Part 1183

AFRICA: 1882-1883. German scientific expedition, under Dr. Böhm and Herr Reichard, to Lakes Tanganyika and Moero.

AFRICA: 1882-1883. Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston on the Congo.

AFRICA: 1882-1885. Mr. Stutfield's travels through Morocco.

AFRICA: 1883. German acquisition of territory on Angra Pequeña Bay, in Great Namaqualand.

AFRICA: 1883. Exploration of Masailand by Dr. Fischer, under the auspices of the Hamburg Geographical Society.

AFRICA: 1883. Explorations of Lieutenant Giraud in East Central Africa, descending for some distance the Luapula, which flows out of Lake Bangweolo, but driven back by hostile natives.

AFRICA: 1883. Geological and botanical investigation of the basins of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, by Mr. Henry Drummond, for the African Lakes Company.

AFRICA: 1883. Journey of Mr. O'Neill to Lake Shirwa and the sources of the Lujenda.

AFRICA: 1883. Journey of Mr. Révoil in the South Somali country to the Upper Jub.

AFRICA: 1883-1884. Explorations of Mr. Joseph Thomson from Mombassa, through Masailand, to the northeast corner of the Victoria Nyanza, under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society.

AFRICA: 1883-1885. War of the French with the Hovas of Madagascar, resulting in the establishment of a French Protectorate over the island.

AFRICA: 1883-1885. Exploration of Lieutenant Giraud in the lake region—Lake Nyassa to Lake Bangweolo, Lake Moero and Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1883-1886. Austrian expedition, under Dr. Holub, from Cape Colony, through the Boer states, Bechuanaland and Matabeleland to the Zambesi, and beyond, to the borders of the Mashukulumbe territory, where the party was attacked, plundered, and driven back.

AFRICA: 1884. Annexation by Germany of the whole western coast (except Walfish Bay) between the Portuguese Possessions and those of the British in South Africa.

AFRICA: 1884. German occupation of territory on the Cameroons River, under treaties with the native chiefs. English treaties securing contiguous territory to and including the delta of the Niger.

AFRICA: 1884. German Protectorate over Togoland on the Gold Coast declared.

AFRICA: 1884. Expedition of Dr. Peters, representing the Society of German Colonization, to the coast region of Zanzibar, and his negotiation of treaties with ten native chiefs, ceding the sovereignty of their dominions.

AFRICA: 1884. Crown colony of British Bechuanaland acquired by convention with the South African Republic.

AFRICA: 1884. Portuguese Government expedition, under Major Carvalho, from Loanda to the Central African potentate called the Muata Yanvo.

AFRICA: 1884. Exploration of the Benué and the whole region of the Adamawa, by Herr Flegel, for the German African Society.

AFRICA: 1884. Scientific expedition of Mr. H. H. Johnston to Kilimanjaro mountain, sent by the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Royal Society.

AFRICA: 1884. Discovery of the M'bangi or Ubangi River (afterwards identified with the Wellé—see below, 1887), by Captain Hansens and Lieutenant Van Gèle.

AFRICA: 1884. Exploration of Reichard in the southeastern part of the Congo State.

AFRICA: 1884-1885. The Berlin Conference of Powers, held to determine the limits of territory conceded to the International Congo Association; to establish freedom of trade within that territory, and to formulate rules for regulating in future the acquisition of African territory.

AFRICA: 1884-1885. Journey of Mr. Walter M. Kerr from Cape Colony, across the Zambesi, to Lake Nyassa, and down the Shiré River to the coast.

AFRICA: 1884-1885. Travels of Mr. F. L. James and party in the Somali country.

AFRICA: 1884-1887. Exploration by Dr. Schinz of the newly acquired German territories in southwest Africa.

AFRICA: 1885. Transfer of the rights of the Society of German Colonization to the German East Africa Company, and extension of imperial protection to the territories claimed by the Company. German acquisition of Witu, north of Zanzibar.

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AFRICA: 1885. Agreement between Germany and France, defining their respective spheres of influence on the Bight or Biafra, on the slave coast and in Senegambia.

AFRICA: 1885. Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent State of the Congo, with King Leopold of Belgium as its sovereign.

AFRICA: 1885. British Protectorate extended to the Zambesi, over the country west of the Portuguese province of Sofala, to the 20th degree of east longitude.

AFRICA: 1885. British Protectorate extended over the remainder of Bechuanaland.

