CHAPTER VI.

DESCRIPTIVE NAMES.

SECTION I.—_Nobility._

The names connected with any great cycle of interest have been nearly exhausted, and only those remain that seem to have been chosen more for sense than connection, though afterwards continued for the sake of their owners. Several of our own truly English or Anglo-Saxon names are among these, and in especial those with the prefix meaning noble, Æthel, Athel, Adel, Edel, or in High German, Adal. It is thought to come from the universal word _atta_, a father, and thus to convey that the owner has forefathers, the essence of nobility, as with the _pater_ and patrician of Rome, and the _hidalgo_, the son of something, of Spain. Adel, or Æthel, is a favourite prefix in all the Teutonic branches except the Scandinavian, where it does not occur at all. It is essentially Gothic,—witness Athalaric, the formidable but gentle conqueror of Rome, who well deserved his name of Noble-King. He is generally, however, called Alaric, and his name has been deduced from _al_, all; but the right reading seems to be that which identifies his appellation with our own English Æthelric, and the Uadalrich of Germany.

Udalrich, archbishop of Augsburg till the year 973, is notable as the first person canonized by the pope according to the present forms, which could not, however, have included the half-century of posthumous probation, as he was placed in the calendar only twenty years after his death. Contracting his name to Ulrich, Germany made him a favourite national saint; and we find him and his feminine spread throughout the countries influenced by the empire, and the feminine particularly prevalent in Denmark, whither it was carried by German queens. Though the ensuing table places all the forms of Athalaric together, it should be kept in mind that the forms beginning with _A_ are the modern namesakes of the great Goth, those with _U_ and _O_ the votaries of that saint, and Adelrich is considered as a different name from Ulrich.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │ │Æthelric │Alaric │Alarico │Adelrich │ │Alaric │Ulric │Ulrico │Alarich │ │Ulrick │Olery │ │Uadalrich │ │ │ │ │Ulrich │ │ │ │ │Alerk │ │ │ │ │Oelric │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Bavarian. │ Swedish. │ Frisian. │ Swiss. │ │Rickel │Alarik │Ulrik │Uoli │ │ │Ulrik │Olrick │Ueli │ │ │ │Ulerk │Uerech │ │ │ │Ulk │ │ │ │ │Ucko │ │ │ │ │Ocko │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Polish. │ Bohemian. │ Slovak. │ Lettish. │ │Ulryk │Ulric │Ureh │Uldriks │ │ │Oldrich │Ulrih │ │ ├───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┤ │ FEMININE. │ ├───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┤ │ German. │ French. │ Roman. │ Polish. │ │Ulrike │Ulrique │Ulrica │Ulryka │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

The successor of Alaric, who laid him in his river-grave, is known to us as Ataulfus. In his own time he was Athaulf, the Noble-Wolf, and his likeness stands in our own roll of English kings as the father of Alfred, namely, Æthelwulf; but this good old name was dropped in England, while its German cousin, in honour of a sainted bishop of Metz, of the ninth century, became very common in the principalities of the empire, and was imported with the house of Hanover in the barbarous Latin form of Adolphus. Its feminine, coined in Germany, is Adolfine, usually called Dofine, and now extremely common. This may possibly be the source of the Dolphine given as the name of one of the daughters of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, as the habit of making barbarous feminines was just beginning in her time.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German │ Finn. │ │Ethelwolf │Adolphe │Adolfo │Adolf │Ato │ │Adolphus │ │Udolfo │Odulf │Atu │ │Dolph │ │ │ │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

Athanagild, or Athalagild, Noble Pledge, was another of these early Goths, and afterwards we meet the same meaning in Adelgis, or Adelchis, the brave son of the last Lombardic king, whose noble spirit, under his misfortunes, is the subject of a fine tragedy of Manzoni. The duke of Beneventum, who made Louis le Debonnaire prisoner, was Adelgis; but it is curious to find the soldiers in the dog-latin poem above alluded to, terming him Adalfieri. Odelgis was old High German.

Æthel was so much used by the royal families of Kent and Wessex, that the diminutive, Ætheling, was latterly applied to designate the heir to the crown, and was thus continued even after the Conquest to the son of Henry I., who perished in the white ship.

Æthelbryht, or Noble Splendour, named our first Christian king of Kent, also a brother of King Alfred’s, and a missionary of the royal blood of Northumbria, who preached in southern Germany, and died about the year 700, at Egmond, where, as St. Adelbrecht, he became patron. His name was taken at baptism by one who became archbishop of Magdeburg, who, in his turn, bestowed it on his pupil, the Bohemian Woyteich, Army-Help. This convert was afterwards bishop of Prague, and was martyred near Dantzic while preaching to the heathen Prussians in 997. Adelbrecht could not fail to become national wherever the saint had set his foot; and when shortened to Albrecht, was adopted by Italy, and thence sent to Jerusalem with a Latin patriarch, who, being beatified, rendered Alberto freshly popular in the South. Albrecht, and the feminines Alberta and Albertine, were, however, almost entirely German, until the late Prince Consort brought the name to England, where it bids fair to become one of the most frequent of national names. Some fancy it comes from Allbright; but the German saints, whence it was taken, are evidently direct from our English Æthelbryht, though in Germany Adelbert and Albrecht are now treated as two separate names. Bela, which belonged to an excellent blind king of Hungary, is believed to be the Magyar form of the name.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │ │Ethelbert │Albert │Azalbert │Albert │ │Albert │Aubert │ │Albertino │ │ │Albret │ │ │ │ │Aubertin │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Wallachian. │ Finn. │ Danish. │ │Adalbert │Averkie │ │Albert │ │Albrecht │ ————————— │Alpu │Bertel │ │Ulbricht │ Polish. │ │ │ │ │Albert │ │ │ │ │Olbracht │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Æthelred, Noble-speech or counsel, the brother of Alfred, was almost canonized by his subjects, and is sometimes called Ethered, whence the Scottish Ethert. The nickname of our last Ethelred was a play on his name “onreade,” not meaning so much tardy as without counsel—Noble-rede the Un-reedy. Ethelred must not be confused with Etheldred, the feminine name, properly Æthelthryth, meaning in Anglo-Saxon the Noble-threatener, connected with the German Ediltrud, or noble maiden. Most likely names ending in _trut_ had been brought to England, and as the Valkyr sense was forgotten, the native meaning of _threat_ was attached to the word, and the spelling adapted to it. St. Æthelthryth was a queen who must have been a very uncomfortable wife, and who, finally, retired into a monastery, getting canonized as St. Etheldreda, and revered as St. Audry. From the gewgaws sold at her fairs some derive the term tawdry; and, at any rate, Awdry has never been extinct as a name among the peasantry, and has of late been revived, though with less popularity than the other more modern contraction, Ethel, which is sometimes in modern times set to stand alone as an independent name. Addy is the common Devonian short for Audrey.

Germans do, however, seem to have used the word without another syllable, for Adilo, or Odilo, was an old name, and Ado and Addo are still current in Friesland, no doubt, the same as the Ade of the Cambrian registers. Adela and Adèle, too, occur very early; indeed, there is reason to think that just as in England the son was the Ætheling, in Frankland the daughter was the Adalheit, or the Adelchen. This word _heit_ is translated as the root of the present German _heiter_, cheerful, and thus would mean noble cheer; but I suspect it is rather _heid_, condition, answering to the _hood_ or _head_ at the end of our abstract nouns, _e. g._ hardihood, and that the princess royal of each little Frankish duchy or county was thus the ‘Nobleness’ thereof.

