Part 1227

_T. O'Conor Sloane, The Standard Electrical Dictionary https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26535_

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CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT AND INDICATIVE EVENTS.

TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA. [BEFORE]

B. C. 4777. Beginning of the Egyptian dynasties as given by Manetho, according to the latest computations. [Uncertain date]

2250. Beginning of the reign of Hammurabi, or Chammurabi, the first important king of Babylonia. [Uncertain date]

1500. Independence of Assyria as a kingdom separate from Babylonia, and rise of Nineveh. [Uncertain date]

1330. Beginning of the reign in Egypt of Ramses II., the Sesostris of the Greeks. [Uncertain date]

1260. Death of Ramses II., king of Egypt, and accession of Merneptah or Merenptah, supposed by many writers to be the Pharaoh of the Oppression. [Uncertain date]

1200. Exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt. [Uncertain date]

1120. Beginning of the reign of Tiglathpileser I., king of Assyria. [Uncertain date]

1000. Beginning of the reign of King David. [Uncertain date]

960. Death of David and beginning of the reign of Solomon. [Uncertain date]

776. Beginning of the Olympiads.

753. The founding of Rome. [Uncertain date]

745. First war between Sparta and Messenia.

734. Founding of Syracuse by Greeks from Corinth.

725. End of first Messenian War. 722. Overthrow of the kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians. Captivity of the Ten Tribes.

685. The second war between Messenia and Sparta.

668. End of the second Messenian war.

640. Birth of Thales. [Uncertain date]

624. Supposed date of the legislation of Draco, at Athens. [Uncertain date] 612. Conspiracy of Cylon at Athens.

608. Accession of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylonia.

606. Destruction of Nineveh and overthrow of the Assyrian empire by the Medes. [Uncertain date]

601. First invasion of Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar.

598. Invasion of Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar.

594. The Constitution of Solon adopted at Athens.

586. Capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. End of the kingdom of Judah and exile of the remnant of the people to Babylon.

560. Tyranny of Pisistratus established at Athens.

551. Birth of Confucius [Uncertain date] (d. 478).

549. Overthrow of the Median monarchy by Cyrus, and founding of the Persian.

546. Overthrow of Crœsus and the kingdom of Lydia by Cyrus, king of Persia.

538. Conquest of Babylon by Cyrus.

529. Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses to the throne of Persia.

525. Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, king of Persia. Birth of Æschylus (d. 456).

521. Accession of Darius I., king of Persia.

520. Birth of Pindar. [Uncertain date] 516. Invasion of Scythia by Darius, king of Persia. [Uncertain date]

514. Birth of Themistocles [Uncertain date] (d. 449 [Uncertain date]).

510. Expulsion of the Pisistratids from Athens.

509. Expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. [Uncertain date] Founding of the Republic (Roman chronology).

508. Political reorganization of Athens by Cleisthenes.

506. Subjection of Macedonia to Persia.

500. Rising of the Greek colonies in Ionia, against the Persians.

495. Birth of Sophocles (d. 405 [Uncertain date]).

493. League of the Romans and Latins.

492. First secession of the Roman Plebs. Creation of the Tribunes of the People.

490. First Persian expedition against Greece. Destruction of Naxos by the Persians. Their overwhelming defeat at Marathon.

489. Condemnation and death of Miltiades at Athens. [Uncertain date]

486. Accession of Xerxes to the throne of Persia.

484. Birth of Herodotus. [Uncertain date]

480. Second Persian invasion of Greece. Thermopylæ. Artemisium. Salamis. Retreat of Xerxes. Carthaginian invasion of Sicily. Battle of Himera. Birth of Euripides. [Uncertain date]

479. Battles of Platæa and Mycale and end of the Persian invasion of Greece.

478. Beginning of the tyranny of Hieron at Syracuse.

477. Formation of the Confederacy of Delos, under Athens.

471. Exile of Themistocles from Athens. Birth of Thucydides (d. 401 [Uncertain date]).

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469. Birth of Socrates [Uncertain date] (d. 399 [Uncertain date]).

466. Naval victory of the Greeks over the Persians at Eurymedon. Outbreak of the Plague at Rome. Revolt of Naxos from the Delian Confederacy. Fall of the tyrants at Syracuse.