AFRICA: 1885. Italian occupation of Massowa, on the Red Sea.

AFRICA: 1885. Mission of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the National African Company, up the Niger, to Sokoto and Gando, securing treaties with the sultans under which the company acquired paramount rights.

AFRICA: 1885-1888. Mission of M. Borelli to the kingdom of Shoa (Southern Ethiopia) and south of it.

AFRICA: 1885-1889. When, after the fall of Khartoum and the death of General Gordon, in 1885, the Sudan was abandoned to the Mahdi and the fanatical Mohammedans of the interior, Dr. Edward Schnitzer, better known as Emin Pasha, who had been in command, under Gordon, of the province of the Equator, extending up to Lake Albert, was cut off for six years from communication with the civilized world. In 1887 an expedition to rescue him and his command was sent out under Henry M. Stanley. It entered the continent from the west, made its way up the Congo and the Aruwimi to Yambuya; thence through the unexplored region to Lake Albert Nyanza and into communication with Emin Pasha; then returning to Yambuya for the rearguard which had been left there; again traversing the savage land to Lake Albert, and passing from there, with Emin and his companions, by way of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza (then ascertained to be the ultimate reservoir of the Nile system) around the southern extremity of the Victoria Nyanza, to Zanzibar, which was reached at the end of 1889.

AFRICA: 1886. Settlement between Great Britain and Germany of the coast territory to be left under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, and of the "spheres of influence" to be appropriated respectively by themselves, between the lakes and the eastern coast, north of the Portuguese possessions.

AFRICA: 1886. Agreement between France and Portugal defining limits of territory in Senegambia and at the mouth of the Congo.

AFRICA: 1886. Transformation of the National African Company into the British Royal Niger Company, with a charter giving powers of administration over a large domain on the River Niger.

AFRICA: 1886. Mission station founded by Mr. Arnot at Bunkeya, in the southeastern part of the Congo State.

AFRICA: 1886-1887. Journey of Lieutenant Wissmann across the continent, from Luluaburg, a station of the Congo Association, in the dominion of Muata Yanvo, to Nyangwe, on the Lualaba, and thence to Zanzibar.

AFRICA: 1886-1889. Expeditions of Dr. Zintgraff in the Cameroons interior and to the Benue, for the bringing of the country under German influence.

AFRICA: 1887. Annexation of Zululand, partly to the Transvaal, or South African Republic, and the remainder to the British possessions.

AFRICA: 1887. French gunboats launched on the Upper Niger, making a reconnoissance nearly to Timbuctoo.

AFRICA: 1887. Identity of the Wellé River with the M'bangi or Ubangi established by Captain Van Gèle and Lieutenant Liénart.

AFRICA: 1887. First ascent of Kilimanjaro by Dr. Hans Meyer.

AFRICA: 1887-1889. Exploration by Captain Ringer of the region between the great bend of the Niger and the countries of the Gold Coast.

AFRICA: 1887-1890. Expedition of Count Teleki through Masailand, having for its most important result the discovery of the Basso-Narok, or Black Lake, to which the discoverer gave the name of Lake Rudolf, and Lake Stefanie.

AFRICA: 1888. Chartering of the Imperial British East Africa Company, under concessions granted by the sultan of Zanzibar and by native chiefs, with powers of administration over a region defined ultimately as extending from the river Umba northward to the river Jub, and inland to and across Lake Victoria near its middle to the eastern boundary of the Congo Free State.

AFRICA: 1888. British supremacy over Matabeleland secured by treaty with its King Lobengula.

AFRICA: 1888. British Protectorate extended over Amatongaland.

AFRICA: 1888. Ascent of Mt. Kilimanjaro by Mr. Ehlers and Dr. Abbott; also by Dr. Hans Meyer.

AFRICA: 1888. Travels of Joseph Thomson in the Atlas and southern Morocco.

AFRICA: 1889. Royal charter granted to the British South Africa Company, with rights and powers in the region called Zambesia north of British Bechuanaland and the South African Republic, and between the Portuguese territory on the east and the German territory on the west.

AFRICA: 1889. Will of King Leopold, making Belgium heir to the sovereign rights of the Congo Free State.

AFRICA: 1889. Protectorate of Italy over Abyssinia acknowledged by the Negus.

AFRICA: 1889. Portuguese Roman Catholic Mission established on the south shore of Lake Nyassa. Portuguese exploration under Serpa Pinto in the Lake Nyassa region, with designs of occupancy frustrated by the British.

