Part 1175

See ROMAN WALLS IN BRITAIN.

WALL OF CHINA, The Great.

See CHINA: THE ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLE.

WALL OF PROBUS.

See GERMANY: A. D. 277.

WALLACE, William, and the Scottish struggle for independence.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1290-1305.

{3645}

WALLACHS, WALLACHIANS. WALLACHIA: The name.

This is one of the forms of a name which the ancient Germanic peoples seem to have given to non-Germanic nations whom they associated in any wise with the Roman empire.

See WELSH.

For an account of the Wallachians of southeastern Europe, and their country.

See BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES.

WALLENSTEIN, Campaigns of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1624-1626; 1627-1629; 1630; 1631-1632; and 1632-1634.

WALLHOF, Battle of (1626).

See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1611-1629.

WALLINGFORD, Treaty of.

A treaty concluded, A. D. 1153, between King Stephen and Matilda, who claimed the English crown as the heir of her father, Henry I. By the treaty Stephen was recognized as king and Matilda's son Henry (who became Henry II.) was made his heir.

WALLOONS, The.

"In Namur, Liege, and Luxembourg, the speech is what is called Walloon, the same word as Welsh, and derived from the German root 'wealh,' a foreigner. By this designation the Germans of the Flemish tongue denoted the Romano-Belgic population whose language was akin to the French, and whom a hilly and impracticable country (the forest districts of the Ardennes) had more or less protected from their own arms. Now the Walloon is a form of the Romano-Keltic so peculiar and independent that it must be of great antiquity, i. e., as old as the oldest dialect of the French, and no extension of the dialects of Lorraine, or Champagne, from which it differs materially. It is also a language which must have been formed on a Keltic basis. … The Walloons, then, are Romano-Keltic; whereas the Flemings are Germans, in speech and in blood."

_R. G. Latham, Ethnology of Europe, chapter 3._

See, also, NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1494-1519.

WALPOLE, The administration of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1714-1721, and 1727-1741.

WALPOLE COMPANY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1765-1768.

WÄLSCH, The.

See VENEDI.

WALTER, the Penniless, Crusade of.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099.

WAMPANOAGS, POKANOKETS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY; also, NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1674-1675, 1675, 1676-1678.

WAMPUM.

"Wampum, or wompam, according to Trumbull was the name of the white beads made from stems or inner whorls of the Pyrula Carica or Canaliculata periwinkle shells so common on all the south Coast of New England. When strung they were called wampon or wampom—peage or peake or peg, equivalent to 'strings of white beads,' for peage means 'strung beads.' Color was the basis of the nomenclature, as well as of the difference in value. 'Wompi' was white; 'Sacki' was black; 'Suckauhock' was the black beads made from the dark part of the poquauhock, the common quahog, Venus' mercenaria or round clam shell. The value of the black was generally twice that of the white. … The word generally used among the Dutch who led in introducing the bead currency of the Indians, Sewan or Zeewand, was more general in its application than wampum. But whatever the difficult Indian linguistic process may have been, the New England men soon settled on wampum and peage as the working names for this currency. The shell cylinders, black or white, were about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and one-quarter long. There were shorter beads used for ornaments, but there is hardly any trace of them in the currency. … The Indians strung the beads on fibres of hemp or tendons taken from the flesh of their forest meat. … The strings of peage were embroidered on strips of deer-skin, making the 'Máchequoce,' a girdle or belt 'of five inches thicknesse,' or more, and to the value of ten pounds sterling or more, which was worn about the waist or thrown over the shoulders like a scarf. More than 10,000 beads were wrought into a single belt four inches wide. These belts were in common use like the gold and jewelry of our day. They also played the same symbolic part which survives in the crown jewels and other regalia of civilized nations. … Whenever the Indians made an important statement in their frequent negotiations, they presented a belt to prove it, to give force to their words. … It gave to the words the weight of hard physical facts and made the expression an emblem of great force and significance. The philologists call this literary office, this symbolic function of wampum, an elementary mnemonic record. The same was fulfilled by the quippus, knotted strings or quipu of the ancient Peruvians. … 'This belt preserves my words' was a common remark of the Iroquois Chief in council. … The Iroquois were a mighty nation, almost an incipient state. Their only records were in these mnemonic beads. … Tradition gives to the Narragansetts the honor of inventing these valued articles, valuable both for use and exchange. … The Long Island Indians manufactured the beads in large quantities and then were forced to pay them away in tribute to the Mohawks and the fiercer tribes of the interior. Furs were readily exchanged for these trinkets, which carried a permanent value, through the constancy of the Indian desire for them. … After the use of wampum was established in colonial life, contracts were made payable at will in wampum, beaver, or silver. … The use began in New England in 1627. It was a legal tender until 1661, and for more than three quarters of a century the wampum was current in small transactions."

