Volume VII., 376-378.

The London Times: Strike of Government Employés (1909), 378-380.

STUDY XLIV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

GERMANY.

1. IN ROMAN TIMES (B. C. 12-A. D. 752):

Tacitus: Germany, 1462-1463 (1429-1430).

C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 1463-1464 (1430-1431).

T. Smith: Arminius, 1464-1465 (1431-1432).

T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 42 (35).

W. C. Perry: The Franks, 1430-1431 (1397-1398), 1432-1433 (1399-1400).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1043-1044 (1015-1016).

J. B. Bury: The Later Roman Empire, 2805 (2731).

E. A. Freeman: Chief Periods, European History, 2805-2806 (2731-2732).

F. P. Guizot: History of Civilization, 2806 (2732).

G. B. Adams: Civilization, Middle Ages, 2807 (2733).

2. MEDIÆVAL GERMANY; CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE, AND AFTER (A. D. 768-).

R. W. Church: Beginnings of the Middle Ages, 1434 (1401).

E. Emerton: Introduction to the Middle Ages, 1434-1435 (1401-1402).

J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1435 (1402), 1436-1438 (1403-1405).

H. H. Milman: History of Latin Christianity, 1468 (1437).

E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 1469 (1438).

H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1470 (1439), 1481 (1448).

L. von Ranke: Reformation in Germany, 1471-1472 (1440-1441).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1050 (1022), 1053-1055 (1025-1027).

M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2492-2493 (2432-2433).

I. Jastrow: Geschichte des deutschen Einheitstraumes, 1477-1478 (1445).

U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1478 (1445).

O. Browning: Guelphs and Ghibellines, 1478-1479 (1445-1446).

E. A. Freeman: Sketch of European History, 1479 (1446).

E. A. Freeman: Emperor Frederick II., 1479-1480 (1446-1447).

3. UNDER THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA (A. D. 1272-1519):

J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1481-1482 (1448-1449).

W. Coxe: The House of Austria, 206 (199).

Sir R. Comyn: History of Western Empire, 206-207 (199-200), 1482-1483 (1449-1450).

V. Duruy: History of the Middle Ages, 208 (201).

H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1485-1486 (1452-1453).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1083-1084 (1055-1056).

L. von Ranke: Latin and Teutonic Nations, 210-212 (203-205).

T. H. Dyer: History of Modern Europe, 1490-1491 (1457-1458).

4. RISE OF BRANDENBURG AND PRUSSIA; THE HOHENZOLLERNS (A. D. 1142-1688):

T. Carlyle: Friedrich II., called the Great, 316-317 (306-307), 1696 (1657).

H. Tuttle: History of Prussia, 317-318 (307-308).

L. von Ranke: House of Brandenburg, 1486-1487 (1453-1454).

C. F. Johnstone: Historical Abstracts, 318 (308).

G. B. Malleson: Battle-fields of Germany, 319-320 (309-310).

5. LUTHER AND THE REFORMATION (A. D. 1517-1600):

See Study XXIV.

6. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (A. D. 1618-1648):

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1099-1101 (1071-1073).

G. B. Malleson: Battle-fields of Germany, 1504-1505 (1471-1472).

J. Mitchell: Life of Wallenstein, 1505-1506 (1472-1473).

C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1507-1508 (1474-1475).

F. Schiller: The Thirty Years War, 1508 (1475).

R. C. Trench: Gustavus Adolphus, 1517-1518 (1484-1485).

A. Gindely: The Thirty Years War, 1518-1519 (1485-1486)

H. von Treitschke: Deutsche Geschichte, 1521-1522.

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7. WARS OF THE 18TH CENTURY; FREDERICK THE GREAT (A. D. 1701-1763):

Lord Macaulay: Essays, 1524 (1490).

H. von Sybel: Founding of the German Empire, 1525 (1491).

(a) War of the Spanish Succession.

Lord Macaulay: Essays, 3073 (2992).

C. W. Koch: Revolutions of Europe, 3073-3074 (2992-2993).

W. Russell: History of Modern Europe, 3712-3713 (3592-3593).

(b) War of the Austrian Succession.

W. Coxe: The House of Austria, 218-219 (211-212).

Lord Mahon: History of England, 219 (212).

