Part 36

"The first natives whom Cortes met on landing in Mexico were the Totonacos. They occupied the territory of Totonicapan, now included in the State of Vera Cruz. According to traditions of their own, they had resided there 800 years, most of which time they were independent, though a few generations before the arrival of the Spaniards they had been subjected by the arms of the Montezumas. … Sahagun describes them as almost white in color, their heads artificially deformed, but their features regular and handsome. Robes of cotton beautifully dyed served them for garments, and their feet were covered with sandals. … These people were highly civilized. Cempoalla, their capital city, was situated about five miles from the sea, at the junction of two streams. Its houses were of brick and mortar, and each was surrounded by a small garden, at the foot of which a stream of fresh water was conducted. … The affinities of the Totonacos are difficult to make out. … Their language has many words from Maya roots, but it has also many more from the Nahuatl."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, page 139._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tukuarika.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tupi. Guarani. Tupuyas.

"The first Indians with whom the Portuguese came in contact, on the discovery of Brazil, called themselves Tupinama, a term derived by Barnhagen from Tupi and Mba, something like warrior or nobleman; by Martius from Tupi and Anamba (relative) with the signification 'belonging to the Tupi tribe.' These Tupi dwell on the east coast of Brazil, and with their language the Portuguese were soon familiar. It was found especially serviceable as a means of communication with other tribes, and this led the Jesuits later to develop it as much as possible, and introduce it as a universal language of intercourse with the Savages. Thus the 'lingua geral Brasilica' arose, which must be regarded as a Tupi with a Portuguese pronunciation. The result was a surprising one, for it really succeeded in forming, for the tribes of Brazil, divided in language, a universal means of communication. Without doubt the wide extent of the Tupi was very favorable, especially since on this side of the Andes, as far as the Caribbean Sea, the continent of South America was overrun with Tupi hordes. … Von Martius has endeavored to trace their various migrations and abodes, by which they have acquired a sort of ubiquity in tropical South America. … This history … leads to the supposition that, had the discovery been delayed a few centuries, the Tupi might have become the lords of eastern South America, and have spread a higher culture over that region. The Tupi family may be divided, according to their fixed abodes, into the southern, northern, eastern, western, and central Tupi; all these are again divided into a number of smaller tribes. The southern Tupi are usually called Guarani (warriors), a name which the Jesuits first introduced. It cannot be determined from which direction they came. The greatest number are in Paraguay and the Argentine province of Corrientes. The Jesuits brought them to a very high degree of civilization. The eastern Tupi, the real Tupinamba, are scattered along the Atlantic coast from St. Catherina Island to the mouth of the Amazon. They are a very weak tribe. They say they came from the south and west. The northern Tupi are a weak and widely scattered remnant of a large tribe, and are now in the province of Para, on the island of Marajo, and along both banks of the Amazon. … It is somewhat doubtful if this peaceable tribe are really Tupi. … The central Tupi live in several free hordes between the Tocantins and Madeira. … Cutting off the heads of enemies is in vogue among them. … The Mundrucu are especially the head-hunting tribe. The western Tupi all live in Bolivia. They are the only ones who came in contact with the Inca empire, and their character and manners show the influence of this. Some are a picture of idyllic gayety and patriarchal mildness."

_The Standard Natural History (J. S. Kingsley, editor) volume 6, pages 248-249._

"In frequent contiguity with the Tupis was another stock, also widely dispersed through Brazil, called the Tupuyas, of whom the Botocudos in eastern Brazil are the most prominent tribe. To them also belong the Ges nations, south of the lower Amazon, and others. They are on a low grade of culture, going quite naked, not cultivating the soil, ignorant of pottery, and with poorly made canoes. They are dolichocephalic, and must have inhabited the country a long time."

_D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pages 269-270._

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AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Turiero.

See above: CHIBCHAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tuscaroras.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, and IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tuteloes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Twightwees, or Miamis.

See above: ILLINOIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Two Kettles.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uaupe.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uchean Family.

"The pristine homes of the Yuchi are not now traceable with any degree of certainty. The Yuchi are supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his memorable march, and the town of Cofitachiqui chronicled by him, is believed by many investigators to have stood at Silver Bluff, on the left bank of the Savannah, about 25 miles below Augusta. If, as is supposed by some authorities, Cofitachiqui was a Yuchi town, this would locate the Yuchi in a section which, when first known to the whites, was occupied by the Shawnee. Later the Yuchi appear to have lived somewhat farther down the Savannah."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 126._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uhilches.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uirina.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uncpapas.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Upsarokas, or Absarokas, or Crows.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Utahs.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wabenakies, or Abnakis.

See above: ABNAKIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wacos, or Huecos.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wahpetons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waiilatpuan Family.

"Hale established this family and placed under it the Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and the Molele. Their headquarters as indicated by Hale are the upper part of the Walla Walla River and the country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 127._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waikas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wakashan Family.

