i. 101

Reverence, Utilitarian views of, i. 9, and _note_. Causes of the diminution of the spirit of, among mankind, 141, 142

Rhetoricians, Stoical, account of the, of Rome, i. 310

Ricci, his work on Mendicancy, ii. 98

Rochefoucauld La, on pity, quoted, i. 10, _note_. And on friendship, 10, 11, _note_

Rogantianus, his passive life, i. 330

Roman law, its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. 42

Romans, abortion how regarded by the, i. 92. Their law forbidding women to taste wine, 93, 94, _note_. Reasons why they did not regard the gladiatorial shows as criminal, 101. Their law of marriage and ideal of female morality, 104. Their religious reverence for domesticity, 106. Sanctity of, and gifts attributed to, their vestal virgins, 106. Character of their cruelty, 134. Compared with the modern Italian character in this respect, 134. Scepticism of their philosophers, 162-167. The religion of the Romans never a source of moral enthusiasm, 167. Its characteristics, 168. Causes of the disappearance of the religious reverence of the people, 169. Efforts of some philosophers and emperors to restore the moral influence of religion, 169. Consummation of Roman degradation, 170. Belief in astrological fatalism, 170, 171. The stoical type of military and patriotic enthusiasm pre-eminently Roman, 172-174, 178. Importance of biography in their moral teaching, 178. Epicureanism never became a school of virtue among them, 175. Unselfish love of country of the Romans, 178. Character of Stoicism in the worst period of the Roman Empire, 181. Main features of their philosophy, 185, _et seq._ Difference between the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195. The doctrine of suicide the culminating point of Roman Stoicism, 222. The type of excellence of the Roman people, 224, 225. Contrast between the activity of Stoicism and the luxury of Roman society, 225, 226. Growth of a gentler and more cosmopolitan spirit in Rome, 227. Causes of this change, 228, _et seq._ Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 228. The cosmopolitan spirit strengthened by the destruction of the power of the aristocracy, 231, 232. History of the influence of freedmen in the state, 233. Effect of the aggrandisement of the colonies, the attraction of many foreigners to Rome, and the increased facilities for travelling, on the cosmopolitan spirit, 233, _et seq._ Foreigners among the most prominent of Latin writers, 235. Results of the multitudes of emancipated slaves, 235, 236. Endeavours of Roman statesmen to consolidate the empire by admitting the conquered to the privileges of the conquerors, 238. The Stoical philosophy quite capable of representing the cosmopolitan spirit, 239. Influence of eclectic philosophy on the Roman Stoics, 244. Life and character of Marcus Aurelius, 249-255. Corruption of the Roman people, 255. Causes of their depravity, 256. Decadence of all the conditions of republican virtue, 256. Effects of the Imperial system on morals, 257-261. Apotheosis of the emperors, 257. Moral consequences of slavery, 262. Increase of idleness and demoralising employments, 262. Increase also of sensuality, 263. Destruction of all public spirit, 264. The interaction of many states which in new nations sustains national life prevented by universal empire, 264. The decline of agricultural pursuits, 265. And of the military virtues, 268. History and effects of the gladiatorial shows, 271. Other Roman amusements, 276. Effects of the arena upon the theatre, 277. Nobles in the arena, 283. Effects of Stoicism on the corruption of society, 291. Roman law greatly extended by it, 294. Change in the relation of Romans to provincials, 297. Changes in domestic legislation, 297. Roman slavery, 300-308. The Stoics as consolers, advisers, and preachers, 308. The Cynics and rhetoricians, 309, 310. Decadence of Stoicism in the empire, 317. Causes of the passion for Oriental religions, 318-320. Neoplatonism, 325. Review of the history of Roman philosophy, 332-335. History of the conversion of Rome to Christianity, 336. State of Roman opinion on the subject of miracles, 365. Progress of the Jewish and Oriental religions in Rome, 386, 387. The conversion of the Roman empire easily explicable, 393. Review of the religious policy of Rome, 397. Its division of religion into three parts, according to Eusebius, 403. Persecutions of the Christians, 406, _et seq._ Antipathy of the Romans to every religious system which employed religious terrorism, 420. History of the persecutions, 429. General sketch of the moral condition of the Western Empire, ii. 14. Rise and progress of the government of the Church of Rome, 14, 15. Roman practice of infanticide, 27. Relief of the indigent, 73. Distribution of corn, 74. Exertions of the Christians on the subversion of the empire, 82. Inadequate place given to this movement, 85. Horrors caused by the barbarian invasions prevented to some extent by Christian charity, 81-84. Influence of Christianity in hastening the fall of the empire, 140, 141. Roman treatment of prisoners of war, 256-258. Despotism of the pagan empire, 260. Condition of women under the Romans, 297. Their concubines, 350

