i. 171-2, says Angulo was appointed April 21, 1560, and died

at Zalamá, Vera Paz, while on his way to Guatemala to be consecrated. Remesal says that he received his appointment in Guatemala at the beginning of 1560; accepted it April 21st; went thence to Mexico; the following year was ordered to his diocese to await the arrival of the bulls for his consecration; and that in March or April 1562 died at Zalamá, Vera Paz, while on the way to Guatemala. By royal decree of September 1560, the audiencia was ordered to pay him the usual 500,000 maravedís, until he had sufficient tithes for his support. I deem this author more reliable than the others as he wrote earlier, was a Dominican, and had greater facilities for obtaining information.

[XXI‑40] _Cabildo_, _Carta_, Jan. 26, 1564, in _Arévalo_, _Col. Doc. Antig._, 38-9.

[XXI‑41] Fernandez, _Hist. Ecles._, 116, says Father Pedro de la Peña followed Angulo, then Cárdenas, and that Father Antonio de Ervias, Dominican, was bishop in 1570. _Calle_, _Mem. y Not._, 125, places Peña second, and says that he was removed to Peru in 1580; that Ervias ruled from 1583-90, and that Cárdenas was appointed in 1595. Remesal, _Hist. Chyapa._, 702-4, names Hervias as the successor of Cárdenas, in 1583 or 1584, Castro next, and finally Rosillo. This was the last bishop named, according to Remesal, who adds that while in Guatemala, in 1614, he was told by Bishop Cabezas, that the incorporation of the bishopric of Vera Paz with that of Guatemala was then being discussed. The order of succession as given by Remesal as far as Ervias, is confirmed by Mendieta, _Hist. Ecles._, 548, a most reliable author, and a resident of New Spain, where he wrote between the years 1575-96.

[XXI‑42] April 18, according to Juarros, _Guat._, i. 276, and after a long illness according to Vazquez, _Chron. Gvat._, 149-50. See also _Quesada_, _Carta, Mayo 25, 1555_, in _Squier's MSS._, xxii. 5.

[XXI‑43] _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 149-50; _Gonzales Dávila_, _Teatro Ecles._, i. 150; _Concilios Prov., 1555, 1565_, 285.

[XXI‑44] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 654; _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 276; _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 190.

[XXI‑45] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 587-600; _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 133-7; _Quesada_, _Carta, Mayo 25, 1555_, in _Squier's MSS._, xxii. 3-4.

[XXI‑46] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 532-7, 560-3; _Fernandez_, _Hist. Ecles._, 142; _Dávila Padilla_, _Hist. Fvnd. Mex._, 110-11.

[XXI‑47] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 500, 520-3, 578-84, 596-601, 613-14, 626-7, 636-9, 642-7; _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii. 98-9.

[XXI‑48] _Mendieta_, _Hist. Ecles._, 382-5; _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 144-9, 179, 223; _Cogollvdo_, _Hist. Yucathan_, 326.

[XXI‑49] _Mendieta_, _Hist. Ecles._, 386; _Relacion_, in _Prov. del Sto Evangelio_, MS., 1; _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 129-37, 147, 182-4, 224-6; _Juarros_, _Guat._, ii. 99-100, 106.

[XXI‑50] The neglect to punish the notorious abuses of the clergy, 'having in his household certain women who were neither his sisters nor his cousins; and receiving bribes through his nephew and one of the women, who was young and of doubtful reputation,' appear to have been the principal charges. _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 656.

[XXI‑51] In Aug. 1569, according to Juarros, _Guat._, i. 277; in Santa Ana, San Salvador, according to Gonzalez Dávila, _Teatro Ecles._, i. 153. See also _Cabildo_, _Carta_, July 9, 1567, in _Arévalo_, _Col. Doc. Antig._, 41-2; _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 654-65; _Vazquez_, _Chron. Gvat._, 194-200; _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 276-8.

[XXI‑52] _Remesal_, _Hist. Chyapa_, 706; _Juarros_, _Guat._, i. 277-8.

[XXI‑53] At Guatemala he presented himself before the audiencia and demanded redress. A judge was sent to investigate, and he reported abuses witnessed by Bishop Gomez himself; an utter ignorance of the native speech, so that they gladly confessed to any visiting priest, and the absolute refusal of the natives to have el señor cura for their guardian. _Vasquez_, _Chron. de Gvat._, 243.

