i. 378

Irish, characteristics of the, i. 138. Their early marriages and national improvidences, 146. Absence of moral scandals among the priesthood, 146. Their legend of the islands of life and death, 203. Their missionary labours, ii. 246. Their perpendicular burials, 253

Isidore, St., legend of, ii. 205

Isis, worship of, at Rome, i. 387. Suppression of the worship, 402

Italians, characteristics of the, i. 138, 144

Italy, gigantic development of mendicancy in, ii. 98. Introduction of monachism into, 106

James, the Apostle, Eusebius’ account of him, ii. 105

James, St., of Venice, his kindness to animals, ii. 172

Jenyns, Soame, his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, _note_

Jerome, St., on exorcism, i. 382. On the clean and unclean animals in the ark, ii. 104. Legend of, 115. Encouraged inhumanity of ascetics to their relations, 134. His legend of SS. Paul and Antony, 158

Jews, their law regulating marriage and permitting polygamy, i. 103. Their treatment of suicides, 218, _note_. Influence of their manners and creed at Rome, 235, 337. Became the principal exorcists, 380, 381, _note_. Spread of their creed in Rome, 386. Reasons why they were persecuted less than the Christians, 402, 407. How regarded by the pagans, and how the Christians were regarded by the Jews, 415. Charges of immorality brought against the Christians by the Jews, 417. Domitian’s taxation of them, 432. Their views of the position of women, ii. 337

Joffre, Juan Gilaberto, his foundation of a lunatic asylum in Valencia, ii. 89

John, St., at Patmos, i. 433

John, St., of Calama, story of, ii. 128

John XXIII., Pope, his crimes, ii. 331

Johnson, Dr., his adherence to the opinion of Ockham, i. 17, _note_

Julian, the Emperor, his tranquil death, i. 207, and _note_. Refuses the language of adulation, 259. His attempt to resuscitate paganism, 331. Attitude of the Church towards him, ii. 261. Joy at his death, 262

Julien l’Hospitalier, St., legend of, ii. 84, _note_

Jupiter Ammon, fountain of, deemed miraculous, i. 366, and _note_

Justinian, his laws respecting slavery, ii. 65

Justin Martyr, his recognition of the excellence of many parts of the pagan writings, i. 344. On the “seminal logos,” 344. On the Sibylline books, 376. Cause of his conversion to Christianity, 415. His martyrdom, 441

Juvenal, on the natural virtue of man, i. 197

Kames, Lord, on our moral judgments, i. 77. Notices the analogies between our moral and æsthetical judgments, 77

King’s evil, ceremony of touching for the, i. 363, _note_

Labienus, his works destroyed, i. 448, _note_

Lactantius, character of his treatise, i. 463

Lætorius, story of, i. 259

Laughing condemned by the monks of the desert, ii. 115, _note_

Law, Roman, its relation to Stoicism, i. 294, 295. Its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. 42

Lawyers, their position in literature, i. 131, _note_

Legacies forbidden to the clergy, ii. 151. Power of making bequests to the clergy enlarged by Constantine, 215

Leibnitz, on the natural or innate powers of man, i. 121, _note_

Leo the Isaurian, Pope, his compact with Pepin, ii. 266

Leonardo da Vinci, his kindness to animals, ii. 172, _note_

Licentiousness, French, Hume’s comments on, i. 50, _note_.