Rome, an illustration of crimes conducive to national prosperity, i. 58, _note_. Conversion of, 336. Three popular errors concerning its conversion, 339. Capture of the city by the barbarians, ii. 82

Romuald, St., his treatment of his father, ii. 135

Rope-dancing of the Romans, i. 291

Sabinus, Saint, his penances, ii. 108

Sacrament, administration of the, in the early Church, ii. 6

Salamis, Brutus’ treatment of the citizens of, i. 194

Sallust, his stoicism and rapacity, i. 194

Sanctuary, right of, accorded to Christian churches, ii. 40

Savage, errors into which the deceptive appearances of nature doom him, i. 54. First conceptions formed of the universe, 349. The ethics of savages, 120, 121

Scepticism of the Greek and Roman philosophers, i. 162-166. Influence of, on intellectual progress, ii. 193

Scholastica, St., the legend of, ii. 136, _note_

Scifi, Clara, the first Franciscan nun, ii. 135

Sectarian animosity, chief cause of, i. 134

Sedgwick, Professor, on the expansion of the natural or innate powers of men, i. 121, _note_

Sejanus, treatment of his daughter by the senate, i. 107, _note_

Self-denial, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66

Self-examination, history of the practice of, i. 247-249

Self-sacrifice, asceticism the great school of, ii. 155

Seneca, his conception of the Deity, i. 163, _note_, 164. His distinction between the affections and diseases, 189, _note_. And between clemency and pity, 189. His virtues and vices, i. 194. On the natural virtue of man and power of his will, 197. On the Sacred Spirit dwelling in man, 198. On death, 205. His tranquil end, 207. Advocates suicide, 213, 220. His description of the self-destruction of a friend, 222. His remarks on universal brotherhood, 241. His stoical hardness tempered by new doctrines, 244. His practice of self-examination, 248. His philosophy and works compared with those of Plutarch, 243, 244. How he regarded the games of the arena, 286. His exhortations on the treatment of slaves, 306. Never mentions Christianity, 336. Regarded in the middle ages as a Christian, 340. On religious beliefs, 405

Sensuality, why the Mohammedans people Paradise with images of, i. 108. Why some pagans deified it, 108. Fallacy of judging the sensuality of a nation by the statistics of its illegitimate births, 144. Influence of climate upon public morals, 144. Of large towns, 145. And of early marriages, 146. Absence of moral scandals among the Irish priesthood, 146, 147. Speech of Archytas of Tarentum on the evils of, 200, _note_. Increase of sensuality in Rome, 263. Abated by Christianity, ii. 153. The doctrine of the Fathers respecting concupiscence, 281.

Serapion, the anthropomorphite, i. 52. Number of his monks, ii. 105. His interview with the courtesan, 320

Sertorius, his forgery of auspicious omens, i. 166.