All the feudal princes of the tenth and eleventh centuries seem to have had an Adelheid to offer in marriage, and to have Latinized her in all manner of ways, while practically they called her Alix (or Alisa in Lombardy), a name that was naturalized in England, when _Alix la Belle_ married Henry I. Alice is our true English form, though it has been twisted into Alicia, and then referred for derivation to the Greek Alexios, so as often to appear in Latin documents of the later middle ages in the form of Alexia; whereas in earlier times, before its origin was forgotten, it is translated by Adelicia, Adelisa, or Adelidis.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │ │Adelaide │Adelaide │Azalaïs │Adelaïda │ │Adeline │Adeline │ │Alisa │ │Adeliza │Adelais │ │ │ │Adela │Adèle │ │ │ │Alice │Alix │ │ │ │Alicia │Aline │ │ │ │Elsie │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Netherlands. │ Slovak. │ Lettish. │ │Adelheid │Adelheid │Adelajda │Audule │ │Adeline │Adelais │ │Addala │ │Adele │ │ │ │ │Else │ │ │ │ │Ilse │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

The French made great use of all the forms of the name; the Germans, in honour, perhaps, of the Italian Queen Adelaide—whose adventures before her marriage with the Emperor Otho were so curious—preferred that variety, and from them we received it again with our good Queen Adelaide, from whom it is becoming frequent amongst us. The German Alice is Else, a favourite old peasant word. This same contraction is common in northern England, but gets confused with Elizabeth, as in Scotland, with Alison; and in Ireland, the prevalent Alicia is, perhaps, meant for Aileen, or Helen.

The Adeleve of early Norman times is probably meant for Æthelgifu, Noble-gift, a frequent Saxon lady’s name, which we generally call Ethelgiva.

Æthelwold, the Saxon historian of royal blood, is Noble-power. Æthelheard, or noble resolution, answers to Adelhard, a cousin of Charlemagne, and abbot of Corbie, whom his contemporaries glorified as at once the Augustin, the Antony, and the Jeremiah of his day, and who, being canonized, left Alard and Alert to Friesland, and Aleardo, Alearda to Provence.

Æthelstan, the Noble-stone or jewel, was second only to Alfred in ability and glory, and his name lived on to the Conquest, when it is set down as Adestan and Adstan.

Adelhelm, the Noble-helmet, named the excellent and poetical Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborn, from whom the headland on the Dorset coast was once called St. Aldhelm’s head, but is now corrupted into St. Alban’s head.

Adelgar, or Noble-spear, was chiefly continental, first figuring in the beautiful Scottish ballad of _Sir Aldingar_, but better known in Lombardy, where Allighero sprang from it, and gave his patronymic to Dante Alighieri. Algarotti was another Italian derivative; and in France, Augier and Augereau; in Germany, Oehlkar, show that it once must have been much in use. It is not always easy, however, to separate between the words from Adel and from Hilda. The remaining varieties are—

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Ger. Adelar—Noble eagle │ │ Ger. Adelbar, Alpero—Noble bear │ │ Ger. Adelbold; Eng. Æthelbald—Noble prince │ │ │ │ Ger. Odelburga } │ │ Eng. Æthelburg } Noble defence │ │ │ │ Eng. Æthelburh—Noble pledge │ │ │ │ German. │ │ Adelfrid } │ │ Adalfrid } │ │ Ulfrid } Noble peace │ │ Ulfert } │ │ Olfert } │ │ │ │ Eng. Æthelfledh—Noble increase │ │ Ger. Adelgard—Noble protection │ │ Ger. Adelgund; Fr. Adelgonde—Noble war │

│ │ │ Ger. Adelhild—Noble heroine │ │ Ger. Udalland, Uland—Noble land │ │ Ger. Adelinde, Odelind; Eng. Ethelind (_mod._)—Noble snake │ │ Ger. Adelmann, Ullman—Noble man │ │ Ger. Adelmund; Eng. Edelmund (_Domes._)—Noble protection │ │ Ger. Adelmar; Eng. Ethelmar; Fr. Ademar, Adhemar—Noble │ │ greatness │ │ Ger. Adelschalk—Noble servant │ │ │ │ Ger. Adelswind—Noble strength │ │ Ger. Adeltac—Noble day[145] │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Footnote 145:

Pott; Michaelis; Lappenburg; Butler; Palgrave; Turner.

SECTION II.—_Command._

The Gothic _bidyan_ has resulted in our verb _to bid_, the German _baten_, the Danish _byde_, besides _bote_, a messenger, and the _budstick_, bidding-stick, or summons to the muster.

All these were in the sense of command; but from the same root grew the race of entreating words, the Scandinavian _bede_, German _bitten_, and English _beg_. When these entreaties were devotional, the Germans made the verb _beten_, and our term for prayer, _bede_, passed on to the mechanical appliance for counting beads—the _beads_ of the rosary, while the pensioner bound to pray for his benefactor was his _bedesman_.

It is doubtful whether this, or the Welsh _bedaws_, life, gave his name to the Venerable Bæda, but no doubt to himself and his contemporaries it suggested the idea of prayer. There is no doubt, however, in the case of Baudhildur, or Bathilda (the commanding heroine), the daughter of king Nidudr, the lady whom Volundr carried off with him when he fled from her mother’s cruelty. After her was called Bathilda, an Anglo-Saxon slave, who was elevated to be the wife of the second Hluodwig, and lived so holy a life, and exerted herself so much to obtain the redemption of slaves, that she was canonized, and, as _la reine Bathilde_, was greatly venerated in the believing days of France. Denmark also used this name, having probably taken it from England. There ‘Dronning Bothild,’ the wife of king Ejegod, spread the name among the maidens, so that it passed to Norway as Bodild, Bodil, and even to the contraction Boel.

Of English birth, too, was the Commanding-wolf—Bedvuolf, or Bodvulf—who, with his brother, St. Adolf, went, about the end of the sixth century, to seek religious instruction in Gallia-Belgica. Adolf became bishop of Maestricht, and eponym to the Adolphuses. Bodvulf came home, and founded the monastery of Ikano, where he died in 655, and was canonized. The monastery was destroyed by the Danes, and the situation forgotten, but the saint’s relics were carried away by the fugitive monks, and dispersed into various quarters, giving title to four churches in London, besides St. Botolf’s bridge, commonly called Bottlebridge, in Huntingdonshire, and St. Botolf’s town, in Lincolnshire, usually known as Boston, whence was called its American cousin Boston, with little relation to the saint. The tower of the church of St. Botolf, looking forth over the Wash, was a valued landmark, and thence the saint was apparently viewed as a friend of travellers, and connected with the entrances to cities, much as St. Christopher is elsewhere. Camden even supposed him to be Boathulf, or boat helper, and his day, the 17th June, is a market day in Christiania, under the term of Botolsok, or Botsok. In Jutland there is a church of St. Botolv; and in the North the names of Botol and Bottel are kept up; while, in England, there only remain to us the surnames of Bottle and Biddulph. The Old German forms of the two names above-mentioned are Botzhild, Botzulf; and Botzo, or Boso, a Commander, was now and then used as a name with them, as in the instance of the troublesome duke of Burgundy, whom French historians generally call Boson, and who is apt to be translated by _böse_, wicked.

Boto, Botho, Poto, are also found in Germany, and the very earliest specimen of this class of name is to be found in Botheric, commanding king, the name of the governor whose murder in the hippodrome caused Theodosius to give his bitterly repented command for the massacre of Thessalonica. Now and then _bot_ occurs at the end of a word, as in the Spanish prince Sisebuto, the messenger of victory, or victorious commander.

These are not the same with some that look much like them, derived from the Northern _bød_, German _badu_, A.G.S. _beado_, war. Beadwig, in the Wodenic ancestry, is thus battle war, and the Gothic king of Italy, Totila, is probably made by the Romans from Bødvhar, battle pleader, a name still used in the North as Bødvar. Bødmod, Bødulf, and Bødhild, or Bødvild, have also been in use.[146]

Footnote 146:

Munch; Michaelis; Pott; Sismondi; Butler; Camden; Le Beau; Kemble.

SECTION III.—_Brightness._

The root _brâj_ furnished the Greek φλέγεεν, Latin _flagrare_, and Gothic _bairht_, the Anglo-Saxon _beohrt_, or _byrht_, the Old German _percht_, and Northern _bjart_.

It is a component of Frank, German, and Anglo-Saxon nomenclature, but is rarely found in genuine Norsk; the only instance in the _Landnama-bok_ is Biartmar, who is noted as of Irish birth, so may have brought an Anglo-Saxon name.

Bertha, the most obvious of all the progeny of _biart_, has been treated of in her character as a personification of the bright Epiphany night, mixed up with an old epithet of Frigga and with the spinning Holda. So, in Swabia, these legends have formed a masculine, Berchthold, who has become the wild huntsman in that quarter. Berchtvold was really an English prince of the Heptarchy, and Brichtold is in Domesday. Perahtholt is a veritable Old German name, making the modern Bartold—Niebuhr’s name,—the Italian Bertaldo, and French Bertould. Bertalda is not so likely to be the feminine of this word as to come from Berchthilda, like the name of Bertille, a sainted abbess of Chelles.

