:—

1788.—"INDERGO—a drug of no estimation that grows wild in the woods." [This is H. _indarjau_, Skt. _indra-yava_, "barley of Indra," the _Wrightia tinctoria_, from the leaves of which a sort of indigo is made. See _Watt, Econ. Dict._ VI. pt. iv. 316. "INDERJÒ of the species of warm bitters."—_Halhed, Code_, ed. 1781, p. 9.]

1881.—"Découvertes et Inventions.—Décidément le cabinet Gladstone est poursuivi par la malechance. Voici un savant chimiste de Munich qui vient de trouver le moyen se preparer artificiellement et à très bon marché le bleu INDIGO. Cette découverte peut amener la ruine du gouvernement des Indes anglaises, qui est déjà menacé de la banqueroute. L'INDIGO, en effet, est le principal article de commerce des Indes (!); dans l'Allemagne, seulement, on en importe par an pour plus de cent cinquante millions de francs."—_Havre Commercial Paper_, quoted in _Pioneer Mail_, Feb. 3.

INGLEES, s. Hind. _Inglīs_ and _Inglis_. Wilson gives as the explanation of this: "Invalid soldiers and _sipahis_, to whom allotments of land were assigned as pensions; the lands so granted." But the word is now used as the equivalent of (sepoy's) _pension_ simply. Mr. Carnegie, [who is followed by Platts], says the word is "probably a corruption of _English_, as pensions were unknown among native Governments, whose rewards invariably took the shape of land assignments." This, however, is quite unsatisfactory; and Sir H. Elliot's suggestion (mentioned by Wilson) that the word was a corruption of _invalid_ (which the sepoys may have confounded in some way with _English_) is most probable.

INTERLOPER, s. One in former days who traded without the license, or outside the service, of a company (such as the E.I.C.) which had a charter of monopoly. The etymology of the word remains obscure. It _looks_ like Dutch, but intelligent Dutch friends have sought in vain for a Dutch original. _Onderloopen_, the nearest word we can find, means 'to be inundated.' The hybrid etymology given by Bailey, though allowed by Skeat, seems hardly possible. Perhaps it is an English corruption from _ontloopen_, 'to evade, escape, run away from.' [The _N.E.D._ without hesitation gives _interlope_, a form of _leap_. Skeat, in his _Concise Dict._, 2nd ed., agrees, and quotes Low Germ. and Dutch _enterloper_, 'a runner between.']

1627.—"INTERLOPERS in trade, ¶ Attur Acad. pa. 54."—_Minsheu._ (What is the meaning of the reference?) [It refers to "The _Atturneyes Academie_" by Thomas Powell or Powel, for which see 9 ser. _Notes and Queries_, vii. 198, 392].

1680.—"The commissions relating to the INTERLOPER, or private trader, being considered, it is resolved that a notice be fixed up warning all the Inhabitants of the Towne, not, directly or indirectly, to trade, negotiate, aid, assist, countenance, or hold any correspondence, with Captain William Alley or any person belonging to him or his ship without the license of the Honorable Company. Whoever shall offend herein shall answeare it at their Perill."—_Notes and Exts._, Pt. iii. 29.

1681.—"The Shippe EXPECTATION, Capt. Ally Com̃and^r, an INTERLOPER, arrived in ye Downes from Porto Novo."—_Hedges, Diary_, Jan. 4; [Hak. Soc. i. 15].

[1682.—"The Agent having notice of an INTERLOPER lying in Titticorin Bay, immediately sent for ye Councell to consult about it...."—_Pringle, Diary of Ft. St. Geo._ 1st ser. i. 69.]

" "The Spirit of Commerce, which sees its drifts with eagle's eyes, formed associations at the risque of trying the consequence at law ... since the statutes did not authorize the Company to seize or stop the ships of these adventurers, whom they called INTERLOPERS."—_Orme's Fragments_, 127.

1683.—"If God gives me life to get this _Phirmaund_ into my possession, ye Honble. Compy. shall never more be much troubled with INTERLOPERS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Jan. 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 62].

" "_May 28._ About 9 this morning Mr. Littleton, Mr. Nedham, and Mr. Douglass came to y^e factory, and being sent for, were asked 'Whether they did now, or ever intended, directly or indirectly, to trade with any INTERLOPERS that shall arrive in the Bay of Bengall?'

"Mr. Littleton answered that, 'he did not, nor ever intended to trade with any INTERLOPER.'

"Mr. Nedham answered, 'that at present he did not, and that he came to gett money, and if any such offer should happen, he would not refuse it.'

"Mr. Douglass answered, he did not, nor ever intended to trade with them; but he said 'what Estate he should gett here he would not scruple to send it home upon any INTERLOPER.'

"And having given their respective answers they were dismist."—_Ibid._ Hak. Soc. i. 90-91.

1694.—"Whether y^e souldiers lately sent up hath created any jealousye in y^e INTERLOP^{RS}: or their own Actions or guilt I know not, but they are so cautious y^t every 2 or 3 bales y^t are packt they immediately send on board."—MS. Letter from _Edwd. Hern_ at _Hugley_ to the Rt. Worshp^{ll} _Charles Eyre Esq. Agent for Affaires_ of the _Rt. Honble. East India Comp^a._ in _Bengall_, &c^a. (9th Sept.). _MS. Record in India Office._

1719.—"... their business in the _South Seas_ was to sweep those coasts clear of the _French_ INTERLOPERS, which they did very effectually."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 29.