465. Murder of Xerxes I., and accession of Artaxerxes I. to the throne of Persia.

464. Great earthquake at Sparta. Rising of the Helots, or beginning of the third Messenian War.

460. Birth of Hippocrates.

458. Commencement of the Long Walls of Athens.

457. Beginning of war of Corinth, Sparta, and Ægina with Athens. Battle of Tanagra.

456. Athenian victory at Œnophyta.

455. End of the third Messenian War.

450. End of war against Athens. Framing of the Twelve Tables of the Roman Law. The Decemvirs at Rome. Birth of Alcibiades [Uncertain date] (d. 404).

447. Defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians at Coronea.

445. Conclusion of the Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta and their allies. Ascendancy of Pericles at Athens. Peace of Callias between Greece and Persia. Birth of Xenophon. [Uncertain date]

444. Creation of Consular Tribunes at Rome. Exile of Thucydides from Athens.

435. War between Corinth and Corcyra.

432. Complaints against Athens. Peloponnesian Congress at Sparta. Revolt of Potidæa.

431. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Invasion of Attica.

430. Second invasion of Attica. The Plague at Athens.

429. Death of Pericles at Athens. Capture of Potidæa. Birth of Plato (d. 347).

427. Destruction of Platæa by the Peloponnesians. Massacre at Corcyra.

425. Surrender of Spartans to the Athenians at Sphacteria. Accession of Xerxes II., king of Persia.

421. Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta. End of the first period of the Peloponnesian War.

415. Expedition of the Athenians against Syracuse. Mutilation of the Hermæ at Athens. Accusation and flight of Alcibiades.

413. Disaster to the Athenians before Syracuse. Renewal of the Peloponnesian War.

411. Oligarchical revolution at Athens. The Four Hundred and their fall. Recall of Alcibiades.

409. Carthaginian invasion of Sicily.

406. Victory of the Athenians over the Peloponnesians in the battle of Arginusæ. Execution of the generals at Athens.

405. Defeat of the Athenians at Aigospotamoi. Successful revolt of the Egyptians against the Persians, and independence established.

404. Fall of Athens. End of the Peloponnesian War.

401. Expedition of Cyrus the Younger.

400. Retreat of the Ten Thousand under Xenophon. Birth of Timoleon [Uncertain date] (d. 337).

391). Condemnation and death of Socrates at Athens. War of Sparta with Persia.

395. League of Greek cities against Sparta. The Corinthian War.

390. Rome destroyed by the Gauls.

389. Birth of Æschines [Uncertain date] (d. 314).

387. Peace of Antalcidas between the Greeks and Persians.

385. Birth of Demosthenes [Uncertain date] (d. 322).

384. Birth of Aristotle (d. 322).

383. Betrayal of Thebes to Sparta. War of Syracuse with Carthage.

379. Overthrow of the Olynthian League by Sparta. Deliverance of Thebes.

371. Defeat of Sparta at Leuctra. Ascendancy of Thebes. Arcadian Union.

370. Peloponnesian expedition of Epaminondas.

361. Adoption of the Licinian Laws at Rome.

362. Victory and death of Epaminondas at Mantinea.

359. Accession of Philip to the throne of Macedonia.

357. Outbreak of the Ten Years Sacred War in Greece.

356. Burning of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Birth of Alexander the Great (d. 323).

353. Final conquest of Egypt by the Persians.

352. Interference of Philip of Macedonia in the Greek Sacred War. First Philippic of Demosthenes.

343. Deliverance of Syracuse by Timoleon. First Samnite War in Italy.

341. End of first Samnite War.

340. Adoption of the Publilian Laws at Rome.

338. League of Greek cities against Philip of Macedonia. His victory at Chæronea. His domination established. Subjugation of the Latins by Rome.

336. Assassination of Philip of Macedonia, and accession of Alexander the Great.

335. Revolt of Thebes. Alexander's destruction of the city.

334. Alexander's expedition against Persia. His victory at the Granicus.

333. Alexander's victory over the Persians at Issus.

332. Alexander's sieges of Tyre and Gaza. His conquest of Egypt and founding of Alexandria.

331. Alexander's victory at Arbela. Overthrow of the Persian empire.

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330. Alexander's destruction of Persepolis.

326. Alexander in India. Defeat of Porus. Beginning of second Samnite War in Italy.

323. Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon. Partition of his dominion among the generals. Revolt in Greece. The Lamian War.

