History for ready reference, Volumes 1 to 5
Part 806
Under succeeding kings, especially under the sixth of the line, Mithridates I. (not to be confused with the Mithridatic dynasty in Pontus), the kingdom of Parthia was swollen by conquest to a great empire, covering almost the whole territory of the earlier Persian empire, excepting in Asia Minor and Syria. On the rise of the Roman power, the Parthians successfully disputed with it the domination of the east, in several wars (see ROME: B. C. 57-52), none of which were advantageous to the Romans, until the time of Trajan.
_G. Rawlinson, Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy: Parthia._
Trajan (A. D. 115-117—see ROME: A. D. 96-138) "undertook an expedition against the nations of the East. … The success of Trajan, however transient, was rapid and specious. The degenerate Parthians, broken by intestine discord, fled before his arms. He descended the river Tigris in triumph, from the mountains of Armenia to the Persian gulf. He enjoyed the honour of being the first, as he was the last, of the Roman generals who ever navigated that remote sea. His fleets ravaged the coasts of Arabia. … Every day the astonished senate received the intelligence of new names and new nations that acknowledged his sway. … But the death of Trajan soon clouded the splendid prospect. … The resignation of all the eastern conquests of Trajan was the first measure of his [successor Hadrian's] reign. He [Hadrian] restored to the Parthians the election of an independent sovereign, withdrew the Roman garrisons from the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria; and, in compliance with the precept of Augustus, once more established the Euphrates as the frontier of the empire."
_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 1._
In the reign of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at Rome, the Parthian king Vologeses III. (or Arsaces XXVII.) provoked the Roman power anew by invading Armenia and Syria. In the war which followed, the Parthians were driven from Syria and Armenia; Mesopotamia was occupied; Seleucia, Ctesiphon and Babylon taken; and the royal palace at Ctesiphon burned (A. D. 165). Parthia then sued for peace, and obtained it by ceding Mesopotamia, and allowing Armenia to return to the position of a Roman dependency. Half a century later the final conflict of Rome and Parthia occurred. "The battle of Nisibis [A. D. 217], which terminated the long contest between Rome and Parthia, was the fiercest and best contested which was ever fought between the rival powers. It lasted for the space of three days. … Macrinus [the Roman emperor, who commanded] took to flight among the first; and his hasty retreat discouraged his troops, who soon afterwards acknowledged themselves beaten and retired within the lines of their camp. {2492} Both armies had suffered severely. Herodian describes the heaps of dead as piled to such a height that the manœuvres of the troops were impeded by them, and at last the two contending hosts could scarcely see one another. Both armies, therefore, desired peace." But the peace was purchased by Rome at a heavy price. After this, the Parthian monarchy was rapidly undermined by internal dissensions and corruptions, and in A. D. 226 it was overthrown by a revolt of the Persians, who claimed and secured again, after five centuries and a half of subjugation, their ancient leadership among the races of the East. The new Persian Empire, or Sassanian monarchy, was founded by Artaxerxes I. on the ruins of the Parthian throne.
_G. Rawlinson, The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, chapters 3-21._
ALSO IN: _G. Rawlinson, Story of Parthia._
PARTHIAN HORSE. PARTHIAN ARROWS.
"Fleet and active coursers, with scarcely any caparison but a headstall and a single rein, were mounted by riders clad only in a tunic and trousers, and armed with nothing but a strong bow and a quiver full of arrows. A training begun in early boyhood made the rider almost one with his steed; and he could use his weapons with equal ease and effect whether his horse was stationary or at full gallop, and whether he was advancing towards or hurriedly retreating from his enemy. … It was his ordinary plan to keep constantly in motion when in the presence of an enemy, to gallop backwards and forwards, or round and round his square or column, never charging it, but at a moderate interval plying it with his keen and barbed shafts."
_G. Rawlinson, Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, chapter 11._
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Start--------
PARTIES AND FACTIONS, POLITICAL AND POLITICO-RELIGIOUS. Abolitionists.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832; and 1840-1847.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Adullamites.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1865-1868.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Aggraviados.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: American.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Ammoniti.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1358.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anarchists.
See ANARCHISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anilleros.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anti-Corn-Law League.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION (ENGLAND): A. D. 1836-1839; and 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anti-Federalists.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anti-Masonic.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1826-1832; and MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anti-Renters.