" "I wish you would explain yourself; I cannot imagine what reason I have to be afraid of any of the Company's ships, or Dutch ships, I am no INTERLOPER."—_Robinson Crusoe_, Pt. ii.

1730.—"To INTERLOPE [of _inter_, L. between, and LOOPEN, _Du._ to run, q. d. to run in between, and intercept the Commerce of others], to trade without proper Authority, or interfere with a Company in Commerce."—_Bailey's English Dict._ s.v.

1760.—"ENTERLOOPER. Terme de Commerce de Mer, fort en usage parmi les Compagnies des Pays du Nord, comme l'Angleterre, la Hollande, Hambourg, le Danemark, &c. Il signifie un vaisseau d'un particulier qui pratique et fréquente les Côtes, et les Havres ou Ports de Mer éloignés, pour y faire un commerce clandestin, au préjudice des Compagnies qui sont autorisées elles seules à le faire dans ces mêmes lieux.... Ce mot se prononce comme s'il étoit écrit EINTRELOPRE. Il est emprunté de l'Anglois, de _enter_ qui signifie entrer et entreprendre, et de _Looper_, Courreur."—_Savary des Bruslons, Dict. Univ. de Commerce_, Nouv. ed., Copenhague, s.v.

c. 1812.—"The fault lies in the clause which gives the Company power to send home INTERLOPERS ... and is just as reasonable as one which should forbid all the people of England, except a select few, to look at the moon."—_Letter of Dr. Carey_, in _William Carey_, by James Culross, D.D., 1881, p. 165.

IPECACUANHA (WILD), s. The garden name of a plant (_Asclepias curassavica_, L.) naturalised in all tropical countries. It has nothing to do with the true ipecacuanha, but its root is a powerful emetic, whence the name. The true ipecacuanha is cultivated in India.

IRON-WOOD. This name is applied to several trees in different parts; _e.g._ to _Mesua ferrea_, L. (N.O. _Clusiaceae_), Hind. _nagkesar_; and in the Burmese provinces to _Xylia dolabriformis_, Benth.

I-SAY. The Chinese mob used to call the English soldiers _A′says_ or _Isays_, from the frequency of this apostrophe in their mouths. (The French gamins, it is said, do the same at Boulogne.) At Amoy the Chinese used to call out after foreigners AKEE! AKEE! a tradition from the Portuguese _Aqui!_ 'Here!' In Java the French are called by the natives _Orang_ DEEDONG, _i.e._ the _dîtes-donc_ people. (See _Fortune's Two Visits to the Tea Countries_, 1853, p. 52; and _Notes and Queries in China and Japan_, ii. 175.)

[1863.—"The Sepoys were ... invariably called 'ACHAS.' _Acha_ or good is the constantly recurring answer of a Sepoy when spoken to...."—_Fisher, Three Years in China_, 146.]

ISKAT, s. Ratlines. A marine term from Port. _escada_ (_Roebuck_).

[ISLAM, s. Infn. of Ar. _salm_, 'to be or become safe'; the word generally used by Mahommedans for their religion.

[1616.—"Dated in Achen 1025 according to the rate of SLAM."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 125.

[1617.—"I demanded the debts ... one [of the debtors] for the valew of 110 r[ials] is termed SLAM."—_Letter of E. Young_, from Jacatra, Oct. 3, I.O. Records: O.C. No. 541.]

ISTOOP, s. Oakum. A marine term from Port. _estopa_ (_Roebuck_).

ISTUBBUL, s. This usual Hind. word for 'stable' may naturally be imagined to be a corruption of the English word. But it is really Ar. _iṣṭabl_, though that no doubt came in old times from the Latin _stabulum_ through some Byzantine Greek form.

ITZEBOO, s. A Japanese coin, the smallest silver denomination. _Itsi-bū_, 'one drachm.' [The _N.E.D._ gives _itse_, _itche_, 'one,' _bū_, 'division, part, quarter']. Present value about 1_s._ Marsden says: "ITZEBO, a small gold piece of oblong form, being 0.6 inch long, and 0.3 broad. Two specimens weighed 2 dwt. 3 grs. only" (_Numism. Orient._, 814-5). See _Cocks's Diary_, i. 176, ii. 77. [The coin does not appear in the last currency list; see _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. 99.]

[1616.—"ICHIBOS." (See under KOBANG.)

[1859.—"We found the greatest difficulty in obtaining specimens of the currency of the country, and I came away at last the possessor of a solitary ITZIBU. These are either of gold or silver: the gold ITZIBU is a small oblong piece of money, intrinsically worth about seven and sixpence. The intrinsic value of the gold half-ITZIBU, which is not too large to convert into a shirt-stud, is about one and tenpence."—_L. Oliphant, Narr. of Mission_, ii. 232.]

IZAM MALUCO, n.p. We often find this form in Correa, instead of NIZAMALUCO (q.v.).

J

JACK, s. Short for JACK-SEPOY; in former days a familiar style for the native soldier; kindly, rather than otherwise.

