History for ready reference, Volume 7
Volume VI., 25.
3. EARLY MIGRATIONS:
(a) In General.
C. W. C. Oman: History of Greece, 1605 (1567).
E. Abbott: History of Greece, 146-147 (139-140).
(5) Dorians and Ionians.
C. O. Müller: History of Dorian Race, 687, 1682 (664, 1643).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 687 (664).
G. Schömann: Antiquities of Greece, 687 (664).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 3100 (3018). 194-195 (187-188).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1020-1021 (992-993).
(c) Æolians.
G. Schömann: Antiquities of Greece, 9-10.
E. Abbott: History of Greece, 146-147 (139-140).
4. THE EARLY CITY STATES, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
C. A. Fyffe: History of Greece, 1606 (1568).
Thucydides: History, 151-153 (144-146).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1019 (991).
Z. A. Ragozin: Story of Chaldea, 246-247 (239-240).
L. von Ranke: Universal History, 1607 (1569).
Perrot and Chipiez: Chaldea and Assyria, 2968, top of second column, (2891).
F. B. Jevons: History of Greek Literature, 1676, second column, (1637).
P. Gardner: New Chapters in Greek History, 189, second column, (182).
M. Duncker: History of Greece, 3189-3190 (3105).
5. THE RENOWNED LAWGIVERS:
(a) Lycurgus.
E. Abbott: History of Greece, 3100-3102 (3018-3020).
C. H. Hanson: The Land of Greece, 3103 (3021).
(b) Draco.
G. Grote: History of Greece, 153 (146).
(c) Solon.
C. F. Hermann: Political Antiquities of Greece, 155 (148).
W. Wachsmuth: Historical Antiquities of the Greeks, 155-156 (148-149).
G. Grote: History of Greeks, 673 (649-650).
6. THE RISE OF ATHENS:
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 194-195 (187-188).
Thucydides: History, 151-153 (144-146).
W. W. Leake: Topography of Athens, 151 (144). See Maps, 152 (145).
E. Bulwer-Lytton: Athens, 154 (147).
7. THE PISISTRATIDÆ AND CONSTITUTION OF CLEISTHENES (560-507 B. C.):
E. Abbott: History of Greece, 156 (149).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 156-157 (149-50).
8. CONTEST WITH SPARTA FOR SUPREMACY (509-506 B. C.):
C. H. Hanson: The Land of Greece, 3102 (3021).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 156-157 (149-150).
C. W. Cox: The Greeks and Persians, 157 (150).
9. THE IONIAN REVOLT AND PERSIAN WARS (B. C. 500-479):
(a) In General.
Herodotus: Story of the Persian War, 1607-1608 (1569-1570).
P. Smith: Ancient History of the East, 2579 (2512).
P. Smith: History of the World, 1609 (1571).
L. von Ranke: Universal History, 157-159 (150-152).
G. Rawlinson: Ancient History, 2580 (2513).
(b) Marathon.
G. Grote: History of Greece, 1609 (1571).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1609-1610 (1571-1572).
(c) Thermopylae.
Herodotus: History, 1610-1611 (1572-1573).
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 160-161 (153-154).
(d) Platæa and Mycale.
Herodotus: History, 1612, 1613 (1574, 1575).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1613 (1575).
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 160-161 (153-154).
10. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS AND END OF PERSIAN WARS (B. C. 477-461):
G. W. Cox: History of Greece. 1613 (1575).
W. W. Lloyd: The Age of Pericles, 1614 (1576).
T. Keightley: History of Greece, 164 (157).
J. Fiske: Greek Federations, 1137 (1109).
11. POLITICAL RESULTS OF PERSIAN WARS:
G. Grote: History of Greece, 163 (155-156).
Aristotle: Constitution of Athens, 163-164 (156-157).
"None of these men were enervated by wealth or hesitated to resign the pleasures of life. … And when the moment came they were minded to resist and suffer, rather than to fly and save their lives; they ran away from the word of dishonor, but on the battlefield their feet stood fast, and in an instant, at the height of their fortune, they passed away from the scene, not of their fear, but of their glory. Such was the end of these men; they were worthy of Athens; and the living may not desire to have a more heroic spirit although they may pray for a less fatal issue. … The sacrifice which they collectively made was individually repaid to them; for they received again each one for himself a praise which grows not old, and the noblest of all sepulchers—I speak not of that in which their remains are laid, but of that in which their glory survives, and is proclaimed always and on every fitting occasion both in word and deed. For the whole earth is the sepulcher of famous men; not only are they commemorated by columns and inscriptions in their own country, but in foreign lands there dwells also an unwritten memorial of them, graven not on stone, but in the hearts of men."
From the Funeral Oration of Pericles, pages 175-178 (168-171).
STUDY IX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.
"To Greece we owe the love of Science, the love of Art, the love of Freedom; not Science alone, Art alone, or Freedom alone, but these vitally correlated with one another and brought into organic union. And in this union we recognize the distinctive features of the West. The Greek genius is the European genius in its first and brightest bloom. From a vivifying contact with the Greek spirit Europe derived that new and mighty impulse which we call Progress." S. H. BUTCHER.
I. ATHENS AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS:
(a) The Rebuilding of the City.
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 161-152 (154-155).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1022-1023 (994-995).
(b) The Enlargement of the Democracy.
G. Grote: History of Greece, 162-163 (155-156).
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Aristotle: The Constitution of Athens, 163-164 (156-157).
A. J. Grant: The Age of Pericles, 1615 (1577).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 132 (125).
(c) Quarrels with Sparta.
C. W. C. Oman: History of Greece, 165-166 (158-159).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 166-167 (159-160).
A. J. Grant: Age of Pericles, 1614 (1576).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1615-1616 (1577-1578).
2. THE RISE OF PERICLES (B. C. 466-429):
C. W. C. Oman: History of Greece, 165-166 (158-159).
A. J. Grant: The Age of Pericles, 1615 (1577).
3. THE AGE OF PERICLES (B. C. 445-429):
(a) The Splendor of Athens.
E. Abbott: Pericles, 167-168 (160-161).
E. Bulwer-Lytton: Athens, 168 (161).
(b) Art and the Domestic Life.
E. E. Viollet-le-Duc: Habitations of Man in All Ages, 168-169 (161-162).
R. C. Jebb: Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 1676 (1637).
(c) Education and Literature.
Plato: Protagoras, 701 (678).
Aristotle: Politics, 702 (679).
J. P. Mahaffy: Old Greek Education, 702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning: Educational Theories, 703 (680).
J. A. St. John: The Hellenes, 703-704 (680-681).
F. B. Jevons: History of Greek Literature, 1676-1677 (1637-1638).
S. H. Butcher: Some Aspects of Greek Genius, 1675 (1636).
(d) Law and its Administration.
Sir H. S. Maine: Ancient Law, 170 (163).
J. P. Mahaffy: Social Life in Greece, 170-171 (163-164).
(e) The Political Life.
E. A. Freeman: Athenian Democracy, 172 (165).
E. A. Freeman: Comparative Politics, 171-172 (164-165).
S. H. Butcher: Some Aspects of Greek Genius, 172 (165).
J. S. Blackie: What does History Teach, 173 (166).
Pericles: Funeral Oration, 175-178 (168-171).
4. THE GREAT PLAGUE AND DEATH OF PERICLES (B.C. 430-429):
Thucydides: History, 178 (171).
5. THE RISE OF THE DEMAGOGUES (429-421 B. C.):
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 178-179 (171-172).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Essays, 179 (172).
6. SOCRATES AS SOLDIER AND CITIZEN:
F. J. Church: Trial and Death of Socrates, 179-180 (172-173).
E. Zeller: Socrates, 705-706 (682-683).
7. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (B. C. 431-404):
(a) First Period (431-421) to Peace of Nicias:
Thucydides: History, 1620 (1582).