AFRICA: 1889. Journey of M. Crampel from the Ogowé to the Likuala tributary of the Congo, and return directly westward to the coast.

AFRICA: 1889. Dr. Wolf's exploration of the southeast Niger basin, where be met his death.

AFRICA: 1889. Major Macdonald's exploration of the Benue, sometimes called the Tchadda (a branch of the Niger), and of its tributary the Kebbi.

AFRICA: 1889. Journey of Mr. H. H. Johnston north of Lake Nyassa and to Lake Leopold.

AFRICA: 1889. Journey of Mr. Sharpe through the country lying between the Shiré and Loangwa Rivers.

AFRICA: 1889. Mr. Pigott's journey to the Upper Tana, in the service of the Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1889-1890. British Protectorate declared over Nyassaland and the Shiré Highlands.

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AFRICA: 1889-1890. Italian Protectorate established over territory on the eastern (oceanic) Somali coast, from the Gulf of Aden to the Jub River.

AFRICA: 1889-1890. Imperial British East Africa Company's expedition, under Jackson and Gedge, for the exploring of a new road to the Victoria Nyanza and Uganda.

AFRICA: 1889-1890. Captain Lugard's exploration of the river Sabakhi for the Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1889-1890. Journey of Lieutenant Morgen from the Cameroons, on the western coast to the Benue.

AFRICA: 1889-1890. French explorations in Madagascar by Dr. Catat and MM. Maistre and Foucart.

AFRICA: 1890. Anglo-German Convention, defining boundaries of the territories and "spheres of influence" respectively claimed by the two powers; Germany withdrawing from Vitu, and from all the eastern mainland coast north of the river Tana, and conceding a British Protectorate over Zanzibar, in exchange for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea.

AFRICA: 1890. French "sphere of influence" extending over the Sahara and the Sudan, from Algeria to Lake Tchad and to Say on the Niger, recognized by Great Britain.

AFRICA: 1890. Exploration of the river Sangha, an important northern tributary of the Congo, by M. Cholet.

AFRICA: 1890. Exploring journey of M. Hodister, agent of the Upper Congo Company, up the Lomami river and across country to the Lualaba, at Nyangwe.

AFRICA: 1890. Journey of Mr. Garrett in the interior of Sierra Leone to the upper waters of the Niger.

AFRICA: 1890. Journey of Dr. Fleck from the western coast across the Kalihari to Lake Ngami.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Italian possessions in the Red Sea united in the colony of Eritrea.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Mission of Captain Lugard to Uganda and signature of a treaty by its king acknowledging the supremacy of the British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Exploration by M. Paul Crampel of the central region between the French territories on the Congo and Lake Tchad, ending in the murder of M. Crampel and several of his companions.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Mr. Sharpe from Mandala, in the Shiré Highlands, to Garenganze, the empire founded by an African adventurer, Mshidi, in the Katanga copper country, between Lake Moero and the Luapula river on the east, and the Lualaba on the west.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Lieutenant Mizon from the Niger to the Congo.

AFRICA: 1890-1891. Journey of Captain Becker from Yambuya, on the Aruwimi, north-northwest to the Wellé.

AFRICA: 1890-1892. Italian explorations in the Somali countries by Signor Robecchi, Lieutenant Baudi di Vesme, Prince Ruspoli, and Captains Bottego and Grixoni.

AFRICA: 1890-1893. Expedition of Dr. Stuhlmann, with Emin Pasha, from Bagamoyo, via the Victoria Nyanza and the Albert Edward, to the plateau west of the Albert Nyanza. From this point Dr. Stuhlmann returned, while Emin pursued his way, intending it is said, to reach Kibonge, on the right bank of the Congo, south of Stanley Falls. He was murdered at Kinena, 150 miles northeast of Kibonge, by the order of an Arab chief.

AFRICA: 1891. Extension of the British Protectorate of Lagos over the neighboring districts of Addo, Igbessa, and Ilaro, which form the western boundary of Yoruba.

AFRICA: 1891. Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal defining their possessions; conceding to the former an interior extension of her South African dominion up to the southern boundary of the Congo Free State, and securing to the latter defined territories on the Lower Zambesi, the Lower Shiré, and the Nyassa, as well as the large block of her possessions on the western coast.

AFRICA: 1891. Convention between Portugal and the Congo Free State for the division of the disputed district of Lunda.

