Chapter 19

Government by the People.

Attitude Toward Senator La Follette, the First Progressive.

Number of Progressives in Senate.

Laws Annulled by Courts.

National Progressive Republican League Formed.

Its Platform.

The "Initiative."

The "Referendum."

The "Recall."

Tariff Revision.

The Payne-Aldrich Bill Passed.

Criticism of the Cotton Schedule.

Of the Wool Schedule.

The "Maximum and Minimum" Clause.

Democratic Revision of the Tariff.

Farmers' Free List Bill.

Reciprocity with Canada.

President Taft and the Progressive Movement.

APPENDIX:

I. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

II. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

III. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

IV. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

V. STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION

VI. AREA OF THE UNITED STATES

VII. POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES BY DECADES, 1790--1910

VIII. APPROXIMATE POPULATION UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, 1910.

IX. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1910, 1900, 1890

X. NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AFTER EACH APPORTIONMENT

XI. POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY 1890-1900.

XII. TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES FROM 1880 to 1910.

INDEX

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

THEODORE ROOSEVELT AT HIS DESK IN THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES OF THE WHITE HOUSE DURING HIS TERM AS PRESIDENT. (Copyright, 1907, Clinedinst, Washington).

THEODORE ROOSEVELT. (From a copyrighted photograph by Pach Bros., New York).

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, AS LIEUT.-COLONEL OF THE "ROUGH RIDERS."

COLLIS P. HUNTINGTON.

JAMES J. HILL. (Copyright, 1902, by Pach Bros., N. Y.).

E. H. HARRIMAN.

JOHN W. GATES.

ANDREW CARNEGIE. (Copyright, 1902, by Rockwood, N. Y.).

J. PIERPONT MORGAN. (Copyright, 1901, by Pach Bros., N. Y.).

COL. CLEMENTS. GEN. GOBIN COMMANDING TROOPS SENT TO SHENANDOAH IN THE COAL STRIKE OF 1902.

COAL STRIKE AT SHENANDOAH, PA., 1902. A STRIKERS' PICKET.

THE COAL STRIKE ARBITRATORS CHOSEN BY THE PRESIDENT. (Copyright, 1902, by George Grantham Bain).

JOHN HAY, SECRETARY OF STATE. (Copyright, 1904, by Pach Bros., N. Y.).

ELIHU ROOT, SECRETARY OF WAR. (Copyright, 1903, by Clinedinst, Washington).

GEORGE B. CORTELYOU, SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. (Photograph by Rice).

THE ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION, TAKEN MARCH 22,1904.

THE AMERICAN ISTHMUS, SHOWING ROUTES INVESTIGATED FOR A SHIP-CANAL.

M. BUNAU-VARILLA, MINISTER FROM PANAMA. (Photograph by Clinedinst).

GREAT HEAPS OF WRECKAGE PILED HIGH BY THE GALVESTON DISASTER. (Copyright, 1900, by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.).

THE BOULEVARD AND SEA-WALL, GALVESTON. BUILT AFTER THE FLOOD. (Photograph by H. H. Morris).

TOMASO ESTRADA Y PALMA, FIRST PRESIDENT OF CUBA, IN THE PALACE, HAVANA. (Copyright, 1902, by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.).

LOWERING THE STARS AND STRIPES ON THE PALACE, MAY 20, 1902, FOR THE FLAG OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC. (Copyright, 1901, by Underwood & Underwood).

GOV. WILLIAM H. TAFT.

THE BALTIMORE FIRE. (Lombard and Calvert Streets, showing Continental and Equitable Buildings).

THE BALTIMORE FIRE. (Hopkins Place and German Street, looking east).

OPENING DAY AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. PRESIDENT D. K. FRANCIS DELIVERING THE OPENING ADDRESS. (Copyright, 1904, by William H. Rau, Philadelphia).

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. THE VARIED INDUSTRIES BUILDING.

CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION AT CHICAGO, 1904.

WILLIAM R. HEARST.

THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION AT ST. LOUIS, 1904.

ALTON B. PARKER.

INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, MARCH 4, 1905. (Photograph by Clinedinst, Washington, D. C.).

COUNT VON WALDERSEE, ESCORTED BY OFFICERS OF THE ALLIED ARMIES BETWEEN LINES OF U. S. TROOPS TOWARD THE SACRED GATE, PEKING. (Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N, Y.).

AMERICAN FLAG RAISED OVER BATTERED REMNANTS OF SOUTH GATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER CITY'S CAPTURE. BATTLE OF TIEN-TSIN CHINA. (Copyright, 1901, by Underwood & Underwood).

ARRIVAL OF CHINAMEN AT MALONE, N. Y., FROM CANADA, ACCOMPANIED BY OFFICIALS.

THE HOUSE IN THE WOODS, THE HAGUE, HOLLAND, WHERE THE FIRST PEACE CONFERENCE WAS HELD.