Frederick the Great: My Own Times, 220 (213).

Lord Macaulay: Essays, 220-221 (213-214).

T. Carlyle: Friedrich II., 221 (214).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1113 (1085).

(c) The Seven Years War.

T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 951-952 (924-925), 2975 (2898).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1114-1115 (1086-1087).

T. Carlyle: Friedrich II., 2975-2976 (2898-2899).

Friedrich II.: Posthumous Works, 2976 (2899).

8. STRUGGLES WITH REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE AND NAPOLEON (A. D. 1792-1814):

C. E. Mallet: The French Revolution, 228-229 (221-222).

R. Lodge: History of Modern Europe, 1308 (1275).

A. Griffiths: French Revolutionary Generals, 1308-1309 (1275-1276).

C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 1316-1317 (1283-1284).

A. Alison: Europe, 1324 (1291).

T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1341-1342 (1308-1309).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1120-1121 (1092-1093).

A. Weir: Historical Basis of Modern Europe, 229-231 (222-224).

C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 1541-1542 (1507-1508).

J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1542-1544 (1510).

J. R. Seeley: Life and Times of Stein, 1548 (1514).

J. R. Seeley: Prussian History, 1548-1549 (1514-1515).

9. THE TEUTONIC AWAKENING:

J. R. Seeley: Life of Stein, 1549-1551 (1515-1517).

H. Martin: History of France, 1555-1556 (1521-1522).

W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1556 (1522).

10. THE GERMANIC CONFEDERATION (A. D. 1814-1820):

C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 3745-3747 (3624-3626).

R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 3747 (3626).

M. E. G. Duff: European Politics, 1565-1566 (1531-1532).

11. TENDENCIES TOWARD UNION; THE ZOLLVEREIN:

G. Krause: Growth of German Unity, 1566 (1532).

Bruno-Gebhart: German History, 1566 (3775).

W. Maurenbrecher: The German Empire, 1567 (3775).

The Edinburgh Review: The Zollverein, 3155-3156 (3071-3072).

12. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS (A. D. 1848):

B. Taylor: History of Germany, 1567-1568 (1532-1533).

E. S. Cayley: Revolutions of 1848, 1568-1569 (1534).

J. Sime: History of Germany, 235 (228).

J. H. Rose: Century of Continental History, 235-237 (228-230).

E. L. Godkin: History of Hungary, 1722 (1683-1685).

C. M. Yonge: Landmarks of History, 1724 (1685).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1126-1127 (1098-1099).

13. REACTION; FAILURE OF MOVEMENT FOR UNITY (A. D. 1848-1850):

W. Müller: Political History, 1569-1571 (1534-1536).

T. S. Fay: The Three Germanys, 1571-1572 (1537).

F. H. Geffcken: Unity of Germany, 237 (230).

M. E. G. Duff: European Politics, 237-238 (231).

14. SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN QUESTION (A. D. 1848-1862):

S. Walpole: Life of Lord John Russell, 2908-2909 (2833-2834).

Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 2909 (2834).

15. WILLIAM I. AND BISMARCK; "BLOOD AND IRON" (A. D. 1861):

W. Maurenbrecher: Founding of the German State, 1572-1573 (3777-3779).

A. Forbes: William of Germany, 1574-1575 (1539).

"It is a fact, the great self-assertion of individuality among us makes constitutional government very hard in Prussia. … We are perhaps too ‘cultured’ to tolerate a constitution; we are too critical; the ability to pass judgment on measures of the government or acts of the legislature is too universal; there is a large number of ‘Catilinarian Characters’ in the land whose chief interest is in revolutions. People are too sensitive about the faults of government. … Our blood is too hot, we are fond of wearing an armor too large for our small body; now let us utilize it. … Prussia must consolidate its might and hold it together for the favorable moment, which has been allowed to pass unheeded several times. Prussia’s boundaries, as determined by the Congress of Vienna, are not conducive to its wholesome existence as a sovereign state. Not by speeches and resolutions of majorities the mighty problems of the age are solved—that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by Blood and Iron." BISMARCK.