322. Subjugation of Athens by the Macedonians. Death of Demosthenes.

321. Beginning of the Wars of the Successors of Alexander. Founding of the kingdom of the Ptolemies In Egypt. Defeat of the Romans by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks.

317. Execution of Phocion at Athens.

307. Athens under the rule of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

306. Royal titles assumed by Antigonus (as king of Asia), Ptolemy, in Egypt, Seleucus Nicator, in Syria, Lysimachus, in Thrace, and Cassander, in Macedonia.

305. Siege of Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes.

304. End of the second Samnite War in Italy.

301. Battle of Ipsus. Overthrow and death of Antigonus.

298. Beginning of third Samnite War.

295. Roman defeat of the Gauls at Sentinum.

290. End of the third Samnite War.

287. Birth of Archimedes [Uncertain date] (d. 212).

286. Adoption of the Hortensian Laws at Rome.

280. Invasion of Italy by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. Invasion of Greece by the Gauls. Rise of the Achaian League.

278. Pyrrhus in Sicily, in war against Carthage.

275. Defeat of Pyrrhus at Beneventum.

264. Beginning of the first Punic War between Rome and Carthage.

263. Athens captured by Antigonus Gonatus.

255. Defeat and capture of Regulus in Africa.

250. Founding of the kingdom of Parthia by Arsaces. [Uncertain date]

247. Birth of Hannibal [Uncertain date] (d. 183). 241. End of the first Punic War. Roman conquest of Sicily. Revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries.

234. Birth of Cato the Elder (d. 149). Birth of Scipio Africanus the Elder [Uncertain date](d. 183).

227. War of Sparta with the Achaian League.

222. Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul completed.

221. Battle of Sellasia. Sparta crushed by the king of Macedonia.

218. Beginning of the second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal in Italy.

217. Hannibal's defeat of the Romans at the Trasimene Lake. Cœle-Syria and Palestine ceded to Egypt by Antiochus the Great.

216. Great defeat of the Romans by Hannibal at Cannæ.

214. Beginning of war between Rome and Macedonia.

212. Siege and reduction of Syracuse by the Romans.

211. Hannibal at the Roman gates.

210. Ægina taken by the Romans and the inhabitants reduced to slavery.

207. Defeat of Hasdrubal on the Metaurus.

206. Birth of Polybius. [Uncertain date]

205. End of first Macedonian War.

202. Scipio's decisive victory at Zama, in Africa, ending the second Punic War.

201. Subjection of the Jews to the Seleucid monarchy.

200. Roman declaration of war against the king of Macedonia.

197. Decisive Roman victory over the Macedonians at Cynoscephalæ.

196. Freedom of the Greeks proclaimed by the Roman general Flamininus.

195. Birth of Terence [Uncertain date] (d. 158 [Uncertain date]).

191. Romans defeat Antiochus of Syria at Thermopylæ in Greece. Final subjugation of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans.

190. Decisive defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia, by the Romans. Beginning of Roman conquest in Asia.

189. Fall of the Ætolian League.

185. Birth of Scipio Africanus the Younger (d. 129).

171. The third war between Rome and Macedonia.

168. Roman victory at Pydna; extinction of the Macedonian kingdom. Birth of Tiberius Gracchus [Uncertain date] (d. 133).

167. Revolt of the Jews under Judas Maccabæus, against Antiochus, king of Syria.

165. Judas Maccabæus in Jerusalem; the Temple purified. 161. Defeat and death of Judas Maccabæus.

157. Birth of Marius (d. 86).

149. Opening of the third Punic War between Rome and Carthage.

146. Roman destruction of Carthage and Corinth. Greece absorbed in the dominion of Rome.

138. Birth of Sulla (d. 78).

135. Assassination of Simon Maccabæus; accession of John Hyrcanus to the High Priesthood.

133. Outbreak of the Servile War in Sicily. Attempted reforms and death of Tiberius Gracchus at Rome. Reduction of Numantia.

121. Death of Caius Gracchus at Rome.

111. Beginning of the Jugurthine War between Rome and Numidia.

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106. Birth of Cicero (d. 43). Birth of Pompey the Great (d. 48).