W. Mitford: History of Greece, 1620-1621 (1582-1583).
C. W. C. Oman: History of Greece, 1622 (1584).
T. Timayenis: History of Greece, 1623-1924 (1585-1586).
C. W. C. Oman: History of Greece, 181 (174).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 181 (174).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1023 (995).
(b) Alcibiades; The Sicilian Expedition (B. C. 415-413):
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 1624-1625 (1586-1587).
Y. Duruy: History of Greek People, 182 (175).
E. A. Freeman: Story of Sicily, 182-183 (175-176).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1625-1627 (1587-15899).
T. N. Talfourd: History of Greece, 1629 (1591).
W. Wachsmuth: Antiquities of the Greeks, 184-185 (177-178).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 185 (178).
(c) Battle of Ægospotami; Overthrow of Athens (405 B. C.).
G. Grote: History of Greece, 185 (178).
G. W. Cox: Athenian Empire, 1629-1630 (1591-1592).
8. THE OVERTHROW OF DEMOCRACY:
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 185-186 (178-179).
9. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS; RETREAT OF THE "TEN THOUSAND" (B. C. 401-400):
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 2581 (2514).
10. THE SUPREMACY OF THEBES (B. C. 379-362):
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1631-1632 (1593-1594).
Xenophon: Hellenica, 1632 (1594).
C. Sankey: The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 1632-1634 (1594-1596).
11. CHÆRONEA; END OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE (B. C. 338):
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 1634-1636 (1596-1598).
W. W. Fowler: The City State, 186-187 (179-180).
P. Gardner: Greek History, 189, first column, (182).
12. HELLENIC GENIUS, CULTURE, AND INFLUENCE:
The Funeral Oration of Pericles, 175-178 (168-171).
P. Gardner: New Chapters in Greek History, 189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy: Greek Life and Thought, 188, 189, 706 (181, 182, 683).
T. Davidson: Aristotle, 704 and 705 (681, 682).
J. P. Mahaffy: Old Greek Education, 702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning: Educational Theories, 703 (680).
The Nation: Free Schools in Greece, 705 (682).
W. W. Capes: University Life in Ancient Athens, 706-707 (683-684).
S. H. Butcher: Some Aspects of Greek Genius, 1675 (1636).
R. C. Jebb: Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 1675-1676 (1636-1637).
F. B. Jevons: History of Greek Literature, 1676-1677 (1637-1638).
J. P. Mahaffy: The Greek World under Roman Sway, 1680 (1641).
L. E. Upcott: Introduction to Greek Sculpture, 2956-2957.
J. A. St. John: The Hellenes, 1657 (1819).
W. M. Leake: Topography of Athens, 1657 (1619).
W. W. Capes: University Life in Ancient Athens, 5 (5).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 1679 second column, (1640).
"So long as Greece was free and the spirit of freedom animated the Greeks, so long their literature was creative and genius marked it. When liberty perished, literature declined. The field of Chæronea was fatal alike to the political liberty and to the literature of Greece." F. B. JEVONS.
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STUDY X. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
1. MACEDONIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY:
G. Grote: History of Greece, 2101 (2057).
P. Smith: Ancient History of East, 2579 (2512).
G. Grote: History of Greece, 1631 (1593).
2. RISE AND CAREER OF PHILIP OF MACEDON (B. C. 359-336):
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 1634 (1596).
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 1634-1636 (1596-1598).
E. Curtius: History of Greece, 1636 (1598).
W. W. Fowler: The City-State, 186-187 (179-180).
A. H. L. Heeren: Politics of Ancient Greece, 188 (181).
"No alliance could save Greece from the Macedonian power, as subsequent events plainly showed. What was needed was a real federal union between the leading states, with a strong central controlling force; and Demosthenes’ policy was hopeless just because Athens could never be the center of such a union, nor could any other city. Demosthenes is thus the last, and in some respects the most heroic champion of the old Greek instinct for autonomy. He is the true child of the City-State, but the child of its old age and decrepitude." W. W. FOWLER.
3. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (B. C. 336-323):
L. von Ranke: Universal History, 1637 (1599).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 2102-2103 (2058-2059).
C. A. Fyffe: History of Greece, 2103 (2059).
E. A. Freeman: Alexander, 2103-2104 (2059-2060).
J. T. Wheeler: History of India, 1742-1743 (1703-1704).
See Maps, 2106-2107 (2062-2063).
4. THE EFFECTS OF THE MACEDONIAN CONQUESTS:
E. Zeller: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, 188 (181).
J. P. Mahaffy: Greek Life and Thought, 188-189 (181-182).
P. Gardner: New Chapters in Greek History, 189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 1640, first column, (1602).
F. B. Jevons: History of Greek Literature, 1676-1677 (1637-1638).
R. S. Poole: Cities of Egypt, 44 (37).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 44-45 (37-38).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1023-1024 (995-996).
5. The Division of Alexander’s Empire:
(a) Preliminary Struggles to Battle of Ipsus (B.C. 323-301).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 1639-1640 (1601-1602).
T. Keightley: History of Greece, 1637-1639 (1599-1601).
A. H. L. Heeren: Ancient History, 2104 (2060).
W. C. Taylor: Ancient History, 2104-2105 (2060-2061).
T. T. Timayenis: History of Greece, 2105-2016 (2061-2062).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 2106-2107 (2062-2063).
(b) The Seleucidæ.
G. Rawlinson: Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, 2960 (2883).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 2960 (2883).
B. G. Niebuhr: Ancient History, 2960-2961 (2883-2884).
P. Smith: History of the World, 2961-2963 (2884-2886).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, 2959-2960 (2882-2883).
(c) The Ptolemies.
S. Sharpe: History of Egypt, 785 (758).
P. Gardner: New Chapters in Greek History, 785-786 (758-759).
J. H. Newman: Historical Sketches, 707-708 (684-685).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 44-45 (37-38).
6. THE ACHAIAN LEAGUE (E. C. 280-146):
E. A. Freeman: Federal Government, 1640-1641 (1602-1603).
E. A. Freeman: Federal Government, 1136 (1108).
John Fiske: American Political Ideas, 1137 (1109).
7. THE GALLIC INVASION (B. C. 280-279):
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 1448-1449 (1415-1416).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 1442 (1409).
8. THE ROMAN CONQUEST (B. C. 214-146):
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 1641 (1603).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 191 (184).
E. S. Shuckburgh: History of Rome, 2752-2753 (2678-2679).
R. C. Jebb: Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, 1678 (1639).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 1680 (1641).
"So too it was with Greece. As a people she ceased to be. When her freedom was overthrown at Chæronea, the page of her history was to all appearance closed. Yet from that moment 'she was to enter on a larger life and on universal empire. … As Alexander passed conquering through Asia, he restored to the East, as garnered grain, that Greek civilization whose seeds had long ago been received from the East. Each conqueror in turn, the Macedonian and the Roman, bowed before conquered Greece and learnt lessons at her feet. To the modern world too Greece has been the great civilizer, the œcumenical teacher, the disturber and regenerator of slumbering societies. She is the source of most of the quickening ideas which remake nations and renovate literature and art. If we reckon up our secular possessions, the wealth and heritage of the past, the large share may be traced back to Greece. One half of life she has made her domain,—all, or well-nigh all, that belongs to the present order of things, and to the visible world.
S. H. Butcher: Some Aspects of Greek Genius, page 1675 (1636).
STUDY XI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
RISE OF ROME AND CONQUEST OF THE WORLD.
1. ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE:
C. F. Keary: Dawn of History, 144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 37-38, 1844-1845, 2731 (30-31, 1804-1805, 2657).
A. Tighe: Roman Constitution, 1455-1456 (1422-1423).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 1456 (1423).
F. de Coulanges: The Ancient City, 2731 (2657).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 2731-2732 (2658).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1024 (996).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2861 (2787).
Padre de Cara: Civilità Cattolica, 1845 (1805).
Appendix A, 3793-3794 (End Volume I.).