Locke, John, his view of moral good and moral evil, i. 8, _note_. His theological utilitarianism, 16, _note_. His view of the sanctions of morality, 19. His invention of the phrase “association of ideas,” 23. His definition of conscience, 29, _note_. Cousin’s objections against him, 75, _note_. His refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 123, 124. Rise of the sensual school out of his philosophy, 123, _note_. Famous formulary of his school, 124

Lombard, Peter, character of his “Sentences,” ii. 226. His visions of heaven and hell, 228

Longinus, his suicide, i. 219

Love terms Greek, in vogue with the Romans, i. 231, _note_

Lucan, failure of his courage under torture, i. 194. His sycophancy, 194. His cosmopolitanism, 240

Lucius, the bishop, martyrdom of, i. 454

Lucretius, his scepticism, i. 162. His disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 182, _note_. His praise of Epicurus, 197. His suicide, 215. On a bereaved cow, ii. 165

Lunatic asylums, the first, ii. 89

Luther’s wife, her remark on the sensuous creed she had left, i. 52

Lyons, persecution of the Christians at, i. 441

Macarius, St., miracle attributed to, ii. 40, _note_. His penances, 108, 109. Legend of his visit to an enchanted garden, 158. Other legends of him, 158, 159, 170, 220

Macedonia, effect of the conquest of, on the decadence of Rome, i. 169

Mackintosh, Sir James, theory of morals advocated by, i. 4. Fascination of Hartley’s doctrine of association over his mind, 29

Macrianus, persuades the Emperor Valerian to persecute the Christians, i. 455

Macrina Cælia, her benevolence to children, ii. 77

Magdalen asylums, adversaries of, ii. 98, and _note_

Mallonia, virtue of, ii. 309

Malthus, on charity, ii. 92, _note_

Mandeville, his “Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue.” His thesis that “private vices are public benefits,” i. 7. His opposition to charity schools, ii. 98

Manicheans, their tenets, ii. 102. Their prohibition of animal food, 167

Manilius, his conception of the Deity, i. 163

Manufactures, influence upon morals, i. 139

Marcellinus, Tullius, his self-destruction, i. 222

Marcia, mistress of Commodus, her influence in behalf of toleration to the Christians, i. 443

Marcian, St., legend of the visit of St. Avitus to him, ii. 159

Marcus, St., story of, and his mother, ii. 128

Marriage, how regarded by the Jews, Greeks, Romans, and Catholics, i. 103, 104. Statius’ picture of the first night of marriage, 107, _note_. Reason why the ancient Jews attached a certain stigma to virginity, 109. Conflict of views of the Catholic priest and the political economist on the subject of early marriages, 114. Results in some countries of the difficulties with which legislators surround marriage, 144. Early marriages the most conspicuous proofs of Irish improvidence, 144. Influence of asceticism on, ii. 320. Notions of its impurity, 324. Second marriages, 324

Marseilles, law of, respecting suicide, i. 218, _note_. Epidemic of suicide among the women of, ii. 55

Martial, sycophancy of his epigrams, i. 194

Martin of Tours, St., establishes monachism in Gaul, ii. 106

Martyrdom, glories of, i. 390. Festivals of the Martyrs, 390, _note_. Passion for, 391. Dissipation of the people at the festivals, ii. 150

Mary, St., of Egypt, ii. 110

Mary, the Virgin, veneration of, ii. 367, 368, 390

Massilians, wine forbidden to women by the, i. 96, _note_

Maternal affection, strength of, ii. 25, _note_

Maurice, on the social penalties of conscience, i. 60, _note_

Mauricus, Junius, his refusal to allow gladiatorial shows at Vienna, i. 286

Maxentius, instance of his tyranny, ii. 46

Maximilianus, his martyrdom, ii. 248

Maximinus, Emperor, his persecution of the Christians, i. 446

Maximus of Tyre, account of him and his discourses, i. 312. His defence of the ancient creeds, 323. Practical form of his philosophy, 329

Medicine, possible progress of, i. 158, 159

Melania, St., her bereavement, ii. 10. Her pilgrimage through the Syrian and Egyptian hermitages, 120

Milesians, wine forbidden by the, to women, i. 94, _note_

Military honour pre-eminent among the Romans, i. 172, 173. History of the decadence of Roman military virtue, 268