105. Great defeat of the Romans by the Cimbri at Arausio. Royal title taken by Aristobulus in Judea.

104. Ending of the Jugurthine War by Marius.

102. Destruction of the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ by the Romans under Marius.

101. Destruction of the Cimbri by Marius.

100. Adoption of the Apuleian Law at Rome. Birth of Julius Cæsar (d. 44).

95. Birth of Lucretius (d. 55).

90. Outbreak of the Social War, or struggle of the Italians.

88. Beginning of the first civil war (Marius and Sulla) at Rome, and of war with Mithridates, king of Pontus. Unsuccessful siege of Rhodes by Mithridates.

87. Campaigns of the Romans under Sulla against Mithridates in Greece. Marian proscriptions at Rome. Birth of Catullus [Uncertain date] (d. 47 [Uncertain date]).

86. Sulla's capture of Athens and victory at Chæronea. Death of Marius. Birth of Sallust (d. 34 [Uncertain date]).

84. End of the first Mithridatic War.

83. Return of Sulla to Italy; burning of the Temple of Jupiter; civil war at Rome.

82. Sulla master of Rome; the Sullan reign of terror.

80. War with Sertorius in Spain.

79. Sulla's resignation of the dictatorship.

78. Death of Sulla.

74. Opening of third Mithridatic War between Rome and the king of Pontus.

73. Rising of the Roman gladiators under Spartacus.

72. Assassination of Sertorius in Spain; Pompey in command.

71. Defeat of the gladiators and death of Spartacus.

70. Consulship of Pompey and Crassus at Rome. Cicero's impeachment of Verres.

61. Pompey's campaign against the pirates of Cilicia.

66. Command of Pompey in the East. Overthrow of Mithridates.

65. Birth of Horace (d. 8).

64. Extinction of the Seleucid kingdom by Pompey.

63. Consulship of Cicero at Rome; Conspiracy of Catiline. Pompey's siege and conquest of Jerusalem; the Asmonean kingdom made tributary to Rome.

60. The first Triumvirate at Rome.

59. Consulship of Cæsar at Rome.

58. Beginning of Cæsar's campaigns in Gaul. Exile of Cicero from Rome.

57. Recall of Cicero.

56. Roman conquest of Aquitaine.

55. Cæsar's first invasion of Britain.

53. Roman war with Parthia; defeat and death of Crassus at Carrhæ.

51. Cæsar's conquest of Gaul completed.

50. Beginning of the second Civil War at Rome; Cæsar's passage of the Rubicon.

49. Cæsar's campaign against the Pompeians in Spain; his conquest of Massilia.

48. Cæsar's victory at Pharsalia; death of Pompey in Egypt; Cæsar in Alexandria.

46. Cæsar's victory at Thapsus; death of Cato.

45. Cæsar's victory in Spain.

44. Assassination of Cæsar at Rome.

43. The second Triumvirate at Rome; murder of Cicero. Birth of Ovid (d. A. D. 18).

42. Battles of Philippi; destruction of the Liberators.

40. Herod proclaimed King of Judea.

37. Conquest of Jerusalem by Herod.

31. War of Antony and Octavius; victory of Octavius at Actium, establishing his supremacy.

30. Death of Antony and Cleopatra; annexation of Egypt to the Roman dominion.

29. Triumph of Octavius celebrated at Rome; title of Imperator given to him; closing of the Temple of Janus.

27. Title of Augustus assumed by Octavius at Rome.

12. Expedition of the Romans under Drusus into Germany.

9. Last German campaign and death of Drusus.

8. First campaign of Tiberius (afterward Roman emperor) in Germany.

4. Probable date of the birth of Jesus. Death of Herod, king of Judea.

CHRISTIAN ERA.

First Century.

1. Beginning of the Christian Era.

4. Campaign of the Emperor Tiberius in Germany.

6. Deposition of the Herodian ethnarch Archelaus; Judea made a district of the Roman prefecture of Syria.

9. Destruction of Varus and his Roman legions by the Germans under Arminius.

14. Death of Augustus; Tiberius made Emperor of Rome. Expedition of Germanicus into Germany.

23. Birth of Pliny the Elder (d. 79).

26. Pontius Pilate, Roman procurator in Judea.

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27. Completion of the Pantheon at Rome.

29. Crucifixion of Jesus. [Uncertain date] Martyrdom of Saint Stephen.

35. Conversion of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]

37. Death of the Emperor Tiberius. Accession of Caius, called Caligula. Birth of Agricola (d. 93). Birth of Josephus (d. 95 [Uncertain date]).