_W. B. Weeden, Indian Money as a Factor in New England Civilization._

See, also, MONEY AND BANKING: 17th CENTURY; QUIPU; and MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1623-1629.

WANBOROUGH, Battle of.

See HWICCAS.

WANDIWASH, Battle of (1760).

See INDIA: A. D. 1758-1761.

WAPANACHKIK, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

WAPENING, The.

The mediæval armed assembly of Ghent and other Flemish towns.

_J. Michelet, History of France, book 12, chapter 1._

WAPENTAKE, The.

See HUNDRED, THE.

WAPISIANAS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

WAPPINGERS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

WAR OF 1812, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1804-1809; 1808; and 1810-1812, to 1815 (JANUARY).

WAR OF JENKINS' EAR, The.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1739-1741.

WAR OF LIBERATION.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1812-1813, to 1813 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

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WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION.

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1740, to 1744-1745; NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1745, and 1746-1747; ITALY: A. D. 1741-1743, to 1746-1747; AIX-LA-CHAPELLE: THE CONGRESS.

WAR OF THE FEDERATION.

See VENEZUELA: A. D. 1829-1886.

WAR OF THE LOVERS, The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1578-1580.

WAR OF THE QUEEN'S RIGHTS.

See NETHERLANDS (THE SPANISH PROVINCES): A. D. 1667.

WAR OF THE REBELLION (of the American Slave States), or War of Secession.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER), and after.

Statistics.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (MAY) STATISTICS.

WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION.

See SPAIN: A. D. 1702, and after; NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1702-1704, and after; GERMANY: A. D. 1702, and after; ITALY: A. D. 1701-1713; NEW ENGLAND: A. D. 1702-1710; and UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.

WAR OF THE THREE HENRYS.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

WARAUS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

WARBECK, PERKIN, Rebellion of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1487-1497.

WARBURG, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1760.

WARD, General Artemas, and the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (APRIL-MAY), (MAY-AUGUST), and (JUNE).

WARINGS, The.

See VARANGIANS.

WARNA, VARNA, Battle of (1444).

See TURKS: A. D. 1402-1451.

WARREN, Dr. Joseph, and the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (MAY), and (JUNE).

WARS OF RELIGION IN FRANCE, The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1560-1563, to 1593-1598.

WARS OF THE ROSES.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

WARSAW: A. D. 1656. Three days battle with Swedes and Brandenburgers. Defeat of the Poles.

See BRANDENBURG: A. D. 1640-1688; and SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1644-1697.

WARSAW: A. D. 1792-1794. Occupied by the Russians. Their forces expelled. Capture of the city by Souvorof. Its acquisition by Prussia.

See POLAND: A. D. 1791-1792; and 1793-1796.

WARSAW: A. D. 1807. Created a Grand Duchy, and ceded to the King of Saxony.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY).

WARSAW: A. D. 1815. The Grand Duchy given to Russia.

See VIENNA, THE CONGRESS OF.

WARSAW: A. D. 1830-1831. Revolt. Attack and capture by the Russians.

See POLAND: A. D. 1830-1832.

WARTBURG, Luther at.

See PAPACY: A. D. 1521-1522.

German students' demonstration (1817).