2. LATIUM AND THE LATIN NAME:
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 37-38, 1998 (30-31, 1954).
T. Arnold: History of Rome, 1997-1998 (1953-1954).
3. THE FOUNDING OF ROME, AND ITS CIVILIZATION (B. C. 753-):
Sir H. Nicholas: Chronology of History, 2734 (2660).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 2731-2732 (2658).
Goldwin Smith: Greatness of the Romans, 2733 (2659).
G. A Simcox: History of Latin Literature, 2734 (2660).
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4. THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBS:
E. A. Freeman: European History, 2732 (2658).
A. Tighe: The Roman Constitution, 505 (491).
F. de Coulanges: The Ancient City, 2738 (2664).
5. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
(a) The King.
Sir G. C. Lewis: Early Roman History, 2734-2735 (2660-2661).
W. W. Fowler: The City-State, 2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham, Roman History, 2735-2736 (2661-2662).
(b) The Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata, and Comitia Tributa.
A. Tighe: The Roman Constitution, 504, 505 (490, 491).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2739 (2665).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2739 (2665).
(c) The Senate.
A. Tighe: The Roman Constitution, 2971 (2894).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2971-2972 (2894-2895).
(d) The Consuls and Prætors.
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2737 (2663).
A. Tighe: Roman Constitution, 633-634 (610-11).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 634, 2744 (611, 2670).
(e) The Censors.
T. Arnold: History of Rome, 412 (402-403).
(f) The Tribunes.
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2737-2738, 2739 (2663-2664, 2665).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 634, 2738, 2739 (611, 2664, 2665).
F. de Coulanges: The Ancient City, 2738 (2664).
6. THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS (B. C. 753-510):
Sir G. C. Lewis: Early Roman History, 2734-2735 (2660-2661).
T. Livy: History of Rome, 2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2735-2736 (2661-2662).
A. J. Church: Stories from Livy, 2736-2737 (2662-2663).
7. RISE OF THE REPUBLIC (B. C. 509-):
(a) Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians (B. C. 509-286).
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2738 (2664).
F. de Coulanges: Ancient City, 2738 (2664).
J. Hadley: Introduction to Roman Law, 673 (650).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson: Plebeian Privilege at Rome, 2740 (2666).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1025 (997).
(b) Laws establishing Privileges of the People.
(1) The Valerian Laws (B. C. 509).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2737 (2663).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2737 (2663).
(2) The Publilian Laws (B. C. 472).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2739 (2665).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2739 (2665).
(3) The Icilian Law (B. C. 456).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson: Plebeian Privilege at Rome, 2740 (2666).
(4) The Terentilian Law and The Twelve Tables (B. C. 451-449)
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2740-2741 (2666-2667).
H. S. Maine: Ancient Law, 2741 (2667).
(5) The Valerio-Horatian Laws (B. C. 440).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2741 (2667).
(6) The Canuleian Law (B. C. 445).
V. Duruy: History of Rome, 2741-2742 (2667-2668).
(7) The Licinian Laws (B. C. 376-367).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2743 (2669).
A. Stephenson: Agrarian Laws of Roman Republic, 2743-2744 (2669-2670).
(8) The Publilian Laws (B. C. 340).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2745 (2671).
(9) The Hortensian Laws (B. C. 286).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2747 (2673).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2747-2748 (2673-2674).
T. Arnold: History of Rome, 673 (650).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2727-2728 (2653-2654).
8. THE EXPANSION OF ROME:
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2739 (2665).
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2739, 2742 (2665, 2668).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2743 (2669).
J. Michelet: The Roman Republic, 2744-2745 (2671).
W. Ihne: History of Romans, 2745 (2671).
F. de Coulanges: The Ancient City, 2745 (2671).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2746-2747 (2672-2673).
T. Arnold: History of Rome, 2748 (2674).
9. GALLIC INVASION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY (B. C. 390):
J. Rhys: Celtic Britain, 412 (402).
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 1448-1449 (1415-1416).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2743 (2669).
10. UNION OF ITALY UNDER THE REPUBLIC (B. C. 275):
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2748-2749 (2674-2675).
J. N. Larned. Europe, 1025 (997).
11. THE PUNIC WARS (B. C. 264-202):
M. Duncker: History of Antiquity, 402 (392).
G. Grote: History of Greece, 403 (393).
T. Arnold: History of Rome, 2749 (2675).
W. B. Boyce: Introduction to Study of History, 2750 (2676).
E. A. Freeman: Outlines of History, 2750 (2676).
M. Creighton: History of Rome, 2750-2751 (2676-2677).
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2751 (2677).
R. F. Leighton: History of Rome, 2751-2752 (2677-2678).
R. B. Smith: Carthage and the Carthaginians, 403-404, 2687-2690, 2752 (393-394, 2614-2617, 2678).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2754 (2680).
12. DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC (B. C. 200-45):
E. S. Shuckburgh: History of Rome, 2752-2753 (2678-2679).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2753-2754 (2680).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2754-2755 (2680).
W. T. Arnold: Roman Administration, 2755 (2681).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2971-2972 (2894-2895).
M. Creighton: History of Rome, 2756-2757 (2682-2683).
13. ATTEMPTS AT REFORM; AGRARIAN LAWS; THE GRACCHI:
G. Long:Decline of Roman Republic, 27 (20).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 27 (20).
A. Stephenson: Agrarian Laws, etc., 2743-2744 (2669-2670).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2755 (2681).
G. Long: Decline of Roman Republic, 2755-2756 (2681-2682).
C. Merivale: Fall of Roman Republic, 2756 (2682).
14. THE SOCIAL AND CIVIL WARS (B. C. 90-45):
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2757-2758 (2683-2684).
G. Long: Decline of Roman Republic, 2758-2759 (2684-2685).
C. Merivale: Roman Triumvirates, 2759-2760 (2685-2686).
W. Forsyth: Life of Cicero, 2762 (2688).
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15. JULIUS CAESAR; QUÆSTOR TO IMPERATOR (B. C. 69-45):
W. W. Fowler: Julius Caesar, 2761-2762 (2687-2688).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2762-2763 (2688-2689).
J. Cæsar: Gallic Wars, 1444-1445 (1411-1412).
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2763-2764 (2690).
Plutarch: Cæsar, 2764-2765 (2690-2691).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2767-2768 (2693-2694).
V. Duruy: History of Rome, 2768-2769 (2694-2695).
J. A. Froude: Cæsar, 2770-2771 (2696-2697).
Goldwin Smith: Last Republicans of Rome, 2771 (2697).
16. THE TRIUMVIRATES; RISE OF THE EMPIRE (B. C. 44-31):
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 2772-2773 (2698).
W. W. Capes: The Early Empire, 2773-2775 (2699-2701).
H. F. Pelham: Roman History, 2775 (2701).
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 355 (345).
17. CONQUEST OF THE WORLD:
G. Long: Decline of Roman Republic, 3053 (2973).
J. Cæsar: Gallic War, 1444-1445 (1411-1412).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 1641 (1603).
P. Smith: History of the World, 2961-2963 (2884-2886).
R. F. Horton: History of Romans, 2236-2237 (2192-2193).
A. Hirtius: The Alexandrian War, 46 (39).
J. Cæsar: Gallic War, 329 (319).
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 329-331, 1463-1464 (319-321, 1430-1431).
STUDY XII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
1. TRANSITION FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE:
W. W. Capes: The Early Empire, 2773-2775 (2699-2701).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 196, 355 (189, 345).
W. Ramsay: Roman Antiquities, 196 (189).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1032 (1004).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2773 (2699).
2. THE RISING INFLUENCE OF THE PRÆTORIAN GUARDS:
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2040 (1996).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2040 (1996).