16. FORMATION OF THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY (A. D. 1862-1864):

L. J. Huff; Ferdinand Lasalle, 3027-3028 (2950).

R. T. Ely: French and German Socialism, 3028 (2950).

17. THE SEVEN WEEKS WAR (A. D. 1866):

S. Baring-Gould: Story of Germany, 239 (232).

W. Zimmermann: History of Germany, 1577 (1541).

H. von Sybel: Founding of the German Empire 1577 (1541).

J. N. Larned: Europe, 1128-1129 (1100-1001).

18. COMPLETION OF GERMANIC CONFEDERATION (A. D. 1866-1870):

G. Krause: Growth of German Unity, 1577-1579 (1541-1543).

E. Simon: The Emperor William, 1579 (1543).

19. "THE HOHENZOLLERN INCIDENT"; WAR WITH FRANCE (A. D. 1870)

E. B. Washburne: Recollections, 1413 (1380-1381).

W. Maurenbrecher: Founding of the German State, 1413-1414.

W. Müller: Political History, 1414-1415 (1381-1382).

W. O’C. Morris: Campaign of Sedan, 1415-1416 (1382-1383).

H. M. Hozier: Franco-Prussian War, 1416-1417 (1383-1384).

E. W. Latimer: France in the 19th Century, 1417-1418 (1384-1385).

C. A. Fyffe: Modern History, 1420-1422 (1387-1389).

H. Murdock: Reconstruction of Europe, 1422 (1389).

C. Lowe: Prince Bismarck, 1422-1423 (1389-1390).

20. KING WILLIAM BECOMES EMPEROR (A. D. 1871):

A. Forbes: William of Germany, 1579-1580 (1544).

R. Rodd: Frederick, Crown Prince, 1580 (1544).

21. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE NEW EMPIRE:

Proclamation by the Emperor, April 16, 1871, 1580 (1544).

Text of the Constitution, 567-575 (547-554).

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22. ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIFORM GOLD COINAGE (A. D. 1871-1873):

J. L. Laughlin: History of Bimetallism, 2264-2265 (2220-2221).

23. GOVERNMENT OF ALSACE-LORRAINE:

C. Lowe: Prince Bismarck, 1580-1581 (1544-1545).

24. THE CULTURKAMPF:

J.N. Murphy: The Chair of Peter, 1581-1582 (1546).

S. Baring-Gould: Germany, 1582 (1546).

C. Bulle: History of Our Time, 2542-2543 (3779-3791).

The Political Speeches of Prince Bismarck, 2543-2546 (3781-3784).

"There is therefore great importance for the German Empire in the character that is given to our diplomatic relations with the head of the Roman Church, wielding, as he does, an influence in this country unusually extensive for a foreign potentate. I scarcely believe, considering the spirit dominant at present in the leading circles of the Catholic Church, that any Ambassador of the German Empire could succeed … by persuasion in exerting an influence to bring about a modification of the position assumed by His Holiness the Pope toward things secular. The dogmas of the Catholic Church recently announced and publicly promulgated make it impossible for any secular power to come to an understanding with the Church without its own effacement, which the German Empire, at least, cannot accept. Have no fear; we shall not go to Canossa, either in body or in spirit." BISMARCK.

25. ADOPTION OF THE PROTECTIVE POLICY:

H. Villard: German Tariff Policy, 3162-3163 (3079).

C. F. Bastable: Commerce of Nations, 3166 (3082).

26. INCREASING STRENGTH OF SOCIALISTIC PARTIES:

É. de Laveleye: Socialism of To-day, 3031-3032 (2953-2954).

R. T. Ely: French and German Socialism, 3032 (2954).

J. Rae: Contemporary Socialism, 3032 (2954).

W. H. Dawson: German Socialism, 3032-3033 (2955).

W. H. Dawson: Bismarck and State Socialism, 3033-3034 (2955-2956).

27. ACCESSION OF WILLIAM II. (A. D. 1888); RUPTURE WITH BISMARCK:

The Times: Eminent Persons, 1582 (1546).

Fortnightly Review: Change of Government in Germany, 1583 (1547).

Hans Blum: The German Empire, 1583-1584 (1548).

28. GERMAN COLONIZATION IN AFRICA:

A. S. White: Development of Africa, 21-23 (19).

29. ORGANIZATION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE:

I. Jastrow: Geschichte des deutschen Einheitstraumes, 1584-1586 (3785-3787).

Diplomatic Reports: Tariff Changes,