See GERMANY: A. D. 1817-1820.

WARTENBURG, Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

WARWICK, the King-maker.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471.

WARWICK PLANTATION.

See RHODE ISLAND: A. D. 1641-1647.

WASHAKIS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES, SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

WASHINGTON, George: First campaigns.

See OHIO (VALLEY): A. D. 1754, and 1755.

In the War of the American Revolution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (MAY-AUGUST), to 1783 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER).

The framing of the Federal Constitution.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1787.

Presidential election and administration.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789, to 1796.

Farewell Address.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1796.

WASHINGTON (City): Start--------

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1791. The founding of the Federal Capital.

"One important duty which engaged the President's [Washington's] attention during part of the recess [of Congress] related to the purchase and survey of the new Federal city. The site chosen on the Potomac by himself and the commissioners, in conformity with law [see UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1789-1792], lay a few miles to the north of Mount Vernon on the Maryland side of the river, at the confluence of the Eastern Branch, and just below Georgetown. The tradition goes that, while a young surveyor scouring the neighboring country, Washington had marked the advantages of this spot for a great city. … The entire soil belonged in large parcels to a few plain, easy, Maryland farmers, who rode over to Georgetown for their flour and bacon. One of these only, David Burns, was obstinate about making terms; and the subsequent rise of land in the western quarter of the city, which his farmhouse now occupied, rendered his little daughter in time the heiress of Washington, and confirmed his claims to historical consideration as the most conspicuous grantor of the National Capital. For procuring this choice spot on behalf of his countrymen, the President conducted the negotiations in person, and the purchase of the Federal city was concluded upon just and even generous terms. Each owner surrendered his real estate to the United States with no restriction except that of retaining every alternate lot for himself. The government was permitted to reserve all tracts specially desired at £25 an acre, while the land for avenues, streets, and alleys should cost nothing. Thus the Federal Capital came to the United States as substantially a free conveyance of half the fee of the soil in consideration of the enhanced value expected for the other half. … Major l'Enfant, a French architect, was selected to plan and lay out the new city. The highways were mapped and bounded substantially as they exist at this day, being so spacious and so numerous in comparison with building lots as to have admitted of no later change, in the course of a century, except in the prudent direction of parking, enlarging sidewalks, and leaving little plats in front of houses to be privately cared for. Streets running due north and south from the northern boundary to the Potomac were intersected at right angles by others which extended east and west. {3647} To mar the simplicity of this plan, however, which so far resembled that of Philadelphia, great avenues, 160 feet wide, were run diagonally, radiating like spokes, from such main centres as Capitol Hill and the President's house. … This new Capital, by the President modestly styled 'the Federal City,' but to which the commissioners, by general acclamation, proceeded in September to affix his illustrious name, was America's first grand essay at a metropolis in advance of inhabitants. … The founder himself entered with unwonted ardor into the plans projected for developing this the new Capital. Not only did he picture the city which bore his name as an instructor of the coming youth in lessons of lofty patriotism, but he prophesied for it national greatness apart from its growth as the repository of the nation. He believed it would become a prosperous commercial city, its wharves studded with sails, enjoying all the advantages of Western traffic by means of a canal linking the Potomac and Ohio rivers, so as to bring Western produce to the seaboard. The ten-mile square which comprised the territorial District of Columbia, inclusive of the Capital, stretched across the Potomac, taking Georgetown from the Maryland jurisdiction, and Alexandria from Virginia. … The first corner-stone of this new Federal district was publicly laid with Masonic ceremonies, and though the auction sale of city lots in autumn proved disappointing, the idea prevailed that the government would gain from individual purchasers in Washington city a fund ample enough for erecting there all the public buildings at present needed."

_J. Schouler, History of the United States, chapter 2, section 2 (volume 1)._

ALSO IN: _M. Clemmer, Ten Years in Washington, chapters 1-3._

_C. B. Todd, The Story of Washington, chapters 1-2._

_J. A. Porter, The City of Washington (Johns Hopkins University Studies, series 3, numbers 11-12)._

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1814. In the hands of the British. Destruction of public buildings.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1814 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1861 (April). The threatening activity of rebellion. Peril of the national capital.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL) ACTIVITY OF REBELLION.

