i. 8-10

Excellence, supreme, how far it is conducive to happiness, i. 56

Excommunication, penalties of, ii. 7

Executioners, always regarded as unholy, i. 41

Exorcism, among the early Christians, i. 378, 380. Origin of the notions of possession and exorcism, 380. Jews the principal exorcists, 380. Belief of the early Christians in, 382. Contempt of the pagans for it, 384. Ulpian’s law against exorcists, 384. Probable explanation of possession and exorcism, 385. Speedy decline of exorcism, 385. The practice probably had no appreciable influence in provoking persecution of the Christians, 420

Experience, general statement of the doctrine which bases morals upon, i. 5

Fabianus, martyrdom of, i. 446

Fabiola, founded the first public hospital, ii. 80

Fabius, his self-sacrifice, i. 185

Fabius Pictor, his works written in Greek, i. 230

Faculty, moral, the term, i. 75

Fairies, belief in, i. 348, 349

Fatalism, Æschylus the poet of, i. 196

Felicitas, St., her martyrdom, i. 444. In prison, ii. 9

Fénelon, on the unselfish love we should bear to God, i. 18, _note_

Fetishism, latent, the root of a great part of our opinions, i. 350

Fidenæ, accident at the amphitheatre at, i. 275

Fights, sham, in Italy in the middle ages, ii. 37, 38

Fire, regarded by the ancients as an emblem of virginity, i. 108, _note_

Fish, symbol of the early Christians, i. 376

Flamens of Jupiter, ii. 298

Flora, games of, i. 276

Forethought, brought into a new position by industrial habits, i. 140

Foundlings, hospitals for, ii. 23, _note_, 32. In ancient times, 28, 29. Adversaries of, 98, and _note_

France, condition of, under the Merovingian kings, ii. 236, _note_

Francis of Assisi, St., story of his death from asceticism, ii. 49. His kindness to animals, 172

Franks, cause of their conversion, i. 410

Frédégonde, Queen, her crimes, ii. 236, 237

Freedmen, influence of, at Rome, i. 233. Condition of the freedmen of the Romans, 236

Frenchmen, the chief national virtues and causes of their influence in Europe, i. 152. Compared with Anglo-Saxon nations, 153

Friendship, Utilitarian view of, i. 10

Galerius, his persecution of the Christians, i. 458, 461. His illness, 462. Relents towards the Christians, 462

Galilæans, their indifference to death, i. 392, _note_

Gall, St., legend of, ii. 182. His missionary labours, 247

Gallienus, proclaims toleration to the Christians, i. 455, 457

Gallus, the Emperor, persecutions of the Christians under, i. 454

Gambling-table, moral influence of the, i. 148

Gaul, introduction of Christianity into, i. 442. Foundation of the monastic system in, ii. 106. Long continuance of polygamy among the kings of, 343

Gay, his view of the origin of human actions, quoted, i. 8, _note_. His suggestion of the theory of association, 23, 24

Genseric, effect of his conquest of Africa upon Italy, ii. 82. His capture of Rome, 83

George of Cappadocia, his barbarity, ii. 195

Germanicus, the Emperor, fury of the populace with the gods, in consequence of the death of, i. 169

Germanus, St., his charity, ii. 245

Germany, conversion of, to Christianity, ii. 246. Marriage customs of the early Germans, 278. Their chastity, 340, 341

Gervasius, St., recovery of his remains, i. 379.

Girdles of chastity, ii. 319, _note_

Gladiatorial shows, influence of Christianity on the suppression of, i. 34. Reasons why the Romans saw nothing criminal in them, 101. History and effect on the Romans of, 271-283. How regarded by moralists and historians, 284. The passion for them not inconsistent with humanity in other spheres, 288.

