Chapter 9

[3] Taking the velocity of light at 186,000 miles a second, and the earth’s mean distance at 93,000,000 miles, 1 light-year=5,865,696,000,000 miles or 63,072 astronomical units; 1 astronomical unit a year=2.94 miles a second; and the earth’s orbital velocity=18.5 miles a second.

[4] Ast. Nacht., 1889.

[5] R. S. Phil. Trans., 1718.

[6] Mem. Acad. des Sciences, 1738, p. 337.

[7] R. S Phil. Trans., 1868.

[8] _R.S. Phil Trans._, 1783.

[9] See Kapteyn’s address to the Royal Institution, 1908. Also Gill’s presidential address to the British Association, 1907.

[10] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1905.

[11] R. S. Phil. Trans., 1803, 1804.

[12] Ibid, 1824.

[13] Connaisance des Temps, 1830.

[14] _R. A. S. Mem._, vol. xlvii., p. 178; _Ast. Nach._, No. 3,142; Catalogue published by Lick Observatory, 1901.

[15] _R. A. S., M. N._, vol. vi.

[16] _R. S. Phil. Trans._, vol. lxxiii., p. 484.

[17] _Astr. Nach._, No. 2,947.

[18] _R. S. E. Trans_., vol. xxvii. In 1901 Dr. Anderson discovered Nova Persei.

[19] _Astr. Nach_., No. 3,079.

[20] For a different explanation see Sir W. Huggins’s lecture, Royal Institution, May 13th, 1892.

[21] For the early history of the proposals for photographic cataloguing of stars, see the _Cape Photographic Durchmusterung_, 3 vols. (_Ann. of the Cape Observatory_, vols. in., iv., and v., Introduction.)

[22] _R. S. Phil. Trans._, 1850, p. 499 _et seq._

[23] _Ibid_, vol. cliv., p. 437.

[24] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1868, p. 165.

ILLUSTRATIONS

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (From the bust by Roubiliac In Trinity College, Cambridge.)

CHALDÆAN BAKED BRICK OR TABLET Obverse and reverse sides, containing record of solar eclipse, 1062 B.C., used lately by Cowell for rendering the lunar theory more accurate than was possible by finest modern observations. (British Museum collection, No. 35908.)

“QUADRANS MURALIS SIVE TICHONICUS.” With portrait of Tycho Brahe, instruments, etc., painted on the wall; showing assistants using the sight, watching the clock, and recording. (From the author’s copy of the _Astronomiæ Instauratæ Mechanica_.)

PORTRAIT OF JOHANNES KEPLER. By F. Wanderer, from Reitlinger’s “Johannes Kepler” (Original in Strassburg).

DEATH-MASK OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON. Photographed specially for this work from the original, by kind permission of the Royal Society, London.

ANCIENT CHINESE INSTRUMENTS, Including quadrant, celestial globe, and two armillae, in the Observatory at Peking. Photographed in Peking by the author in 1875, and stolen by the Germans when the Embassies were relieved by the allies in 1900.

SOLAR SURFACE. As Photographed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, showing sun spots with umbræ, penumbræ, and faculæ.

SOLAR ECLIPSE, 1882. From drawing by W. H. Wesley, Secretary R.A.S.; showing the prominences, the corona, and an unknown comet.

JUPITER. From a drawing by E. M. Antoniadi, showing transit of a satellite’s shadow, the belts, and the “great red spot” (_Monthly Notices_, R. A. S., vol. lix., pl. x.).

COPY OF THE DRAWING MADE BY PAUL FABRICIUS. To define the path of comet 1556. After being lost for 300 years, this drawing was recovered by the prolonged efforts of Mr. Hind and Professor Littrow in 1856.

SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL, F.R.S.—1738-1822. Painted by Lemuel F. Abbott; National Portrait Gallery, Room XX.

