Category: History - Other
In the year eighteen hundred and eighteen I travelled through a large part of Spain, and spent several months in Madrid. My object was to increase a very imperfect knowledge of the language and literature of the country, and to purchase Spanish books, always so rare in the gre...
In the year eighteen hundred and eighteen I travelled through a large part of Spain, and spent several months in Madrid. My object was to increase a very imperfect knowledge of...
2. CHAPTER I.Origin of Modern Literature 3 Its Origin in Spain 4 Its earliest Appearance there 5 Two Schools 5 The National School 6 It appears in troubled Times 6 The Arab Invasion 7 Christ...
3. CHAPTER II.Appearance of the Castilian 11 Poem of the Cid 12 Its Hero 13 Its Subject 15 Its Character 16 Book of Apollonius 24 Saint Mary of Egypt 25 Three Holy Kings 26 All anonymous 27 G...
4. CHAPTER III.His Birth 35 Letter to Perez de Guzman 36 His Death 38 His Cántigas 39 Galician Dialect 40 Querellas and Tesoro 44 His Ultramar 45 Castilian Prose 46 Fuero Juzgo 47 Setenario 49...
5. CHAPTER IV.Juan Lorenzo Segura 56 His Anachronisms 57 His Alexandro 58 Los Votos del Pavon 60 Sancho el Bravo 61 Don Juan Manuel 61 His Life 62 His Works 64 Letter to his Brother 68 His Co...
6. CHAPTER V.Alfonso the Eleventh 76 Poetical Chronicle 77 Beneficiado de Ubeda 78 Archpriest of Hita 78 His Works 79 His Character 84 Rabbi Don Santob 86 La Doctrina Christiana 88 Una Revel...
7. CHAPTER VI.Popular Literature 106 Four Classes of it 108 First Class, Ballads 108 Theories of their Origin 109 Not Arabic 110 National and Indigenous 111 Redondillas 111 Asonantes 112 Easy...
8. CHAPTER VII.Ballads of Chivalry 131 On Charlemagne 132 Historical Ballads 134 On Bernardo del Carpio 135 On Fernan Gonzalez 138 On the Infantes de Lara 139 On the Cid 140 On various Histori...
9. CHAPTER VIII.Second Class of Popular Literature 156 Chronicles and their Origin 157 Royal Chronicles 157 Crónica General 158 Its Divisions and Subjects 159 Its Poetical Portions 161 Its Char...
10. CHAPTER IX.Chronicles of Alfonso the Wise, Sancho the Brave, and Ferdinand the Fourth 173 Chronicle of Alfonso the Eleventh 175 Chronicles of Peter the Cruel, Henry the Second, John the Fi...
11. CHAPTER X.Chronicles of Particular Events 192 El Passo Honroso 193 El Seguro de Tordesillas 195 Chronicles of Particular Persons 197 Pero Niño 197 Alvaro de Luna 198 Gonzalvo de Córdova 2...
12. CHAPTER XI.Origin of Romantic Fiction 218 Appearance in Spain 220 Amadis de Gaula 221 Its Date 221 Its Author, Lobeira 221 Portuguese Original lost 223 Translated by Montalvo 223 Its Succe...
13. CHAPTER XII.Various Romances 241 Lepolemo 242 Translations from the French 243 Carlo Magno 244 Religious Romances 245 The Celestial Chivalry 246 Period of Romances 249 Their Number 249 Foun...
14. CHAPTER XIII.Religious Origin of the Modern Drama 255 Its Origin in Spain 257 Earliest Representations 258 Mingo Revulgo 260 Rodrigo Cota 261 The Celestina 262 First Act 263 The Remainder 26...
15. CHAPTER XIV.Juan de la Enzina 273 His Works 274 His Representaciones 275 Eclogues in Form 276 Religious and Secular 276 First acted Secular Dramas 277 Their Character 278 Portuguese Theatre...
16. CHAPTER XV.Slow Progress of the Drama 293 Escriva 293 Villalobos 294 Question de Amor 294 Torres Naharro 295 His Propaladia 295 His Eight Dramas 296 His Dramatic Theory 296 La Trofea 298 L...
17. CHAPTER XVI.Provence 306 Its Language 307 Connection with Catalonia 308 With Aragon 309 Provençal Poetry 310 Its Character 311 In Catalonia and Aragon 312 War of the Albigenses 312 Provença...