40. Birth of Martial. [Uncertain date]

41. Murder of the Emperor Caligula; elevation of Claudius to the throne. Restoration of the Herodian kingdom of Judea under Herod Agrippa.

43. Roman invasion of Britain by Aulius Plautius and the Emperor Claudius.

44. Death of Herod Agrippa; extinction of the kingdom of Judea.

50. First missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date]

51. Capture of Caractacus, king of the Trinobantes, in Britain. Adoption of Nero by Claudius.

52. Second missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date] Birth of Trajan [Uncertain date] (d. 117).

53. Felix, procurator of Judea.

54. Murder of the Emperor Claudius and accession of Nero. Saint Paul at Athens. [Uncertain date]

55. Third missionary journey of Saint Paul. [Uncertain date] Birth of Tacitus. [Uncertain date]

59. Festus made governor of Judea. Arrest of Saint Paul. Murder of Agrippina.

61. Destruction of the Druids of Britain; revolt under Boadicea. Saint Paul in Rome. [Uncertain date]

62. Birth of Pliny the Younger. [Uncertain date]

64. The burning of Rome; first persecution of Christians.

65. Conspiracy of Piso. Execution of Lucan and Seneca by the command of Nero.

66. Revolt of the Jews.

67. Campaign of Vespasian against the insurgent Jews.

68. Suicide of the Emperor Nero; Galba proclaimed Emperor.

69. Murder of Galba; brief reigns of Otho and Vitellius; Vespasian raised to the throne. Revolt of the Batavians under Civilis.

70. Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.

78. Beginning of Agricola's campaign in Britain.

79. Death of the Emperor Vespasian and accession of Titus. Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Pestilence in the Roman Empire.

81. Death of the Emperor Titus and accession of Domitian.

96. Murder of the Emperor Domitian; Nerva raised to the throne.

97. Adoption of Trajan by Nerva.

98. Death of the Emperor Nerva and accession of Trajan.

Second Century.

106. Completed Roman conquest of Dacia by Trajan.

115. War of Rome with Parthia. Trajan's conquests in Asia. Martyrdom of St. Ignatius. Great earthquake at Antioch.

116. Rising of the Jews in Cyrene, Cyprus and Egypt.

117. Death of the Emperor Trajan and accession of Hadrian. Relinquishment of Asiatic conquests.

118. Campaign of Hadrian in Mœsia.

119. Hadrian's visit to Britain.

121. Birth of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (d. 180).

131. Birth of Galen.

132. Savage revolt of the Jews, savagely repressed; name of Jerusalem changed to Ælia Capitolina; complete dispersion of the Jews.

138. Death of the Emperor Hadrian and succession of Antoninus Pius.

161. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus made Emperor on the death of Antoninus Pius. Roman war with Parthia begun.

165. End of war between Rome and Parthia. Sack of Seleucia and Ctesiphon. Acquisition of Mesopotamia by Rome.

166. Great plague in the Roman Empire.

167. Beginning of the wars of Rome with the Marcomanni and Quadi.

174. Great victory of Marcus Aurelius over the Quadi.

180. Death of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius; and accession of his Bon Commodus.

186. Birth of Origen [Uncertain date] (d. 253).

192. Murder of the Emperor Commodus (December 31).

193. Pertinax made Emperor, and murdered; sale of the throne of the Roman Empire to Didius Julianus; contest of rivals; accession of Septimius Severus.

198. Siege and capture of the Parthian city Ctesiphon by the Romans.

Third Century.

208. Campaign of Severus against the Caledonians of Britain.

211. Death of the Emperor Severus; accession of his sons, Caracalla and Geta.

212. Murder of Geta by Caracalla.

213. First collision of the Romans with the Alemanni.

215. Massacre at Alexandria commanded by Caracalla.

217. Murder of the Emperor Caracalla; elevation of Macrinus.

218. Overthrow of Macrinus by Elagabalus.

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222. Murder of Elagabalus; Alexander Severus made Emperor.

226. The new monarchy of Persia; fall of the Parthian power; rise of the Sassanidæ.

235. Murder of the Emperor Alexander Severus; accession of Maximin.

237. Fate of the two Gordians at Rome.

238. Overthrow and death of the Emperor Maximin; elevation of the third Gordian.

244. Death of the Emperor Gordian; accession of Philip.

249. Death of the Emperor Philip; accession of Decius.