1853.—"... he should be leading the JACKS."—_Oakfield_, ii. 66.

JACK, s. The tree called by botanists _Artocarpus integrifolia_, L. fil., and its fruit. The name, says Drury, is "a corruption of the Skt. word _Tchackka_, which means the fruit of the tree" (_Useful Plants_, p. 55). There is, however, no such Skt. word; the Skt. names are _Kantaka_, _Phala_, _Panasa_, and _Phalasa_. [But the Malayāl. _chakka_ is from the Skt. _chakra_, 'round.'] Rheede rightly gives _Tsjaka_ (_chăkka_) as the Malayālam name, and from this no doubt the Portuguese took _jaca_ and handed it on to us. "They call it," says Garcia Orta, "in Malavar _jacas_, in Canarese and Guzerati _panas_" (f. 111). "The Tamil form is _sākkei_, the meaning of which, as may be adduced from various uses to which the word is put in Tamil, is 'the fruit abounding in rind and refuse.'" (_Letter from Bp. Caldwell._)

We can hardly doubt that this is the fruit of which Pliny writes: "Major alia pomo et suavitate praecellentior; quo sapientiores Indorum vivunt. (Folium alas avium imitatur longitudine trium cubitorum, latitudine duum). _Fructum e cortice mittit admirabilem succi dulcedine; ut uno quaternos satiet._ Arbori nomen _palae_, pomo _arienae_; plurima est in Sydracis, expeditionum Alexandri termino. Est et alia similis huic; dulcior pomo; sed interaneorum valetudini infesta" (_Hist. Nat._ xii. 12). Thus rendered, not too faithfully, by Philemon Holland: "Another tree there is in India, greater yet than the former; bearing a fruit much fairer, bigger, and sweeter than the figs aforesaid; and whereof the Indian Sages and Philosophers do ordinarily live. The leaf resembleth birds' wings, carrying three cubits in length, and two in breadth. The fruit it putteth forth at the bark, having within it a wonderfull pleasant juice: insomuch as one of them is sufficient to give four men a competent and full refection. The tree's name is _Pala_, and the fruit is called _Ariena_. Great plenty of them is in the country of the Sydraci, the utmost limit of _Alexander_ the Great his expeditions and voyages. And yet there is another tree much like to this, and beareth a fruit more delectable that this _Ariena_, albeit the guts in a man's belly it wringeth and breeds the bloudie flix" (i. 361).

Strange to say, the fruit thus described has been generally identified with the plantain: so generally that (we presume) the Linnaean name of the plantain _Musa sapientum_, was founded upon the interpretation of this passage. (It was, I find, the excellent Rumphius who originated the erroneous identification of the _ariena_ with the plantain). Lassen, at first hesitatingly (i. 262), and then more positively (ii. 678), adopts this interpretation, and seeks _ariena_ in the Skt. _vāraṇa_. The shrewder Gildemeister does the like, for he, _sans phrase_, uses _arienae_ as Latin for 'plantains.' Ritter, too, accepts it, and is not staggered even by the _uno quaternos satiet_. Humboldt, quoth he, often saw Indians make their meal with a very little manioc and three bananas of the big kind (_Platano-arton_). Still less sufficed the Indian Brahmins (_sapientes_), when one fruit was enough for four of them (v. 876, 877). Bless the venerable Prince of Geographers! Would one _Kartoffel_, even "of the big kind," make a dinner for four German Professors? Just as little would one plantain suffice four Indian Sages.

The words which we have italicised in the passage from Pliny are quite enough to show that the _jack_ is intended; the fruit growing _e cortice_ (_i.e._ piercing the bark of the stem, not pendent from twigs like other fruit), the sweetness, the monstrous size, are in combination infallible. And as regards its being the fruit of the sages, we may observe that the _jack_ fruit is at this day in Travancore one of the staples of life. But that Pliny, after his manner, has jumbled things, is also manifest. The first two clauses of his description (_Major alia_, &c.; _Folium alas_, &c.) are found in Theophrastus, but apply to _two different trees_. Hence we get rid of the puzzle about the big leaves, which led scholars astray after plantains, and originated _Musa sapientum_. And it is clear from Theophrastus that the fruit which caused dysentery in the Macedonian army was yet another. So Pliny has rolled three plants into one. Here are the passages of Theophrastus:—

"(1) And there is another tree which is both itself a tree of great size, and produces a fruit that is wonderfully big and sweet. This is used for food by the Indian Sages, who wear no clothes. (2) And there is yet another which has the leaf of a very long shape, and resembling the wings of birds, and this they set upon helmets; the length is about two cubits.... (3) There is another tree the fruit of which is long, and not straight but crooked, and sweet to the taste. But this gives rise to colic and dysentery ("Ἄλλο τέ ἐστιν οὖ ὁ καρπὸς μακρὸς καὶ οὔκ εὐθύς ἀλλὰ σκολιὸς, ἐσθιόμενος δὲ γλυκύς. οὗτος ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ δηγμὸν ποιεῖ καὶ δυσεντέριαν ...") wherefore Alexander published a general order against eating it."—(_Hist. Plant._ iv. 4-5).

It is plain that Pliny and Theophrastus were using the same authority, but neither copying the whole of what he found in it.