PRESIDENT CASTRO OF VENEZUELA.

THE NEW PEACE PALACE, THE HAGUE, HOLLAND.

RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE PEACE ENVOYS IN SESSION AT PORTSMOUTH, N. H.

BUILDING WHERE THE SECOND PEACE CONFERENCE WAS HELD, THE HAGUE, HOLLAND.

FIRST SESSION OF THE SECOND PEACE CONFERENCE, THE HAGUE, HOLLAND.

FEDERAL PALACE, WHERE THE SECOND PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS WAS HELD IN THE CITY OF MEXICO. (Courtesy of the Pan-American Union).

MONROE PALACE, WHERE THE THIRD PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE WAS HELD IN RIO DE JANEIRO. (Courtesy of the Pan-American Union).

ARRIVAL OF SECRETARY ROOT AT RIO DE JANEIRO. (Courtesy of the Pan-American Union).

THE BUREAU OF THE PAN-AMERICAN REPUBLICS. (Photograph by Clinedinst).

GRIZZLY GIANT, MARIPOSA GROVE, CALIFORNIA, WITH A SQUAD OF CAVALRY AT ITS BASE.

BIG TREE "WAWONA," SHOWING THE RELATIVE SIZE OF OTHER CONIFERS COMPARED WITH BIG TREES. MARIPOSA GROVE.

THE PRESIDENT, GOVERNORS, AND OTHER LEADING MEN AT THE NATIONAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE, AT THE WHITE HOUSE, MAY 13 TO 15, 1908. (Copyright by Underwood & Underwood).

GIFFORD PINCHOT, PRESIDENT OF THE CONSERVATION COMMISSION.

ROOSEVELT DAM FROM THE ROAD.

SHOSHONE DAM, WYOMING. HIGHEST DAM IN THE WORLD. HEIGHT, 328.4 FEET.

SHOSHONE PROJECT. WYOMING PARK WAGON ROAD, SHOWING WONDERFUL TUNNELLING WORK ON THE NEW WAGON ROAD FROM CODY, WYO., TO THE NATIONAL PARK VIA THE SHOSHONE DAM. (Photograph by Clinedinst).

TRUCKEE-CARSON RECLAMATION PROJECT. DIVERSION DAM AND GATES AT HEADING OF MAIN CANAL.

INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION.

THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS. (Copyright, 1900, by Detroit Photographic Co.).

JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.

A FIELD OF COTTON.

BALES OF COTTON READY FOR SHIPMENT. COTTON-PRESS YARD, NEW ORLEANS.

LOADING COTTON ON THE LEVEE, NEW ORLEANS.

THE PRICE-CAMPBELL COTTON-PICKING MACHINE, WHICH DOES THE WORK OF FIFTY PERSONS.

THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPOSITION, PORTLAND, ORE. GENERAL VIEW ACROSS THE LAGOON.

THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPOSITION, PORTLAND, ORE. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS ACROSS THE LAGOON.

DR. HARVEY W. WILEY, MANY YEARS CHIEF OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

U. S. GOVERNMENT INSPECTION OF A PACKING-HOUSE.

EARTHQUAKE AT SAN FRANCISCO, APRIL 18, 1906. UPHEAVAL OF SIDEWALK AT EIGHTEENTH AND CAPP STREETS.

BURNING OF SAN FRANCISCO FOLLOWING THE EARTHQUAKE.

SHOWING DESTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE IN SAN FRANCISCO.

REFUGEES IN GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO.

THE JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION--MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING--FROM THE AUDITORIUM. (Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.).

THE PANIC OF 1907. RUN ON THE KNICKERBOCKER TRUST COMPANY, 34TH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE.

THE PANIC OF 1907. UPTOWN BRANCH OF THE KNICKERBOCKER TRUST COMPANY, 125TH STREET.

THE PANIC OF 1907. RUN ON THE COLONIAL TRUST COMPANY. LINE OF DEPOSITORS IN ANN STREET WAITING THEIR TURN.

THE PANIC OF 1907. RUN ON THE LINCOLN TRUST COMPANY, FIFTH AVENUE ENTRANCE.

THE PANIC OF 1907. WALL STREET, IN FRONT OF THE SUB-TREASURY BUILDING, WHEN THE RUN ON THE TRUST COMPANY OF AMERICA WAS AT ITS HEIGHT.

THE PANIC OF 1907. RUN ON THE STATE BANK, GRAND STREET, NEW YORK.

EMIGRANTS BOUND FOR AMERICA.

ENTRANCE TO EMIGRANT STATION OR "MODEL TOWN" IN HAMBURG. BUILT FOR EMIGRANTS WAITING TO SAIL.