See LIVINGSTON MANOR.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Anti-Slavery.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1688-1780; 1776-1808; 1828-1832; 1840-1847.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Armagnacs.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1380-1415; and 1415-1419.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Arrabiati.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1490-1498.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Assideans.
See CHASIDIM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Barnburners.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Beggars.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: GUEUX.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Bianchi.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Bigi, or Greys.
See BIGI.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Blacks, or Black Guelfs.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Blue-Light Federalists.
See BLUE-LIGHT FEDERALISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Blues.
See CIRCUS, FACTIONS OF THE ROMAN; and VENEZUELA: 1829-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Border Ruffians.
See KANSAS: A. D. 1854-1859.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Boys in Blue.
See BOYS IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Bucktails.
See NEW YORK A. D. 1817-1819.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Bundschuh.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1492-1514.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Burgundians.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1385-1415; and 1415-1419.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Burschenschaft.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1817-1820.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Butternuts.
See Boys IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Cabochiens.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1380-1415.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Calixtines, or Utraquists.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434; and 1434-1457.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Camisards.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1702-1710.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Caps and Hats.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: HATS AND CAPS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Carbonari.
See ITALY: A. D. 1808-1809.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Carlists.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1833-1846; and 1873-1885.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Carpet-baggers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Cavaliers and Roundheads.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1641 (OCTOBER); also, ROUNDHEADS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Center.
See RIGHT, LEFT, AND CENTER.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Charcoals.
See CLAYBANKS AND CHARCOALS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Chartists.
See ENGLAND: A.D. 1838-1842; and 1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Chasidim.
See CHASIDIM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Chouans.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1796.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Christinos.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1833-1846; and 1873-1885.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Claybanks and Charcoals.
See CLAYBANKS AND CHARCOALS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Clear Grits.
See CANADA: A. D. 1840-1867.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Clichyans.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1797 (SEPTEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Clintonians.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1817-1819.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Cods.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: HOOKS AND CODS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Communeros.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Communists.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1871 (MARCH-MAY).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Conservative (English).
See CONSERVATIVE PARTY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Constitutional Union.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Copperheads.
See COPPERHEADS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Cordeliers.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1790.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Country Party.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1672-1673.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Covenanters.
See COVENANTERS; also SCOTLAND: A. D. 1557, 1581, 1638, 1644-1645, and 1660-1661, to 1681-1689.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Crêtois.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1795 (APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Decamisados.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792; 1825-1828; 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Doughfaces.
See DOUGHFACES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Douglas Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Equal Rights Party.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1835-1837.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Escocés.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Essex Junto.
See ESSEX JUNTO.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Farmers' Alliance.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1877-1891.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Federalists.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792; 1812; and 1814 (DECEMBER) THE HARTFORD CONVENTION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Feds.
See BOYS IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Fenians.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1858-1867; and CANADA: A. D. 1866-1871.
Feuillants. See FRANCE: A. D. 1790.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Free Soilers.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Free Traders.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: The Fronde.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1649, to 1651-1653.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Gachupines.
See GACHUPINES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Girondists.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER), to 1793-1794 (OCTOBER-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Gomerists.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1603-1619.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Grangers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1877-1891.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Graybacks.
See Boys IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Greenbackers.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1880.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Greens.
See CIRCUS, FACTIONS OF THE ROMAN.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Greys.
See BIGI.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Guadalupes.
See GACHUPINES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Guelfs and Ghibellines.
See GUELFS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Gueux, or Beggars.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1562-1566.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Half-breeds.
See STALWARTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Hard-Shell Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Hats and Caps.
See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1720-1792.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Home Rulers or Nationalists.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879; also ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886, and 1892-1893.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Hooks and Cods, or Kabeljauws.
See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1345-1354; and 1482-1493.
{2493}
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Huguenots.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1559-1561, to 1598-1599; 1620-1622, to 1627-1628; 1661-1680; 1681-1698; 1702-1710.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Hunkers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Iconoclasts of the 8th century.
See ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Iconoclasts of the 16th century.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1566-1568.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Importants.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1642-1643.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Independent Republicans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Independents, or Separatists.
See INDEPENDENTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Intransigentists.
See INTRANSIGENTISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Irredentists.
See IRREDENTISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Jacobins.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1790, to 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Jacobites.
See JACOBITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Jacquerie.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1358.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Jingoes.
See TURKS: A. D. 1878.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Kabeljauws.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: HOOKS AND CODS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Kharejites.
See KHAREJITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Know Nothing.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Ku Klux Klan.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1866-1871.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Land Leaguers.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1873-1879.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Left. Left Center.
See RIGHT, LEFT, AND CENTER.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Legitimists.
See LEGITIMISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Leliaerds.
See LELIAERDS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Levellers.
See LEVELLERS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Liberal Republicans.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1872.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Liberal Unionists.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1885-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Libertines.
See LIBERTINES OF GENEVA.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Liberty Boys.
See PARTIES AND FACTIONS: SONS OF LIBERTY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Liberty Party.
See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D.1840-1847.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Locofocos.
See LOCOFOCOS; and NEW YORK: A.D. 1835-1837.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Lollards.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1360-1414.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Malignants.
See MALIGNANTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: The Marais, or Plain.
See FRANCE A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Marians.
See ROME: B. C. 88-78.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Martling Men.
See MARTLING MEN.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Melchites.
See MELCHITES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: The Mountain.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER); 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER); and after, to 1794-1705 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Mugwumps.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Muscadins.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1794-1795 (JULY-APRIL).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Nationalists, Irish.
See ENGLAND: A.D. 1885-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Neri.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Nihilists.
See NIHILISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Oak Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1708.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Opportunists.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1893.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Orangemen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1705-1706.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Orleanists.
See LEGITIMISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: The Ormée.
See BORDEAUX: A. D. 1652-1653.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Orphans.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Ottimati.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Palleschi.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Patrons of Husbandry.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1877-1801.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Peep-o'-Day Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798, and 1784.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Pelucones.
See PELUCONES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Petits Maîtres.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1650-1651.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Piagnoni.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1490-1408.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: The Plain.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1792 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Plebs.
See PLEBEIANS; also, ROME: THE BEGINNING, and after.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Politiques.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1573-1576.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Popolani.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1498-1500.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Populist or People's.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1892.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Prohibitionists.
See PROHIBITIONISTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Protectionists.
See TARIFF LEGISLATION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Puritan.
See PURITANS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Republican (Earlier).
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1825-1828. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1854-1855.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Ribbonmen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1820-1826.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Right.—Right Center.
See RIGHT, LEFT, AND CENTER.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Roundheads.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1641 (OCTOBER); also, ROUNDHEADS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Sansculottes.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1791 (OCTOBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Secesh.
See BOYS IN BLUE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Serviles.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1814-1827.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Shias.
See ISLAM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Silver-greys. Snuff-takers.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Socialists.
See SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Soft-Shell Democrats.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1845-1846.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Sons of Liberty.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY, and 1864 (OCTOBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Stalwarts.
See STALWARTS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Steel Boys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Sunni.
See ISLAM.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Taborites.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434; and 1434-1457.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Tammany Ring.
See NEW YORK: A. D. 1863-1871; and TAMMANY SOCIETY.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Tories.
See RAPPAREES; ENGLAND: A. D. 1680; CONSERVATIVE PARTY; and TORIES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Tugenbund.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1808 (APRIL-DECEMBER).
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Ultramontanists.
See ULTRAMONTANE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: United Irishmen.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1703-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Utraquists.
See BOHEMIA: A. D. 1419-1434; and 1434-1457.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Whigs (American).
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1834.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Whigs (English).
See WHIGS.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Whiteboys.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1760-1798.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: White Hoods.
See FLANDERS: A. D. 1379, and 'WHITE HOODS OF FRANCE.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Whites.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1295-1300; and 1301-1313.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Wide Awakes.
See WIDE AWAKES.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Woolly-heads.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Yellows;
See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Yorkinos.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1822-1828.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Young Ireland.
See IRELAND: A. D. 1841-1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Young Italy.
See ITALY: A. D. 1831-1848.
PARTIES AND FACTIONS: Zealots.
See ZEALOTS; and JEWS: A. D. 66-70.
PARTITION OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE, The Treaties of.
See SPAIN: A. D. 1698-1700.
PARTITIONS OF POLAND.
See POLAND: A. D. 1763-1773; and 1793-1706.
PARU, The Great.
See EL DORADO.
PASARGADÆ.