The second tree, whose leaves were like birds' wings and were used to fix upon helmets, is hard to identify. The first was, when we combine the additional characters quoted by Pliny but omitted by Theophrastus, certainly the _jack_; the third was, we suspect, the MANGO (q.v.). The terms long and crooked would, perhaps, answer better to the plantain, but hardly the unwholesome effect. As regards the _uno quaternos satiet_, compare Friar Jordanus below, on the _jack_: "Sufficiet circiter pro quinque personis." Indeed the whole of the Friar's account is worth comparing with Pliny's. Pliny says that it took four men _to eat a jack_, Jordanus says five. But an Englishman who had a plantation in Central Java told one of the present writers that he once cut a _jack_ on his ground which took three men—not to eat—but to carry!

As regards the names given by Pliny it is hard to say anything to the purpose, because we do not know to which of the three trees jumbled together the names really applied. If _pala_ really applied to the _jack_, possibly it may be the Skt. _phalasa_, or _panasa_. Or it may be merely _p'hala_, 'a fruit,' and the passage would then be a comical illustration of the persistence of Indian habits of mind. For a stranger in India, on asking the question, 'What on earth is that?' as he well might on his first sight of a _jack_-tree with its fruit, would at the present day almost certainly receive for answer: '_Phal hai khudāwand!_'—'It is a fruit, my lord!' _Ariena_ looks like _hiraṇya_, 'golden,' which _might_ be an epithet of the _jack_, but we find no such specific application of the word.

Omitting Theophrastus and Pliny, the oldest foreign description of the _jack_ that we find is that by Hwen T'sang, who met with it in Bengal:

c. A.D. 650.—"Although the fruit of the _pan-wa-so_ (_panasa_) is gathered in great quantities, it is held in high esteem. These fruits are as big as a pumpkin; when ripe they are of a reddish yellow. Split in two they disclose inside a quantity of little fruits as big as crane's eggs; and when these are broken there exudes a juice of reddish-yellow colour and delicious flavour. Sometimes the fruit hangs on the branches, as with other trees; but sometimes it grows from the roots, like the _fo-ling_ (_Radix Chinae_), which is found under the ground."—_Julien_, iii. 75.

c. 1328.—"There are some trees that bear a very big fruit called CHAQUI; and the fruit is of such size that one is enough for about five persons. There is another tree that has a fruit like that just named, and it is called _Bloqui_ [a corruption of Malayāl. _varikka_, 'superior fruit'], quite as big and as sweet, but not of the same species. These fruits never grow upon the twigs, for these are not able to bear their weight, but only from the main branches, and even from the trunk of the tree itself, down to the very roots."—_Friar Jordanus_, 13-14.

A unique MS. of the travels of Friar Odoric, in the Palatine Library at Florence, contains the following curious passage:—

c. 1330.—"And there be also trees which produce fruits so big that two will be a load for a strong man. And when they are eaten you must oil your hands and your mouth; they are of a fragrant odour and very savoury; the fruit is called _chabassi_." The name is probably corrupt (perhaps _chacassi_?). But the passage about oiling the hands and lips is aptly elucidated by the description in Baber's _Memoirs_ (see below), a description matchless in its way, and which falls off sadly in the new translation by M. Pavet de Courteille, which quite omits the "haggises."

c. 1335.—"The SHAKĪ and _Barkī_. This name is given to certain trees which live to a great age. Their leaves are like those of the walnut, and the fruit grows direct out of the stem of the tree. The fruits borne nearest to the ground are the _barkī_; they are sweeter and better-flavoured than the SHAKĪ ..." etc. (much to the same effect as before).—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 127; see also iv. 228.

c. 1350.—"There is again another wonderful tree called CHAKE_-Baruke_, as big as an oak. Its fruit is produced from the trunk, and not from the branches, and is something marvellous to see, being as big as a great lamb, or a child of three years old. It has a hard rind like that of our pine-cones, so that you have to cut it open with a hatchet; inside it has a pulp of surpassing flavour, with the sweetness of honey, and of the best Italian melon; and this also contains some 500 chestnuts of like flavour, which are capital eating when roasted."—_John de' Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, &c., 363.

c. 1440.—"There is a tree commonly found, the trunk of which bears a fruit resembling a pine-cone, but so big that a man can hardly lift it; the rind is green and hard, but still yields to the pressure of the finger. Inside there are some 250 or 300 pippins, as big as figs, very sweet in taste, and contained in separate membranes. These have each a kernel within, of a windy quality, of the consistence and taste of chestnuts, and which are roasted like chestnuts. And when cast among embers (to roast), unless you make a cut in them they will explode and jump out. The outer rind of the fruit is given to cattle. Sometimes the fruit is also found growing from the roots of the tree underground, and these fruits excel the others in flavour, wherefore they are sent as presents to kings and petty princes. These (moreover) have no kernels inside them. The tree itself resembles a large fig-tree, and the leaves are cut into fingers like the hand. The wood resembles box, and so it is esteemed for many uses. The name of the tree is CACHI" (_i.e._ _Çachi_ or TZACCHI).—_Nicolo de' Conti._

The description of the leaves ... "_foliis da modum palmi intercisis_"—is the only slip in this admirable description. Conti must, in memory, have confounded the Jack with its congener the bread-fruit (_Artocarpus incisa_ or _incisifolia_). We have translated from Poggio's Latin, as the version by Mr. Winter Jones in _India in the XVth Century_ is far from accurate.