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1861 (April-May). The coming of the first defenders of the national capital.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1861 (APRIL), and (APRIL-MAY: MARYLAND).

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1862 (April). Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (APRIL-JUNE).

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1864. Approached and threatened by Early.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (JULY: VIRGINIA-MARYLAND).

WASHINGTON (City): A. D. 1867. Extension of suffrage to the Negroes.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1867 (JANUARY).

WASHINGTON (City): End--------

WASHINGTON, Fort: A. D. 1776. Capture by the British.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1776 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

WASHINGTON, The proposed state, to be formed west of Pennsylvania.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1784.

WASHINGTON (State): A. D. 1803. Was it embraced in the Louisiana Purchase? Grounds of American possession.

See LOUISIANA: A. D. 1798-1803.

WASHINGTON (State): A. D. 1846. Possession for the United States secured by the settlement of the Oregon boundary question with England.

See OREGON: A. D. 1844-1846.

WASHINGTON (State): A. D. 1889. Admission to the Union.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

WASHINGTON, Treaty of (1842).

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1842 THE ASHBURTON TREATY.

Treaty of (1871).

See ALABAMA CLAIMS: A. D. 1871.

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, St. Louis.

See EDUCATION, MODERN: REFORMS &c.: A. D. 1865-1886.

WASHOAN FAMILY, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: WASHOAN FAMILY.

WAT TYLER'S REBELLION.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1381.

WATAUGA ASSOCIATION, The.

See TENNESSEE: A. D. 1769-1772.

WATERFORD: A. D. 1170. Stormed and taken by Strongbow.

See IRELAND: A. D. 1169-1175.

WATER-LILY SECT, The.

See TRIAD SOCIETY.

WATERLOO CAMPAIGN, Napoleon's.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1815 (JUNE).

WATERLOO FIELD, in Marlborough's Campaigns:

See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1705.

WATERWAYS.

See (in Supplement) COMMERCE, MODERN.

WATHEK, Al, Caliph, A. D. 841-847.

WATLING STREET.

The Milky Way was known to our early English ancestors as Watling Street, signifying the road "by which the hero-sons of Waetla marched across" the heavens. When they settled in England they transferred the name Watling Street to the great Roman road which they found traversing the island, from London to Chester. Portions of the road, in London and elsewhere, still bear the name. Even in Chaucer's time the Milky Way appears to have been sometimes called Watling Street.

_J. R. Green, The Making of England, page 166._

ALSO IN: _T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon._

See ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN.

WATT, James, and the Steam Engine.

See STEAM ENGINE: A. D. 1765-1785.

WATTIGNIES, Battle of (1793).

See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY-DECEMBER) PROGRESS OF THE WAR.

WAUHATCHIE, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER: TENNESSEE).

WAYNE, General Anthony, and the storming of Stony Point.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1778-1779 WASHINGTON GUARDING THE HUDSON.

Chastisement of the Northwestern Indians.

See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1790-1795.

WAYNESBOROUGH, Battle of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (FEBRUARY-MARCH: VIRGINIA).

WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE.

See CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES.

WEALH.

See THEOW.

WEAVING BROTHERS, The.

See BEGUINES.

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WEBSTER, Daniel, and the Dartmouth College case.

See (in Supplement) DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.

The Tariff Question.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1816-1824; and 1828.

Debate with Hayne.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1828-1833.

In the Cabinet of President Tyler.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1841; and 1842 THE ASHBURTON TREATY.

Seventh of March Speech.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850.

In the Cabinet of President Fillmore. The Hülsemann Letter.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1850-1851.

WECKQUAESGEEKS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

WEDMORE, Peace of.

A treaty of peace concluded between King Alfred and the Danes, by which the latter were bound to remain peacefully on that side of England which lay north and east of "Watling Street" (the Roman road from London to Chester) and to submit to baptism.