It is not easy to discover whether the most popular of all thus commencing should be regarded as a single corrupted name, or the produce of two, of which one has the second syllable _hramn_, a raven, the other _rand_, a house. The patron saint of all alike is Bertichramnus, bishop of Mans till 623, and his Latinism leaves no doubt that he was Bright-raven. It was chiefly popular in France, whence we must have obtained it, although there is no instance of it in Domesday, and it was especially glorious in the fourteenth century, for the sake of gallant Constable du Guesclin, ‘the eagle of Brittany,’ whom Spanish chroniclers, by a droll perversion of his appellation, called ‘Mosen Beltran Claquin,’ when he came to fight their battles.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ Scotch. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │ │Bertram │Barthram │Bertrand │Bertran │Bertrando │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ German. │ Lusatian. │ Hungarian. │ │Beltran │Bertrao │Bertram │Batram │Bertok │ │ │ │Berdrand │Batramusch │ │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

The wolf was sure to accompany the raven; so Perahtolf, or Bertulf, was canonized as an abbot in Artois, and left the German Bertulf, and our own Bardolph, the flaming comrade of Falstaff.

Bertwine, or Bright friend, was the St. Bertin of France, and the Bertuccio of Italy, often found in the old Lombardic towns.

Brihtric was the English earl who so gallantly died in defending England from the Danes in the unhappy days of Ethelred the Unready, and another Brihtric was the unsuccessful suitor of Matilda of Flanders, on whom she wreaked an unworthy vengeance after the Conquest. All the Brihts in Domesday seem to be of Saxon birth, since they use the English instead of the Norman French commencement, which was already _Ber_, as in the instance of Bertrade de Montfort, Bright speech, the countess of Anjou, who deserted her husband for Philippe I. of France. The remaining forms are—

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Ger. Bertar; Fr. Berthier—Bright warrior │ │ { Brichteva—Bright gift │ │ { Bricfrid—Bright peace │ │ { Brichtmar—Bright fame │ │ Eng. { Brichsteg—Bright warrior │ │ { Britfleda—Bright increase │ │ { Brichstan—Bright stone │ │ { Bricsteg—Bright maid │ │ Ger. Bertrud—Bright maid │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

_Bert_ is one of the most indispensable conclusions among all the German range of names, and is far more common there than as a commencement.

Another word meaning bright, or glittering, is the Northern _jar_, _jor_, _jer_, the German _ir_. Iring, or Irinc, is a semi-mythological person. Old German tradition declared him to have been the counsellor of Irnvrit of Thuringia, and that when both had been taken by the Franks, he was deceived into slaying his sovereign, after which, in his rage, he killed the victorious Frank, laid him under his master’s body, and then cut his way through the enemy, and returned home.

He appears again in the _Nibelungen-noth_ as the Markgraf Irinch of Tenemarche, or Denmark, in company with Irnvrit of Düringen, i.e. Thuringia: he wounds Hagen, but is slain by him, and lamented over by Kriemhild. His name was sometimes subsequently used, and is, perhaps, what French histories call Harenc.

Jørund is a northern name with a similar prefix, and means a brilliant or glittering man; but it gets called Jøren, and mixed up with Jorgen, or George.[147]

Footnote 147:

Grimm, _Deutcher Mythologie_, _Deutche Heldensage_; Munch; Alban Butler; Sismondi; _Ayale-y-z-urita_.

SECTION IV.—_War._

In Ulfilas' Bible, ‘the multitude of the heavenly host’ is translated ‘_Haryis hunniakundis managei_.’ In Anglo-Saxon, an army is _here_, in old German _heri_, in the North _her_, all perhaps coming from the ear, and _to hear_, as having been summoned, like the legion from being chosen. Thence the leader was the English Heretoga, and German Herzog, finally translated into the Latin _dux_, and becoming political and territorial. The doings of the _herr_ were expressed by various old words, of which the Scottish _to harry_ is the direct descendant. _Heerfurst_, or army leader, may be the Ariovistus of Cæsar.

The single warrior was _har_ in the North, _hari_ in Germany, and as _ar_ is often found at the end of names. Many German critics translate the word by the army, instead of the warrior; but Professor Munch considers that the warrior, _hari_, was the original meaning, and that _herjar_, his plural, afterwards came to mean the army.

The oldest and most famous of all the family is introduced to us by Tacitus as Chariovalda, a Batavian prince. It is the hardened sound of Harivald, Warrior power, or ‘Army wielder,’ a name that the Germans soon called Heriold, and the North Harald. This soon became one of the most renowned northern names. Harald Harfagre, or the fair-haired, was he who vowed never to trim his locks till he was sole king of Norway, and thus sent Thorer the Silent to Iceland, and Rolf-ganger to Normandy. Harald Krake, king of Sleswig, was baptized in the presence of Louis le Debonnaire, and used the already mentioned vow to forsake Thunner, Scaxnot, and all their works. He afterwards introduced St. Anschar to Denmark, but like all the first Christian kings of Scandinavia, was himself expelled from his realm by his subjects. Harald Hardrada, or the resolute, was the very crown of the poetic sea-kings of Norway, meeting with romantic adventures in Constantinople, singing the praises of his Russian bride all across the sea, exchanging gallant messages with his namesake Harold Godwinson at Stamford Bridge, and dying as poetically as he had lived at the foot of his banner Landwaster. It was from the Danes that Harold came to England with the son of Knut, and to the son of Earl Godwin, the usurper, more than half a Dane in blood and temper, who, because he died in battle with the Normans, is regarded by the popular mind as an English patriot, and has in very modern times had a good many namesakes. Harald, or, as the Frisians call it, Herold, is only properly national in Scandinavia and the islands from Iceland to Man.

Next in note is what the Franks called Charibert, when it belonged to the king of Paris, whose daughter brought Christian doctrine to Kent, and prepared the way for St. Augustine. St. Haribert was archbishop of Cologne about the year 1000, and at that time the name became extremely common among the French nobility. A Norman settler had brought it to England even in the time of Edward the Confessor; and one of the many Herberts founded a family in Wales, which, in the time of Henry V., was one of the first to follow the advice to use one patronymic instead of the whole pedigree of names. It is probably owing to the honours in various kinds of the branches of this family that Herbert has of late years become an exceedingly prevalent Christian name in England. Except that the Frisians call it Harber and Hero, and Italy puts an _o_ at the end, it has no variations. Herman is confused with Eormen; and the other forms are—

┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Ger. Herberge—Warrior protection │ │ Ger. Herbold—Warrior prince │ │ Nor. Herbrand; Ger. Herbrand—Warrior sword │ │ Nor. Herbjorn—Warrior bear │ │ Ger. Herdegen—Warrior blade │ │ Ger. Hertag—Warrior day │ │ Nor. Hergils—Warrior pledge │ │ Nor. Herlaug—Warrior drink │ │ Nor. Herleik—Warrior sport │ │ Nor. Herleif—Warrior relic │ │ Ger. Herimar—Warrior greatness │ │ Nor. Hermod; Ger. Hermund; Frank. Charimund—Warrior protection │ │ Nor. Herjolf; Ger. Heriulf; Frank. Chariwulf—Warrior wolf │ │ Ger. Heraric—Warrior king │ └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

The warrior names were of the fiercest order. Leid (if it do not mean a road) was the same with the word in modern German, meaning hurt or mischief, and expressed spite or violence. The North had Liedulf, afterw—ards contracted into Leiul, and no doubt the Scottish Lyulf, and German Lethard, Lethild, Laidrad, Laidwald, Laidwig.

In the same spirit we have _neid_ or _nöt_, meaning violence or compulsion, though it has resulted in the German _neid_, envy, and our _need_, want. We have it in the name of St. Neot, the relative and rebuker of King Alfred in his haughty days, and the hero of a legend of little fishes daily renewed for his food. Also Nidhard was a great chronicler of Frank history, and left a name surviving as Nyddert, in Friesland, and cut into Nitz, in Germany. There, too, were Notburg and Notger, Nidbert in France, and in the North, Notulf, afterwards written Notto. The terminal _nôt_ is, however, more common.