GREAT COMET, NOV. 14TH, 1882. (Exposure 2hrs. 20m.) By kind permission of Sir David Gill. From this photograph originated all stellar chart-photography.

INDEX

Abul Wefa, 24 Acceleration of moon’s mean motion, 60 Achromatic lens invented, 88 Adams, J. C., 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 87, 118, 124 Airy, G. B., 13, 30, 37, 65, 69, 70, 80, 81, 114, 119 Albetegnius, 24 Alphonso, 24 Altazimuth, 81 Anaxagoras, 14, 16 Anaximander, 14 Anaximenes, 14 Anderson, T. D., 137, 138 Ångstrom, A. J., 102 Antoniadi, 113 Apian, P., 63 Apollonius, 22, 23 Arago, 111 Argelander, F. W. A., 139 Aristarchus, 18, 29 Aristillus, 17, 19 Aristotle, 16, 30, 47 Arrhenius, 146 Arzachel, 24 Asshurbanapal, 12 Asteroids, discovery of, 67, 119 Astrology, ancient and modern, 1-7, 38

Backlund, 122 Bacon, R., 86 Bailly, 8, 65 Barnard, E. E., 115, 143 Beer and Mädler, 107, 110, 111 Behaim, 74 Bessel, F.W., 65, 79, 128, 134, 139 Biela, 123 Binet, 65 Biot, 10 Bird, 79, 80 Bliss, 80 Bode, 66, 69 Bond, G. P., 99, 117, 122 Bouvard, A., 65, 68 Bradley, J., 79, 80, 81, 87, 127, 128, 139 Bredechin, 146 Bremiker, 71 Brewster, D., 52, 91, 112 Brinkley, 128 Bruno, G., 49 Burchardt, 65, 123 Burnham, S. W., 134

Callippus, 15, 16, 31 Carrington, R. C., 97, 99, 114 Cassini, G. D., 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 Cassini, J., 109, 129 Chacornac, 139 Chaldæan astronomy, 11-13 Challis, J., 69, 70, 71, 72 Chance, 88 Charles, II., 50, 81 Chinese astronomy, 8-11 Christie, W. M. H. (Ast. Roy.), 64, 82, 125 Chueni, 9 Clairaut, A. C., 56, 63, 65 Clark, A. G., 89, 135 Clerke, Miss, 106, 146 Comets, 120 Common, A. A., 88 Cooke, 89 Copeland, R., 142 Copernicus, N., 14, 24-31, 37, 38, 41, 42, 49, 128 Cornu, 85 Cowell, P. H., 3, 5, 64, 83 Crawford, Earl of, 84 Cromellin, A. C., 5, 64

D’Alembert, 65 Damoiseau, 65 D’Arrest, H. L., 34 Dawes, W. R., 100, 111 Delambre, J. B. J., 8, 27, 51, 65, 68 De la Rue, W., 2, 94, 99, 100, 131 Delaunay, 65 Democritus, 16 Descartes, 51 De Sejour, 117 Deslandres, II., 101 Desvignolles, 9 De Zach, 67 Digges, L., 86 Dollond, J., 87, 90 Dominis, A. di., 86 Donati, 120 Doppler, 92, 129 Draper, 99 Dreyer, J. L. E., 29,77 Dunthorne, 60 Dyson, 131

Eclipses, total solar, 103 Ecphantes, 16 Eddington, 131 Ellipse, 41 Empedocles, 16 Encke, J. F., 119, 122, 123, 133 Epicycles, 22 Eratosthenes, 18 Euclid, 17 Eudoxus, 15, 31 Euler, L., 60, 61, 62, 65, 88, 119

Fabricius, D.,95, 120, 121 Feil and Mantois, 88 Fizeau, H. L., 85, 92, 99 Flamsteed, J., 50, 58, 68, 78, 79, 93 Fohi, 8 Forbes, J. D., 52, 91 Foucault, L., 85, 99 Frauenhofer, J., 88, 90, 91

