i. 429

Pilgrimages, evils of, ii. 152

Pior, St., story of, ii. 129

Pirates, destruction of, by Pompey, i. 234

Pity, a form of self-love, according to some Utilitarians, i. 9, 10, _note_. Adam Smith’s theory, 10, _note_. Seneca’s distinction between it and clemency, 189. Altar to Pity at Athens, 228. History of Marcus Aurelius’ altar to Beneficentia at Rome, 228, _note_

Plato, his admission of the practice of abortion, i. 92. Basis of his moral system, 105. Cause of the banishment of the poets from his republic, 161, 162. His theory that vice is to virtue what disease is to health, 179, and _note_. Reason for his advocacy of community of wives, 200. His condemnation of suicide, 212, and _note_. His remarks on universal brotherhood, 241. His inculcation of the practice of self-examination, 248

Platonic school, its ideal, i. 322

Platonists, their more or less pantheistic conception of the Deity, i. 163. Practical nature of their philosophy, 329. The Platonic ethics ascendant in Rome, 331

Pleasure the only good, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7. Illustrations of the distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature in our pleasures, 83-85. Pleasures of a civilised compared with those of a semi-civilised society, 86. Comparison of mental and physical pleasures, 87, 88. Distinction in kind of pleasure, and its importance in morals, 89-91. Neglected or denied by Utilitarian writers, 89, _note_

Pliny, the elder, on the probable happiness of the lower animals, i. 87, _note_. On the Deity, 164. On astrology, 171, and _note_, 164, _note_. His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, 182. His advocacy of suicide, 215. Never mentions Christianity, 336. His opinion of earthquakes, 369. And of comets, 369. His facility of belief, 370. His denunciation of finger rings, ii. 148

Pliny, the younger, his desire for posthumous reputation, i. 185, _note_. His picture of the ideal of Stoicism, 186. His letter to Trajan respecting the Christians, 437. His benevolence, 242; ii. 77

Plotinus, his condemnation of suicide, i. 214. His philosophy, 330

Plutarch, his defence of the bad poetry of the oracles, 165, _note_. His mode of moral teaching, 175. Basis of his belief in the immortality of the soul, 204. On superstitious fear of death, 206. His letter on the death of his little daughter, 242. May justly be regarded as the leader of the eclectic school, 243. His philosophy and works compared with those of Seneca, 243. His treatise on “The Signs of Moral Progress,” 249. Compared and contrasted with Marcus Aurelius, 253. How he regarded the games of the arena, 286. His defence of the ancient creeds, 322. Practical nature of his philosophy, 329. Never mentions Christianity, 336. His remarks on the domestic system of the ancients, 419. On kindness to animals, ii. 165, 166. His picture of Greek married life, 289

Pluto, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163

Po, miracle of the subsidence of the waters of the, i. 382, _note_

Pœmen, St., story of, and of his mother, ii. 129. Legend of him and the lion, 169

Political economy, what it has accomplished respecting almsgiving, ii. 90

Political judgments, moral standard of most men in, lower than in private judgments, i. 151

Political truth, or habit of “fair play,” the characteristic of free communities, i. 139. Highly civilised form of society to which it belongs, 139. Its growth retarded by the opposition of theologians, 140

Polybius, his praise of the devotion and purity of creed of the Romans, i. 167

Polycarp, St., martyrdom of, i. 441

Polygamy, long continuance of, among the kings of Gaul, ii. 343

Pompeii, gladiatorial shows at, i. 276, _note_

Pompey, his destruction of the pirates, i. 234. His multiplication of gladiatorial shows, 273

Poor-law system, elaboration of the, ii. 96. Its pernicious results, 97, 99, 105

Poppæa, Empress, a Jewish proselyte, i. 386

Porcia, heroism of, ii. 309

Porphyry, his condemnation of suicides, i. 214. His description of philosophy, i. 326. His adoption of Neoplatonism, i. 330

Possevin, his exposure of the Sibylline books, i. 377

Pothinus, martyrdom of, i. 442

Power, origin of the desire of, i. 23, 26

Praise, association of ideas leading to the desire for even posthumous, i. 26

Prayer, reflex influence upon the minds of the worshippers, i. 36

Preachers, Stoic, among the Romans, i. 308, 309

Pride, contrasted with vanity, i. 195. The leading moral agent of Stoicism, i. 195

Prometheus, cause of the admiration bestowed upon, i. 35

Prophecies, incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging prophecies, i. 376

Prophecy, gift of, attributed to the vestal virgins of Rome, i. 107. And in India to virgins, 107, _note_

Prosperity, some crimes conducive to national, i. 58

Prostitution, ii. 282-286. How regarded by the Romans, 314

Protagoras, his scepticism, i. 162

Protasius, St., miraculous discovery of his remains, i. 379

Prudentius, on the vestal virgins at the gladiatorial shows, i. 291

Purgatory, doctrine of, ii. 232-235

Pythagoras, sayings of, i. 53. Chastity the leading virtue of his school, 106. On the fables of Hesiod and Homer, 161. His belief in an all-pervading soul of nature, 162. His condemnation of suicide, 212. Tradition of his journey to India, 229, _note_. His inculcation of the practice of self-examination, 248. His opinion of earthquakes, 369. His doctrine of kindness to animals, ii. 165

Quakers, compared with the early Christians, ii. 12, and _note_

Quintilian, his conception of the Deity, i. 164

Rank, secular, consecration of, ii. 260, _et seq_

Rape, punishment for, ii. 316

Redbreast, legend of the, ii. 224, _note_

Regulus, the story of, i. 212

Reid, basis of his ethics, i. 76. His distinction between innate faculties evolved by experience and innate ideas independent of experience, 121, _note_

Religion, theological utilitarianism subverts natural, i. 54-56. Answer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best, 167. Difference between the moral teaching of a philosophy and that of a religion, ii. 1. Relations between positive religion and moral enthusiasm, 141

Religions, pagan, their small influence on morals, i. 161. Oriental, passion for, among the Romans, 318

Religious liberty totally destroyed by the Catholics, ii. 194-199

Repentance for past sin, no place for, in the writings of the ancients, i. 195

Reputation, how valued among the Romans, i. 185, 186

Resurrection of souls, belief of the Stoics in the, i. 164

Revenge, Utilitarian notions as to the feeling of, i. 41, and _note_. Circumstances under which private vengeance is not regarded as criminal,