Wig or Vig is war itself, and is found in the genealogy of Odin. Wægdæg, or War day, is an ancestor of the Deiran kings.

Vigleîk still subsists in the North, and so does Viglaf, relic of war, the same as that of Wiglaf, the chronicler.

The other forms are—

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Ger. Wigbert; Fris. Wicbo—Bright war │ │ Nor. Vigbrand—War sword │ │ Ger. Wigbald—War prince │ │ Ger. Wigburg—War protection │ │ Nor. Vigfus—War eagerness │ │ │ │ German. Frisian. Nor. │ │ │ │ Wighard │ Wygard │ Vighard } │ │ Wichhard │ Wiart │ } │ │ Weikard │ Wiert │ } │ │ Wigo │ │ } War firmness │ │ Wigi │ │ } │ │ Viga │ │ } │ │ │ │ { Wigher, Wicher—Warrior │ │ { Wighelm—War helmet │ │ { Wiglind—War serpent │ │ Ger. { Wigmann, Wichman—War man │ │ { Wigmar—War fame │ │ { Wigram—War raven │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

These are almost all German. The terminations in _wig_ are often owing to German pronunciation of the word _veh_, or _vieh_, consecration, and sometimes of the northern _veig_, liquor.

The strange northern name of Snorre, famous for the sake of that Froissart of the North, Snorre Sturleson, comes from _snerra_, strife.

_Styrke_ is the strong, the same word as that in which the old chroniclers describe William the Conqueror, as ‘so very stark.’ Sterkulv and a few other forms have been found in the North.

Toke is a very curious old name. It seems to mean the mad or raging, and, growing into Tyke or Tyge in Denmark, was the name that was Latinized into Tycho by the celebrated astronomer Brahe, who did not leave his madness behind him with his name. The famous Jomsburg sea-rover, a sort of northern Lycurgus of the tenth century, was Palnatoke, supposed to be properly Toke, the son of Palne. Palne is an unexplained name used by the Danes, and perhaps borrowed from the Wends; but there are a few other instances of it, among them the Anglicized Earl Pallig, the husband of Sweyn’s sister Gunhild, who was killed by Ethelred the Unready.

_Thiostr_ means hardness or harshness, and was in use in the North as Triostulf, since contracted into Kjostol, Thiostvald, Thiostar; and probably Tostig, the ungracious son of Godwine, who brought Harald Hardrada to invade England, took his name from thence.

SECTION V.—_Protection._

_Bar_—the word for strength—has been most fertile in produce. Its progeny are far too numerous to describe; but the most notable at present in use are the Berg, the strength of the hills, a mountain, and Burg, a fortress.

The names derived from it are, in combination, the _bjorg_ of the North, in the masculine, meaning protector, and _borg_, the feminine, meaning, perhaps, protection,—the _berge_ of the Germans and _burg_ of the Anglo-Saxons answering to the same. The Anglo-Saxon ladies also bear names ending with _burh_, also from the same root, and meaning a pledge, the strength of an engagement, and the origin of our verb, _to borrow_. Burrhed, king of Mercia, bore this name; but instances of it are not very common.

Birger, Byrger, Birge, are the masculines much used in Scandinavia; and the combinations were Biorgulv, Bergthor, Bergthora, the faithful wife of Njal, and Bergliot, the daughter of Thorer the Silent,—the same name that has been already mentioned as the northern one that has been mixed with the Irish Brighid, and which would mean protecting ugliness. Other forms are Bergswain, protecting youth, Berghild, answering to our Mercian princess Burgenhild, and Borgny, apt to be cut down to Borny.

This is the word to which the Burgundians owed their title, as dwellers in burghs, instead of wanderers on the open plain.

Another large race of names comes from the Gothic _warjan_, Anglo-Saxon _warian_,—the ‘_ware_’ of rustic shouts in England like the ‘_gare_’ of France, the latter syllable of beware and aware, and the _wehrer_ of Germany. The quality of precaution furnished the North with its favourite terminations _var_ and _vara_, indicating the possession of the prudent virtue that makes a man _wary_. It does not begin names, but it often ends them, both in the North and Germany, as Geirvar, Hervar, Amalvara, Hildiwara, &c.

The inhabitant was the natural defender, and in Anglo-Saxon and Norsk _ware_ became synonymous with the dweller, as Cantwara, the defenders of Kent, for the Kentishmen; Burgwara, the burghers; and in the North, Vikvarjar, bay defender. _Ware_, a defender, is thus a commencement in the German Warimunt, Guarding protection, the Vœrmund of the Mercian genealogy, and Vermund of the North, while its surviving representatives in France are Guiremond and Vermont.

Warenheri, or Protecting-warrior, is the Guarniero of Tasso, the Garnier of France, whence this form came to England as a surname after the Edict of Nantes, whilst Warner had been the legitimate descendant of the native Vœrnhare.

Warand, the German participle name, may have assisted in forming Guérin and Warren, unless there was a Warewine to account for it. Warnfrid or Warno, Werinhold and Warnebold, are also German.

The defender was with us the _Weard_, guard-warden, and _weardian_ was to ward or guard; as in French _garde_ and _garder_, in the North _vördhr_, in Germany _wart_, _warten_. This is the favourite termination, the _ward_ of England passing the _wart_ of Germany, the _vard_ of the North; but of rare appearance as a commencement, though there is an instance of a German Wartgar, or guardian-spear.

These are extremely like the words taken from _to gird_, like _gerda_, _gaard_, &c., but they are essentially different: watching is here the idea of safety, as enclosure is there.

The termination _mund_, so common among all the Teuton nations, has been a very great difficulty. Some regard it as the German _mund_ or _munths_, a mouth. The fact, however, appears to be that _mund_ means a hand in the elder languages, and from a hand was early transferred to him who used his hand in protection.

All the best authorities agree in translating _mund_ as protection; but as _mund_, a hand, is a feminine noun, the derivation from this source is a little doubtful, as the only lady’s name thus terminated is Rosamond. It is never a prefix.

Names ending in _mund_, hand, are often confused with those finishing in _mod_ or _muth_, meaning courage or wrath, the _mood_ of England and _muth_ of Germany. Even in very early times, Thurismund, or Thurismod, would be indifferently written; but _mod_ is not very common, and is apt to shorten into _mo_, as Thormod, Tormo.

The Germans used to imagine that all their names ending in _hulf_ meant help; but this pleasant faith was destroyed by the northern wolf, and only one real _help_ name is extant, the Helfrich of modern Germany, and Hialfrek of the North, which own an ancient precedent in the old Frank Hialperik or Chilperic.

The pronunciation of _ward_ runs so naturally into _hard_, that many names, which when traced to their roots, turn out to terminate with _ward_, are spelt in German and French as if they were _hard_. The word _hard_ does, however, really enter into the composition of a few names, chiefly German. There is, however, a semi-mythical northern lady called by the amiable name of Harthgrepa, Firm-grip or Hard-claw; and HartheKnad, or, as we call him, Hardicanute, seems to have had this distinguishing epithet added to his father’s name. The most noted of the other forms was Hardwine, Firm friend, the Hardouin of old French chroniclers, called in Italy Ardoino.

Harding, firm Hartrich, firm king Hartwig, firm war Hartmund, firm protection Hartmod, firm spirit.

The names in _rand_ have likewise been a difficulty; but the word is best referred to the Gothic _razn_, a house, and likewise a shield, from the protection both afford.

Rand is a northern prefix, and its derivatives are not easy to distinguish from those of Regin and Raven. Röndolfr, or House wolf, was certainly a northern name, and the same seems to have belonged to St. Radulphus, bishop of Bourges in 888, and to thirty-eight Radulfs in Domesday Book, then to the good justiciary, Ranulf de Glanville, under Henry II., to the crusading Earl Randle of Chester, and subsequently to many a Randal, Randolf, and Ralf, or, as we foolishly spell the word, Ralph.

The North had Rannveig, House-liquor, by way of a lady, and have shortened her into Rannog and Ronnau, also Rannmod, Randvid, Randve, or Randverr, house consecration.