Mill, J., on association, 25, _note_, _et seq._

Mill, J. S., quoted, i. 29, 47, 90, 102

Minerva, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163

Miracles, general incredulity on the subject of, at the present time, i. 346, 348. Miracles not impossible, 347. Established by much evidence, 347. The histories of them always decline with education, 348. Illustration of this in the belief in fairies, 348. Conceptions of savages, 349. Legends, formation and decay of, 350-352. Common errors in reasoning about miracles, 356. Predisposition to the miraculous in some states of society, 362. Belief of the Romans in miracles, 363-367. Incapacity of the Christians of the third century for judging historic miracles, 375. Contemporary miracles believed in by the early Christians, 378. Exorcism, 378. Neither past nor contemporary Christian miracles had much weight upon the pagans, 378

Missionary labours, ii. 246

Mithra, worship of, in Rome, i. 386

Mohammedans, their condemnation of suicide, ii. 53. Their lunatic asylums, 89. Their religion, 251. Effects of their military triumphs on Christianity, 252

Molinos, his opinion on the love we should bear to God, condemned, i. 18, _note_

Monastic system, results of the Catholic monastic system, i. 107. Suicide of monks, ii. 52. Exertions of the monks in the cause of charity, 84. Causes of the monastic movement, 102. History of the rapid propagation of it in the West, 183. New value placed by it on obedience and humility, 185, 269. Relation of it to the intellectual virtues, 188. The monasteries regarded as the receptacles of learning, 199. Fallacy of attributing to the monasteries the genius that was displayed in theology, 208. Other fallacies concerning the services of the monks, 208-212. Value attached by monks to pecuniary compensations for crime, 213. Causes of their corruption, 217. Benefits conferred by the monasteries, 243

Monica, St., i. 94, _note_

Monogamy, establishment of, ii. 372

Monophysites, the cause, to some extent, of the Mohammedan conquest of Egypt, ii. 143

Montanists, their tenets, ii. 102

Moral distinctions, rival claims of intuition and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulators of, i. 1

Moral judgments, alleged diversities of, i. 91. Are frequently due to intellectual causes, 92. Instances of this in usury and abortion, 92. Distinction between natural duties and others resting on positive law, 93. Ancient customs canonised by time, 93. Anomalies explained by a confused association of ideas, 94, 95. Moral perceptions overridden by positive religions, 95. Instances of this in transubstantiation and the Augustinian and Calvinistic doctrines of damnation, 96, 97. General moral principles alone revealed by intuition, 99. The moral unity of different ages a unity not of standard but of tendency, 100. Application of this theory to the history of benevolence, 100. Reasons why acts regarded in one age as criminal are innocent in another, 101. Views of Mill and Buckle on the comparative influence of intellectual and moral agencies in civilisation, 102, 103, _note_. Intuitive morals not unprogressive, 102, 103. Answers to miscellaneous objections against the theory of natural moral perceptions, 109. Effect of the condition of society on the standard, but not the essence, of virtue, 110. Occasional duty of sacrificing higher duties to lower ones, 110, _et seq._ Summary of the relations of virtue and public and private interest, 117. Two senses of the word natural, 119

Moral law, foundation of the, according to Ockham and his adherents, i. 17, _note_. Various views of the sanctions of morality, 19. Utilitarian theological sanctions, 53. The reality of the moral nature the one great question of natural theology, 56. Utilitarian secular sanctions, 57. The Utilitarian theory subversive of morality, 66. Plausibility and danger of theories of unification in morals, 72. Our knowledge of the laws of moral progress nothing more than approximate or general, 136

“Moral sense,” Hutcheson’s doctrine of a, i. 4

Moral system, what it should be, to govern society, i. 194

Morals, each of the two schools of, related to the general condition of society, i. 122. Their relations to metaphysical schools, 123, 124. And to the Baconian philosophy, 125. Contrast between ancient and modern civilisations, 125-127. Causes that lead societies to elevate their moral standard, and determine their preference of some particular kind of virtues, 130. The order in which moral feelings are developed, 130. Danger in proposing too absolutely a single character as a model to which all men must conform, 155. Remarks on moral types, 156. Results to be expected from the study of the relations between our physical and moral nature, 158. Little influence of Pagan religions on morals, 161

