CHAPTER VII.
COST OF CONSTRUCTING WATER-WORKS.
The cost of constructing water-works varies very much, according to local features, geological structure, and kind of scheme most suitable to the place. In Great Britain, gravitation schemes cost from $10 to $13, and pumping schemes from $7 to $10, per inhabitant. The average cost per head, for London, was $20; for Liverpool, $20; for Bradford, England, $35; for Halifax, England, $25; for Dundee, Scotland, $30; for Glasgow, $15; for Manchester and Sheffield (each) $12 per head.
The average cost for a supply of 20 imperial gallons per day, per head, for 66 towns of Great Britain having gravitation supplies, was $8; for 48 towns, with pumping system, $5.80; and for 11 towns, having both systems, $7. From the annual report of Chicago, for 1880, we take the following cost, per capita, for water-works construction: Detroit, $23.11; Newark, N. J., $19.08; Wilmington, Del., $20.73; Buffalo, $18.29; Cincinnati, $26.20; Milwaukee, $19.25; Columbus, O., $18.14; Louisville, Ky., $25.04; Cleveland, O., $16.84; Providence, R. I., $52.74; Boston (gravity supply), $44.46; Manchester, N. H. (water pumping power), $24.24; Hartford, Conn. (gravity), $35.60; New York (gravity), $34.38, St. Louis, $26.07; Chicago, $17.49.
The _Engineering News_, of New York, Vol. IX, No. 4, contains valuable tables on construction, and other valuable water-works statistics, from which the following is compiled:
Average cost of construction, per capita, for American cities having stand-pipe system, with 50,000 population, $20.70; for 30,000, $12; for 15,000, $16; for 10,000, $13.30.
Average cost of construction, per capita, for direct pumping system, for 75,000, $16; for 40,000, $13.40; for 25,000, $13.80; for 15,000, $21.70; for 10,000, $16.40; for 5,000, from $8 to $12.
Average cost of construction, per capita, for reservoir pumping system, for 100,000 population, $22.50; for 75,000, $21.50; for 50,000, $15.25; for 35,000, $22.50; for 25,000, $33.20; for 15,000, $22.40; for 10,000, from $10 to $32; for 5,000, from $8 to $40.
Average cost of construction, per capita, for gravitation works, for 50,000 population, $26; for 30,000, from $17 to $40; for 20,000, from $16 to $30; for 10,000, from $10 to $30; for 5,000, from $5 to $25; for 3,000, from $17 to $40.
REVENUE AND EXPENSE.
The average water-rent receipts, for 1880, per mile of water pipe in use, was $2,022 for Chicago, $3,200 for New York, $1,932 for Philadelphia, $2,730 for Boston, $3,307 for Brooklyn, $2,183 for Baltimore, $3,112 for St. Louis, $2,647 for Cincinnati, $1,600 for Louisville, $1,611 for Cleveland, $1,821 for Detroit, $2,060 for Buffalo, $1,500 for Milwaukee, $1,746 for Indianapolis; $1,128 for Columbus, Ohio, $3,556 for Pittsburgh, $397 for Washington, and $618 for Toledo, Ohio.
The cost of maintenance, for stand-pipe system, varies from 10 to 90 per cent. of revenue; for direct pumping, from 30 to 140 per cent. of revenue; for reservoir pumping, for large cities, from 12 to 37 per cent. of revenue; for small cities, from 12 to 120 per cent. of revenue; and new works, from 12 to 60 per cent. of revenue; for gravitation works, from 13 to 120 per cent. of revenue.
The revenue and the cost of maintenance (exclusive of interest), for each 1,000 gallons of water pumped, are respectively: Philadelphia, 5.77 and 1.28 cents; St. Louis, 6.91 and 2.55 cents; Chicago, 4.12 and 1.18 cents; Detroit, 4.09 and 82 cents; Buffalo, 3.50 and 1.00 cents; New York, 4.7 and one cent; Cleveland, 5.43 and 1.5 cents; Cincinnati, 7.01 and 2.6 cents.
The revenue received, for each 1,000 gallons delivered, is 15.52 cents at Liverpool, England; 14.35 cents at Berlin, Germany; 8.13 cents at Dresden, and 4 cents at Hamburg.