W. Ramsay: Roman Antiquities, 2655 (2583).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2655 (2583).
B. G. Niebuhr: History of Rome, 2776 (2702).
3. THE JULIAN AND CHRISTIAN ERA:
Sir H. Nicholas: Chronology of History, 357-358 (347-348)
W. Hales: Analysis of Chronology, 358, 1011 (348, 984).
T. Keim: Jesus of Nazara, 1960-1961 (1919-1920).
4. THE JULIAN LINE (B. C. 31-A. D. 70):
T. De Quincey: The Cæsars, 2782 (2708).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 1975 (1934).
B. G. Niebuhr: History of Rome, 2775-2776 (2701-2702).
Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve Cæsars, 2776-2777 (2702-2703).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2777-2779 (2703-2705).
T. Keightley: Roman Empire, 2779-2780 (2705-2706).
5. NERO; THE BURNING OF ROME AND PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS (A. D. 64-68):
T. De Quincey: The Cæsars, 2780-2781 (2706-2707).
F. W. Farrar: Early Days of Christianity, 2781-2782 (2707-2708).
6. THE FLAVIAN LINE (A. D. 69-192):
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 1159 (1129).
(a) Vespasian-Domitian (69-96):
Y. Duruy: History of Rome, 2783-2785 (2709-2711).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 1962-1963 (1921-1922).
H. H. Milman: History of the Jews, 1963 (1922).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2632-2633 (2560-2561).
E. Edwards: Memoirs of Libraries, 2049-2050 (2005-2006).
(b) Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian (A. D. 96-138).
R. W. Browne: History of Rome, 2785-2787 (2713).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 1963-1964 (1922-1923).
(c) The Antonines (138-192).
F. W. Farrar: Seekers after God, 2787-2788 (2714).
E. Renan: English Conferences, 2788 (2714).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2788-2789 (2714-2715).
"If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four successive Emperors whose characters and authority commanded involuntary respect." E. GIBBON.
7. COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE (A. D. 192-305):
T. Keightley: Outlines of History, 2789-2790 (2716).
J. C. Robertson: History of Christian Church, 2790 (2716).
W.C. Taylor: Ancient History, 2790-2791 (2716-2717).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2472-2473 (2413-2414).
B. F. Westcott: History of Religious Thought, 454 (440).
G. Uhlhorn: Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 456 (442).
8. THE CONSTANTINES (A. D. 305-361):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2793-2794, 2795-2796 (2719-2720, 2721-2722).
Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History, 2794 (2720).
E. L. Cutts: Constantine the Great, 2795 (2721).
9. CHRISTIANITY BECOMES THE STATE RELIGION (A. D. 323-):
E. L. Cutts: Constantine the Great, 2794-1795 (2720-2721).
A. Neander: History of Christian Religion. 2795 (2721).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2795 (2721).
G. P. Fisher: The Christian Church, 465 (451).
A. Carr: Christianity and Roman Empire, 465-466 (451-2).
H. H. Milman: History of Christianity, 467 (453).
J. N. Lamed: Europe, 1035-1036 (1007-1008).
"Shortly after the beginning of the fourth century there occurred an event which, had it been predicted in the days of Nero or even of Decius, would have been deemed a wild fancy. It was nothing less than the conversion of the Roman Emperor to the Christian faith. It was an event of momentous importance in the history of the Christian religion. The Roman Empire, from being the enemy and persecutor of the Church, thenceforward became its protector and patron. The Church entered into an alliance with the State, which was to prove fruitful of consequences, both good and evil, in the subsequent history of Europe. Christianity was now to reap the advantages and incur the dangers arising from the friendship of earthly rulers, and from a close connection with the civil authority." G. P. FISHER.
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"This important crisis in the history of Christianity almost forcibly arrests attention to contemplate the change wrought in Christianity by its advancement into a dominant power in the State. By ceasing to exist as a separate community, and by advancing its pretensions to influence the general government of mankind, Christianity, to a certain extent, forfeited its independence. It was no longer a republic, governed exclusively—as far, at least, as its religious concerns—by its own internal policy. The interference of the civil power in some of its most, private affairs, the promulgation of its canons and even, in some cases, the election of its bishops, by the State, was the price which it must inevitably pay for its association with the ruling power." H. H. MILMAN.
10. THE NEW CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE (A. D. 330):
E. L. Cutts: Constantine the Great, 519 (505).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 520-521 (506-507).
G. Finlay: Greece under Romans, 521 (507).
11. JULIAN, TO THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE (A. D. 361-395):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2796 (2722).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1445 (1412).
G. Rawlinson: Seventh Oriental Monarchy, 2582 (2515).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2799 (2724-2725).
T. Hodgkin: Dynasty of Theodosius, 2799-2800 (2725-2726).
12. REVIVAL AND FINAL OVERTHROW OF PAGANISM (A. D. 361-395):
G. Uhlhorn: Conflict of Christianity and Heathenism, 2796-2798 (2722-2724).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2800-2801 (2726-2727).
J. B. Carwithen: History of Christian Church, 2801 (2727).
13. THE DIVIDED EMPIRE (A. D. 395-):
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2801 (2727).
R. H. Wrightson: Respublica Romana, 2801-2802 (2727-2728).
G. Finlay: Greece under the Romans, 2803-2804 (2729-2730).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1037 (1009).
14. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS (A. D. 400-):
W. Smith: Note to Decline and Fall, 1591-1592 (1553-1554).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1592 (1554).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1592-1593 (1554-1555).
C. A. Scott: Ulfilas, 1594 (1556).
J. C. L. de Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 1595 (1557).
W. C. Perry: The Franks, 1431 (1397-1398).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1431 (1398).
J. B. Bury: Later Roman Empire, 2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 2805-2806 (2731-2732).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 2806-2807 (2732-2733).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2807-2808, 2808-2809 (2733-2734, 2734-2735).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2808 (2734).
R. W. Church: Beginning of Middle Ages, 2809 (2735).
J. Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, 2809-2810 (2735-2736).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1038-1040 (1010-1012).
15. CAUSES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE:
G. B. Adams: Civilization during Middle Ages, 2807 (2733).
R. W. Church: Beginning of Middle Ages, 2810 (2736).
J. R. Seeley: Roman Imperialism, 2810-2811 (2736-2737).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 2811-2812 (2738).
A. Thierry: Merovingian Era, 2812 (2738).
W. Stewart: The Church in Fourth Century, 470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale: Epochs of Church History, 471 (457).
E. Hatch: Organization of Christian Churches, 471 (457).
16. CIVILIZATION OF THE LATER REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE:
(a) Education.
J. J. I. Döllinger: Gentile and Jew, 708-709 (685-686).
E. Kirkpatrick: Development of Superior Education, 709-710 (686-687).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 710-711 (688).
E. Edwards: Memoirs of Libraries, 2048-2049 (2005).
Guhl and Koner: Life of Greeks and Romans, 2049 (2005).
T. H. Horne: Study of Bibliography, 2050 (2006).
Historic Researches regarding Library of Alexandria, 2047-2048 (2003-2004).
(b) Religion.
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 195 (188).
W. Ramsay: Roman Antiquities, 196-197 (189-190).
(c) Law.
E. Reich: Græco-Roman Institutions, 2726-2727, 2728-2729 (2652-2653, 2655).
Sir F. Pollock: Oxford Lectures, 2728 (2654).
T. W. Dwight: Introduction to Maine’s Ancient Law, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22910 2727 (2653).
J. Austin: Lectures on Jurisprudence, 2728-2729 (2654-2655).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2727-2728 (2653-2654).
J. Hadley: Introduction to Roman Law, 673 (650).
(d) Trade and Commerce.
C. Merivale: History of Rome, 3211-3213 (3702).
H. Pigeonneau: History of French Commerce, 3213-3215 (3702-3704).
H. Fox Bourne: Romance of Trade, 2245-2246 (2201-2202).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2248 (2204).
(e) Medical Science.
Pliny: Natural History, 2171-2172 (2127-2128).
W. Whewell: Inductive Sciences, 2172-2173 (2129).
Roswell Park: History of Medicine, 2173(2129).