[XXI‑54] Those of San Juan de Comalapa, San Francisco de Tecpan Guatemala, La Assumpcion de Tecpanatitlan, San Miguel de Totonicapan, and Espíritu Santo de Quezaltenango. _Vasquez_, _Chron. de Gvat._, 261.

[XXI‑55] There were also six doctrinas belonging to the Merced order, and 22 to the padres clérigos. _Mendieta_, _Hist. Ecles._, 386.

[XXI‑56] The cabildo prayed the king for 200 strong breast-plates, (petos); 500 helmets, (celedas ó morriones); 400 coats of mail, (cotas); 400 arquebuses, etc. Many would be bought by citizens, and the rest remain in keeping of the audiencia. Gunpowder could not be manufactured in Guatemala for lack of saltpetre, etc., and they asked an annual grant of twelve centals from Mexico. _Arévalo_, _Col. Doc. Antig._, 69-70.

[XXI‑57] 'The licenciado Rueda, late president of the audiencia, is about to leave for Spain. He has exercised his office with care and ensured good Christian government as will be seen by the papers connected with the _vista_ on his conduct now sent by Doctor Sandé.' _Santiago Cabildo_ (Feb. 16, 1595), in _Arévalo_, _Col. Doc. Antig._, 80. Contrast this with _Juarros_, _Guat._, 261. 'President de la Rueda was punished for having so badly treated the religious during his government. He fell into a state of idiocy, rushing from the house without clothes into the country, where he ate grass like oxen, and remained in that state till he died.' During Rueda's administration a bridge was built across the Los Esclavos. It was 128 yards long, 18 in breadth, and had eleven arches. At the point where it was constructed the river was of great depth and communication was frequently cut off between the capital and the eastern provinces by inundation. _Juarros_, _Guat._, 239-41 (ed. Lond., 1823). _Conder's Mex. and Guat._, 201.

[XXI‑58] That by which the appointment of 'fiel ejecutor' was vested in the cabildo. The office was one of great profit and its duties were discharged by each member in rotation. The cabildo had enjoyed this privilege by royal license for many years, its concession being granted by cédula of July 9, 1564, and confirmed by one of April 21, 1587. _Juarros_, _Guat._, 129. (London ed. 1823.)

[XXI‑59] Sandé came to Mexico as alcalde of the audiencia. In 1575 he was appointed governor of the Philippine Islands and held that position until 1580, after which he became an oidor of Mexico. _Datos, Biog._, in _Cartas de Indias_, 840-1.

[XXI‑60] The king's grant of one half of the first year's tribute from the encomiendas becoming vacant during ten years, was of great assistance in opening these ports. The president sends a map of the port and of the country for more than 15 leagues about it. _Santiago Cabildo_, _Carta al Rey_ (April 20, 1591), in _Arévalo_, _Col. Doc. Antig._, 77-8.

[XXI‑61] As an instance of the dimensions to which this cacao trade could grow it may be mentioned that 50,000 loads, worth 500,000 pesos, were raised within an area of two leagues square in Salvador. _Palacio_, _Relacion_ in _Pacheco_ and _Cárdenas_, _Col. Doc._, vi. 15.

[XXI‑62] Palacio mentions a heavy shock that occurred in 1576 by which houses were destroyed and several lives lost. In a letter to the king he relates that he saw a large fragment of a church façade which had been hurled to a considerable distance. _Relacion_ in _Pacheco_ and _Cárdenas_, _Col. Doc._, vi. 23-4, 59.

[XXI‑63] _Ponce_, _Rel. de Las Casas_ in _Col. Doc. Inéd._, lviii. 140.

[XXII‑1] Cimarron, a Spanish word, primarily signifies 'wild' as applied to plants, and 'untamed' as applied to animals; hence the appropriateness of the epithet. The cimarrones played a somewhat conspicuous part in the subsequent troubles of the country, and are not to be confounded with a tribe of Indians of similar name, the Simerones referred to in _Native Races_, iii. 794 this series. The mistake is made, however, by the author of _Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier_, 60, and also by Bidwell, _Panamá_, 53. Garcilaso de Vega, _Hist. Peru_,