1530.—"Another is the _kadhil_. This has a very bad look and flavour (odour?). It looks like a sheep's stomach stuffed and made into a haggis. It has a sweet sickly taste. Within it are stones like a filbert.... The fruit is very adhesive, and on account of this adhesive quality many rub their mouths with oil before eating them. They grow not only from the branches and trunk, but from its root. You would say that the tree was all hung round with haggises!"—_Leyden and Erskine's Baber_, 325. Here _kadhil_ represents the Hind. name _kaṭhal_. The practice of oiling the lips on account of the "adhesive quality" (or as modern mortals would call it, 'stickiness') of the jack, is still usual among natives, and is the cause of a proverb on premature precautions: _Gāch'h meṅ Kaṭhal, honṭh meṅ tel!_ "You have oiled your lips while the jack still hangs on the tree!" We may observe that the call of the Indian cuckoo is in some of the Gangetic districts rendered by the natives as _Kaṭhal pakkā! Kaṭhal pakkā!_ _i.e._ "Jack's ripe," the bird appearing at that season.

[1547.—"I consider it right to make over to them in perpetuity ... one palm grove and an area for planting certain mango trees and JACK trees (mangueiras e JAQUEIRAS) situate in the village of Calangute...."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 5, No. 88.]

c. 1590.—"In Sircar Hajypoor there are plenty of the fruits called _Kathul_ and _Budhul_; some of the first are so large as to be too heavy for one man to carry."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ii. 25. In Blochmann's ed. of the Persian text he reads _barhal_, [and so in Jarrett's trans. (ii. 152),] which is a Hind. name for the _Artocarpus Lakoocha_ of Roxb.

1563.—"_R._ What fruit is that which is as big as the largest (coco) nuts?

"_O._ You just now ate the _chestnuts_ from inside of it, and you said that roasted they were like real chestnuts. Now you shall eat the envelopes of these....

"_R._ They taste like a melon; but not so good as the better melons.

"_O._ True. And owing to their viscous nature they are ill to digest; or say rather they are not digested at all, and often issue from the body quite unchanged. I don't much use them. They are called in Malavar JACAS; in Canarin and Guzerati _panás_.... The tree is a great and tall one; and the fruits grow from the wood of the stem, right up to it, and not on the branches like other fruits."—_Garcia_, f. 111.

[1598.—"A certain fruit that in Malabar is called IACA, in Canara and Gusurate _Panar_ and _Panasa_, by the Arabians _Panax_, by the Persians _Fanax_."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 20.

[c. 1610.—"The JAQUES is a tree of the height of a chestnut."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 366.

[1623.—"We had ZIACCHE, a fruit very rare at this time."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 264.]

1673.—"Without the town (Madras) grows their Rice ... JAWKS, a Coat of Armour over it, like an Hedg-hog's, guards its weighty Fruit."—_Fryer_, 40.

1810.—"The JACK-wood ... at first yellow, becomes on exposure to the air of the colour of mahogany, and is of as fine a grain."—_Maria Graham_, 101.

1878.—"The monstrous JACK that in its eccentric bulk contains a whole magazine of tastes and smells."—_Ph. Robinson, In My Indian Garden_, 49-50.

It will be observed that the older authorities mention two varieties of the fruit by the names of _shakī_ and _barkī_, or modifications of these, different kinds according to Jordanus, only from different parts of the tree according to Ibn Batuta. P. Vincenzo Maria (1672) also distinguishes two kinds, one of which he calls GIACHA _Barca_, the other GIACHA _papa_ or _girasole_. And Rheede, the great authority on Malabar plants, says (iii. 19):

"Of this tree, however, they reckon more than 30 varieties, distinguished by the quality of their fruit, but all may be reduced to two kinds; the fruit of one kind distinguished by plump and succulent pulp of delicious honey flavour, being the _varaka_; that of the other, filled with softer and more flabby pulp of inferior flavour, being the _Tsjakapa_."

More modern writers seem to have less perception in such matters than the old travellers, who entered more fully and sympathetically into native tastes. Drury says, however, "There are several varieties, but what is called the Honey-jack is by far the sweetest and best."

"He that desireth to see more hereof let him reade Ludovicus Romanus, in his fifth Booke and fifteene Chapter of his Navigaciouns, and Christopherus a Costa in his cap. of IACA, and Gracia ab Horto, in the Second Booke and fourth Chapter," saith the learned Paludanus.... And if there be anybody so unreasonable, so say we too—by all means let him do so! [A part of this article is derived from the notes to Jordanus by one of the present writers. We may also add, in aid of such further investigation, that Paludanus is the Latinised name of v.d. Broecke, the commentator on Linschoten. "Ludovicus Romanus" is our old friend Varthema, and "Gracia ab Horto" is Garcia De Orta.]