(f) Slavery.
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2753-2754 (2680).
W. R. Brownlow: Slavery and Serfdom, 2990 (2912).
STUDY XIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FROM THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS TO CHARLEMAGNE (A. D. 400-800).
1. ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE BARBARIC NATIONS:
C. F. Keary: Dawn of Civilization, 144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 42, 483 (35, 469).
T. Smith: Arminius, 1464-1465 (1431-1432).
Appendix A., 3793-3796 (End of Volume I.).
2. GAUL AND THE GAULS:
J. Rhys: Celtic Britain, 412 (402).
C. Merivale: History of Romans, 1448-1449 (1416).
H. G. Liddell: History of Rome, 2743 (2669).
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2746-2747 (2672-2673).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy: Story of Alexander’s Empire, 1442 (1409).
J. Cæsar: Gallic Wars, 1444-1445 (1411-1412).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1445, 1448 (1412, 1415).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1445-1446 (1412-1413).
H. Pigeonneau: History of French Commerce, 3213-3215 (3702-3704).
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3. THE GOTHS:
T. Hodgkin: Italy and her Invaders. 1592 (1554).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1592-1593 (1554-1555).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1593 (1555).
C. A. A. Scott: Ulfilas, 1594 (1556).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 1595-1596 (1557-1558).
G. Finlay: Greece under the Romans, 1596-1597 (1558-1559).
(a.) The Ostrogoths and Theodoric.
H. Bradley: Story of the Goths, 1594 (1556).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome. 1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1598 (1560).
H. Bradley: Story of the Goths, 1598-1599 (1560-1561).
H. Bradley: Story of the Goths, 2812-2813 (2738-2739).
V. Duruy: History of Rome, 2813 (2739).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2814-2815 (2740-2741).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 1600 (1562).
(b) The Visigoths and Alaric.
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1594, 1595 (1556, 1557).
H. Bradley: Story of the Goths, 1597 (1559).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2807-2808 (2733-2734).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1597 (1559).
H. Bradley: Story of the Goths, 1598, 1599 (1560, 1561).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 1598 (1560).
R. W. Church: Beginning of Middle Ages, 1599-1600 (1561-1562).
4. BREAKING OF THE RHINE BARRIER (A. D. 406-500):
J. B. Bury: Later Roman Empire, 2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 2805-2806 (2731-2732)
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 2806-2807 (2732-2733).
G. B. Adams: Civilization during Middle Ages, 2807 (2733).
5. THE HUNS AND ATTILA:
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 1594-1595 (1556-1557).
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1726 (1687).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1727 (1688).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 1727 (1688).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1727 (1688).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1727-1728 (1689)
Sir E. Creasy: Fifteen Decisive Battles, 1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1728-1729 (1689-1690).
6. THE VANDALS AND GENSERIC:
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1445-1446, 3053-3054, 3715 (1412-1413, 2973-2974, 3595).
G. Finlay: Greece under the Romans, 3716 (3596).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 3716 (3596).
7. THE FRANKS AND CLOVIS:
W. C. Perry: The Franks, 1430-1431 (1397-1398).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 1431 (1398).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1445 (1412).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 3207 (3121).
J. C. L. Sismondi: French under the Merovingians, 1432 (1399).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 42-43 (35-36).
R. W. Church: Beginning of Middle Ages, 1432 (1399).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1433 (1400).
S. Baring Gould: The Church in Germany, 472 (458).
8. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN (A. D. 527-565):
G. Finlay: Greece Under the Romans, 2814 (2740).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2814-2415 (2740-2701).
J. Hadley: Introduction to Roman Law, 637-638 (614-615).
9. THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY (A. D. 448-752):
J. C. L. Sismondi: The French under the Merovingians, 1432 (1399).
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1432 (1399).
W. C. Perry: The Franks, 202, 1432-1433 (195, 1399-1400).
P. Godwin: History of France, 202 (195).
T. Smith: Arminius, 1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1466 (1435).
A. Thierry: The Merovingian Era, 1446 (1413).
10. THE LOMBARDS:
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2077 (2033).
P. Godwin: History of France, 2077-2078 (2033-2034).
11. CIVILIZATION AT BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES:
(a) Political and Social.
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2224 (2180).
G. B. Adams: Civilization during the Middle Ages, 2224-2225 (2180-2181).
B. Bosanquet: Civilization of Christendom, 2225 (2181).
A. Thierry: Formation of the Tiers État, 1446-1448 (1413-1415).
W. Robertson: Charles the Fifth, 2990-2991 (2913).
(i) Religion.
W. Stewart: Church of the Fifth Century, 470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale: Early Church History, 471 (457).
E. Hatch: Organization of Christian Churches, 471 (457).
G. Stokes: The Celtic Church, 472 (458).
M. Creighton: The Papacy, 2818 (2744).
I. Gregory Smith: Christian Monasticism, 2239-2240 (2195-2196).
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 2240-2241 (2196-2197).
(c) Education.
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 710 (687).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 710-711 (687-688).
A. T. Drane: Christian Schools, 711-712 (688-689).
12. THE RISE OF FEUDALISM:
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 1145-1146 (1117-1118).
E. Emerton: The Middle Ages, 1146 (1118).
Schröder: Deutsehen Rechtsgeschichte, 1146-1147.
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1047-1048 (1019-1020).
A. Thierry: Formation of the Tiers État, 1446-1448 (1413-1415).
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STUDY XIV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RISE OF THE MODERN NATIONS.
1. THE FRANKS:
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1432 (1399).
T. Smith: Arminius, 1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin: History of France, 1466 (1435).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization. 2163 (2119).
W. C. Perry: The Franks, 1432-1433 (1399-1400).
S. Baring Gould: The Church in Germany, 472 (458).
E. L. Cutts: Charlemagne, 472-473 (458-459).
2. THE BURGUNDIANS:
J. G. Sheppard: The Fall of Rome, 3714-3715 (3594-3495).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 338 (328).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The French under the Merovingians, 339 (329).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 339 (329).
3. THE SAXONS:
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 2884-2885 (2809-2810).
R. G. Latham: The Germany of Tacitus, 2885 (2810).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2885 (2810).
4. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE (A. D. 800-814):
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1434 (1401).
E. Emerton: Study of the Middle Ages, 1434-1435 (1401-1402).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1435 (1402)
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 1436 (1403).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1468 (1437).
A. T. Drane: Christian Schools and Scholars, 712 (689).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 2911 (2836).
Eginhard: Life of Charlemagne, 474 (460).
J. B. Mullinger: Schools of Charles the Great, 474 (460).
"Gibbon has remarked, that of all the heroes to whom the title of ‘The Great’ has been given, Charlemagne alone has retained it as a permanent addition to his name. The reason may perhaps be that in no other man were ever united, in so large a measure, and in such perfect harmony, the qualities, which, in their combination, constitute the heroic character,—such as energy, or love of action; ambition, or the love of power; curiosity, or the love of knowledge; and sensibility, or the love of pleasure. Not, indeed, the love of forbidden, unhallowed, or of enervating pleasure, but the keen relish for those blameless delights by which the burdened mind and jaded spirits recruit and renovate their powers. … His lofty stature, his open countenance, his large and brilliant eyes, and the dome-like structure of his head, imparted, as we learn from Eginhard, to all his attitudes the dignity which becomes a King, relieved by the graceful activity of a practised warrior. … Whether he was engaged in a frolic or a chase—composed verses or listened to homilies—fought or negotiated—cast down thrones or built them up—studied, conversed, or legislated, it seemed as if he, and he alone, were the one wakeful and really living agent in the midst of an inert, visionary, and somnolent generation." SIR JAMES STEPHEN.
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:
F. Lenormant: Ancient History, 3245 (3129).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 1728-1729 (1689-1690).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 242-243 (235-236).