"The above family name was based upon a vocabulary of the Wakash Indians, who, according to Gallatin, 'inhabit the island on which Nootka Sound is situated.' … The term 'Wakash' for this group of languages has since been generally ignored, and in its place Nootka or Nootka-Columbian has been adopted. … Though by no means as appropriate a designation as could be found, it seems clear that for the so-called Wakash, Newittee, and other allied languages usually assembled under the Nootka family, the term Wakash of 1836 has priority and must be retained."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, pages 129-130._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wampanoags, or Pokanokets.

See above: POKANOKETS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wapisianas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wappingers.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waraus.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Washakis.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES Washoan Family.

"This family is represented by a single well known tribe, whose range extended from Reno, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, to the lower end of Carson Valley."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 131._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wichitas, or Pawnee Picts.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Winnebagoes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wishoskan Family.

"This is a small and obscure linguistic family and little is known concerning the dialects composing it or of the tribes which speak it. … The area occupied by the tribes speaking dialects of this language was the coast from a little below the mouth of Eel River to a little north of Mad River, including particularly the country about Humboldt Bay."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 133._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Witumkas.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Woccons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wyandots.

See above: HURONS.

Yamasis and Yamacraws.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yamco.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yanan Family.

"The eastern boundary of the Yanan territory is formed by a range of mountains a little west of Lassen Butte and terminating near Pit River; the northern boundary by a line running from northeast to southwest, passing near the northern side of Round Mountain, three miles from Pit River. The western boundary from Redding southward is on an average 10 miles to the east of the Sacramento. North of Redding it averages double that distance or about 20 miles."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 135._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yanktons and Yanktonnais.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yncas, or Incas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuchi.

See above: UCHEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuguarzongo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yukian Family.

"Round Valley, California, subsequently made a reservation to receive the Yuki and other tribes, was formerly the chief seat of the tribes of the family, but they also extended across the mountains to the coast."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 136._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuman Family.

"The center of distribution of the tribes of this family is generally considered to be the lower Colorado and Gila Valleys."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 137._

See above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuncas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuroks or Eurocs.

See above: MODOCS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zaporo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Zoques, Mixes, etc.

"The greater part of Gaxaca [Mexico] and the neighboring regions are still occupied by the Zapytees, who call themselves Didja-za. There are now about 265,000 of them, about 50,000 of whom speak nothing but their native tongue. In ancient times they constituted a powerful independent state, the citizens of which seem to have been quite as highly civilized as any member of the Aztec family. They were agricultural and sedentary, living in villages and constructing buildings of stone and mortar. {108} The most remarkable, but by no means the only, specimens of these still remaining are the ruins of Mitla. … The Mixtecs adjoined the Zapotecs to the west, extending along the coast of the Pacific to about the present port of Acapulco. In culture they were equal to the Zapotecs. … The mountain regions of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and the adjacent portions of the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca are the habitats of the Zoques, Mixes, and allied tribes. The early historians draw a terrible picture of their valor, savagery and cannibalism, which reads more like tales to deter the Spaniards from approaching their domains than truthful accounts. However this may be, they have been for hundreds of years a peaceful, ignorant, timid part of the population, homely, lazy and drunken. … The faint traditions of these peoples pointed to the South for their origin. … The Chinantecs inhabited Chinantla, which is a part of the state of Oaxaca. … The Chinantecs had been reduced by the Aztecs and severely oppressed by them. Hence they welcomed the Spaniards as deliverers. … Other names by which they are mentioned are Tenez and Teutecas. … In speaking of the province of Chiapas the historian Herrera informs us that it derived its name from the pueblo so-called, 'whose inhabitants were the most remarkable in New Spain for their traits and inclinations.' They had early acquired the art of horsemanship, they were skillful in all kinds of music, excellent painters, carried on a variety of arts, and were withal very courteous to each other. One tradition was that they had reached Chiapas from Nicaragua. … But the more authentic legend of the Chapas or Chapanecs, as they were properly called from their totemic bird the Chapa, the red macaw, recited that the whole stock moved down from a northern latitude, following down the Pacific coast until they came to Soconusco, where they divided, one part entering the mountains of Chiapas, the other proceeding on to Nicaragua."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, pages 140-146._

ALSO IN _A. Bandelier, Report of Archæological Tour in Mexico._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zoques.

See above: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zuñian Family.

"Derivation: From the Cochiti term Suinyi, said to mean 'the people of the long nails,' referring to the surgeons of Zuñi who always wear some of their nails very long (Cushing)."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 138._

See, above, PUEBLOS; also, AMERICA: PREHISTORIC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: End----------

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER), and after.

Statistics of. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (MAY).

AMERICAN KNIGHTS, Order of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

AMERICAN PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

AMERICAN SYSTEM, The.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1816-1824.

AMHERST, Lord, The Indian Administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833.

AMHERST'S CAMPAIGNS IN AMERICA.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1758 to 1760.