More, Henry, on the motive of virtue, i. 76

Musonius, his suicide, i. 220

Mutius, history of him and his son, ii. 125

Mysticism of the Romans, causes producing, i. 318

Myths, formation of, i. 351

Naples, mania for suicide at, ii. 55

Napoleon, the Emperor, his order of the day respecting suicide, i. 219, _note_

Nations, causes of the difficulties of effecting cordial international friendships, i. 156

Natural moral perceptions, objections to the theory of, i. 116. Two senses of the word natural, 118. Reid, Sedgwick, and Leibnitz on the natural or innate powers of man, 121, _note_. Locke’s refutation of the doctrine of a natural moral sense, 124

Neoplatonism, account of, i. 325. Its destruction of the active duties and critical spirit, 329

Neptune, views of the Stoics of the meaning of the legends of, i. 163. His statue solemnly degraded by Augustus, 169

Nero, his singing and acting, i. 259. His law about slaves, 307. His persecution of the Christians, 429

Newman, Dr., on venial sin, i. 111, and _note_ on pride, ii. 188

Nicodemus, apocryphal gospel of, ii. 221

Nilus, St., deserts his family, ii. 322

Nitria, number of anchorites in the desert of, ii. 105

Nolasco, Peter, his works of mercy, ii. 73. His participation in the Albigensian massacres, 95

Novatians, their tenets, ii. 102

Numa, legend of his prohibition of idols, i. 166, _note_

Oath, sanctity of an, among the Romans, i. 168

Obedience, new value placed on it by monachism, ii. 185, 186, 269

Obligation, nature of, i. 64, 65

Ockham, his opinion of the foundation of the moral law, i. 17, and _note_

Odin, his suicide, ii. 53

O’Neale, Shane, his charity, ii. 96

Opinion, influence of character on, i. 171, 172

Oracles, refuted and ridiculed by Cicero, i. 165. Plutarch’s defence of their bad poetry, 165, _note_. Refusal of Cato and the Stoics to consult them, 165. Ridiculed by the Roman wits, 166. Answer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best religion, 167. Theory of the oracles in the ’De Divinatione’ of Cicero, 368, and _note_. Van Dale’s denial of their supernatural character, 374. Books of oracles burnt under the republic and empire, 447, and _note_

Origen, his desire for martyrdom, i. 391

Orphanotrophia, in the early Church, ii. 32

Otho, the Emperor, his suicide, i. 219. Opinion of his contemporaries of his act, 219, _note_

Ovid, object of his “Metamorphoses,” i. 166. His condemnation of suicide, 213, and _note_. His humanity to animals, ii. 165

Oxen, laws for the protection of, ii. 162

Oxyrinchus, ascetic life in the city of, ii. 105

Pachomius, St., number of his monks, ii. 105

Pætus and Arria, history of, ii. 310

Pagan religions, their feeble influence on morals, i. 161

Pagan virtues, the, compared with Christian, i. 190

Paiderastia, the, of the Greeks, ii. 294

Pain, equivalent to evil, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, _note_

Palestine, foundation of monachism in, ii. 106. Becomes a hot-bed of debauchery, 152

Paley, on the obligation of virtue, i. 14, _note_. On the difference between an act of prudence and an act of duty, 16, _note_. On the love we ought to bear to God, 18, _note_. On the religious sanctions of morality, 19. On the doctrine of association, 25, _note_. On flesh diet, 49, _note_. On the influence of health on happiness, 88, _note_. On the difference in pleasures, 90, _note_

Pambos, St., story of, ii. 116, _note_

Pammachus, St., his hospital, ii. 80

Panætius, the founder of the Roman Stoics, his disbelief in the immortality of the soul, i. 183

Pandars, punishment of, ii. 316

Parents, reason why some savages did not regard their murder as criminal,