G. P. R. James: History of Charlemagne, 243 (236).
L. Leger: History of Austro-Hungary, 205 (198).
6. DISSOLUTION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE (A. D. 814-877):
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1436-1438 (1403-1405).
H. H. Milman: History of Latin Christianity, 1468 (1437).
S. Menzies: History of Europe, 1468-1469 (1437-1438).
7. THE TREATY OF VERDUN (A. D. 843):
P. Godwin: History of France, 3735 (3615).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 3736 (3616).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 1469 (1438).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1436-1438 (1403-1405).
8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS (A. D. 843-1000):
(a) France.
P. Godwin: History of France, 1187 (1157).
E. A. Freeman: The Franks and Gauls, 1187 (1157).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1187-1188 (1157-1158).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1188 (1158).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman: The Franks and Gauls, 1438 (1405).
Sir F. Palgrave: History of Normandy and England, 1188 (1158).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1188-1189 (1158-1159).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman: The Franks and Gauls, 1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse: Political History of Europe, 1189 (1159).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 3274 (3158).
(b) Germany.
T. Smith: Arminius, 1464-1465 (1431-1432).
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church: Beginnings of Middle Ages, 1434 (1401).
E. Emerton: Study of Middle Ages, 1434 (1401).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman: Franks and Gauls, 1438 (1405).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 1469 (1438).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1470 (1439).
A. W. Grübe: Heroes of History, 1470 (1439).
C. W. Koch: The Revolutions of Europe, 1470-1471 (1439-1440).
L. Ranke: History of Reformation, 1471-1472 (1440-1441).
(c) Italy.
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2816 (2742).
J. G. Sheppard: Fall of Rome, 2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of Roman Empire, 2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2077 (2033).
P. Godwin: History of France, 2077-2078 (2033-2034).
S. Menzies: History of Europe, 1468-1469 (1437-1438).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1847-1848 (1807-1808).
A. F. Villemain: Life of Gregory VII., 2820 (2746).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1848 (1808).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1848 (1808).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 1849 (1809).
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STUDY XV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
GERMANY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES (A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. I. von Döllinger: European History, 2820-2821 (2746-2747).
Cardinal J. H. Newman: Essays, 2485-2486 (2426-2427).
W. B. Boyce: Introduction to the Study of History, 1472-1473 (1441-1442).
S. A. Dunham: History of the Germanic Empire, 2730 (2656).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2730 (2656).
J. H. Allen: Christian History, 1473 (1442).
2. BEGINNING OF THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY:
G. B. Adams: Civilization during the Middle Ages, 1473-1474 (1442-1443).
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 2486-2487 (2427-2428).
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2487 (2428).
Hinschius: Investiturstrcit, 2488-2489 (3794-3796).
W. R. W. Stephens: Hildebrand, 396-397 (386-387).
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 2887 (2812).
J. H. Allen: Christian History, 1474 (1443).
J. J. I. Döllinger: History of the Church, 1474-1475 (1443-1444).
3. RISE OF THE COLLEGE OF ELECTORS (A. D. 1125-1272):
K. Lamprecht: History of Germany, 1475-1476 (3759-3760).
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 1476-1477 (1445).
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 316-317 (306).
4. THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE:
J. Jastrow: Deutschen Einheitstraum, 1477-1478 (3761-3672).
C. Beard: Martin Luther, 487 (473).
W. J. Wyatt: History of Prussia, 487-488 (473-474).
5. RISE OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN; THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1478 (1445).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1652 (1614).
P. M. Thornton: The Brunswick Accession, 1652-1653 (1614-1615).
A. Gallenga: Italy, 1014-1015 (986-987).
Sir A. Halliday: Annals of the House of Hanover, 2888 (2813).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1857-1858 (1817-1818).
6. THE TWO GREAT FREDERICKS:
(a) Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1152-1190).
O. Browning: Guelphs and Ghibellines, 1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1852 (1812).
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1853 (1813).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2492-2493 (2432-2433).
The Republic of Venice, 3726 (3606).
(b) Frederick the Second (A. D. 1220-1250).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 1480 (1447).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1854 (1814).
A. B. Pennington: Emperor Frederick II., 1854-1855 (1814-1815).
T. L. Kington: Frederick the Second, 1855-1856 (1815-1816).
G. Procter: History of the Crusades, 657, first column, (634).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 1926, second column, (1885).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1481-1482 (1448-1449).
"We have seen the Roman Empire revived in A. D. 800, by a prince whose vast dominions gave ground to his claim of universal monarchy; again erected, in A. D. 962, on the narrower but firmer basis of the German Kingdom. We have seen Otto the Great and his successors during the three following centuries, a line of monarchs of unrivalled vigor and abilities, strain every nerve to make good the pretensions of their office against the rebels in Italy and the ecclesiastical power. The Roman Empire might, and, so far as practical utility was concerned, ought now to have been suffered to expire; nor could it have ended more gloriously than with the last of the Hohenstaufen. That it did not so expire, but lived on 600 years more, till it became a piece of antiquarianism hardly more venerable than ridiculous,—till, as Voltaire said, all that could be said about it was that it was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire,—was owing partly indeed to the belief, still unshaken, that it was a necessary part of the world’s order, yet chiefly to its connection, which was by this time indissoluble, with the German Kingdom. The Germans had confounded the two characters of their sovereign so long, and had grown so fond of the style and pretensions of a dignity whose possession appeared to exalt them above the other peoples of Europe, that it was now too late for them to separate the local from the universal monarch." JAMES BRYCE.
7. THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE (ABOUT A. D. 1250):
History of the Hanseatic League, 1663 (1626).
R. Schröder: Der Deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 1663-1664.
K. Lamprecht: Deutsche Geschichte, 1664-1665.
8. THE RISE OF THE HAPSBURGS:
Sir R. Comyn: History of the Western Empire, 1482-1483 (1449-1450).
W. Coxe: History of the House of Austria, 206 (199).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1481-1482 (1448-1449).
Sir R. Comyn: The Western Empire, 206-207 (199-200).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1710 (1671).
The Legend of Tell and Rütli, 3127, first column, (3043).
9. A CENTURY OF CONFUSION:
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1484 (1451).
S. A. Dunham: The Germanic Empire, 1484-1485 (1451-1452).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1485-1486 (1452-1543).
L. von Ranke: The Reformation in Germany, 1486 (1453).
10. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE:
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1435 and 2725 (1402 and 2652).
L. von Ranke: History of the World, 2725-2726.
W. von Giesebrecht: The German Empire, 2726.
F. A. Gregorovius: History of Rome, 2726.
C. W. Koch: Revolutions of Europe, 1471, second column, (1440).
L. von Ranke: History of the Reformation, 1471-1472 (1440-1441).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1481-1482 (1448-1449).
L. von Ranke: History of the Reformation, 1486 (1453).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1541 (1507).
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"On August 1, the French Envoy at Regensburg announced to the Diet that his master, who had consented to become Protector of the Confederate princes, no longer recognized the existence of the Empire. Francis II. resolved at once to anticipate this new Odoacer, and by a declaration, dated August 6, 1800, resigned the imperial dignity. … Throughout, the term German Empire (deutsches Reich) is employed. But it was the crown of Augustus, of Constantine, of Charles, of Maximilian, that Francis of Hapsburg laid down, and a new era in the world’s history was marked by the fall of its most venerable institution. One thousand and six years after Leo, the Pope, had crowned the Frankish King, eighteen hundred and fifty-eight years after Cæsar had conquered at Pharsalia, the Holy Roman Empire came to its end." JAMES BRYCE.
STUDY XVI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FRANCE TO THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES (A. D. 1000-1453).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD (ABOUT A. D. 1000):
E. de Bounechose: History of France, 1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman: The Franks and the Gauls, 1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse: Political History of Europe, 1189 (1159).
J. C. L. Sismondi: France under the Feudal System, 1189-1190 (1159-1160).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1190 (1161).