The comparative annual water-rent charges for a large house, in different cities, are as follows: Columbus, Ohio, $23.50; Lawrence, Mass., $20; Providence, R. I., $31; Brooklyn, $29.25; Buffalo, $43.50; Detroit, $23.25; Cincinnati, $28.73; Cleveland, $21.50; Chicago, $34; Philadelphia, $27.75; Pittsburgh, $71.50; Milwaukee, $34.50; Louisville, $51.50.
The meter rate charges, per 1,000 gallons, are 10 to 40 cents at Boston; 10 cents at Chicago; 10.2 at Cincinnati; 7 to 20 at Columbus, Ohio; 15 cents at Brooklyn; 13½ at Baltimore; 6 to 12 at Cleveland; 20 to 30 at Buffalo; 15 cents at Philadelphia; 7½ cents at New York; and 30 cents at Providence, Rhode Island.
The meter rates, per 1,000 U. S. gallons, at Stuttgart, Germany, are 11 cents for filtered river water, 5½ cents for lake water, and 15 cents for spring water. The rates, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, are 3.7 to 5 cents; at Hamburg, Germany, 8½ cents; at Leipsic, 7½ to 9¼ cents; at Berlin, Germany, 6½ to 25½ cents; at Dublin, Ireland, 6½ to 11 cents; and at Glasgow, Scotland, 15 cents per 1,000 U. S. gallons.
The average dividend paid by the water companies of Great Britain, in 1870, was 7 per cent.
WATER PIPES.
The different kinds of water pipes in use are made of wood, cast-iron, wrought-iron, and glass. For adapting wrought pipe to practical use, various methods have been resorted to, that of coating with asphaltum, enameling, galvanizing, and lining inside and covering outside with cement. The latter method has been adopted by a number of water-works; but the liability to corrosion, from imperfect work and material, has caused its abandonment in a number of places. The Spring Valley Water Company, of San Francisco, have in use a number of wrought-iron riveted pipes, coated with asphaltum, of 20 to 42 inches in diameter. They are made of No. 12 to 14 iron (Birmingham wire gauge), and have a hydrostatic pressure upon them of from 200 to 400 feet. Virginia City (Nevada) water-works laid two lines of wrought-iron pipe across the Washoe Valley, 7½ miles wide--one of 12-inch riveted pipe, and the other of 10-inch enameled, lap-welded tubes. The pressure on the pipe at the bottom of the valley is 750 pounds. The enormous pressure has caused a number of rivets to give out. On the test for the respective capacities, the 10-inch pipe delivered 2½ millions per day, against two millions for the 12-inch pipe.
Hard water has but little effect on cast-iron pipe, due to the carbonates; but soft water attacks it so vigorously, that it not only gives a turbid appearance to the water, but seriously weakens the pipe by corrosion, and the consequent formation of concretions that reduce the capacity of the pipe. Hard water also causes the formation of lime deposits, that offer great impediments to the flow of water. These obstructions are now removed by boring tools forced through the pipe by the hydrostatic pressure. The Superintendent of the Halifax (N. S.) Water-Works records the cleansing of a 12-inch main, 32,000 feet long, in three-fourths of an hour. The preservation of cast-iron pipes, and the prevention of these concretions, are now accomplished by carefully dipping the pipe, previously heated to a temperature of 300 degrees, in a bath of distilled coal tar, mixed, to a proper consistency, with linseed oil, or an oil of the tar.
The Rivers Pollution Commission condemned the common practice of using hemp in pipe joints, because it affords a nidus for the breeding, development, and decay of animalculæ. Turned joints were recommended.
The results of the observations of this commission prove conclusively than the commonly received opinion, that soft water necessarily acts upon lead pipes, is erroneous. The Loch Katrine water, which is notorious for dissolving lead in water exposed to the open air, yet no symptoms of lead poisoning have been discovered since its introduction, eighteen years ago. The water will act upon the lead at first, but will ultimately coat the inside of the pipe with a vegetable deposit that prevents further deterioration.
The frictional head, for a given diameter, is as the square of the velocity nearly; and, for different diameters, inversely as the diameters. Thus the loss of head, for each 100 feet of clean cast pipe, the velocity being three feet per second, is 1.35 feet for a 3-inch pipe; 1.02 for a 4-inch; .679 of a foot for a 6-inch; .407 of a foot for a 10-inch; .255 for a 16-inch, and .204 of a foot for a 20 inch pipe. The mean coefficient of friction, for cast-iron pipes of small size, with velocities of three feet, is .00644 for clean pipe; .0082 for slightly tuberculated pipes, and .012 for foul pipes.
WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON PIPE, WITH ALLOWANCE ADDED FOR BOWL AND SPIGOT ENDS.
_Weights in columns per foot lineal. Iron .2604 per cubic inch._
-------------+------------------------------------------------------------ INTER’L DIAM.| IN INCHES. | THICKNESS OF IRON SHELL IN INCHES. +---------+ | +----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- | ⅛ | ¼ | ⅜ | ½ | ⅝ | ¾ | ⅞ | 1 | 1⅛ | 1¼ | 1⅜ | 1½ | 1¾ | 2 ---+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 2 | 3 | 6 | 9.3| 14| 19| | | | | | | | | 3 | 4 | 9 | 12.5| 18| 23| | | | | | | | | 4 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 23| 30| 37| 44| 53| | | | | | 5 | 6.5| 13 | 20 | 28| 36| 44| 53| 61| | | | | | 6 | 8 | 15 | 24 | 33| 43| 52| 63| 72| | | | | | 8 | 10 | 20 | 32.5| 44| 56| 68| 81| 93| | | | | | 10 | 14 | 26 | 40.5| 56| 69| 84| 99| 114| | | | | | 12 | 15 | 30 | 48 | 65| 82| 100| 117| 135| | | | | | 14 | 18 | 36 | 54 | 75| 95| 115| 137| 159| | | | | | 16 | 20 | 40 | 64 | 86| 108| 130| 154| 176| | | | | | 20 | 26 |52.5| 79 | 107| 134| 162| 190| 216| | | | | | 24 | 32 | 63 | 95 | 127| 160| 192| 225| 259| | | | | | 30 | 40 | 78 | 118 | 158| 198| 238| 278| 318| 358| | | | | 35 | 45 | 90 | 135 | 180| 225| 270| 315| 360| 405| 450| 495| 540| | 36 | 47 | 94 | 141 | 188| 235| 282| 335| 384| 433| 483| 533| 583| | 40 | 52 |104 | 156 | 208| 260| 312| 364| 413| 465| 517| 569| 621| | 42 | 55 |110 | 165 | 221| 276| 331| 386| 442| 496| 552| 608| 662| 718| 48 | 63 |125 | 189 | 252| 315| 379| 444| 510| 573| 640| 705| 771| 904|1039 ---+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
WATER-WORKS STATISTICS
FROM REPORTS FOR 1880 AND 1881.
------------------------------------------------------------------ Gals. of Water Cities of U. S. Miles Popul- per day No. of No. of of Pipe. ation. per head. Taps. Meters.
Albany, N. Y. 77 90,903 55 2,832 10 Baltimore 524 332,190 -- 49,000 524 Boston 500 412,000 87 69,504 1,631 Brooklyn 350 566,889 54 60,000 1,085 Buffalo 102 155,137 122 9,099 -- Chicago 455 503,304 114 67,949 2,113 Cincinnati 196½ 264,000 80 24,300 600 Cleveland 125 160,142 65 10,013 402 Columbus, O. 39 51,665 41 2,156 534 Detroit 209 116,342 127 22,465 29 Hartford, Conn. 71 42,553 119 4,291 -- Indianapolis 43 75,074 40 1,200 12 Jersey City 323 120,728 122 -- 220 Louisville 110 123,645 33 7,225 251 Milwaukee 86 115,578 75 6,835 -- New York 510 1,206,590 80 80,000 550 Newark, N. J. 136 136,400 67 10,965 150 Philadelphia 746 846,984 67 110,000 30 Pittsburgh 112 156,381 102 -- -- Providence 152 101,255 31 9,691 4,036 Rochester 113 89,363 56 7,588 100 San Francisco 220 233,956 70 -- -- St. Louis 212 350,522 71 20,204 980 Washington, D. C. 175 147,307 176 17,000 -- ------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX.
PAGE.