Galilei, G., 38, 46-49, 77, 93, 94, 95, 96, 107, 113, 115, 116, 133 Galle, 71, 72 Gascoigne, W., 45, 77 Gauss, C. F., 65, 67 Gauthier, 98 Gautier, 89 Gilbert, 44 Gill, D., 84, 85, 128, 135, 139, 140 Goodricke, J., 136 Gould, B. A., 139 Grant, R., 27, 47, 51, 86, 134 Graham, 79 Greek astronomy, 8-11 Gregory, J. and D., 87 Grimaldi, 113 Groombridge, S., 139 Grubb, 88, 89 Guillemin, 122 Guinand, 88

Hale, G. E., 101 Hall, A., 112 Hall, C. M., 88 Halley, E., 19, 51, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 79, 120, 122, 125, 129 Halley’s comet, 62-64 Halm, 85 Hansen, P. A., 3, 65 Hansky, A. P., 100 Harding, C. L., 67 Heliometer, 83 Heller, 120 Helmholtz, H. L. F., 35 Henderson, T., 128 Henry, P. and P., 139, 140, 143 Heraclides, 16 Heraclitus, 14 Herodotus, 13 Herschel, W., 65, 68, 97, 107, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 141, 142 Herschel, J., 97, 111, 133, 134, 142 Herschel, A. S., 125 Hevelius, J., 178 Hind, J. R., 5, 64, 120, 121, 122 Hipparchus, 3, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 36, 55, 60, 74, 93, 137 Hooke, R., 51, 111, 114 Horrocks, J., 50, 56 Howlett, 100 Huggins, W., 92, 93, 99, 106, 120, 129, 137, 138, 142, 144 Humboldt and Bonpland, 124 Huyghens, C., 47, 77, 87, 110, 116, 117

Ivory, 65

Jansen, P. J. C., 105, 106 Jansen, Z., 86

Kaiser, F., 111 Kapteyn, J. C., 131, 138, 139 Keeler, 117 Kepler, J., 17, 23, 26, 29, 30, 36, 37, 38-46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 63, 66, 77, 87, 93, 127, 137 Kepler’s laws, 42 Kirchoff, G.R., 91 Kirsch, 9 Knobel, E.B., 12, 13 Ko-Show-King, 76

Lacaile, N.L., 139 Lagrange, J.L., 61, 62, 65, 119 La Hire, 114 Lalande, J.J.L., 60, 63, 65, 66, 72, 139 Lamont, J., 98 Langrenus, 107 Laplace, P.S. de, 50, 58, 61, 62, 65,66, 123, 146 Lassel, 72, 88, 117, 118 Law of universal gravitation, 53 Legendre, 65 Leonardo da Vinci, 46 Lewis, G.C., 17 Le Verrier, U.J.J., 65, 68, 70, 71,72, 110, 118, 125 Lexell, 66, 123 Light year, 128 Lipperhey, H., 86 Littrow, 121 Lockyer, J.N., 103, 105, 146 Logarithms invented, 50 Loewy, 2, 100 Long inequality of Jupiter and Saturn, 50, 62 Lowell, P., 111, 112, 118 Lubienietz, S. de, 122 Luther, M., 38 Lunar theory, 37, 50, 56, 64

Maclaurin, 65 Maclear, T., 128 Malvasia, 77 Martin, 9 Maxwell, J. Clerk, 117 Maskelyne, N., 80, 130 McLean, F., 89 Medici, Cosmo di, 48 Melancthon, 38 Melotte, 83, 116 Meteors, 123 Meton, 15 Meyer, 57, 65 Michaelson, 85 Miraldi, 110, 114 Molyneux, 87 Moon, physical observations, 107 Mouchez, 139 Moyriac de Mailla, 8