Severus, Alexander, refuses the language of adulation, i. 259. His efforts to restore agricultural pursuits, 267. Murder of, 444. His leniency towards Christianity, 444. His benevolence, ii. 77

Severus, Cassius, exile of, i. 448, _note_

Severus, Septimus, his treatment of the Christians, i. 443

Sextius, his practice of self-examination, i. 248

Shaftesbury, maintains the reality of the existence of benevolence in our nature, i. 20. On virtue, 76, 77

Sibylline books, forged by the early Christians, i. 376, 377

Silius Italicus, his lines commemorating the passion of the Spanish Celts for suicide, i. 207, _note_. His self-destruction, 221

Silvia, her filthiness, ii. 110

Simeon, Bishop of Jerusalem, his martyrdom, i. 438

Simeon Stylites, St., his penance, ii. 111. His inhumanity to his parents, ii. 130

Sin, the theological doctrine on the subject, i. 111, 112. Conception of sin by the ancients, 195. Original, taught by the Catholic Church, 209, 210. Examination of the Utilitarian doctrine of the remote consequences of secret sins, 43, 44

Sisoes, the abbot, stories of, ii. 126, 127

Sixtus, Bishop of Rome, his martyrdom, i. 455

Sixtus V., Pope, his efforts to suppress mendicancy, ii. 97

Slavery, circumstances under which it has been justified, i. 101. Origin of the word servus, 102, _note_. Crusade of England against, 153. Character of that of the Romans, 235. Moral consequence of slavery, 262. Three stages of slavery at Rome, 300. Review of the condition of slaves, 300-306. Opinion of philosophers as to slavery, 306. Laws enacted in favour of slaves, 306. Effects of Christianity upon the institution of slavery, ii. 61. Consecration of the servile virtue, 68. Impulse given to manumission, 70. Serfdom in Europe, 70, 71, _note_. Extinction of slavery in Europe, 71. Ransom of captives, 72

Smith, Adam, his theory of pity, quoted, i. 10, _note_. His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20. His analysis of moral judgment, 76

Smyrna, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441

Socrates, his view of death, i. 205. His closing hours, 207. His advice to a courtesan, ii. 296

Soul, the immortality of the, resolutely excluded from the teaching of the Stoics, i. 181. Character of their first notions on the subject, 182. The belief in the reabsorption of the soul in the parent Spirit, 183. Belief of Cicero and Plutarch in the immortality of the, 204. But never adopted as a motive by the Stoics, 204. Increasing belief in the, 331. Vague belief of the Romans in the, 168

Sospitra, story of, i. 373

Spain, persecution of the Christians in, i. 461. Almost complete absence of infanticide in, ii. 25, _note_. The first lunatic asylums in Europe established in, 89, 90

Spaniards, among the most prominent of Latin writers, i. 235. Their suicides, ii. 54

Spartans, their intense patriotism, i. 178. Their legislature continually extolled as a model, 201. Condition of their women, ii. 290

Spinoza, his remark on death, i. 203 Anecdote of him, 289

Staël, Madame de, on suicide, ii. 59

Statius, on the first night of marriage, i. 107, _note_

Stewart, Dugald, on the pleasures of virtue, i. 32, _note_

Stilpo, his scepticism and banishment, i. 162. His remark on his ruin, 191.