18. CHAPTER XVII.Floral Games at Toulouse 326 Consistory of Barcelona 328 Poetry in Catalonia and Valencia 329 Ausias March 331 His Poetry 332 Jaume Roig 333 His Poetry 334 Decay of Catalonian P...
19. CHAPTER XVIII.Early Influence of Italy 346 Religious 347 Intellectual 348 Political and Commercial 349 Connection with Sicily 350 With Naples 351 Similarity in Languages 351 Italian Poets kno...
20. CHAPTER XIX.The Marquis of Santillana 366 Connected with Villena 370 Imitates the Provençals 371 Imitates the Italians 372 Writes in the Fashionable Style 373 His Comedieta de Ponza 375 His...
21. CHAPTER XX.Progress of the Language 389 Villasandino 391 Francisco Imperial 393 Other Poets 393 Prose-writers 394 Gomez de Cibdareal 395 His Letters 395 Perez de Guzman 398 His Friends the...
22. CHAPTER XXI.Family of the Manriques 403 Pedro Manrique 403 Rodrigo Manrique 404 Jorge Manrique 406 His Coplas 406 Family of the Urreas 410 Lope de Urrea 411 Gerónimo de Urrea 411 Pedro de U...
23. CHAPTER XXII.Juan de Lucena 415 His Vita Beata 416 Alfonso de la Torre 417 His Vision Deleytable 417 Diego de Almela 418 His Valerio de las Historias 419 Alonso Ortiz 420 His Tratados 420 Fe...
24. CHAPTER XXIII.Fashion of Cancioneros 428 Cancionero of Baena 428 Cancioneros of Estuñiga, etc. 430 First Book printed in Spain 431 Cancionero General 432 Its different Editions 433 Its Devoti...
25. CHAPTER XXIV.Spanish Intolerance 446 Persecution of Jews 446 Persecution of Moors 446 Inquisition, its Origin 447 Its Establishment in Spain 448 Its first Victims Jews 448 Its next Victims M...
26. CHAPTER I.Periods of Literary Glory 457 Period of Glory in Spain 458 Hopes of Universal Empire 458 These Hopes checked 459 Luther and Protestantism 460 Protestantism in Spain 460 Assailed...
27. CHAPTER II.State of Letters at the End of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella 473 Impulse from Italy 474 Spanish Conquests there 475 Consequent Intercourse 476 Brilliant Culture of Italy 4...
28. CHAPTER III.Followers of Boscan and Garcilasso 497 Fernando de Acuña 497 Gutierre de Cetina 500 Opponents of Boscan and Garcilasso 501 Christóval de Castillejo 501 Antonio de Villegas 503 G...
29. CHAPTER IV.His Birth and Education 510 His Lazarillo de Tórmes 511 Its Imitations 512 He is a Soldier 514 Ambassador of Charles the Fifth 514 A Military Governor 515 Not favored by Philip...
30. CHAPTER V.Early Didactic Poetry 529 Luis de Escobar 529 Alonso de Corelas 531 Gonzalez de la Torre 531 Didactic Prose 531 Francisco de Villalobos 532 Fernan Perez de Oliva 534 Juan de Sed...
31. CHAPTER VI.Chronicling Period gone by 553 Antonio de Guevara 553 Florian de Ocampo 554 Pedro Mexia 555 Accounts of the New World 556 Fernando Cortés 556 Francisco Lopez de Gomara 557 Berna...
32. CHAPTER I.In the earliest ages of every literature that has vindicated for itself a permanent character in modern Europe, much of what constituted its foundations was the result of local...
33. CHAPTER II.FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE SPANISH AS A WRITTEN LANGUAGE.--POEM OF THE CID.--ITS HERO, SUBJECT, LANGUAGE, AND VERSE.--STORY OF THE POEM.--ITS CHARACTER.--ST. MARY OF EGYPT.--THE AD...
34. CHAPTER III.ALFONSO THE WISE.--HIS LIFE.--HIS LETTER TO PEREZ DE GUZMAN.--HIS CÁNTIGAS IN THE GALICIAN.--ORIGIN OF THAT DIALECT AND OF THE PORTUGUESE.--HIS TESORO.--HIS PROSE.--LAW CONCERNI...
35. c. 9; and Diez, Grammatik der Romanischen Sprachen, Bonn, 1836,We may fairly infer, therefore, from these facts, indicating the vigor of the Galician in Portugal before the year 1200, that, in its native province in Spain, it is somewhat ol...