JACKAL, s. The _Canis aureus_, L., seldom seen in the daytime, unless it be fighting with the vultures for carrion, but in shrieking multitudes, or rather what seem multitudes from the noise they make, entering the precincts of villages, towns, of Calcutta itself, after dark, and startling the newcomer with their hideous yells. Our word is not apparently Anglo-Indian, being taken from the Turkish _chaḳāl_. But the Pers. _shaghāl_ is close, and Skt. _srigāla_, 'the howler,' is probably the first form. The common Hind. word is _gīdar_, ['the greedy one,' Skt. _gṛidh_]. The jackal takes the place of the fox as the object of hunting 'meets' in India; the indigenous fox being too small for sport.

1554.—"Non procul inde audio magnum clamorem et velut hominum irridentium insultantiumque voces. Interrogo quid sit; ... narrant mihi ululatum esse bestiarum, quas Turcae CIACALES vocant...."—_Busbeq. Epist._ i. p. 78.

1615.—"The inhabitants do nightly house their goates and sheepe for feare of IACCALS (in my opinion no other than Foxes), whereof an infinite number do lurke in the obscure vaults."—_Sandys, Relation_, &c., 205.

1616.—"... those JACKALLS seem to be wild Doggs, who in great companies run up and down in the silent night, much disquieting the peace thereof, by their most hideous noyse."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 371.

1653.—"Le SCHEKAL est vn espèce de chien sauvage, lequel demeure tout le jour en terre, et sort la nuit criant trois ou quatre fois à certaines heures."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 254.

1672.—"There is yet another kind of beast which they call JACKHALZ; they are horribly greedy of man's flesh, so the inhabitants beset the graves of their dead with heavy stones."—_Baldaeus_ (Germ. ed.), 422.

1673.—"An Hellish concert of JACKALS (a kind of Fox)."—_Fryer_, 53.

1681.—"For here are many JACKALLS, which catch their Henes, some _Tigres_ that destroy their Cattle; but the greatest of all is the King; whose endeavour is to keep them poor and in want."—_Knox, Ceylon_, 87. On p. 20 he writes _Jacols_.

1711.—"JACKCALLS are remarkable for Howling in the Night; one alone making as much noise as three or four Cur Dogs, and in different Notes, as if there were half a Dozen of them got together."—_Lockyer_, 382.

1810.—Colebrooke (_Essays_, ii. 109, [_Life_, 155]) spells SHAKAL. But _Jackal_ was already English.

c. 1816.—

"The JACKAL'S troop, in gather'd cry, Bayed from afar, complainingly." _Siege of Corinth_, xxxiii.

1880.—"The mention of JACKAL-hunting in one of the letters (of Lord Minto) may remind some Anglo-Indians still living, of the days when the Calcutta hounds used to throw off at gun-fire."—_Sat. Rev._ Feb. 14.

JACK-SNIPE of English sportsmen is _Gallinago gallinula_, Linn., smaller than the common snipe, _G. scolopacinus_, Bonap.

JACKASS COPAL. This is a trade name, and is a capital specimen of _Hobson-Jobson_. It is, according to Sir R. Burton, [_Zanzibar_, i. 357], a corruption of _chakāzi_. There are three qualities of copal in the Zanzibar market. 1. _Sandarusi m'ti_, or 'Tree Copal,' gathered directly from the tree which exudes it (_Trachylobium Mossambicense_). 2. _Chakāzi_ or _chakazzi_, dug from the soil, but seeming of recent origin, and priced on a par with No. 1. 3. The genuine _Sandarusi_, or true Copal (the _Animé_ of the English market), which is also fossil, but of ancient production, and bears more than twice the price of 1 and 2 (see _Sir J. Kirk_ in _J. Linn. Soc._ (Botany) for 1871). Of the meaning of _chakāzi_ we have no authentic information. But considering that a pitch made of copal and oil is used in Kutch, and that the cheaper copal would naturally be used for such a purpose, we may suggest as probable that the word is a corr. of _jahāzi_, and = '_ship_-copal.'

JACQUETE, Town and Cape, n.p. The name, properly JAKAD, formerly attached to a place at the extreme west horn of the Kāthiawāṛ Peninsula, where stands the temple of DWARKA (q.v.). Also applied by the Portuguese to the Gulf of Cutch. (See quotation from Camoens under DIUL-SIND.) The last important map which gives this name, so far as we are aware, is Aaron Arrowsmith's great Map of India, 1816, in which Dwarka appears under the name of JUGGUT.

1525.—(Melequyaz) "holds the revenue of Crystna, which is in a town called ZAGUETE where there is a place of Pilgrimage of gentoos which is called _Crysna_...."—_Lembrança das Cousas da India_, 35.

1553.—"From the Diul estuary to the Point of JAQUETE 38 leagues; and from the same JAQUETE, which is the site of one of the principal temples of that heathenism, with a noble town, to our city Diu of the Kingdom of Guzarat, 58 leagues."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

1555.—"Whilst the tide was at its greatest height we arrived at the gulf of CHAKAD, where we descried signs of fine weather, such as sea-horses, great snakes, turtles, and sea-weeds."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 77.

[1563.—"Passed the point of JACQUETTE, where is that famous temple of the Resbutos (see RAJPOOT)."—_Barros_, IV. iv. 4.]

1726.—In Valentyn's map we find JAQUETE marked as a town (at the west point of Kāthiawāṛ) and _Enceada da_ JAQUETE for the Gulf of Cutch.