Stoics, their definition of conscience, i. 83. Their view of the animation of the human fœtus, 92. Their system of ethics favourable to the heroic qualities, 128. Historical fact in favour of the system, 128. Their belief in an all-pervading soul of nature, 162. Their pantheistic conception of the Deity, 163. Their conception and explanation of the prevailing legends of the gods, 163. Their opinion as to the final destruction of the universe by fire, and the resuscitation of souls, 164. Their refusal to consult the oracles, 165. Stoicism the expression of a type of character different from Epicureanism, 172. Rome pre-eminently the home of Stoicism, 172. Account of the philosophy of the Stoics, 177. Its two essentials—the unselfish ideal and the subjugation of the affections to the reason, 177. The best example of the perfect severance of virtue and interest, 181. Their views concerning the immortality of the soul, 182-184. Taught men to sacrifice reputation, and do good in secret, 186. And distinguished the obligation from the attraction of virtue, 186. Taught also that the affections must be subordinate to the reason, 187-191. Their false estimate of human nature, 192. Their love of paradox, 192. Imperfect lives of many eminent Stoics, 193. Their retrospective tendencies, 193. Their system unfitted for the majority of mankind, 194. Compared with the religious principle, 195. The central composition of this philosophy, the dignity of man, 195. High sense of the Stoics of the natural virtue of man, and of the power of his will, 195, 196. Their recognition of Providence, 196. The two aspects under which they worshipped God, 198. The Stoics secured from quietism by their habits of public life, 199-201. Their view of humanity, 202. Their preparations for, and view of, death, 202. Their teaching as to suicide, 212, 213, _et seq._ Contrast between Stoicism and Roman luxury, 225, 226. The Stoical philosophy quite capable of representing the cosmopolitan spirit, 239, 240. Stoicism not capable of representing the softening movement of civilisation, 241. Influence of the eclectic spirit on it, 244. Stoicism becomes more essentially religious, 245. Increasingly introspective character of later Stoicism, 247. Marcus Aurelius the best example of later Stoicism, 249-255. Effects of Stoicism on the corruption of Roman Society, 291, 292. It raised up many good Emperors, 292. It produced a noble opposition under the worst Emperors, 293. It greatly extended Roman law, 294. The Stoics considered as the consolers of the suffering, advisers of the young, and as popular preachers, 308. Rapid decadence of Stoicism, 317, 318. Difference between the Stoical and Egyptian pantheism, 324. Stoical naturalism superseded by the theory of dæmons, 331. Theory that the writings of the Stoics were influenced by Christianity examined, 332. Domitian’s persecution of them, 432

Strozzi, Philip, his suicide, ii. 56

Suffering, a courageous endurance of, probably the first form of virtue in savage life, i. 130

Suicide, attitude adopted by Pagan philosophy and Catholicism towards, i. 211, _et seq._ Eminent suicides, 215. Epidemic of suicides at Alexandria, 216. And of girls at Miletus, 216, _note_. Grandeur of the Stoical ideal of suicide, 216. Influences conspiring towards suicide, 217. Seneca on self-destruction, 217, 218, 220. Laws respecting it, 218, _note_. Eminent instances of self-destruction, 219, 221. The conception of, as an euthanasia, 221. Neoplatonist doctrine concerning, 331. Effect of the Christian condemnation of the practice of, ii. 43-61. Theological doctrine on, 45, _note_. The only form of, permitted in the early Church, 47. Slow suicides, 48. The Circumcelliones, 49. The Albigenses, 49. Suicides of the Jews, 50. Treatment of corpses of suicides, 50. Authorities for the history of suicides, 50, _note_. Reaction against the mediæval laws on the subject, 51. Later phases of its history, 54. Self-destruction of witches, 54. Epidemics of insane suicide, 55. Cases of legitimate suicide, 55. Suicide in England and France, 58

Sunday, importance of the sanctity of the, ii. 244. Laws respecting it, 245

Superstition, possibility of adding to the happiness of man by the diffusion of, i. 50-53. Natural causes which impel savages to superstition, i. 55. Signification of the Greek word for, 205

Swan, the, consecrated to Apollo, i. 206

Sweden, cause of the great number of illegitimate births in, i. 144

Swinburne, Mr., on annihilation, i. 182, _note_

Symmachus, his Saxon prisoners, i. 287

Synesius, legend of him and Evagrius, ii. 214. Refuses to give up his wife, 332

Syracuse, gladiatorial shows at, i. 275

Tacitus, his doubts about the existence of Providence, i. 171, _note_

Telemachus, the monk, his death in the arena, ii. 37

Telesphorus, martyrdom of, i. 446, _note_

Tertia Æmilia, story of, ii. 313

Tertullian, his belief in dæmons, i. 382. And challenge to the Pagans, 383

Testament, Old, supposed to have been the source of pagan writings, i. 344

Thalasius, his hospital for blind beggars, ii. 81

Theatre, scepticism of the Romans extended by the, i. 170. Effects of the gladiatorial shows upon the, 277