Fast—in the sense of firm, not of quick—is found in the northern Fastolf, in the Frank queen, Fastrade, Firm council, in Fastburg, Fastmann, Fastmund. Lidvard, an old Norse name, that with us has run into Ledyard, in its own country into Levor, is the gate ward.

Tryggve, a favourite old northern name, is the true or trusty. The same word sometimes serves as a termination, as in Sigtryg or Sihtric.

SECTION VI.—_Power._

_Magan_ is the Gothic and Saxon to be able, whence our defective _may_, and a number of other words in all the various northern tongues, in especial _main_ or _chief_. The names from it are chiefly of German origin. Maginfred, or Powerful-peace, was a fine Old German name, which, by the time it came to the brave but unfortunate Sicilian, son of Frederick II., had been worn down to Manfred, whence he was called by his subjects Manfredi, by his French foes Mainfroi, and by his English contemporaries Mainfroy.

Meginhard, main power, was a chronicler of the early ages, and in 1130 appears in the Cambrai registers. The Germans used it as Mainhart, and the English surname Maynard is from it. Meginrat made Meinrad, or powerful council, and Maginhild is still in use in the North as Magnild.

The _main_ land is, in fact, the chief land, the _main_, the chief sheet of water, or sea, and _might_ and _main_ are so closely connected together, that Maginhild is the most natural step to Mahthild, Main heroine to Might heroine; for _maht_ is really the modern German _macht_, and our own _might_, and both these mighty names were in early use in Germany. Mahthild was the wife of the emperor Henry the Fowler, and afterwards became the sainted abbess of Quedlingburg. Another Swabian Mechtild was canonized after being abbess of Adilstetten; and so fashionable did the name become, that all the French maidens, who were not Alix, seem to have been Mahthild; and in Italy it was borne by the Countess Matilda, the friend of Gregory VII., whose bequest was one of the pope’s first steps to the temporal power, and who is introduced by Dante in the flowery fields of Paradise. The Flemings call it Mahault, and thus term the lady, who, as the wife of William the Conqueror, brought it to England. Molde, as the Normans were pleased to term it, was regarded as so decidedly a Norman name, that the Scottish-Saxon Eadgyth was made to assume it, and it continued the regnant royal name until it sunk beneath the influences of the Provençal Alienor. It seems as if Matilde had been freshly introduced in Flanders when Count Philip married Matilda of Portugal; and this, and the old traditional Mehaut, went on side by side, just as in England did the full name Matilda, and the Anglicized Norman contraction Maude. Of late years Maude has been fashionable, though not so near the original, nor so really graceful in sound as Matilda. The earlier Mall and Moll were from Matilda, not Mary, which came much later into use.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │English. │French. │Italian. │Bavarian. │ │Matilda │Mathilde │Matilda │Mechtild │ │Molde │Mahaud │ ————————— │Mechel │ │Mall │Mehaut │German. │Melchel │ │Maud │ │Mathilde │ │ │Tilda │ │ ————————— │ │ │Tilly │ │Hamb. │ │ │ │ │Tilde │ │ │ │ │Tille │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Maatfred and Maatulf were old masculines.

From _may_ and _might_ we pass to our other defective auxiliary _can_. ‘Knowledge is power,’ is an idea deeply rooted in our languages, for the difference between _I ken_ and _I can_ is well-nigh imperceptible. The Sanscrit _gna_, forming the Greek verb γιγνώσκω (gignosco), reappears in the Latin _nosco_, and the Anglo-Saxon _cnawan_. Another Anglo-Saxon form is _cunnan_, answering to the Danish _kjende_, Iceland _kunna_, German _kennan_. Thence our word _cunning_, knowing, and _cuth_, the past participle, known, noted, or dexterous, whence came several North-Anglian names, Cutha, Cuthwealh, Noted power; Cuthred, Noted council; Cuthwine, Noted friend; Cuthburh, Noted pledge; and chief of all Cuthbryht, the great saint of Lindisfarn in his lifetime, of Durham after his death, when the wanderings of his relics rendered his fame so great that Cuthbert is still national among the peasantry of Northumbria and the Lothians.

_Kann_ seems to have been originally a past tense of _ken_, and the Teutonic mind concluded that to have learnt is to be able, for all adopted the word _can_ without an infinitive, and varied it into past tenses. To be able was likewise to dare, whence the old Teuton _kuoni_, Frank _chuon_, Saxon _cene_, German _kuhn_, bold.

Be this as it may, a large class of names has arisen from these words of knowledge and action, earliest of the bearers of which should stand Kunimund, king of the Gepidæ, and Chunimund, king of the Suevi, both meaning Able protection. Chuonrath, Able council, or Bold-speech, was also Suevic, and in the form of Konrad, afterwards a world-wide name in the Swabian house of Hohenstaufen, till the last of their generous though impetuous blood was shed on the scaffold of Corradino, as Naples fondly termed its unfortunate young heir, the Conradin of history. Pity for his untimely fate assisted to spread the name through all the German dependencies, and it has become so common that, like Vasili, Tom, and Heinz, Künz has descended to cats. It has the feminine Cunzila; and our old Mercian King Cenred represented it in England.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Provençal. │ Italian. │ │Conrad │Conrade │Cohat │Corrado │ │Cenred │Quenes │ │Currado │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Bavarian. │ Swiss. │ Swedish. │ │Konrad │Kadl │Chuedli │Konrad │ │Kunz │Kuenl │Kudli │ ————————— │ │Kurt │Kuenz │Chuedler │ Netherlands. │ │Kuno │Kunl │Kored │Koenraad │ │ │ │Koredli │Court │ │ │ │Chuered │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Danish. │ Russian. │ Bohemian. │ Slovak. │ │Cort │Konrad │Kunad │Kunsch │ │ │Kunrat │ ————————— │ │ │ │Kondratij │ Lusatian. │ │ │ │ │Kunat │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Kunigund, or Bold war, was the name of a daughter of the counts of Luxemburg, who was wife to Henry of Bavaria, the sainted emperor, and shared in his canonization, rendering her name national in Bavaria. Another royal saint reigning in Hungary added to its honours, nor has it ever sunk into disuse.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ French. │ Italian. │Portuguese. │ German. │ Bavarian. │ │Cunigonde │Cunegonda │Cunegundis │Kunigunde │Kunl │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

The West Saxon Cenbyrht is the same with the German Kunibert; and Wessex likewise reckoned among her kings Cenfyrth, or able peace, Cenfus, bold impetuosity; while Mercia has Cenhelm and Cenwulf.

Alternating with these are Cynric, Cynebald, Cynewald, Cyneburh, Cynethryth, whose first syllable is _cyn_, _kin_, or _kind_, meaning, of course, kindred or lineage. Some refer Kunibert and Kunigund to this same _kin_ instead of _kuhn_. This word _cyn_ is one of those regarded as the root of king, _cyning_, the son of his race or kindred.

Another word seems to have had the same double meaning of ability being strength; for _svinn_, which is wise in the northern tongues, is in those of central Europe, strong; the English _swith_, Gothic _swinths_, German _swind_; whence the present _geschwind_, and swift; moreover, _swindig_ is much, or many, in vulgar Dutch, and to _swindle_ is probably to be too much for the victim.

Suintila was an old Gothic king of Spain, Swithbert, one of the early Anglo-Saxon missionaries, especially honoured as the converter of the kindred land of Friesland, where he was revered as St. Swibert. Swithelm was another Saxon form; but the most noted amongst us was Swithun, the bishop of Winchester, tutor to King Alfred, and endowed with many supposed miracles, the best known of which was the forty days' rain, by which, like other honest English saints, he testified his displeasure at having his bones meddled with. The Germans have had Swidburg, Swintfried, Swidger; but in general this has served as a feminine termination, as in Melicent, Frediswid, and in all the many _swiths_ and _swinds_ of the Franks and Goths.

Whether this be the root or not, Svein is in the North a strong youth, generally a servant, but in the form of Svend becoming the favourite name of the kings of Denmark, belonging to him whom Ethelred’s treachery brought down on England, where it was called Swayn, and translated into Latin as Sueno, while Tasso calls the crusading Swend, Sveno. Svinbjorn occurs in Iceland, and is our Swinburn. Svenke, again, is the active or slender youth. It is amusing to see how, from a strong man, the swain became a young man, then a bachelor, then a lover, and, finally, a shepherd.