36. CHAPTER IV.JUAN LORENZO SEGURA.--CONFUSION OF ANCIENT AND MODERN MANNERS.--EL ALEXANDRO, ITS STORY AND MERITS.--LOS VOTOS DEL PAVON.--SANCHO EL BRAVO.--DON JUAN MANUEL, HIS LIFE AND WORKS,...
37. CHAPTER V.ALFONSO THE ELEVENTH.--TREATISE ON HUNTING.--POETICAL CHRONICLE.-- BENEFICIARY OF UBEDA.--ARCHPRIEST OF HITA; HIS LIFE, WORKS, AND CHARACTER.--RABBI DON SANTOB.--LA DOCTRINA CHR...
38. CHAPTER VI.FOUR CLASSES OF THE MORE POPULAR EARLY LITERATURE.--FIRST CLASS, BALLADS.--OLDEST FORM OF CASTILIAN POETRY.--THEORIES ABOUT THEIR ORIGIN.--NOT ARABIC.--THEIR METRICAL FORM.--RED...
39. CHAPTER VII.BALLADS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH CHIVALRY.--BALLADS FROM SPANISH HISTORY.--BERNARDO DEL CARPIO.--FERNAN GONZALEZ.--THE LORDS OF LARA.--THE CID.--BALLADS FROM ANCIENT HISTORY A...
40. Canto I._Ballads on Moorish Subjects._--The Moorish ballads form a brilliant and large class by themselves, but none of them are as old as the earliest historical ballads. Indeed, their...
41. CHAPTER VIII.SECOND CLASS.--CHRONICLES.--ORIGIN.--ROYAL CHRONICLES.--GENERAL CHRONICLE BY ALFONSO THE TENTH.--ITS DIVISIONS AND SUBJECTS.--ITS MORE POETICAL PORTIONS.--ITS CHARACTER.--CHRONI...
42. c. 51-57,) and ends with a very heroical epistle of the queen[239] Ibid., Capp. 11 and 19. A drama by Rodrigo de Herrera, entitled “Voto de Santiago y Batalla de Clavijo,” (Comedias Escogidas, Tom. XXXIII., 1670, 4to,) is founded on the f...
43. CHAPTER IX.EFFECTS OF THE EXAMPLE OF ALFONSO THE TENTH.--CHRONICLES OF HIS OWN REIGN, AND OF THE REIGNS OF SANCHO THE BRAVE AND FERDINAND THE FOURTH.--CHRONICLE OF ALFONSO THE ELEVENTH, BY...
44. CHAPTER X.CHRONICLES OF PARTICULAR EVENTS.--THE PASSO HONROSO.--THE SEGURO DE TORDESILLAS.--CHRONICLES OF PARTICULAR PERSONS.--PERO NIÑO.--ALVARO DE LUNA.--GONZALVO DE CÓRDOVA.--CHRONICLE...
45. c. 37) with much the same sort of a case that the PrincessThe principle of such a work is, of course, nearly the same with that of the modern historical romance. What, at the time it was written, was deemed history was taken as its bas...
46. CHAPTER XI.THIRD CLASS.--ROMANCES OF CHIVALRY.--ARTHUR.--CHARLEMAGNE.--AMADIS DE GAULA.--ITS DATE, AUTHOR, TRANSLATION INTO CASTILIAN, SUCCESS, AND CHARACTER.--ESPLANDIAN.--FLORISANDO.--LI...
47. CHAPTER XII.OTHER ROMANCES OF CHIVALRY.--LEPOLEMO.--TRANSLATIONS FROM THE FRENCH.--RELIGIOUS ROMANCES.--CAVALLERÍA CELESTIAL.--PERIOD DURING WHICH ROMANCES OF CHIVALRY PREVAILED.--THEIR NUM...
48. CHAPTER XIII.FOURTH CLASS.--DRAMA.--EXTINCTION OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN THEATRES.--RELIGIOUS ORIGIN OF THE MODERN DRAMA.--EARLIEST NOTICE OF IT IN SPAIN.--HINTS OF IT IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY....
49. CHAPTER XIV.DRAMA CONTINUED.--JUAN DE LA ENZINA.--HIS LIFE AND WORKS.--HIS REPRESENTACIONES, AND THEIR CHARACTER.--FIRST SECULAR DRAMAS ACTED IN SPAIN.--SOME RELIGIOUS IN THEIR TONE, AND SO...