M. Arnold: Schools and Universities, 717-718 (694-695).
2. THE RISE OF FREE CITIES AND OF THE COMMUNES:
Achille Luchaire: The French Communes, 1190-1193 (3748-3750).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 505-506 (491-492).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 506 (492).
3. CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION OF THE KINGDOM (A. D. 1100-1225):
C. M. Yonge: History of France, 1193 (1162).
Mrs. J. R. Green: Henry the Second, 826 (799).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1193-1194 (1162).
E. Smedley: History of France, 2551 (2485).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 828 (801).
See Maps between pages 1200-1201 (1168-1169).
4. THE NOTABLE REIGN OF SAINT LOUIS, LOUIS IX. (1226-1270):
G. Masson: St. Louis, 1194 (1163).
A. L. la Marche: France under Saint Louis, 1194-1196 (3750-3753).
Saint Louis of France, 1196 (1164).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1197 (1165).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 1197 (1165).
F. P. Guizot; History of France, 657-658 and 658-659 (634-635 and 635-636).
Origin of the Houses of Valois and Bourbon, 1197, 3714 (1165, 3594).
Duc d’Aumale: The House of Condé, 314 (304).
"St. Louis struck at the spirit of the Middle Age, and therein insured the downfall of its forms and whole embodiment. … He undermined Feudalism, because he hated injustice; he warred with the Middle Age, because he could not tolerate its disregard of human rights; and he paved the way for Philip-le-Bel’s struggle with the Papacy, because he looked upon religion and the Church as instruments for man’s salvation, not as tools for worldly aggrandizement. The first calm, deliberate, consistent opposition to the centralizing power of the great See was that offered by its truest friend and honest ally, Louis of France. … He is perhaps the only monarch on record who failed in most of what he undertook of active enterprise, who was under the control of the prejudices of his age, who was a true conservative, who never dreamed of effecting great social changes,—and who yet, by his mere virtues, his sense of duty, his power of conscience, made the most mighty and vital reforms."
5. PHILIP IV. AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PAPACY (A. D. 1285-1314):
G. M. Bussey: History of France, 1198 (1166).
G. Trevor: Fall of the Western Empire, 2494-2495 (2434-2435).
A. R. Pennington: The Church in Italy, 2495 (2435).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 3177 (3092).
6. THE PARLIAMENT OF PARIS AND THE STATES GENERAL:
Sir James Stephen: History of France, 2554-2555 (2488-2489).
Lord Brougham: History of England and France, 2555 (2489).
Sir James Stephen: History of France, 3108-3109 3026-3027).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 3109 (3027).
A. Thierry: The Tiers État, 1202-1203 (1170-1171).
7. THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF VALOIS, PHILIP VI. (A. D. 1328):
J. Michelet: History of France. 1200 (1168).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1200 (1168).
J. Michelet: History of France, 1200 (1168).
8. THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (A. D. 1327-1435):
(a) The First Period (1327-1380).
J. Froissart: Chronicles, 1200-1201 (1168-1169).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 1201 (1169).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 2868 (2794).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1201 (1169).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1201 (1169).
J. Michelet: History of France, 1201-1202 (1169-1170).
A. Thierry: The Tiers État, 1202-1203 (1170-1171).
Professor de Vericour: The Jacquerie, 1204 (1172).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1204 (1172).
E. Bonnechose: History of France, 1205 (1173).
(b) The Second Period (1415-1435).
A. J. Church: Henry the Fifth, 1205-1206 (1173-1174).
C. M. Yonge: English History, 1206 (1174).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1207 (1175).
9. MISSION OF THE MAID OF ORLEANS (A. D. 1429-1431);
A. de Lamartine: Joan of Arc, 1207-1208 (1175-1176).
S. Luce: Jeanne d’Arc, 1208 (3755).
A. de Lamartine: Joan of Arc, 1208-1209 (1175-1176).
Lord Mahon: Historical Essays, 1209 (1177).
J. O’Hagan: Joan of Arc, 1209 (1177).
T. de Quincey: Joan of Arc, 1209-1210 (1177-1178).
"Her ways and habits during the year she was in arms are attested by a multitude of witnesses. Dunois and the Duke of Alençon bear testimony to what they term her extraordinary talents for war, and to her perfect fearlessness in action; but in all other things she was the most simple of creatures. She wept when she first saw men slain in battle, to think that they should have died without confession. She wept at the abominable epithets which the English heaped upon her; but she was without a trace of vindictiveness. … In her diet she was abstemious in the extreme, rarely eating until evening, and then for the most part, of bread and water, sometimes mixed with wine. In the field, she slept in her armor; but when she came into a city, she always sought out some honorable matron, under whose protection she placed herself; and there is wonderful evidence of the atmosphere of purity which she diffused around her, her very presence banishing from men’s hearts all evil thoughts and wishes. Her conversation, when not of war, was entirely of religion. She confessed often, and received communion twice in the week." J. O’HAGAN.
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10. THE EFFECTS OF THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR:
E. E. Crowe: History of France, 1210 (1178).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1211 (1179).
C. W. Oman: Warwick the King-Maker, 846-847 (819-820).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1065-1068 (1037-1040).
11. THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION OF CHARLES VII. (A. D. 1438):
R. C. Trench: Church History, 2500 (2440).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 1210-1211 (1178-1179).
"Such were the chief reforms of its own special grievances which France wished to establish. It was the first step in the assertion of the rights of National Churches to arrange for themselves the details of their own ecclesiastical organizations." M. CREIGHTON.
STUDY XVII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ITALY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES (A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1848 (1808).
A. F. Villemain: Life of Gregory VII., 2820 (2746).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 2820 (2746).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1848 (1808).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1848-1849 (1808-1809).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 2725 (2652).
L. von Ranke: History of the World, 2725-2726.
P. Godwin: History of France, 2078, first column, (2034).
2. THE NORMAN SETTLEMENTS (A. D. 1000-1100):
A. Thierry: Conquest of England, 2418 (2366).
Sir F. Palgrave: History of Normandy, etc., 2419-2420 (2367-2368).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 2421-2422 (2369-2370).
Sir F. Palgrave: History of Normandy, 2422 (2370).
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 2981-2982 (2903-2904).
E. A. Freeman: Story of Sicily, 2983 (2905).
G. Finlay: The Byzantine Empire, 2984 (2906).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2984 (2906).
J. Michelet: History of France, 1849 (1809).
G. Procter: History of Italy, 1849-1850 (1809-1810).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 2821 (2747).
A. H. Johnson: The Normans in Europe, 1850-1851 (1810-1811).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1051 (1023).
3. RISE OF THE FREE CITIES:
P. Godwin: History of France, 2077-2078 (2033-2034).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1850 (1810).
Hinschius: Investiturstreit, 2488-2489 (3794-3796).
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 3273 (3157).
(a) Milan.
W. Ihne: History of Rome, 2746-2747 (2672-2673).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2226 (2182).
G. B. Testa: War of Frederick I. against Lombardy, 2226 (2182).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2226-2227 (2182-2183).
(b) Florence.
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 1160 (1130).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1160-1161 (1130-1131).
B. Duffy: The Tuscan Republics, 1161 (1131).
(c) Pavia.
G. B Niebuhr: History of Rome, 2070 (2026).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2077 (2033).
(d) Pisa.
L. Pignotti: History of Tuscany, 2605-2606 (2537-2538).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 2606-2607 (2538-2539).
(e) Venice.
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 3722 (3602).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 3722 (3602).
G. Finlay: Byzantine Empire, 3722-3723 (3602-3603).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 3724-3725 (3604-3605).
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATES OF THE CHURCH:
J. N. Murphy: The Chair of Peter, 2492 (2432).
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 3273 (3157).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2493 (2433).
5. CONDITIONS IN ROME.
J. I. Döllinger: European History, 2821 (2747).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 2821 (2747).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2822 (2748).