Gnostics, accusations against the, by the early Fathers, i. 417. Their tenets, ii. 102

God, the Utilitarian view of the goodness of, i. 9, and _note_. Question of the disinterestedness of the love we should bear to, 18. Our knowledge of Him derived from our own moral nature, 55. Early traces of an all-pervading soul of nature in Greece, 161, 162, 170. Philosophic definitions of the Deity, 162, _note_. Pantheistic conception of, by the Stoics and Platonists, 163. Recognition of Providence by the Roman moralists, 196. Two aspects under which the Stoics worshipped the Divinity—providence and moral goodness, 198

Gods, the, of the ancients, i. 161, _et seq._ Euhemerus’ theory of the explanation of the prevailing legends of the gods, 163. Views of Cicero of the popular beliefs, 165. Opinions of the Stoics, of Ovid, and of Horace, 166. Nature of the gods of the Romans, 167. Decline of Roman reverence for the gods, 168, 169

Good, pleasure equivalent to, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, _note_, 9

Gracchi, colonial policy of the, i. 233

Grazers, sect of, ii. 109

Greeks, ancient, their callous murder of children, i. 45, 46. Low state of female morality among them. Their enforcement of monogamy, 104. Celibacy of some of their priests and priestesses, 105. Early traces of a religion of nature, 161. Universal providence attributed to Zeus, 161. Scepticism of the philosophers, 161, 162. Importance of biography in the moral teaching of the, i. 74. Difference between the teaching of the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195. On death, and future punishment, 205, 206. Greek suicides, 212. Gentleness and humanity of the Greek character, 227. Influence on Roman character, 227, 228. The Greek spirit at first as far removed from cosmopolitanism as that of Rome, 228. Causes of Greek cosmopolitanism, 229. Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 230. Gladiatorial shows among them, 276. Spirit of their religion contrasted with that of the Egyptians, 324. Their intolerance of foreign religions, 406. Condition and fall of their empire of the East, ii. 12-14. Their practice of infanticide, 25-27. Their treatment of animals, 164. Their treatment of prisoners taken in war, 257, 258. Their marriage customs, 277. Women in the poetic age, 278. Peculiarity of Greek feelings on the position of women, 280, 281. Unnatural forms assumed by vice amongst them, 294

Gregory the Great, his contempt for Pagan literature, ii. 201, _note_. His attitude towards Phocas, 264

Gregory of Nyssa, St., his eulogy of virginity, ii. 322

Gregory of Tours, manner in which he regarded events, ii. 240-242, 261, 277

Grotesque, or eccentric, pleasure derived from the, compared with that from beauty, i. 85

Gundebald, his murders approved of by his bishop, ii. 237

Gunpowder, importance of the invention of, i. 126

Guy, Brother, his society for protection and education of children, ii. 33, and _note_

Hadrian, the Emperor, his view of suicide, i. 219. Gives Euphrates permission to destroy himself, 218, _note_. His laws respecting slaves, 307. His leniency towards Christianity, 438. His benevolence, ii. 77

Hair, false, opinions of the Fathers on, ii. 149

Hall, Robert, on theological Utilitarianism, i. 15 _note_

“Happiness, the greatest, for the greatest number,” theory of the, i. 3. The sole end of human actions, according to the Utilitarians, 8, _note_. The best man seldom the happiest, 69. Mental compared with physical happiness, 87. Influence of health and temperament on happiness, 88, and _note_

Hartley, his doctrine of association, i. 22. Coleridge’s admiration for him, 28, _note_. On animal food, 48, _note_. His attempt to evade the conclusion to which his view leads, quoted, 67, _note_. His definition of conscience, 82

Hegesias, the orator of death, i. 215

Heliogabalus, his blasphemous orgies, i. 260

Hell, monkish visions of, ii. 221 and _note_. Glimpses of the infernal regions furnished by the “Dialogues” of St. Gregory, 221. Modern publications on this subject, 223, _note_

Helvétius, on the origin of human actions, i. 8, _note_. On customs of the people of Congo and Siam, 102, _note_. Compared with Aulus Gellius, 313

Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, his profession of the doctrine of innate ideas, i. 123

Hercules, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163

Hereford, Nicholas of, his opposition to indiscriminate alms, ii. 96

Heresy, punishment of death for, i. 98; ii. 40

Hermits. _See_ Asceticism; Monasticism

Heroism, the Utilitarian theory unfavourable to, i. 66. War, the school of heroism, 173

Hilarius, St., legend of him and St. Epiphanius, ii. 159

Hildebrand, his destruction of priestly marriage, ii. 322

Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. 161

Historical literature, scantiness of, after the fall of the Roman empire,