1727.—"The next sea-port town to _Baet_, is JIGAT. It stands on a Point of low Land, called Cape JIGAT. The City makes a good Figure from the Sea, showing 4 or 5 high Steeples."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 135; [ed. 1744].

1813.—"JIGAT _Point_ ... on it is a pagoda; the place where it stands was formerly called JIGAT _More_, but now by the Hindoos _Dorecur_ (_i.e._ DWARKA, q.v.). At a distance the pagoda has very much the appearance of a ship under sail.... Great numbers of pilgrims from the interior visit JIGAT pagoda...."—_Milburn_, i. 150.

1841.—"JIGAT _Point_ called also Dwarka, from the large temple of Dwarka standing near the coast."—_Horsburgh, Directory_, 5th ed., i. 480.

JADE, s. The well-known mineral, so much prized in China, and so wonderfully wrought in that and other Asiatic countries; the _yashm_ of the Persians; _nephrite_ of mineralogists.

The derivation of the word has been the subject of a good deal of controversy. We were at one time inclined to connect it with the _yada-tāsh_, the _yada_ stone used by the nomads of Central Asia in conjuring for rain. The stone so used was however, according to P. Hyakinth, quoted in a note with which we were favoured by the lamented Prof. Anton Schiefner, a BEZOAR (q.v.).

Major Raverty, in his translation of the _Ṭabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirī_, in a passage referring to the regions of Ṭukhāristān and Bāmiān, has the following: "That tract of country has also been famed and celebrated, to the uttermost parts of the countries of the world, for its mines of gold, silver, rubies, and crystal, bejādah [jade], and other [precious] things" (p. 421). On _bejādah_ his note runs: "The name of a gem, by some said to be a species of ruby, and by others a species of sapphire; but JADE is no doubt meant." This interpretation seems however chiefly, if not altogether, suggested by the name; whilst the epithets compounded of _bejāda_, as given in dictionaries, suggest a red mineral, which jade rarely is. And Prof. Max Müller, in an interesting letter to the _Times_, dated Jan. 10, 1880, states that the name _jade_ was not known in Europe till after the discovery of America, and that the jade brought from America was called by the Spaniards _piedra de_ IJADA, because it was supposed to cure pain in the groin (Sp. _ijada_); for like reasons to which it was called _lapis nephriticus_, whence _nephrite_ (see _Bailey_, below). Skeat, s.v. says: "It is of unknown origin; but probably Oriental. Prof. Cowell finds _yedá_ a material out of which ornaments are made, in the _Divyávadána_; but it does not seem to be Sanskrit." Prof. Müller's etymology seems incontrovertible; but the present work has afforded various examples of curious etymological coincidences of this kind. [Prof. Max Müller's etymology is now accepted by the _N.E.D._ and by Prof. Skeat in the new edition of his _Concise Dict._ The latter adds that IJADA is connected with the Latin _ilia_.]

[1595.—"A kinde of greene stones, which the Spaniards call Piedras HIJADAS, and we vse for spleene stones."—_Raleigh, Discov. Guiana_, 24 (quoted in _N.E.D._).]

1730.—"JADE, a greenish Stone, bordering on the colour of Olive, esteemed for its Hardness and Virtues by the _Turks_ and _Poles_, who adorn their fine Sabres with it; and said to be a preservative against the nephritick Colick."—_Bailey's Eng. Dict._ s.v.

JADOO, s. Hind. from Pers. _jādū_, Skt. _yātu_; conjuring, magic, hocus-pocus.

[1826.—"'Pray, sir,' said the barber, 'is that Sanscrit, or what language?' 'May be it is JADOO,' I replied, in a solemn and deep voice."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 127.]

JADOOGUR, s. Properly Hind. _jādūghar_, 'conjuring-house' (see the last). The term commonly applied by natives to a Freemasons' Lodge, when there is one, at an English station. On the Bombay side it is also called _Shaitān khāna_ (see Burton's _Sind Revisited_), a name consonant to the ideas of an Italian priest who intimated to one of the present writers that he had heard the raising of the devil was practised at Masonic meetings, and asked his friend's opinion as to the fact. In S. India the Lodge is called _Talai-vĕṭṭa-Kovil_, 'Cut-head Temple,' because part of the rite of initiation is supposed to consist in the candidate's head being cut off and put on again.

JAFNA, JAFNAPATÁM, n.p. The very ancient Tamil settlement, and capital of the Tamil kings on the singular peninsula which forms the northernmost part of Ceylon. The real name is, according to Emerson Tennent, _Yalpannan_, and it is on the whole probable that this name is identical with the _Galiba_ (Prom.) of Ptolemy. [The _Madras Gloss._ gives the Tamil name as _Yāzhppānam_, from _yazh-pānan_, 'a lute-player'; "called after a blind minstrel of that name from the Chola country, who by permission of the Singhalese king obtained possession of Jaffna, then uninhabited, and introduced there a colony of the Tamul people."]

1553.—"... the Kingdom Triquinamalé, which at the upper end of its coast adjoins another called JAFANAPATAM, which stands at the northern part of the island."—_Barros_, III. ii. cap. i.

c. 1566.—In Cesare de' Federici it is written GIANIFANPATAN.—_Ramusio_, iii. 390_v_.