Napier, Lord, 50 Nasmyth and Carpenter, 108 Nebulae, 141, 146 Neison, E., 108 Neptune, discovery of, 68-72 Newall, 89 Newcomb, 85 Newton, H.A., 124 Newton, I., 5, 19, 43, 49, 51-60, 62, 64, 68, 77, 79, 87, 90, 93, 94, 114, 127, 133 Nicetas, 16, 25 Niesten, 115 Nunez, P., 35

Olbers, H.W.M., 67 Omar, 11, 24 Oppolzer, 13, 125 Oudemans, 129

Palitsch, G., 64 Parallax, solar, 85, 86 Parmenides, 14 Paul III., 30 Paul V., 48 Pemberton, 51 Peters, C.A.F., 125, 128, 135 Photography, 99 Piazzi, G., 67, 128, 129, 139 Picard, 54, 77, 114 Pickering, E.C., 118, 135 Pingré, 13, 122 Plana, 65 Planets and satellites, physical observations, 109-119 Plato, 17, 23, 26, 40 Poisson, 65 Pond, J., 80 Pons, 122 Porta, B., 86 Pound, 87, 114 Pontecoulant, 64 Precession of the equinoxes, 19-21, 55, 57 Proctor, R.A., 111 Pritchett, 115 Ptolemy, 11, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 93 Puiseux and Loewy, 108 Pulfrich, 131 Purbach, G., 24 Pythagoras, 14, 17, 25, 29

Ramsay, W., 106 Ransome and May, 81 Reflecting telescopes invented, 87 Regiomontanus (Müller), 24 Respighi, 82 Retrograde motion of planets, 22 Riccioli, 107 Roberts, 137 Römer, O.,78, 114 Rosse, Earl of, 88, 142 Rowland, H. A., 92, 102 Rudolph H.,37, 39 Rumker, C., 139

Sabine, E., 98 Savary, 133 Schaeberle, J. M., 135 Schiaparelli, G. V., 110, 111, 124, 125 Scheiner, C., 87, 95, 96 Schmidt, 108 Schott, 88 Schröter, J. H., 107, 110, 111, 124, 125 Schuster, 98 Schwabe, G. H., 97 Secchi, A., 93, 144 Short, 87 Simms, J., 81 Slipher, V. M., 119 Socrates, 17 Solon, 15 Souciet, 8 South, J., 133 Spectroscope, 89-92 Spectroheliograph, 101 Spoerer, G. F. W., 98 Spots on the sun, 84; periodicity of, 97 Stars, Parallax, 127; proper motion, 129; double, 132; binaries, 132, 135; new, 19, 36, 137; catalogues of, 19, 36, 139; spectra of, 143 Stewart, B., 2, 100 Stokes, G. G., 91 Stone, E. J., 139 Struve, C. L., 130 Struve, F. G. W,, 88, 115, 128, 133

Telescopes invented, 47, 86; large, 88 Temple, 115, 125 Thales, 13, 16 Theon, 60 Transit circle of Römer, 78 Timocharis, 17, 19 Titius, 66 Torricelli, 113 Troughton, E., 80 Tupman, G. L., 120 Tuttle, 125 Tycho Brahe, 23, 25, 30, 33-38, 39, 40, 44, 50, 75, 77, 93, 94, 129, 137

Ulugh Begh, 24 Uranus, discovery of, 65

Velocity of light, 86, 128; of earth in orbit, 128 Verbiest, 75 Vogel, H. C., 92, 129, 135, 136 Von Asten, 122

Walmsley, 65 Walterus, B., 24, 74 Weiss, E., 125 Wells, 122 Wesley, 104 Whewell, 112 Williams, 10 Wilson, A., 96, 100 Winnecke, 120 Witte, 86 Wollaston, 90 Wolf, M., 119, 125, 132 Wolf, R., 98 Wren, C., 51 Wyllie, A., 77

Yao, 9 Young, C. A., 103 Yu-Chi, 8

Zenith telescopes, 79, 82 Zöllner, 92 Zucchi, 113