ABSORPTION of water, 49
ADKINS & CO., charcoal filter plates, 31
ALUM, use of, 31
ALTITUDES of Ohio, 97-99, 102, 109, 121
ANALYSES of filtering materials, 31, 32
ANALYSIS of water--Methods of, 8, 10 Sanitary value, 11 Surface water, 48 Tables of, 9, 10, 117 Well water, 40, 104, 109
AQUEDUCTS, date of, 56 Description of, 53 Examples of, 5, 26, 53, 71, 74, 88, 90 Roman aqueducts, 5 System of, 53
AERATION, effect of, 15, 16, 20 Methods of, 33, 34 Value of, 33
ARSENIC in water, 25
ARTESIAN WELLS--Analysis of, 109 Boring and cost of, 107 At Cincinnati, 106 Description of, 40, 42, 43, 107 Examples of, 42, 43, 90 Laws of, 40 Temperature of, 42
BALTIMORE--Aqueduct of, 55 Dams of, 58 History of, 72 Water rates, 126, 127
BERLIN--History of water-works, 85 Meter rates, 127
BOMBAY--History of water-works, 91
BONDED indebtedness water-works, 73, 74, 77, 79
BORAX, use of, 31
BOSTON--Aqueduct of, 54, 55 Dams of, 58 History of water-works, 70 Pollution of water, 25 Protection of water, 118 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
BROAD Street pump, London, deaths from, 14
BUFFALO--History of water-works, 73 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
CARBIDE of Iron, value of, 31
CARBONATES in water, 24
CAST-IRON water pipes, 128
CHARCOAL, value of, 31
CHICAGO--His. of water supply, 26, 70 Pumping engines, cost of, 67 Tunnels, description of, 55 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
CHOLERA caused by impure water, 12, 118
CINCINNATI--Altitude of, 109, 110, 114, 121 Anticlinal, 97 Aeration of water, 34 Cost of engines, 64, 67 Duty of engines, 62 Gravity supply, water-sheds, 109 Hardness of water, 115 History of water-works, 77 Kirkwood’s survey, 113 Markley Farm, 120 Moore’s survey, 124 Newport plan, 125 Pollution of supply, 119, 121 Protection of supply, 124 Scowden’s survey, 120 Riparian rights of, 111 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127 Well-water supply, 102, 106
CLARK’S system, 34, 35
CLEANING water-pipes, 128
CLEVELAND--History of water supply, 26, 76
COMPONENT parts of water, 7
CONCRETIONS in water pipe, 128
CONDUITS--See aqueducts.
CONSTRUCTION of water-works, 114, 125
CONSUMPTION of water, 131
COST of water-works--See historical account, 68
CORNISH engines, 61, 62, 69, 75, 83
COVERED reservoirs, 34, 83, 91
CROTON aqueduct, 53
DAMS, 56, 57, 58, 71, 76, 83, 93
DAYTON (Ky.) sand-beach, 115
DEPOSITION of water, 18, 24
DETROIT--New supply, 26
DILUTION of water, 18, 20
DIVIDENDS of Water Companies, 76, 85, 128
DRESDEN--History of water supply, 89
DUBLIN--Aqueduct of, 54 Dams of, 57 History of water supply, 84 Water rates, 127
DUTY, tables of, 61, 62 Fuel expense, 67 Term of, 61
EDINBURGH--History of water supply, 84
ENGINES for pumping water, 61, 62, 64, 67, 81
EVAPORATION, tables of, etc, 49, 52, 90
FILTRATION of water, 29, 32, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 114
FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN--History of water supply, 88
FRICTION in water pipes, 129
GENOA (Italy), filtering gallery, 28
GEOLOGY--Structure of, for gravity supply, 50
GEOLOGY of Ohio, 93
GLASGOW--Aqueduct of, 53 Cholera epidemics, 13 Filtering gallery, 28 History of water supply, 83 Value of its soft water, 35