[JAFFRY, s. A screen or lattice-work, made generally of bamboo, used for various purposes, such as a fence, a support for climbing plants, &c. The ordinary Pers. _ja'farī_ is derived from a person of the name of _Ja'far_; but Mr. Platts suggests that in the sense under consideration it may be a corr. of Ar. _ẓafirat_, _ẓafir_, 'a braided lock.'

[1832.—"Of vines, the branches must also be equally spread over the JAFFRY, so that light and heat may have access to the whole."—_Trans. Agri. Hort. Soc. Ind._ ii. 202.]

JAGGERY, s. Coarse brown (or almost black) sugar, made from the sap of various palms. The wild date tree (_Phoenix sylvestris_, Roxb.), Hind. _khajūr_, is that which chiefly supplies palm-sugar in Guzerat and Coromandel, and almost alone in Bengal. But the palmyra, the caryota, and the coco-palm all give it; the first as the staple of Tinnevelly and northern Ceylon; the second chiefly in southern Ceylon, where it is known to Europeans as the JAGGERY _Palm_ (_kitūl_ of natives); the third is much drawn for TODDY (q.v.) in the coast districts of Western India, and this is occasionally boiled for sugar. Jaggery is usually made in the form of small round cakes. Great quantities are produced in Tinnevelly, where the cakes used to pass as a kind of currency (as cakes of salt used to pass in parts of Africa, and in Western China), and do even yet to some small extent. In Bombay all rough unrefined sugar-stuff is known by this name; and it is the title under which all kinds of half-prepared sugar is classified in the tariff of the Railways there. The word _jaggery_ is only another form of SUGAR (q.v.), being like it a corr. of the Skt. _śarkarā_, Konkani _sakkarā_, [Malayāl. _chakkarā_, whence it passed into Port. _jagara_, _jagra_].

1516.—"Sugar of palms, which they call XAGARA."—_Barbosa_, 59.

1553.—Exports from the Maldives "also of fish-oil, coco-nuts, and JÁGARA, which is made from these after the manner of sugar."—_Barros_, Dec. III. liv. iii. cap. 7.

1561.—"JAGRE, which is sugar of palm-trees."—_Correa, Lendas_, i. 2, 592.

1563.—"And after they have drawn this pot of _çura_, if the tree gives much they draw another, of which they make sugar, prepared either by sun or fire, and this they call JAGRA."—_Garcia_, f. 67.

c. 1567.—"There come every yeere from Cochin and from Cananor tenne or fifteene great Shippes (to Chaul) laden with great nuts ... and with sugar made of the selfe same nuts called GIAGRA."—_Caesar Frederike_, in _Hakl._ ii. 344.

1598.—"Of the aforesaid _sura_ they likewise make sugar, which is called IAGRA; they seeth the water, and set it in the sun, whereof it becometh sugar, but it is little esteemed, because it is of a browne colour."—_Linschoten_, 102; [Hak. Soc. ii. 49].

1616.—"Some small quantity of wine, but not common, is made among them; they call it _Raak_ (see ARRACK), distilled from Sugar, and a spicy rinde of a tree called JAGRA."—_Terry_, ed. 1665, p. 365.

1727.—"The Produce of the Samorin's Country is ... Cocoa-Nut, and that tree produceth JAGGERY, a kind of sugar, and Copera (see COPRAH), or the kernels of the Nut dried."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 306; [ed. 1744, i. 308].

c. 1750-60.—"Arrack, a coarse sort of sugar called JAGREE, and vinegar are also extracted from it" (coco-palm).—_Grose_, i. 47.

1807.—"The _Tari_ or fermented juice, and the JAGORY or inspissated juice of the Palmira tree ... are in this country more esteemed than those of the wild date, which is contrary to the opinion of the Bengalese."—_F. Buchanan, Mysore_, &c., i. 5.

1860.—"In this state it is sold as JAGGERY in the bazaars, at about three farthings per pound."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, iii. 524.

JAGHEER, JAGHIRE, s. Pers. _jāgīr_, lit. 'place-holding.' A hereditary assignment of land and of its rent as annuity.

[c. 1590.—"_Farmán-i-zabíts_ are issued for ... appointments to JÁGÍRS, without military service."—_Āīn_, i. 261.

[1617.—"Hee quittes diuers small JAGGERS to the King."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 449.]

c. 1666.—"... Not to speak of what they finger out of the Pay of every Horseman, and of the number of the Horses; which certainly amounts to very considerable Pensions, especially if they can obtain good JAH-GHIRS, that is, good Lands for their Pensions."—_Bernier_, E.T. 66; [ed. _Constable_, 213].

1673.—"It (Surat) has for its Maintenance the Income of six Villages; over which the Governor sometimes presides, sometimes not, being in the JAGGEA, or diocese of another."—_Fryer_, 120.

" "JAGEAH, an Annuity."—_Ibid._ _Index_, vi.

1768.—"I say, Madam, I know nothing of books; and yet I believe upon a land-carriage fishery, a stamp act, or a JAGHIRE, I can talk my two hours without feeling the want of them."—Mr. Lofty, in _The Good-Natured Man_,