50. CHAPTER XV.DRAMA CONTINUED.--ESCRIVA.--VILLALOBOS.--QUESTION DE AMOR.--TORRES NAHARRO, IN ITALY.--HIS EIGHT PLAYS.--HIS DRAMATIC THEORY.--DIVISION OF HIS PLAYS, AND THEIR PLOTS.--THE TROFE...
51. CHAPTER XVI.PROVENÇAL LITERATURE IN SPAIN.--PROVENCE.--BURGUNDIANS.--ORIGIN OF THE PROVENÇAL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.--BARCELONA.--DIALECT OF CATALONIA.--ARAGON.--TROUBADOUR POETS IN CATALO...
52. CHAPTER XVII.ENDEAVOURS TO REVIVE THE PROVENÇAL SPIRIT.--FLORAL GAMES AT TOULOUSE.--CONSISTORY OF THE GAYA SCIENCIA AT BARCELONA.--CATALAN AND VALENCIAN POETRY.--AUSIAS MARCH.--JAUME ROIG.--...
53. CHAPTER XVIII.THE PROVENÇAL AND COURTLY SCHOOL IN CASTILIAN LITERATURE.--PARTLY INFLUENCED BY THE LITERATURE OF ITALY.--CONNECTION OF SPAIN WITH ITALY, RELIGIOUS, INTELLECTUAL, AND POLITICAL....
54. CHAPTER XIX.MARQUIS OF SANTILLANA.--HIS LIFE.--HIS TENDENCY TO IMITATE THE ITALIAN AND THE PROVENÇAL.--HIS COURTLY STYLE.--HIS WORKS.--HIS CHARACTER.--JUAN DE MENA.--HIS LIFE.--HIS SHORTER...
55. CHAPTER XX.In one point of view, all the works of Juan de Mena are of consequence. They mark the progress of the Castilian language, which, in his hands, advanced more than it had for a lo...
56. CHAPTER XXI.Contemporary with all the authors we have just examined, and connected by ties of blood with several of them, was the family of the Manriques,--poets, statesmen, and soldiers,--...
57. CHAPTER XXII.The reign of Henry the Fourth, was more favorable to the advancement of prose composition than that of John the Second. This we have already seen when speaking of the contempora...
58. CHAPTER XXIII.The reigns of John the Second and of his children, Henry the Fourth and Isabella the Catholic, over which we have now passed, extend from 1407 to 1504, and therefore fill almost...
59. CHAPTER XXIV.The condition of things in Spain at the end of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella seemed, as we have intimated, to announce a long period of national prosperity. But one instit...
60. CHAPTER I.PERIODS OF LITERARY SUCCESS AND NATIONAL GLORY.--CHARLES THE FIFTH.--HOPES OF UNIVERSAL EMPIRE.--LUTHER.--CONTEST OF THE ROMISH CHURCH WITH PROTESTANTISM.--PROTESTANT BOOKS.--TH...
61. CHAPTER II.LOW STATE OF LETTERS ABOUT THE YEAR 1500.--INFLUENCE OF ITALY.-- CONQUESTS OF CHARLES THE FIFTH.--BOSCAN.--NAVAGIERO.--ITALIAN FORMS INTRODUCED INTO SPANISH POETRY.--GARCILASSO...
62. CHAPTER III.The example set by Boscan and Garcilasso was so well suited to the spirit and demands of the age, that it became as much a fashion, at the court of Charles the Fifth, to write i...
63. CHAPTER IV.DIEGO HURTADO DE MENDOZA.--HIS FAMILY.--HIS LAZARILLO DE TÓRMES, AND ITS IMITATIONS.--HIS PUBLIC EMPLOYMENTS AND PRIVATE STUDIES.--HIS RETIREMENT FROM AFFAIRS.--HIS POEMS AND MI...
64. CHAPTER V.DIDACTIC POETRY.--LUIS DE ESCOBAR.--CORELAS.--TORRE.--DIDACTIC PROSE.--VILLALOBOS.--OLIVA.--SEDEÑO.--SALAZAR.--LUIS MEXIA.--PEDRO MEXIA.--NAVARRA.--URREA.--PALACIOS RUBIOS.--VAN...
65. CHAPTER VI.At the beginning of the sixteenth century, it is obvious that the age for chronicles had gone by in Spain. Still it was thought for the dignity of the monarchy that the stately...
66. Book XXXVII. he says, “Y esto baste quanto a este breve librodel numero treinta y siete, hasta que el tiempo nos avise de otras cosas que en el se acrescientan”; from which I infer that he kept each book, or each large division of his wor...