GRAVITATION--Cost of, 58, 125 Geological structure, 50 Examples of, see Chapter V, 68 Objectionable sites, 50 Points on, 50 Short supply, 49 Surface water, 48 System of supply, 47 Water-shed resources, 49, 51, 84, 85 Vegetable impurities, 26
GREAT Miami River, 110, 116
GRENELLE well, 42
HAMBURG--History of, 88 Water rates, 127
HARDNESS of water, 24, 34, 35, 115, 128
HEMP joint, effect of, 129
HIGH service, examples of, 68, 69, 71, 77, 78
HOLLY system, 61, 63, 64, 74
HUSBAND’S balance valve, 66
IMPURITIES in water, 7, 22, 24, 25, 26, 34, 35
INDIA--Dams of, 57 Reservoirs of, 6
INDIANAPOLIS--New supply, 26
INFILTRATION, 27, 28, 29, 87
INSPECTIONS for waste of water, 83, 85
INTAKES, change of, 12, 120
INTERCEPTING wells, 46
KIRKWOOD’S, J. P. survey of, 113
LARAMIE reservoir, 110
LEAD pipes, effect of soft water, 129
LEIPSIC--History of water supply, 89
LEWISTON reservoir, 110
LITTLE Miami River, 122
LIVERPOOL--History of, 49, 58, 83 Well supply, 37
LONDON--Cholera epidemics, 12 Covered reservoirs, 34 Filtration and subsidence, 29, 32 Hardness of water, 35 History of water supply, 20, 80 Pollution of water, 20, 120 Projected supplies, 38, 82 Stand pipes, 65 Thames water, 20, 120 Well supply, 37, 38, 106 Cost of works, 125
LOUISVILLE--History of water sup., 75 Stand-pipe, 65 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
LOWELL--Filtering gallery, 27
LYNN (Mass.)--Wells of, 46
LYONS (France)--Filtering gallery, 28
MADRID (Spain)--Aqueduct of, 54
MAD RIVER, 110
MAGNESIA, effect of, 24
MAINTENANCE of water-works, 69, 75, 80, 86, 127
MANCHESTER (Eng.), 12, 49, 84
MARKLEY FARM, 114, 120, 124
MARSEILLES--History of, 53, 89
METERS in use, 131
MEXICO--Water channels of, 6
MILES of pipe in use, 131
MOORE, A. G., 33, 124
NEWARK (N. J.)--Filtering gallery, 28
NEWPORT plan, 125
NEW YORK--Aqueduct of, 54 Dams of, 57 History of, 68 Pollution of water, 24, 25 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
OHIO RIVER, 20, 75, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120
OXIDATION, 15, 18
OXIDE of iron, use of, 31
PAISLEY--Cholera epidemic, 13
PARIS--History of, 90
PERCHLORIDE of iron, use of, 31
PERTH (Scotland)--Filtering gal., 28
PERU--Water channels of, 6
PHILADELPHIA--Aqueduct of, 54 History of, 68 Schuylkill River, 19, 118 Water revenue & expense, 126, 127
POLLUTION of water, 13, 17, 22, 25, 26, 117, 120, 129
POLLUTION of well water, 38, 46, 105, 106
PONIARY reservoir, 6
PONT DU GARD aqueduct, 5
POPULATION of cities and water-sheds, 116, 131
PORTLAND (Me.)--History of, 77
POTABLE water, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14
PUDDLE walls, 57, 76, 91
PUMPING SYSTEM--Cost of, 114, 125 Description of, 59 Examples of, see Chapter V, 68 Expense of, 64 Engines, 61, 64, 67, 81 Survey of, 114, 122 Tables of, 59
PURIFICATION OF WATER--Agents, 17 Aeration, 15, 16, 19, 20 Deposition, 18 Dilution, 18, 19, 20 Means of, 27, 117, 118, 124 Ohio River, 122 Oxidation, 15, 18
RAIN-FALL--Availability of, 49, 51, 84, 85 Measurements of, 112 Storage of, 52 Resources of, 52 Resources of Ohio water-sheds, 109 Resources for wells, 46
RESERVOIR SYSTEM--Brick structures, 73, 74 Covered reservoirs, 34, 83, 91 Deposit in, 72 Equalizing reservoirs, 88 Examples of, see Chapter V, 68 Impounding reservoirs, 76, 82, 84, 91 Iron tanks, at Cincinnati, 77 System of, 6, 59, 68, 69, 75 Relief tanks, 83, 85
