CHAPTER VII.

MEANS FOR THE PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF PARTS OF NORMAL ANATOMY, OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY, AND OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTERIOR TO THE GANNAL PROCESS, p. 141.--Importance of such preparations to the physician and naturalist--Plan of a museum--Engravings: pieces in wax, artificial pieces in carton, in white wood--The methods of preparing recent organs and tissues--Process of Swan, of Chaussier--1. Generalities concerning the operations which precede preservation--Choice of subjects--Dissection--Maceration and corrosion--Injections; evacuants; repletives; conservatives; washings; ligature of vessels--Separation and distention of parts--2. Methods of preservation of naturalists--Preservation by desiccation--Methods divided into four series; rectified spirits of wine; deuto-chloride of mercury, and other metallic substances--Earthy salts--Process of tanning--Desiccation--Preservation in liquids, acids, alkalies, salts, alum, volatile oils, alcoholic liquors--Means of preservation practised by naturalists: soap of Bécoeur, soapy pomatum--tanning liquor--antiseptic powder--gummy paste--preservative powder--German powder--powder of Naumann, and of Hoffman--Preservatives in liquors: bath, naturalist preparors in Paris, tanning liquor, bath of the Abbe Manesse--Liquors as washes; essence of serpolet, of turpentine--Liquor of Sir S. Smith--Bitter spirituous liquors--Varnish--Liquors employed as injections--Liquors in which objects are preserved which do not admit of drying--Spirit of wine--Liquor of Nicholas--Of George Graves--Of the Abbe Manesse--Critical reflections--Appreciation of each of the proposed means--(1.) For desiccation--New methods which I propose for the preparation of dry parts--Example of an injection by my method--The subject submitted to the examination of a scientific commission--Application of my process to the preservation of mammiferous animals--Of birds--State of the tissues--(2.) For preservation in liquids--Nitric Acid--Alcohol--Weakened alcohol--Alum: chemical demonstration of its insufficiency for preservation--(3.) Means of preservation applied to each tissue--Fibrous tissue--Articulations--Aponeuroses, tendons and ligaments--Process of M. J. Cloquet--Osseous tissue--Maceration--Ebullition--Bleaching--Cutaneous tissue--Cellular tissue--Synovial and serous tissues--Brain--Spinal marrow--Nerves--Blood-vessels--Muscular tissue--Heart--Lungs--Eye--Fœtus--Envelopes.