ONE OF SEVERAL CHURCHES BUILT FOR EMIGRANTS OF VARIOUS FAITHS IN THE STATION OR "MODEL TOWN" OF THE HAMBURG-AMERICAN COMPANY, FOR USE WHILE WAITING TO SAIL.

U. S. IMMIGRANT STATION, ELLIS ISLAND, N. Y.

GROUPS OF IMMIGRANTS UPON THEIR ARRIVAL AT ELLIS ISLAND.

GROUP OF COSSACK IMMIGRANTS CONSIDERED DESIRABLE AND QUALIFIED TO ENTER.

SWEDISH IMMIGRANT FAMILY CONSIDERED DESIRABLE AND QUALIFIED TO ENTER.

JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT WHO ACTED UPON THE CASES OF THE STANDARD OIL AND AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANIES. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

CHIEF JUSTICE MELVILLE W. FULLER. (Photograph copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

REAR-ADMIRAL ROBLEY D. EVANS. (Copyright, 1908, by Harris & Ewing).

THE ATLANTIC FLEET STARTING ON ITS JOURNEY ROUND THE WORLD, DECEMBER, 1907. (Copyright, 1907, by Underwood & Underwood).

REAR-ADMIRAL CHARLES S. SPERRY.

COTTON-MILL OPERATIVES SO SMALL THAT IN ORDER TO REACH THEIR WORK THEY HAVE TO STAND UPON THE MACHINERY.

THE SPINNING-ROOM OVERSEER AND HIS FLOCK IN A MISSISSIPPI COTTON-MILL.

ELECTRIC TRAIN, LONG ISLAND R. R.

GUGLIELMO MARCONI AND HIS WIRELESS TELEGRAPH.

MARCONI TRANSATLANTIC STATION AT SOUTH WELLFLEET, CAPE COD, MASS.

THE "ARROW" GETTING UNDER WAY. (Courtesy of Scientific American).

BALDWIN'S AIRSHIP "ARROW" AT A HEIGHT OF 600 FEET OVER THE EXPOSITION PALACES, ST. LOUIS, OCTOBER 25, 1904.

CARNEGIE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

JOSEPH G. CANNON. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

JAMES S. SHERMAN, NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. (Photograph by C. M. Bell, Washington).

WILLIAM H. TAFT ON HIS TRIP, STUMPING FOR THE NOMINATION.

MR. TAFT FORMALLY ACCEPTING THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION FOR THE PRESIDENCY, ON THE VERANDA OF THE RESIDENCE OF HIS BROTHER, MR. CHARLES P. TAFT, OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. (Copyright, 1908, by Young & Carl, Cincinnati, Ohio).

PRESIDENT WILLIAM H. TAFT AND GOVERNOR HUGHES ON THE REVIEWING STAND AT THE INAUGURATION, MARCH 4,1909. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

PRESIDENT TAFT AND CABINET, 1909. (Copyright, 1909, by Brown Bros., N. Y.).

THE ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION, SEATTLE. THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS.

THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION. THE CLERMONT PROCEEDING UP THE HUDSON RIVER UNDER HER OWN STEAM.

COMMANDER PEARY'S SHIP, THE ROOSEVELT.

COMMANDER ROBERT E. PEARY, AND THREE OF HIS ESKIMO DOGS, ON THE ROOSEVELT.

DR. F. A. COOK ON HIS ARRIVAL IN NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 21, 1909. (Photograph by Brown Bros., N. Y.).

PRESIDENT TAFT SIGNING THE PROCLAMATION MAKING ARIZONA THE FORTY-EIGHTH STATE OF THE UNION, AT THE WHITE HOUSE, FEBRUARY 14, 1912. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

PRESIDENT TAFT SIGNING THE PROCLAMATION MAKING NEW MEXICO A STATE, JANUARY 6, 1912. (Photograph, copyright, by Clinedinst, Washington).

CHARLES K. HAMILTON RACING AN AUTOMOBILE ON THE BEACH AT GALVESTON, TEXAS. (From a photograph by H. H. Morris).

WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT, AND THE LATE KING EDWARD OF ENGLAND. (Photograph by Brown Bros., N. Y.).

WILBUR WRIGHT IN HIS AEROPLANE AT PAU, FRANCE, WITH KING ALFONSO OF SPAIN.

HARRY K. ATWOOD WITH LIEUT. FICKLE FLYING OVER GOVERNOR'S ISLAND, N. Y., AFTER COMPLETING HIS LIGHT FROM ST. LOUIS TO NEW YORK.

E. DANA DURAND, DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

CENTRE OF POPULATION AT EACH CENSUS.

ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE. (Copyright by Harris & Ewing, Washington).

ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, SENATOR FROM INDIANA. (Copyright by Clinedinst, Washington).

SENATOR NELSON W. ALDRICH. (Photograph by Clinedinst, Washington).

PERIOD VII

PROBLEMS OF THE NEW CENTURY

1902-1912