REVENUE--Water-rent, 126, 127
RIPARIAN rights, compensation, 82, 84, 111
RIVERS, flow of, 116
RIVER POLLUTION--Description of, 15, 117, 118, 122 Population on rivers, 116 Purification of, 15, 20, 24, 27, 32, 117, 124 Merrimack River, 18 Ohio River, 115 Schuylkill River, 19, 117 Thames River, 20, 120 Quality of pollution, 18, 22, 23, 118
ROCHESTER (N. Y.)--New supply, 26
ROME--Water supply of, 5
ROQUEFAVOUR aqueduct, 53
ST. LOUIS, 26, 67, 72, 126, 127
ST. MARY’S reservoir, 110
ST. MARY’S RIVER, 89
SAN FRANCISCO, 76, 130
SCIOTO RIVER, 110
SCOWDEN, T. R., 75, 120
SEWAGE in river water, 9, 10, 20, 23, 118
SHEET-IRON strips, use of, 31
SCHUYLKILL RIVER, 19, 117
SOURCES of supply--Lakes, see Chapter V, 68 Rivers--See Chapter V, 68 Springs--See Chapter V, 68 Wells--See Chapter V, 68
SOFT water, 35, 84, 129
SPENCER’S process of, 31
SPRINGS, 36, 82, 84, 88, 90
STAGNATION of water, 25
STAND-PIPES--System of, 59, 66, 70, 72, 86, 88
STATISTICS of water-works, 131
STUTTGART--History of, 89
STRYCHNINE in water, 24
SUBSIDENCE of water, 32, 86, 89, 114
SYSTEMS of supply, 36
TAPS--Number of, 131
THAMES RIVER, 20, 21, 32, 117
TOLEDO--History of, 65, 80
TORONTO filtering gallery, 28
TURBIDITY of water, 32, 72, 88, 90, 115
TOULOUSE filtering gallery, 28
TYPHOID FEVER, cause of, 15
VITAL statistics, 12, 25, 35, 120
VIENNA--History of, 87
WASHINGTON--Aqueduct of, 54 History of, 74
WATER--Ammonia in, 9 Analyses of, 9, 10 Drinking, 8 Effect on water pipes, 128 Impurities in, 7, 8 Sewage in, 9, 20, 118
WATER COMPANIES--See Chap. V, 68 Dividends of, 128
WATER revenue, 68, 69, 85, 86, 126
WATER pipes, 128, 129
WATER-POWER, 64, 69
WEIGHT of pipe, 130
WELLS--Abatement of, 106 Availability, 37, 38, 47, 105 Boring of, 44 Description of, 36, 37, 102 Examples of, 37, 70, 81, 83, 87, 90, 102 Flow of, 37, 38 Laws of, 36, 38 Pollution of, 38, 46, 85, 105 Resources, 45, 46 Tables of, 103, 104
WOODEN conduits, 77
WORTHINGTON pumps, 61, 62, 69, 74
WROUGHT-IRON pipe, 77, 128
ZYMOTIC diseases of, 48
* * * * * * * * * *
JOSEPH SHARP, BELTING and HOSE, PACKING, LACE LEATHER, AND SUPPLIES, 59 Walnut St., CINCINNATI, O.
STEAM and PUMP PACKING OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
RESPECTFULLY REFER TO
Cincinnati Water Works. Covington, Ky. Water Works. JOSEPH SHARP, No. 59 Walnut St., CINCINNATI, O.
* * * * *
J. E. McCRACKEN, GENERAL AGENT FOR McMAHAN, PORTER & CO.’S SEWER PIPE, FIRE BRICK AND CLAY,
_Flue Linings_, Fire Clay Stove Pipe, CHIMNEY TOPS.
ALL BRANDS OF LOUISVILLE AND ENGLISH PORTLAND CEMENT,
Louisville White Lime, Newark and Michigan Plaster and Hair, Zanesville Pressed Brick.
Office, No. 221 E. FRONT STREET, --BRANCH YARDS:-- Harrison Ave., and M. & C. R. R.--534 & 536 John St. Warehouse, 3, 5, 7 & 9 Butler Street. CINCINNATI, O.
* * * * *
COPE & MAXWELL M’F’G COMPANY, HAMILTON OHIO.
STEAM PUMPING MACHINERY --FOR-- WATER WORKS.
CONSTRUCTED AFTER VARIOUS DESIGNS FOR RESERVOIR, STAND PIPE, OR DIRECT PRESSURE SYSTEMS.
HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL, DUPLEX OR SEPARATE ACTING AT WILL. PHOTOS, DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS ON APPLICATION.