_E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, chapter 2, section 4 (volume l)._

See ENGLAND: A. D. 855-880.

WEHLAU. Treaty of (1657).

See BRANDENBURG: A. D. 1640-1688.

WEIMAR.

For an account of the origin of the Duchy of Saxe Weimar;

See SAXONY: A. D. 1180-1553.

"Small indeed is the space occupied on the map by the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar; yet the historian of the German Courts declares, and truly, that after Berlin there is no Court of which the nation is so proud. … Small among German princes is mine, poor and narrow his kingdom, limited his power of doing good.' Thus sings Goethe in that poem, so honourable to both, wherein he acknowledges his debt to Karl August. … Weimar is an ancient city on the Ilm, a small stream rising in the Thuringian forests, and losing itself in the Saal, at Jena; this stream on which the sole navigation seems to be that of ducks, meanders peacefully through pleasant valleys, except during the rainy season, when mountain-torrents swell its current and overflow its banks. The Trent, between Trentham and Stafford—'the smug and silver Trent' as Shakespeare calls it—will give an idea of this stream. The town is charmingly placed in the Ilm valley, and stands some eight hundred feet above the level of the sea. 'Weimar,' says the old topographer, Mathew Merian, 'is Weinmar, because it was the wine market for Jena and its environs. Others say it was because some one here in ancient days began to plant the vine, who was hence called Weinmayer. But of this each reader may believe just what he pleases.' On a first acquaintance, Weimar seems more like a village bordering a park, than a capital with a Court, having all courtly environments. … Saxe-Weimar has no trade, no manufactures, no animation of commercial, political, or even theological activity. This part of Saxony, be it remembered, was the home and shelter of Protestantism in its birth. Only a few miles from Weimar stands the Wartburg, where Luther, in the disguise of Squire George, lived in safety, translating the Bible, and hurling his inkstand at the head of Satan, like a rough-handed disputant as he was. In the marketplace of Weimar stand, to this day, two houses from the windows of which Tetzel advertised his indulgences, and Luther afterwards in fiery indignation fulminated against them. These records of religious struggle still remain, but are no longer suggestions for the continuance of the strife. … The theologic fire has long burnt itself out in Thuringia. In Weimar, where Luther preached, another preacher came, whom we know as Goethe. In the old church there is one portrait of Luther, painted by his friend Lucas Kranach, greatly prized, as well it may be; but for this one portrait of Luther, there are a hundred of Goethe. It is not Luther, but Goethe, they think of here; poetry, not theology, is the glory of Weimar. And, corresponding with this, we find the dominant characteristic of the place to be no magnificent church, no picturesque ancient buildings, no visible image of the earlier ages, but the sweet serenity of a lovely park. The park fills the foreground of the picture, and always rises first in the memory. … Within its limits Saxe Weimar displayed all that an imperial court displays in larger proportions: it had its ministers, its army, its chamberlains, pages, and sycophants. Court favour, and disgrace, elevated and depressed, as if they had been imperial smiles, or autocratic frowns. A standing army of six hundred men, with cavalry of fifty hussars, had its War Department, with war minister, secretary, and clerk. As the nobles formed the predominating element of Weimar, we see at once how, in spite of the influence of Karl August, and the remarkable men he assembled round him, no real public for Art could be found there. Some of the courtiers played more or less with Art, some had real feeling for it; but the majority set decided faces against all the beaux esprits. … Not without profound significance is this fact that in Weimar the poet found a Circle, but no Public. To welcome his productions there were friends and admirers; there was no Nation. Germany had no public."

_G. H. Lewes, The Life and Works of Goethe. book 1, chapter 1._

WEISSENBURG, Battle of.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870 (JULY-AUGUST).

WELATABIANS, The.

See WILZEN.

WELDON RAILROAD, Battles on the.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (AUGUST: VIRGINIA).

WELFS.

See GUELFS.

WELLESLEY, MARQUIS OF. The Indian Administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1798-1805.