History of Central America, Volume 3, 1801-1887 The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 8
CHAPTER XXIV.
INDEPENDENCE OF THE ISTHMUS. 1801-1822.
Administration under Spain—Influence of Events in Europe and Spanish America on the Isthmus—Hostilities in Nueva Granada—Constitutional Government—General Hore's Measures to Hold the Isthmus for Spain—MacGregor's Insurgent Expedition at Portobello—Reëstablishment of the Constitution—Captain-general Murgeon's Rule—The Isthmus is Declared Independent—Its Incorporation with Colombia—José Fábrega in Temporary Command—José María Carreño Appointed Intendente and Comandante General—Abolition of African Slavery 488