AFRICA: 1891. Convention of the Congo Free State with the Katanga Company, an international syndicate, giving the Company preferential rights over reputed mines in Katanga and Urua, with a third of the public domain, provided it established an effective occupation within three years.

AFRICA: 1891. French annexation of the Gold Coast between Liberia and the Grand Bassam.

AFRICA: 1891. Opening of the Royal Trans-African Railway, in West Africa, from Loanda to Ambaca, 140 miles.

AFRICA: 1891. Survey of a railway route from the eastern coast to Victoria Lake by the Imperial British East Africa Company.

AFRICA: 1891. Exploration of the Jub River, in the Somali country, by Commander Dundas.

AFRICA: 1891. Exploration by Captain Dundas, from the eastern coast, up the river Tana to Mount Kenia.

AFRICA: 1891. Mr. Bent's exploration of the ruined cities of Mashonaland.

AFRICA: 1891. Journey of M. Maistre from the Congo to the Shari.

AFRICA: 1891. Journeys of Captain Gallwey in the Benin country, West Africa.

AFRICA: 1891. Mission established by the Berlin Missionary Society in the Konde country, at the northern end of Lake Nyassa.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Incorporation of the African Lakes Company with the British South Africa Company. Organization of the administration of Northern Zambesia and Nyassaland.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Expedition of the Katanga Company, under Captain Stairs, from Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika, thence through the country at the head of the most southern affluents of the Congo, the Lualaba and the Luapula.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Belgian expeditions under Captain Bia and others to explore the southeastern portion of the Congo Basin, on behalf of the Katanga Company, resulting in the determination of the fact that the Lukuga River is an outlet of Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Journey of Dr. James Johnston across the continent, from Benguela to the mouth of the Zambesi, through Bihe, Ganguela, Barotse, the Kalihari Desert, Mashonaland, Manica, Gorongoza, Nyassa, and the Shiré Highlands.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Expedition of Mr. Joseph Thomson, for the British South Africa Company, from Kilimane or Quillimane on the eastern coast to Lake Bangweolo.

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AFRICA: 1891-1892. Journey of Captain Monteil from the Niger to Lake Tchad and across the Sahara to Tripoli.

AFRICA: 1891-1892. Exploration by Lieutenant Chaltin of the river Lulu, and the country between the Aruwimi and the Welle Makua rivers, in the Congo State.

AFRICA: 1891-1893. Journey of Dr. Oscar Baumann from Tanga, a port on the eastern coast, in the northern part of the German Protectorate; passing to the south of Kilimanjaro, discovering two lakes between that mountain and the Victoria Nyanza; exploring the southeastern shores of the Victoria, traversing the Shashi countries lying east of the lake, and the Urundi country between the Victoria and Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1891-1894. Expedition under the command of Captain Van Kerckhoven and M. de la Kéthulle de Ryhove, fitted out by the Congo Free State, for the subjugation of the Arabs, the suppression of the slave trade and the exploration of the country, throughout the region of the Wellé or Ubangi Uellé and to the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892. Decision of the Imperial British East Africa Company to withdraw from Uganda.

AFRICA: 1892. Practical conquest of Dahomey by the French, General Dodds taking possession of the capital November 16.

AFRICA: 1892. Journey of M. Méry in the Sahara to the south of Wargla, resulting in a report favorable to the construction of a railway to tap the Central Sudan.

AFRICA: 1892. French expedition under Captain Binger to explore the southern Sudan and to act conjointly with British officials in determining the boundary between French and English possessions.

AFRICA: 1892. Journey of Mr. Sharpe from the Shiré River to Lake Moero or Mweru and the Upper Luapula.

AFRICA: 1892-1893. Construction of a line of telegraph by the British South African Company, from Cape Colony, through Mashonaland, to Fort Salisbury, with projected extension across the Zambesi and by the side of Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika to Uganda,—and ultimately down the valley of the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892-1893. French scientific mission, under M. Dècle, from Cape Town to the sources of the Nile.

AFRICA: 1892-1893. Italian explorations, under Captain Bòttego and Prince Ruspoli, in the upper basin of the River Jub.

AFRICA: 1893. Brussels Antislavery Conference, ratified in its action by the Powers.

AFRICA: 1893. Official mission of Sir Gerald Porter to Uganda, sent by the British Government to report as to the expediency of the withdrawal of British authority from that country.