Another of the mighty words that have been formed into names is _vald_, the near relative of the Latin _valeo_. Our verb _to wield_ continues the Anglo-Saxon _wealdan_, which named the wealds of Kent, nay, and the world itself.

Vald still stands alone in the North, and once was the name of a Frank abbot of Evreux; St. Valdus, in Latin, St. Gaud, in French.

The leading name is, however, Waldheri, Powerful-Warrior appearing as the young prince of Aquitaine, who, in the curious Latin poem which seems to represent the Frankish _Nibelungenlied_ in the south of France, flies from Attila’s court with his fellow-hostage, the Burgundian Hildegunna, and her treasure, and repulses the pursuing Gunther and Hagano. This same Walther was said to have afterwards reigned thirty years in Aquitaine, and, no doubt, the name was already common there, when, about 990, it came to saintly glory, through a monastic saint of that dukedom, who, being followed by two others, caused it to be spread far and wide. Indeed, there are twenty-eight Walters in Domesday, and Cambrai made plentiful use of it in the same form, till, about 1300, the spelling was altered to the French Gautier. Walther von Vogelwied, the Minnesinger, who bequeathed a perpetual dole to the birds of the air at his tomb, well deserved that the memory of his name should be kept up in Germany, and it has always been very popular. Wat, as a contraction, is as old as Rufus’s time, and Water was in use, at least, in Shakespeare’s time, when he shows the prophecy of Suffolk’s death by water fulfilled by the name of his assassin.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ Irish. │ French. │ Italian. │ │Walter │Thaiter │Waltier │Gualtiero │ │Water │ │Gualtier │ ———————— │ │Wat │ │Wautier │ Spanish. │ │Watty │ │Gatier │Guttierre │ │Wattles │ │Gautier │ │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ Portuguese. │ Netherlands. │ Lettish. │ Dutch. │ │Gualter │Gualterus │Waters │Wolder │ │Gualterio │Walter │ ———————— │ │ │ │Wouter │ Swiss. │ │ │ │Wout │Watli │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Waldemar is an old German form imported by the Normans to England, and sometimes supposed to have been carried to Russia, and to have turned into Vladimir; but this has been traced to a genuine Slavonic source, though it is used by the Russians to represent Walter.

This commencement is almost exclusively German; its other varieties are Waldobert, or Walbert, the Gualberto of Italy, Waldrich, and, perhaps, Walpurg, though she is more probably from _val_, slaughter.

Frodhr, Wise or learned, is sometimes an epithet, but is also used for a name, and Latinized into Frotho. The Germans have it in combination as Frodwin, wise friend, Frodbert and Frodberta, whence the French make Flobert and Floberte.

The root _mah_, which made the Sanscrit _mahat_, Zend _maz_, Greek _megas_, Latin _magnus_, Kelt _mawr_, comes forth again in Teutonic, with _mære_, or _mara_, in Anglo-Saxon, with its comparatives _mœrre_ and _mœriste_, whence our _more_ and _most_. This same sense of greatness formed the word _maara_, fame, and _maren_, to celebrate, both old German, and it is the commencement of the Frank chieftain’s name from whom all the princes of the earlier race were called Meerwings, Merowig, or Famed men, the Meerwig of German writers and Meroveus of Latinity, whence the Merovée of French history.

Our own Anglian Mercians had among their royal line Merowald, Merehelm, and Merewine; but, in general, _mer_, or _mar_, is used as a termination rather than a commencement, and then is always masculine. Merohelm is also called Merchelm, so the French saint, ‘Marculphe,’ _may_ have been Merowulf, though he now looks more like Markulf, a border wolf.[148]

Footnote 148:

Munch; Sismondi; Butler; Junius; Kemble; Michaelis; Lappenburg; Mariana; Weber and Jamieson; Donovan.

SECTION VII.—_Affection._

The Teutons had a few names denoting affection. Dyre is the same in Norse as our own word _dear_, or _dyr_ in Anglo-Saxon. An inlet on the north-west corner of Iceland is still termed Dyrefiord, from one of the first settlers, and Dyre was the hero of a ballad in the _Kæmpeviser_, answering to the Scottish Katharine Janfarie, the original of young Lochinvar. The old Germans had Dioro and Diura, and the Anglo-Saxons affectionately called the young sons of their nobility Dyrling, or darling.

_Leof_, the German _lieb_, beloved, is much used by the Anglo-Saxons. Two bishops, one of Wells, and afterwards primate, the other of Crediton, were called Leofing, or Lyfing. The first was certainly properly Ælfstan, so it is probable that in both instances Leofing was merely an endearing name that grew up with them, and displaced the baptismal one; but its Latin translation, Livingus, shows the origin of the surname of Livingstone.

England also had Leofwine, Beloved friend, the only native name borne by any of the sons of Earl Godwin. An earlier Leofwine was a member of St. Boniface’s mission, and converted many of the heathens on the banks of the Weser; and as St. Lebwin is patron of Deventer, probably occasioned the name of Lubin, which, from being borne by French peasants, crept into pastoral poetry.

Another of the same mission party was Leobgytha, or Dear gift, called also Liuba and Liebe, who was sent for from her convent at Wimborne to found one of the earliest nunneries in Germany. It is probably from her that Lievine became an old Cambrecis name.

Leof seems to have been the special prefix of the earls of Mercia, for we find among them, besides Leofwine, Leofstan and Leofric, the last the best known for the sake of his wife and of Coventry.

The continental instances of the prefix are among the Spanish Goths, Liuva, Leovigildo, and Liuvigotona; and among the Franks, Leobhard, or Liebhard, a saint of Touraine.

The only present survivor of all the varieties is probably, if we exclude the occasional Puritan Love, the Cornish and Devon feminine Lovedy.

Far more universal are the names derived from the old word _vinr_, or _wine_, meaning friend or object of love, the same which has left a descendant in the German _wonne_, affection, and the Scottish adjective _winsome_. It is a continual termination, as must have been already observed, and we had it as a commencement in our great English missionary Winfrith, or Friend of peace, the Devonian bishop who spread Christianity over Germany, but who is far better known by the Latin surname which he assumed, namely, Bonifacius. Winibald was another of our missionary saints, and Germany has also had Winrad, Winrich, and Winmar, but the Welsh Wenefred must not be confused with it.

_Mild_, or _mild_, is exclusively Saxon; nay, almost exclusively Mercian, for it only occurs in one family; that of King Merowald, who named his three daughters Mildgyth, Mildburh, and Mildthryth. All became nuns, the two latter abbesses, one in Shropshire, the other in the isle of Thanet, and they were canonized as Milburga and Mildreda. Milborough, as the first became Anglicized, was found within the last century in Shropshire, and Mildred was never entirely disused; it belonged to the daughter of Burleigh, and has lately been much revived, under the notion that it means mild speech; but _red_ is always masculine, and, as has been before said, _thryth_ commands or threatens, so that Mildthryth is the gently strict.

SECTION VIII.—_Appearance._

Miss Carolina Wilhelmina Amelia Skeggs was verily named after a beard. Skegg means neither more nor less than a beard, and strange to say, Bardr and Skegg were both fashionable names in the North; indeed, one Icelandic gentleman rejoiced in the euphonious title of Bardr Bla-skegg, or Beard Blue-beard.

But we have an independent name of this class. William de Albini, the second husband of Henry I.’s widow, Alix of Louvaine, wore moustachios, which the Normans called _gernons_, and thus his usual title was William _als Gernons_; and as the common ancestor of the Howards and Percys, he left this epithet to them as a baptismal name, one of the most whimsical of the entire roll. From the Percys it came to Algernon Sidney; and partly through his admirers, partly through inheritance, and partly through the love of trisyllables, has become diffused in England.

_Faxe_ meant the hair or tresses, as may be seen in the names of the horses of day and night, Skinfaxi and Hrinfaxi. Two instances of it are found in the _Landnama-bok_, Faxi, a colonist from the Hebrides, and Faxabrandr, most likely an epithet due to some peculiarity of hair, probably whiteness, or perhaps fieriness; but it was not common, though it came to England to be the surname of Sir Thomas Fairfax.