Theft, reasons why some savages do not regard it as criminal, i. 102. Spartan law legalising it, 102

Theodebert, his polygamy, ii. 343

Theodoric, his court at Ravenna, ii. 201, 202, _note_

Theodorus, his denial of the existence of the gods, i. 162

Theodorus, St., his inhumanity to his mother, ii. 128

Theodosius the Emperor, his edict forbidding gladiatorial shows, ii. 36. Denounced by the Ascetics, 139. His law respecting Sunday, 245

Theological utilitarianism, theories of, i. 14-17

Theology, sphere of inductive reasoning in, 357

Theon, St., legend of, and the wild beasts, ii. 168

Theurgy rejected by Plotinus, i. 330. All moral discipline resolved into, by Iamblichus, 330

Thrace, celibacy of societies of men in, i. 106

Thrasea, mildness of his Stoicism, i. 245

Thrasea and Aria, history of, ii. 311

Thriftiness created by the industrial spirit, i. 140

Tiberius the Emperor, his images invested with a sacred character, i. 260. His superstitions, 367, and _note_

Timagenes, exiled from the palace by Tiberius, i. 448, _note_

Titus, the Emperor, his tranquil end, i. 207. Instance of his amiability, 287

Tooth-powder, Apuleius’ defence of, ii. 148

Torments, future, the doctrine of, made by the monks a means of extorting money, ii. 216. Monastic legends of, 220

Tragedy, effects of the gladiatorial shows upon, among the Romans, i. 277

Trajan, the Emperor, his gladiatorial shows, i. 287. Letter of Pliny to, respecting the Christians, 437. Trajan’s answer, 437. His benevolence to children, ii. 77. Legend of St. Gregory and the Emperor, 223

Transmigration of souls, doctrine of, of the ancients, ii. 166

Travelling, increased facilities for, of the Romans, i. 234

Trinitarian monks, their works of mercy, ii. 73

Troubadours, one of their services to mankind, ii. 232

’Truce of God,’ importance of the, ii. 254

Truth, possibility of adding to the happiness of men by diffusing abroad, or sustaining, pleasing falsehoods, i. 52. Saying of Pythagoras, 53. Growth of, with civilisation, 137. Industrial, political, and philosophical, 137-140. Relation of monachism to the abstract love of truth, ii. 189. Causes of the mediæval decline of the love of truth, 212

Tucker, his adoption of the doctrine of the association of ideas, i. 25, _note_

Turks, their kindness to animals, i. 289

Types, moral, i. 156. All characters cannot be moulded in one type, 158

Ulpian on suicide, i. 218, _note_ Unselfishness of the Stoics, i. 177

Usury, diversities of moral judgment respecting, i. 92

Utilitarian school. _See_ Morals; Virtue; Vice

Utility, rival claims of, and intuition to be regarded as the supreme regulators of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2. Various names by which the theory of utility is known, 3. Views of the moralists of the school of, 3, _et seq._

Valerian, his persecutions of the Christians, i. 454

Valerius Maximus, his mode of moral teaching, i. 174

Vandals, their conquest of Africa, ii. 150

Varro, his conception of the Deity, i. 163. On popular religious beliefs, 167

Venus, effect of the Greek worship of, on the condition of women, ii. 291, _note_

Vespasian, his dying jest, i. 259. Effect of his frugality on the habits of the Romans, 292. Miracle attributed to him, 347. His treatment of philosophers, 448, _note_

Vice, Mandeville’s theory of the origin of, i. 7. And that “private vices were public benefits,” 7. Views of the Utilitarians as to, 12. The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 40-42. The suffering caused by vice not proportioned to its criminality, 57-59. Plato’s ethical theory of virtue and vice, 179. Grote’s summary of this theory, 179, _note_. Conception of the ancients of sin, 195. Moral efficacy of the Christian sense of sin, ii. 3, 4