AFRICA: 1893. Scientific expedition of Mr. Scott-Elliot to Uganda.

AFRICA: 1893. Scientific expedition of Dr. Gregory, of the British Museum, from Mombassa, on the eastern coast, through Masailand to Mount Kenia.

AFRICA: 1893. Journey of Mr. Bent to Aksum, in Abyssinia, the ancient capital and sacred city of the Ethiopians.

AFRICA: 1893. Journey of M. Foureau in the Sahara, crossing the plateau of Tademait from north to south.

AFRICA: 1893-1894. German scientific survey of Mount Kilimanjaro, under Drs. Lent and Volkens.

AFRICA: 1893-1894. Expedition of Mr. Astor Chanler and Lieutenant von Höhnel from Witu, on the eastern coast, to the Jombini Range and among the Rendile.

AFRICA: 1893-1894. Explorations of Baron von Uechtritz and Dr. Passarge on the Benue.

AFRICA: 1893-1894. Journey of Baron von Schele from the eastern coast to Lake Nyassa, and thence by a direct route to Kihsa.

AFRICA: 1893-1894. Journey of Count von Götzen across the continent, from Dar-es-Salaam, on the eastern coast, to the Lower Congo.

AFRICA: 1894. Treaty between Great Britain and the Congo Free State, securing to the former a strip of land on the west side of the Nile between the Albert Nyanza and 10° north latitude, and to the latter the large Bahr-el-Ghazel region, westward. This convention gave offense to France, and that country immediately exacted from the Congo Free State a treaty stipulating that the latter shall not occupy or exercise political influence in a region which covers most of the territory assigned to it by the treaty with Great Britain.

AFRICA: 1894. Franco-German Treaty, determining the boundary line of the Cameroons, or Kamerun.

AFRICA: 1894. Treaty concluded by Captain Lugard, November 10, at Nikki, in Borgu, confirming the rights claimed by the Royal Niger Company over Borgu, and placing that country under British protection.

AFRICA: 1894. Agreement between the British South Africa Company and the Government of Great Britain, signed November 24, 1894, transferring to the direct administration of the Company the Protectorate of Nyassaland, thereby extending its domain to the south end of Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1894. Renewed war of France with the Hovas of Madagascar.

AFRICA: 1894. Expedition of Dr. Donaldson Smith from the Somali coast, aiming to reach Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie, but stopped and turned back by the Abyssinians, in December.

AFRICA: 1894. Visit of Mr. Cecil Rhodes to England to arrange financially for the extension of the Cape railway system northwards from Mafeking into Matabeleland.

AFRICA: 1894. Completed conquest of Dahomey by the French; capture of the deposed king, January 25, and his deportation to exile in Martinique. Decree of the French Government, June 22, directing the administrative organization of the "colony of Dahomey and Dependencies"; with a ministerial order of the same date which divides the new conquest into "Territoirés annexés; Territoirés protégés; Territoirés d'action politique."

AFRICA: 1894. Occupation of Timbuctoo by a French force.

AFRICA: 1894. Journey of Count von Götzen across the continent, from the eastern coast, through Ruanda and the Great Forest to and along the Lowa, an eastern tributary of the Congo, reaching the Lower Congo in December.

AFRICA: 1894. Exploration of the Upper Congo and the Lukuga by Mr. R. Dorsey Mohun, American Agent on the Congo, and Dr. Hinde.

AFRICA: 1894. Scientific to the Zambesi and Lake Tanganyika.

AFRICA: 1894-1895. War of the Italians in their colony of Eritrea with both the Abyssinians and the Mahdists. Italian occupation of Kassala as a base of operations against the Mahdists.

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AFRICA: 1895. Franco-British agreement, signed January 21, 1895, respecting the "Hinterland" of Sierra Leone, which secures to France the Upper Niger basin.

AFRICA: 1895. Convention between Belgium and France signed February 5, recognizing a right of pre-emption on the part of the latter, with regard to the Congo State, in case Belgium should at any time renounce the sovereignty which King Leopold desires to transfer to it.

AFRICA: 1895. Russian scientific expedition to Abyssinia, under Lieutenant Leontieff.

AFRICA: End--------

AKKADIANS, ACCADIANS.

See SEMITES: PRIMITIVE BABYLONIA (page 2888).

ALEXANDRIA: Early Christian Church.

See CHRISTIANITY: A. D. 33-100, and 100-312 (pages 43 and 445).