The name of our excellent friend Wamba in _Ivanhoe_ must probably have been taken from one of the Visigothic kings of Spain, with whom it was most likely a nickname, like that of Louis de Gros in France, for it means nothing but the belly. Epithets like this were not uncommon, and sometimes were treated as names, such as Mucel, or the big, the sobriquet of the earl of the Gevini; or Budde, the pudding, the person who showed Knut the way over the ice. Many of those used in England were Keltic, showing that the undercurrent of Cymric population must still have been strong.

It is remarkable how very few are the Teuton names taken from the complexion—in comparison with the many used by the Kelts, and even by the Romans—either because the Teutons were all alike fair, or because they thought these casual titles unworthy to be names. Bruno was exclusively German, and may perhaps be only a nickname, but it came to honour with the monk of Cologne, who founded the Carthusian order, and has been used ever since; and the North has Sverke, Sverkir, swarthy or dark, a famous name among the vikings.

Far more modern is the name of Blanche. The absence of colour is in all tongues of Western Europe denoted by forms of _blec_. In Anglo-Saxon, _blœc_ or _blac_ is the colour black, but _blœca_ is a _bleak_, empty place, and _blœcan_ is to bleach or whiten; _blœco_, like the German _bleich_, stands for paleness. It is the same with German and Norse, in the latter of which _blakke hund_ is not a black dog but a white one. All these, however, used their own _weiss_ or _white_ for the pure uncoloured snow; while the negative _blœc_, or colourless, was adopted by the Romance languages, all abandoning the Latin _albus_ in its favour. It is literally true that our _black_ is the French _white_; _black_ and _blanc_ are only the absence of colour in its two opposite effects.

Blach, Blacheman, Blancus, and Blancard, all appear in Domesday; but Blanchefleur and Blanche, seem to have been the produce of romance. The mother of Sir Tristrem was Blanchefleur, a possible translation of some of the Keltic Gwenns or Finns, and it probably crept from romance to reality among the poetical people of southern France. The first historical character so called was Blanca of Navarre, the queen of Sancho IV. of Castille, from whom it was bestowed on her granddaughter, that child of Eleanor Plantagenet, whom her uncle, King John, employed as the lure by which to detach Philippe Auguste from the support of Arthur of Brittany. The treaty only bore that the son of Philippe should wed the daughter of Alfonso of Castille; the choice among the sisters was entrusted to ambassadors, and they were guided solely, by the sound of the name borne by the younger, that of the elder sister, Urraca, being considered by them hateful to French ears, and unpronounceable to French lips. John was punished for his policy, for Blanche’s royal English blood was the pretext of the pope in directing against him her husband, Louis the Lion, but no choice could have been a happier one for France, since Blanche of Castille was the first and best of her many queen-regents.

From her the name became very common in France. One of the daughters of Edward I. was so called, probably from her, in honour of his friendship for her son; it became usual among the English nobility, and is most common in Italy, though it is somewhat forgotten in Spain.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ Spanish. │Portuguese. │ │Blanch │Blanche │Bianca │Blanca │Branca │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

A Swedish heroine called Blenda made this name, from _blenden_, to dazzle, common in her own country, but it is not known elsewhere.

_Koll_, with a double _l_, meaning head, is sometimes used in northern names, but far less commonly than _kol_, cool, or rather in the act of cooling after great heat. The great blast-bellows with which the gods charitably refreshed the horses of the sun, are called in the Eddaic poetry, _isarnkol_, or iron coolers, and there may have been some allusion to this in the names of Kol and Kale, which alternated in one of the old northern families. But as the cooling of iron involved its turning black, _kolbrünn_ meant a black breastplate, and was thus used as a by-name; and it may be in this sense of black that _kol_ enters into the composition of Kolbjorn, black bear, Kolgrim, Kolgrima; Kolskegg would thus be black-beard; but Kolbein can hardly be black-leg, so, perhaps, it may refer to the bones being strong as wrought iron; and Kolfinn and its feminine are either cool-white or refer to Finn’s strength. Colbrand is in English romance the name of the Danish giant killed by Guy of Warwick, at Winchester; but the Heptarchy displays a very perplexing set of Cols, as they have been modernized, though they used to be spelt Ceol. There were three Ceolwulfs in Bernicia, Mercia, and Wessex; Ceolred in Mercia, Ceolwald in Wessex, Ceolnoth on the throne of Canterbury. Are these the relatives of the northern _kol_, cool, or are they _ceol_, keel, meaning rather a ship than merely the keel, as it does now? Or, on the other hand, are both these, and the northern _col_, adaptations of the Keltic _col_ or _gall_, like those already mentioned of Finn? Their exclusive prevalence among the Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons would somewhat favour the notion.

The northern feminine terminal, _frid_, belongs to this class, and means the fair, or pretty, from the old northern _fridhr_, though it is most deceitfully like _fred_, or _frey_, peace, and is probably from the same root.

Teitr is a northern man’s name, meaning cheerful: _Zeiz_ answers to it in old German; and though the analogue in Anglo-Saxon does not otherwise occur in any Anglo-Saxon work, yet we find from Bede that Æthelburh, the daughter of Æthelbeorht and Bertha, of Kent, who carried her Christianity to her husband, Eadwine, was also called Tâte, by which we may gather that she was particularly lively and cheerful.

SECTION IX.—_Locality._

A large and interesting class of names relate to country, and express the birthplace or the wandering habits of the original bearers.

The word _land_ was one of these. Its primary meaning seems to be the abode of the people. Long ago we spoke of the Greek λαος, prominent in Laodamia, and many other of the like commencement. An almost similar term runs through the Teutonic tongues; the Saxon _leod_, German _leute_, Frank _liade_, Northern _lydhr_. The _leod_, or _leute_, seem to have been the free inhabitants, including all ranks, and thence we have the _laity_, for the general people, and the _lewd_, which has sunk from the free to the ignorant, and then to the dissipated.

The great region of these names taken from the people is Germany. Leutpold, the people’s prince, was a canonized Markgraf of Austria, in the days when that family had hardly yet begun its course of marrying into greatness, and making Leutpold better known at every stage, and by each new dialect differently pronounced, till it turned into Leopold, and was confounded with the old lion names. Indeed, in the old Swiss ballad on the battle of Sempach, translated by Scott, Leopold the Handsome is called the Austrian Lion. The recurrence of the name in the modern imperial line has made it European, and the close connection of our own royal family with the wise king of the Belgians has brought it to England. Of course, it has not escaped a modern German Leopoldine.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │ Slav. │ │Leopold │Léopold │Leopoldo │Luitpold │Leopoldo │ │ │ │ │Leupold │Poldo │ │ │ │ │Leopo │Poldi │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

Leutgar, the people’s spear, was a good bishop of Antrim, who was speared by the people, or, at least, murdered by them, in the furious wars of the long-haired kings, and was revered as a martyr under the Latin form of Leodigarius. A priest of Chalons was canonized by the same name, which is in France Leguire, and was brought as a territorial surname to England as St. Leger.

Liutgarde seems to have been a Frank saint, but there is no account of her in Alban Butler; but hers is one of the favourite old names at Cambrai. Liutprand, the people’s sword, is one of the chief chroniclers of early French history, and the other forms are Liuther, the only one accepted by the North, and that in the form of Lyder.

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Ger. Liutbert; Fries. Liubert—People’s brightness │ │ Ger. Liutberga—People’s protection │ │ Fr. Leodefred, Leufroi—People’s peace │ │ Ger. Liutmar; Fries. Luttmer, Lummer; Fr. Leodemir—People’s │ │ greatness │ │ Ger. Leuthold, Liutold; Ags. Leodwald—People’s power │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

The _land_ itself was compounded into names chiefly among the Franks, Germans, and Lombards, often as a conclusion, but now and then at the beginning. Lantperaht, or the country’s brightness, is the most noted of these, having been borne by three saints of Maestricht, Lyons, and Venice, and having thus become national in all the countries around; but it is universally corrupted into Lambert, and has been generally derived from a lamb.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Italian. │ German. │ Dutch. │ │Lambert │Lambert │Lamberto │Landbert │Lambert │ │ │Lanbert │ │Lambert │Lammert │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

Landerich, or country’s ruler, was an early Frank saint, who has left Landry to be still frequent among the Flemish and French peasantry.