Virgil, his conception of the Deity, i. 163. His epicurean sentiment, 193, _note_. On suicide, 213. His interest in animal life, ii. 165

Virginity, how regarded by the Greeks, i. 105. Æschylus’ prayer to Athene, 105. Bees and fire emblems of virginity, 108, _note_. Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109. Views of Essenes, 109

Virgins, Vestal, sanctity and gifts attributed to the, i. 106, 107, and _note_. Executions of, 407, and _note_. Reasons for burying them alive, ii. 41. How regarded by the Romans, 297

Virtue, Hume’s theory of the criterion, essential element, and object of, i. 4. Motive to virtue according to the doctrine which bases morals upon experience, 6. Mandeville’s the lowest and most repulsive form of this theory, 6, 7. Views of the essence and origin of virtue adopted by the school of Utilitarians, 7-9. Views of the Utilitarians of, 12. Association of ideas in which virtue becomes the supreme object of our affections, 27. Impossibility of virtue bringing pleasure if practised only with that end, 35, 36. The utility of virtue not denied by intuitive moralists, 39. The degrees of virtue and vice do not correspond to the degrees of utility, or the reverse, 53. The rewards and punishments of conscience, 59, 60. The self-complacency of virtuous men, 64, 65, and _note_. The motive to virtue, according to Shaftesbury and Henry More, 76. Analogies of beauty and virtue, 77. Their difference, 78. Diversities existing in our judgments of virtue and beauty, 79, 80. Virtues to which we can and cannot apply the term beautiful, 82. The standard, though not the essence, of virtue, determined by the condition of society, 109. Summary of the relations of virtue to public and private interest, 117. Emphasis with which the utility of virtue was dwelt upon by Aristotle, 124. Growth of the gentler virtues, 132. Forms of the virtue of truth, industrial, political, and philosophical, 137. Each stage of civilisation is specially appropriate to some virtue, 147. National virtues, 151. Virtues, naturally grouped together according to principles of affinity or congruity, 153. Distinctive beauty of a moral type, 154. Rudimentary virtues differing in different ages, nations, and classes, 154, 155. Four distinct motives leading men to virtue, 178-180. Plato’s fundamental proposition that vice is to virtue what disease is to health, 179. Stoicism the best example of the perfect severance of virtue and self-interest, 181. Teachings of the Stoics that virtue should conceal itself from the world, 186. And that the obligation should be distinguished from the attraction of virtue, 186. The eminent characteristics of pagan goodness, 190. All virtues are the same, according to the Stoics, 192. Horace’s description of a just man, 197. Interested and disinterested motives of Christianity to virtue, ii. 3. Decline of the civic virtues caused by asceticism, 139. Influence of this change on moral philosophy, 146. The importance of the civic virtues exaggerated by historians, 147. Intellectual virtues, 188. Relation of monachism to these virtues, 189, _et seq._

Vitalius, St., legend of, and the courtesan, ii. 320

Vivisection, ii. 176. Approved by Bacon, 176, _note_

Volcanoes, how regarded by the early monks, ii. 221

Vultures, why made an emblem of nature by the Egyptians, i. 108, _note_

War, its moral grandeur, i. 95. The school of the heroic virtues, 173. Difference between foreign and civil wars, 232. Antipathy of the early Christians to a military life, ii. 248. Belief in battle being the special sphere of Providential interposition, 249. Effects of the military triumphs of the Mohammedans, 251. Influences of Christianity upon war considered, 254. Improved condition of captives taken in war, 256

Warburton, on morals, i. 15, _note_, 17, _note_

Waterland, on the motives to virtue and cause of our love of God, quoted, i. 9, _note_, 15, _note_

Wealth, origin of the desire to possess, i. 23. Associations leading to the desire for, for its own sake, 25

Western Empire, general sketch of the moral condition of the, ii. 14

Widows, care of the early Church for, ii. 366

Will, freedom of the human, sustained and deepened by the ascetic life,