AMICITIÆ.

See GUILDS OF FLANDERS.

AMIDA, Sieges of.

The ancient city of Amida, now Diarbekr, on the right bank of the Upper Tigris was thrice taken by the Persians from the Romans, in the course of the long wars between the two nations. In the first instance, A. D. 359, it fell after a terrible siege of seventy-three days, conducted by the Persian king Sapor in person, and was given up to pillage and slaughter, the Roman commanders crucified and the few surviving inhabitants dragged to Persia as slaves. The town was then abandoned by the Persians, repeopled by the Romans and recovered its prosperity and strength, only to pass through a similar experience again in 502 A. D., when it was besieged for eighty days by the Persian king Kobad, carried by storm, and most of its inhabitants slaughtered or enslaved. A century later, A. D. 605, Chosroes took Amida once more, but with less violence.

_G. Rawlinson, Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, chapters 9, 19 and 24._

See, also, PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

AMIENS. Origin of name.

See BELGÆ.

AMIENS: A. D. 1597. Surprise by the Spaniards. Recovery by Henry IV.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.

AMIENS: A. D. 1870. Taken by the Germans.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870-1871.

AMIENS: End----------

AMIENS, The Mise of.

See OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF.

AMIENS, Treaty of (1527). Negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey, between Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France, establishing an alliance against the Emperor, Charles V. The treaty was sealed and sworn to in the cathedral church at Amiens, Aug. 18, 1527.

_J. S. Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII., volume 2, chapters 26 and 28._

AMIENS, Treaty of (1801).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1801-1802.

AMIN AL, Caliph, A. D. 809-813.

AMIR. An Arabian title, signifying chief or ruler.

AMISIA, The. The ancient name of the river Ems.

AMISUS, Siege of.

The siege of Amisus by Lucullus was one of the important operations of the Third Mithridatic war. The city was on the coast of the Black Sea, between the rivers Halys and Lycus; it is represented in site by the modern town of Samsoon. Amisus, which was besieged in 73 B. C. held out until the following year. Tyrannio the grammarian was among the prisoners taken and sent to Rome.

_G. Long, Decline of the Roman Republic, volume 3, chapters 1 and 2._

AMMANN. This is the title of the Mayor or President of the Swiss Communal Council or Gemeinderath.

See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.

AMMON, The Temple and Oracle of.

The Ammonium or Oasis of Ammon, in the Libyan desert, which was visited by Alexander the Great, has been identified with the oasis now known as the Oasis of Siwah. "The Oasis of Siwah was first visited and described by Browne in 1792; and its identity with that of Ammon fully established by Major Rennell ('Geography of Herodotus,' pages 577-591). … The site of the celebrated temple and oracle of Ammon was first discovered by Mr. Hamilton in 1853." "Its famous oracle was frequently visited by Greeks from Cyrene, as well as from other parts of the Hellenic world, and it vied in reputation with those of Delphi and Dodona."

_E. H. Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography, chapter 8, section 1, and chapter 12, section 1, and note E._

An expedition of 50,000 men sent by Cambyses to Ammon, B. C. 525, is said to have perished in the desert, to the last man.

See EGYPT: B. C. 525-332.

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AMMONITES, The.

According to the narrative in Genesis xix: 30-39, the Ammonites were descended from Ben-Ammi, son of Lot's second daughter, as the Moabites came from Moab, the eldest daughter's son. The two people are much associated in Biblical history. "It is hard to avoid the conclusion that, while Moab was the settled and civilized half of the nation of Lot, the Bene Ammon formed its predatory and Bedouin section."

_G. Grove, Dictionary of the Bible._

See JEWS: THE EARLY HEBREW HISTORY; also, MOABITES.

AMMONITI, OR AMMONIZIONI, The.

See FLORENCE: A. D. 1358.

AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A.D. 1863 (DECEMBER).

AMORIAN DYNASTY, The.

See BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 820-1057.

AMORIAN WAR, The.

The Byzantine Emperor, Theophilus, in war with the Saracens, took and destroyed, with peculiar animosity, the town of Zapetra or Sozopetra, in Syria, which happened to be the birthplace of the reigning caliph, Motassem, son of Haroun Alraschid. The caliph had condescended to intercede for the place, and his enemy's conduct was personally insulting to him, as well as atrociously inhumane. To avenge the outrage he invaded Asia Minor, A. D. 838, at the head of an enormous army, with the special purpose of destroying the birthplace of Theophilus. The unfortunate town which suffered that distinction was Amorinm in Phrygia,—whence the ensuing war was called the Amorian War. Attempting to defend Amorinm in the field, the Byzantines were hopelessly defeated, and the doomed city was left to its fate. It made an heroic resistance for fifty-five days, and the siege is said to have cost the caliph 70,000 men. But he entered the place at last with a merciless sword, and left a heap of ruins for the monument of his revenge.

_E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter 52. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717_

AMORITES, The.