Landfrang, lord of the country, was the Lombardic Lanfranco, whence the Lanfranc of the archbishop of Canterbury, whom William the Conqueror imposed on the English Church, but who brought in fresh vigour and learning. Landfrid has left the surname Laffert to France; its contraction Lando belonged to a saint, and has the feminines Landine and Landoline. There are also recorded Landolf, Landrad, Landrada, and Landinn.

If Germany and Italy talked of dwellers in the land, the North, with its seas and numerous islets, distinguished the islanders with the word Ey, or Øi, the word that we use to this very day in speaking of Guerns_ey_ Jers_ey_, &c., of an _eyot_ in a river; and even in Sodor, that puzzling companion to the Isle of Man, which once was the Sudeyas, or South Isles, the Hebrides.

The most famous northern island name is Eystein, or Øistein, much in use among the early kings, and especially honoured for the sake of the good brother of Sigurd the Crusader, who stayed at home and worked for his people’s good, while Sigurd was killing blue men in the land of the Saracens. The Danish Eystein was turned into Austin, or Augustin, to be more ecclesiastical, and this may be the origin of some of our Austins. Eyulf, or the island wolf, has become, in the course of time, Øiel and Øiuf. Eyvind, who appears in the _Landnama-bok_ with the unpleasant sobriquet of Skalldur Spiller, or the poet spoiler, is supposed to have been the Island Wend, a reminiscence of the Wends on the shores of the Baltic. It was a very common name, and became Øvind and Even, while Eymund, in like manner, was turned into Emund. An island thief was not wanting, as Eythiof; nor an island warrior, as Eyar; also Eyfrey, Eylang; and the ladies Eygerd, Eydis, Eyny, and Eyvar, or, as Saxo calls her, Ofura.

An island is also sometimes _holm_, whence the northern Holmstein and Holmfrid, with Holmgeir, which gets mixed with Holger.

Persons of mixed birth were drolly called by the actual fractional word _half_, in Germany Halbwalah, half a foreigner, or half a Wallachian, and Halbtüring or half a Thuringian; and in the North, generally, Halfdan, half a Dane. So early was this in use that there was a mythical king, Halfdan, from whom the name was adopted by many a true-born Dane and Northman, and has been Latinized as Haldanus.

Travellers had their epithets, which probably came to be family names. _Lide_, Wanderer, was compounded in Haflide, sea wanderer; Vestlide, west wanderer; Vetilide, winter wanderer; and Sumalide, or summer wanderer, which last was current among the lords of the Isles, and kings of Man, in the shape of Somerled, or, in Gaelic, Somhle; but ‘the heirs of mighty Somerled’ did not long keep up his name.

Travellers again had their name from _fara_, the modern German _fahren_, and the scarcely disused English _to fare_, meaning to journey. The most noted instance is Faramund, who, in the guise of Pharamond, is placed at the head of the long-haired Frankish dynasty, far travelled it may be, from the river Yssel whence the Salic stock took the title that was to pass to one peculiar law of succession; also Farabert, Farulf, and Farthegn, contracted into Farten, and Faltin, and then supposed to be a contraction of Falentin, or Valentine. _Thegn_ did, in fact, originally mean a servant, so that Farthegn was either the travelled servant, or the travelled thane. Fargrim appears in Domesday; but these names are not easy to divide from those taken from _waren_, to beware.

Even the exile had his sorrows commemorated in his children’s names. No doubt if we could meet with the story of the original Erland, we should find that he was born under the same circumstances as Peregrine Bertie, for the name is from the old northern _er_, out, or away from, and _land_. Erland is the Outland, the banished man, and he must have been beloved, or celebrated, for Erlendr, as the Icelanders had it, occurs plentifully, with its diminutive Erling, and perhaps the corruption Elling.

The unfortunate Bishop Hatto’s name was anciently Hazzo, and is translated a Hessian.

Viking has been used as a Christian name in Norway in comparatively modern days, in memory of the deeds of the terrible Vikingr of old; but, in spite of the resemblance in sound, it must not be suspected of any relation to sea-kings, being only the inhabitant of a vik, or bay, of course the most convenient abode for a sea-rover.

The sea, _haf_, or _hav_, as it was called in the North, named Haflide, Hafthor, and Hafgrim, as well as the mythic hero, Haflok, the Dane, whose life, according to his legend, was saved by his faithful servant Grim, the founder of Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, the native place of our own Sir Henry Havelock, who was bewailed by the Danish school-children as their own ballad hero. The two feminine terminations _laug_ and _veig_ may have been in its honour, but it is much to be feared that they only meant liquor, and at the best were allusions to the costly mead of the gods, the drink of inspiration, or the magic bowls that inflamed the Berserks. Nay, men rejoiced in the name of Ølver or Ølve, meaning neither more nor less than Ale, _øl_, which acquires a _v_ in the oblique cases and plural. Ø1ver and Olaf have, no doubt, been confounded into the modern Oliver.

Knud, or Knut, a very common northern name, is a very puzzling one. Its origin and nationality are Danish, and it only came to Norway by intermarriages, nor does it appear at all in the _Landnamabok_. The great Dane who brought it here is called by the chroniclers Canutus, from some notion of making it the Latin _hoary_, and thus we know him as Canute; but even in Domesday, one landholder in Yorkshire, and another in Derbyshire, are entered as Cnud. The whole North, and the inhabitants of the Hebrides, use the name, which comes from the same root as our _knot_, and properly means a protuberance, a hill, or barrow.

SECTION X.—_Life._

Life played its part among Teutonic names. One old word conveying this sense was the Gothic _ferchvus_, Saxon _feorh_, and Northern _fiorh_. The Anglo-Saxon _feorh_ also meant youth, and thus passed on to mean a young man.

There are not many names from thence, but one of the few has been a great perplexity, and has been explained in many ways, _i. e._ the Gothic Ferhonanths, the last syllable being _nanth_, daring, so that its sense would be, ‘adventuring his life.’ It was the Spanish Goths who used this gallant name, and made it with their Romance tongues into Fernan and Fernando. San Fernando, king of Castille, and father of our own Eleanor, made it a favourite for his royal line; and a younger son of Castille so called, being heir of Aragon, carried it thither, and thence it passed to southern France, where the grandson of old King René was Ferrand or Ferry. Aragon again bestowed it upon Naples; but it was there prolonged into Ferdinando, whilst Spanish elisions had at home turned it to Hernan, as the conqueror of Mexico termed himself. It was bestowed upon the second son of Juana la Loca, who was born in Spain, and long preferred there to his brother, though it was to the imperial throne that he was destined to succeed, and to render his Spanish name national through Germany, where Ferdinand has long been a sore puzzle; sometimes explained by _fart_, a journey, and sometimes by _fried_, peace, but never satisfactorily. The contraction Nandel was the shout of the mob in the ears of Ferdinand, the obstinate, narrow-minded man who won his cause by mere force of undivided aim. It is so popular in Spain and Germany as in each to have a feminine, Fernanda and Ferdinandine.

┌───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ English. │ French. │ Spanish. │ Italian. │ │Ferdinand │Ferdinand │Fernando │Ferdinando │ │ │Ferrand │Hernando │Fernando │ │ │Ferry │Hernan │Ferrante │ ├───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │ German. │ Polish. │ Lettish. │ │ │Ferdinand │Ferdynand │Werlands │ │ │Nandl │ │ │ │ └───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

Ferahbald and Ferahmund were forgotten old German forms, and Fjorleif was known in the North.

This is, probably, relic of life, as otherwise the word would be a reduplication; but the termination _leif_ or _lif_ is sometimes used, being our very word life.

There are two words which may be said to form names of progress, the German _gang_, from to go, sometimes commencing as in Gangolf, but more usual at the end of a word; and the Northern _stig_, from the universal root _stig_, found in the Greek ἔστιχον, and in our step and stile, also stairs, for the usual sense of the word implies mounting upwards; and the name of the semi-Danish archbishop of Canterbury who crowned Harold, and was one of the Conqueror’s lifelong captives, was the participle Stigand, mounting, and was long extant in the North, as well as the Danish Styge and Stygge.