The following are places where Water Works Machinery of the Cope & Maxwell manufacture is in use:
Newport, Ky. Clinton, Iowa. Anamosa, “ Muscatine, “ Logansport, Ind. Milwaukee, Wis. Fort Dodge, “ Atchison, Kansas. Desloges, Mo. Trinidad, Col. Broadford, Pa. Pullman, Ills. Hyde Park, “ East Liverpool, Ohio. Cincinnati, “ Springfield, “ Athens Asylum, “ Dayton Asylum, “ Longview Asylum, “
STEAM PUMPS --FOR-- Mining, Mills, Factories, Fire Protection, Sewage, Sugar Refineries, Draining, Distilleries, Breweries, Boiler-Feeding, and all kinds of Pumping Service.
CIRCULARS ON APPLICATION.
* * * * *
CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY,
Manufacturers of STEAM, GAS AND Water Valves, AND GATE Fire Hydrants, WITH OR WITHOUT INDEPENDENT NOZZLES.
ALL VALVES & HYDRANTS FURNISHED WITH BABBETT METAL SEATS AND NON-CORROSIVE WORKING PARTS.
All Work Guaranteed.
GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS:
INDIAN ORCHARD, MASS.
TREASURER’S OFFICE:
77 KILBY STREET, BOSTON.
* * * * *
HENRY RANSHAW, WM. STACEY, THOS. H. BIRCH, R. J. TARVIN, _Pres. and Manager_ _Vice-President._ _Ass’t Manager._ _Sec’y and Treas._
THE STACEY M’F’G CO.
Gas Works Builders, ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK, Oil and Water Tanks, Lamp Posts, IRON ROOFS, COAL ELEVATOR CARS, COKE CRUSHERS, ROLLING MILL MACHINERY.
_ALL KINDS OF HEAVY WROUGHT & CAST-IRON WORK_.
33, 35, 37 and 39 Mill Street, & 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street, CINCINNATI, O.
* * * * *
CROWN WATER METER, ADOPTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, NEW YORK CITY.
A POSITIVE ROTARY PISTON METER, ACCURATE, DURABLE AND SIMPLE, HAVING ONLY ONE WORKING PART.
In this new Meter will be found all the advantages of the best known Meters, and none of their defects. It is a positive displacement measurer. It forms no obstruction to the free flow of water. The dial face is always dry and clean, and the interior structure of brass and hard rubber renders corrosion impossible. We claim that it will register on a finer stream than any other Meter ever made. For Illustrated Circulars, giving testimonials, results of tests, etc., address
NATIONAL METER COMPANY, SOLE MANUFACTURERS. JOHN C. KELLEY, President, 51 Chambers Street, New York.
N. B.--METERS FURNISHED OF ALL SIZES, FROM HALF INCH TO TEN INCHES INCLUSIVE.
* * * * *
HUGH MERRIE. Established, 1869. HENRY VERHAGE.
Merrie, Verhage & Co., --_MANUFACTURERS_-- LEAD PIPE & SHEET LEAD --_AND ALL KINDS BRASS WORK FOR_-- Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters, Water Works & Machinists.
_DEALERS IN PLUMBERS, GAS & STEAM FITTERS SUPPLIES._
11 and 13 W. Seventh St. CINCINNATI, OHIO.
--AGENTS FOR--
MURDOCK’S HYDRANTS AND STREET WASHERS, BIGNALL’S PUMPS AND SINKS, ÆTNA IRON WORKS, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, ABENDROTH BROS. SOIL PIPE AND FITTINGS, STAR RUBBER CO.’S HOSE AND BELTING, JENNING’S WATER CLOSETS, ROB’T BROWN AND SON’S EARTHENWARE.
* * * * *
THE CINCINNATI Stationary Engine and Hydraulic WORKS,
MANUFACTURERS OF STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.
THE HOLDEN ICE MACHINES & REFRIGERATORS, AND ALL KINDS OF Machinery Castings and Iron Forgings of all Descriptions.
JOSEPH BELL, Manager, Cor. Third and Lock Streets, CINCINNATI, O.
* * * * *
ESTABLISHED, 1846.