One of the tribes of the ancient Persians, from which came the royal race of the Achæmenids.
See PERSIA: ANCIENT PEOPLE AND COUNTRY.
PASCAGOULAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.
PASCAL I., Pope, A. D. 817-824.
Pascal II., Pope, 1099-1118.
PASCUA.
See VECTIGAL.
PASSAROWITZ, Peace of (1718).
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1699-1718; and TURKS: A. D. 1714-1718.
PASSAU: Taken by the Bavarians and French.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1703.
PASSAU, Treaty of.
See GERMANY; A. D. 1546-1552.
PASSÉ, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.
PASTEUR, Louis, and his work in Bacteriology.
See MEDICAL SCIENCE: 19TH CENTURY.
PASTORS, The Crusade of the.
See CRUSADES: A. D. 1252.
PASTRENGO, Battle of (1799).
SEE FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-APRIL).
{2494}
PASTRY WAR, The.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1828-1844.
PATAGONIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PATAGONIANS.
PATARA, Oracle of.
See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.
PATARENES. PATERINI.
About the middle of the 11th century, there appeared at Milan a young priest named Ariald who caused a great commotion by attacking the corruptions of clergy and people and preaching repentance and reform. The whole of Milan became "separated into two hotly contending parties. This controversy divided families; it was the one object which commanded universal participation. The popular party, devoted to Ariald and Landulph [a deacon who supported Ariald], was nicknamed 'Pataria', which in the dialect of Milan signified a popular faction; and as a heretical tendency might easily grow out of, or attach itself to, this spirit of separatism so zealously opposed to the corruption of the clergy, it came about that, in the following centuries, the name Patarenes was applied in Italy as a general appellation to denote sects contending against the dominant church and clergy—sects which, for the most part, met with great favour from the people."
_A. Neander, General History of the Christian Religion and Church (Bohn's edition), volume 6, page 67._
"The name Patarini is derived from the quarter of the rag-gatherers, Pataria."
_W. Moeller, History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages, page 253, foot-note._
During the fierce controversy of the 11th century over the question of celibacy for the clergy (see PAPACY: A. D. 1056-1122), the party in Milan which supported Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) in his inflexible warfare against the marriage of priests were called by their opponents Patarines.
_H. H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity, book 6, chapter 3._
See, also, CATHARISTS: ALBIGENSES; and PAULICIANS; and TURKS: A. D. 1402-1451.
PATAVIUM, Early knowledge of.
See VENETI OF CISALPINE GAUL.
PATAY, Battle of (1429).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1429-1431.
PATCHINAKS. UZES. COMANS.
The Patchinaks, or Patzinaks, Uzes and Comans were successive swarms of Turkish nomads which came into southeastern Europe during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, following and driving each other into the long and often devastated Danubian provinces of the Byzantine empire, and across the Balkans. The wars of the empire with the Patchinaks were many and seriously exhausting. The Comans are said to have been Turcomans, with the first part of their true name dropped off.
_E. Pears, The Fall of Constantinople, chapter 3._
See, also, RUSSIANS: A. D. 865-900.
PATER PATRATUS.
See FETIALES.
PATER PATRIÆ.
"The first individual, belonging to an epoch strictly historical, who received this title was Cicero, to whom it was voted by the Senate after the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy."
_W. Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquity, chapter 5._
PATERINI, The.
See PATARENES.
PATNA, Massacre at (1763).
See INDIA: A. D. 1757-1772.
PATRIARCH OF THE WEST, The.
"It was not long after the dissolution of the Jewish state [consequent on the revolt suppressed by Titus] that it revived again in appearance, under the form of two separate communities mostly dependent upon each other: one under a sovereignty purely spiritual, the other partly temporal and partly spiritual,—but each comprehending all the Jewish families in the two great divisions of the world. At the head of the Jews on this side of the Euphrates appeared the Patriarch of the West: the chief of the Mesopotamian community assumed the striking but more temporal title of 'Resch-Glutha,' or' Prince of the Captivity. The origin of both these dignities, especially of the Western patriarchate, is involved in much obscurity."
_H. H. Milman, History of the Jews, book 18._
See, also, JEWS: A. D. 200-400.
PATRIARCHS.
See PRIMATES.
PATRICIAN, The class.
See COMITIA CURIATA; also, PLEBEIANS.
PATRICIAN, The Later Roman Title.