WM. KIRKUP & SON, --AGENTS FOR-- _NATIONAL TUBE-WORKS CO._
--_ALSO MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN_-- Wrought Iron Pipe and Boiler Tubes, _Malleable & Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings, Brass Goods_,
Machinists’, Steam and Gas Fitters’, Boiler-Makers’, Engineers’, & Plumbers’ Tools and Supplies,
BRASS AND COMPOSITION CASTINGS.
_SALESROOM & FACTORY--S. E. CORNER PEARL & LUDLOW STREETS._ CINCINNATI, OHIO.
* * * * *
HENRY J. REEDY,
MANUFACTURER OF HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND DIRECT ACTING HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS, --FOR-- FREIGHT AND PASSENGER SERVICE.
WORKS: EIGHTH, LOCK AND CLEVELAND STREETS. --CINCINNATI.--
Elevators in all the principal Cities in the United States.
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICES.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Table cells that were blank or had dots in the original book, are displayed with a -- in this etext.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 8: ‘per 1000 gollons’ replaced by ‘per 1000 gallons’. Pg 13: ‘The testimory Dr.’ replaced by ‘The testimony of Dr.’. Pg 14: ‘of cholora; and’ replaced by ‘of cholera; and’. Pg 19: ‘the 57 colleries’ replaced by ‘the 57 collieries’. Pg 23: ‘Massachussets State’ replaced by ‘Massachusetts State’. Pg 24: ‘New Yory City’ replaced by ‘New York City’. Pg 25: ‘on the pharanx’ replaced by ‘on the pharynx’. Pg 25: ‘miscroscopic plants’ replaced by ‘microscopic plants’. Pg 31: ‘ORRGANIC CARBON’ replaced by ‘ORGANIC CARBON’. Pg 33: ‘TO AL SOLIDS’ replaced by ‘TOTAL SOLIDS’. Pg 36: ‘through permeable’ replaced by ‘through a permeable’. Pg 36: ‘which land’ replaced by ‘which the land’. Pg 36: ‘wells are which’ replaced by ‘wells are those which’. Pg 40: ‘imperrious strata’ replaced by ‘impervious strata’. Pg 43: ‘to exend it to’ replaced by ‘to extend it to’. Pg 44: ‘Divonian.’ replaced by ‘Devonian.’. Pg 44: ‘argellaceous below’ replaced by ‘argillaceous below’. Pg 45: ‘reduce the jaring’ replaced by ‘reduce the jarring’. Pg 55: ‘pockets of quick sand’ replaced by ‘pockets of quicksand’. Pg 58: ‘SOURCE’ replaced by ‘SRCE’ to save table space. Pg 60: ‘to one hunded’ replaced by ‘to one hundred’. Pg 60: ‘States and Canadas’ replaced by ‘States and Canada’. Pg 63: ‘American Society of Civil Engineers’ abbreviated to ‘A. S. C. E.’ in the table. Pg 67: ‘SYSTEM CYLINDER’ replaced by ‘SYS. CYL.’ to save space. Pg 77: ‘at Sycaamore Street’ replaced by ‘at Sycamore Street’. Pg 84: ‘reservoir enbankment’ replaced by ‘reservoir embankment’. Pg 87: ‘private puildings’ replaced by ‘private buildings’. Pg 90: ‘the depurition of’ replaced by ‘the deposition of’. Pg 91: ‘and Moutrouge’ replaced by ‘and Montrouge’. Pg 95: ‘a shallowy and’ replaced by ‘a shallow and’. Pg 108: ‘Chloride of Calcuim’ replaced by ‘Chloride of Calcium’. Pg 109: ‘average attitude’ replaced by ‘average altitude’. Pg 109: ‘FFET.’ replaced by ‘FEET.’. Pg 109: ‘23. Allen Coounty’ replaced by ‘23. Allen County’. Pg 109: ‘Perryshurgh’ replaced by ‘Perrysburgh’. Pg 119: ‘LOWEST, AMD’ replaced by ‘LOWEST, AND’. Pg 122: ‘renders that cite’ replaced by ‘renders that site’. Pg 127: ‘Stuggart, Germany’ replaced by ‘Stuttgart, Germany’. Pg 128: ‘also cruses the’ replaced by ‘also causes the’. Pg 133: Entry ‘HIGH service’ moved in front of ‘HOLLY system’.