6. STRUGGLE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS WITH THE EMPERORS:
(a) With Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1154-1183).
O. Browning: Guelphs and Ghibellines, 1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1852 (1812).
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1853 (1813).
(b) With Frederick the Second (A. D. 1220-1250).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1854 (1814).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1137-1138 (1109-1110).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 1479 (1446).
E. A. Freeman: Frederick the Second, 1480, first column (1447).
J. A. Symonds: The Revival of Learning, 720 (697).
(c) The Results of the Contest.
J. Burckhardt: The Renaissance in Italy, 1856-1857 (1816-1817).
O. Browning: Guelfs and Ghibellines, 1856 (1816).
E. Smedley: History of France, 1858-1859 (1818-1819).
J. A. Symonds: Florence and the Medici, 1163 (1133).
7. THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1478 (1445).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 1652 (1614).
Sir A. Halliday: Annals of House of Hanover, 1652 (1614).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1857-1858 (1817-1818).
R. W. Church: Dante, 1858 (1818).
N. Machiavelli: History of Florence, 1161-1162 (1131-1132).
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O. Browning: Guelphs and Ghibellines, 1162 (1132).
T. A. Trollope: The Commonwealth of Florence, 1162-1163 (1132-1133).
8. THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS (A. D. 1250-1500):
J. Burckhardt: The Renaissance in Italy, 1856-1857 (1816-1817).
T. A. Trollope: The Commonwealth of Florence, 1857-1858 (1817-1818).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 1859 (1819).
J. A. Symonds: The Renaissance in Italy, 1859 (1819).
J. Yeats: Growth of Commerce, 2249, second column, (2205).
A. von Reumont: Lorenzo de’ Medici, 2250 (2206).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 2250 (2206).
J. A. Symonds: The Renaissance, 2463-2464.
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1074-1045 (1046-1047).
9. CONTINUED CONTESTS BETWEEN THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
W. Hunt: History of Italy, 1860-1861 (1820-1821).
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 1861 (1821).
G. Procter: History of Italy, 1862-1863 (1822-1823).
10. RIENZI; THE LAST OF THE TRIBUNES (A. D. 1347-1354):
Professor de Vericour: Rienzi, 2822-2824 (2748-2750).
W. W. Story: The Castle of St. Angelo, 2824-2825 (2750-2751).
11. THE INFAMOUS "FREE COMPANIES" (ABOUT A. D. 1340-1390):
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1865-1866 (1825-1826).
W. P. Urquhart: Life of F. Sforza, 1866 (1826).
Sir John Hawkwood, 1866 (1826).
12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY PRINCIPALITIES:
(a) Florence.
(1) The Passing of the Republic.
J. A. Symonds: Florence and the Medici, 1163 (1133).
C. Balbo: Life of Dante, 1164 (1134).
W. P. Urquhart: Life of F. Sforza, 1165 (1135).
T. B. Macaulay: Machiavelli, 1166 (1136).
G. Boccaccio: The Decameron, 1166 (1136).
J. E. T. Rogers: History of Agriculture, 292-293 (283-284).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1166-1167 (1136-1137).
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 1167 (1137).
(2) The Medici.
J. A. Symonds: Florence and the Medici, 1167-1168 (1137-1138).
T. A. Trollope: Commonwealth of Florence, 1168-1169 (1138-1139).
W. B. Scaife: Florentine Life, 1169 (1139).
W. Hunt: History of Italy, 1169 (1139).
A. von Reumont: Lorenzo de’ Medici, 1169-1170 (1139-1140).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1170-1171 (1140-1141).
P. Villari: Machiavelli, 1171-1172 (1141-1142).
Mrs. Oliphant: Makers of Florence, 1172 (1142).
H. A. Taine: Italy, Florence, and Venice, 1172-1173 (1142-1143).
(3) Savonarola.
O. T. Hill: Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross, 1173-1175 (1143-1145).
H. E. Napier: Florentine History, 1176 (1146).
J. A. Symonds: Studies in Italy, 1176-1177 (1146-1147).
Mrs. Oliphant: Makers of Florence, 1172 (1142).
"Florence was as near a pagan city as it was possible for its rulers to make it. … Society had never been more dissolute, more selfish, or more utterly deprived of any higher aim. Barren scholarship, busy over grammatical questions, and elegant philosophy, snipping and piecing its logical systems, formed the top-dressing to that half-brutal, hall-superstitious ignorance of the poor. The dilettante world dreamed hazily of a restoration of the worship of the pagan gods; Cardinal Bembo bade his friend beware of reading St. Paul’s Epistles, lest their barbarous style should corrupt his taste. … Thus limited intellectually, the age of Lorenzo was still more hopeless morally, full of debauchery, cruelty and corruption, violating oaths, betraying trusts, believing in nothing but Greek manuscripts, coins, and statues, caring for nothing but pleasure. This was the world in which Savonarola found himself." MRS. OLIPHANT.
(b) Milan.
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1851, second column, (1811).
J. C. L. Sismondi: 1852, second column, (1812).
J. A. Symonds: Age of Despots, 2227-2228 (2183-2184).
W. Robertson: Charles the Fifth, 2228 (2184).
A. von Reumont: Lorenzo de’ Medici, 2228-2229 (2184-2185).
(c) Pisa.
J. T. Bent: Genoa, 2606-2607 (2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds: Studies in Italy, 50-51 (43-44).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 522-523 (508-509).
G. Procter: History of Italy, 1862-1863 (1822-1823).
W. Hunt: History of Italy, 1868 (1828).
J. N. Murphy: The Chair of St. Peter, 2498 (2438).
(d) Genoa.
J. T. Bent: Genoa, 1452-1453, 2606-2607 (1419-1420, 2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 2227, second column, (2183).
J. T. Bent: Genoa, 1454, 2251-2252 (1421, 2207-2208).
G. B. Malleson: Genoese History, 1454 (1421).
J. N. Larned: Venice and Genoa, 3220 (3709).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1454 (1421).
(e) Venice.
G. Finlay: Byzantine and Greek Empires, 3726 (3606).
The Republic of Venice, 3726 (3606).
E. Pears: The Fall of Constantinople, 3726 (3606).
W. C. Hazlitt: The Venetian Republic, 3727 (3607).
J. Yeats: The Growth of Commerce, 3727 (3607).
G. Finlay: Byzantine and Greek Empires, 523-524 (509-510).
F. A. Parker: Fleets of the World, 3728 (3608).
J. T. Bent: Genoa, 3729 (3609).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Italian Republics, 1869 (1829).
STUDY XVIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH: FROM PENTECOST TO GREGORY THE GREAT (A. D. 30(?)-600).
1. JUDÆA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA:
E. de Pressensé: Jesus Christ, 1961-1962 (1920-1921).
E. Schürer: The Jewish People, 1678 (1639).
A. Edersheim: Life of Jesus, 446 (432).
H. W. Hulbert: Historical Geography, 446 (432).
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2. HEROD AND THE HERODIANS (B. C. 40-A. D. 44):
T. Keim: Jesus of Nazara, 1958-1959 (1917-1918).
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 1960 (1919).
H. H. Milman: History of the Jews, 1960 (1919).
3. THE BIRTH OF JESUS:
T. Keim: Jesus of Nazara, 1960-1961 (1919-1920).
W. Hales: Analysis of Chronology, 1011 (984).
4. PENTECOST, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST CHURCHES:
G. Y. Lechler: The Apostolic Times, 447 (433).
A. Sabatier: The Apostle Paul, 447 (433).
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 448 (434).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 448 (434).
J. E. Wiltsch: Statistics of the Church, 448 (434).
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 449 (435).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 449 (435).
5. THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD (A. D. 30(?)-100):
(a) The Church at Antioch.
C. Thirlwall: History of Greece, 2107, 2960 (2063, 2883).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 448 (434).
J. J. von Döllinger: European History, 449 (435).
W. M. Ramsay: The Church in the Roman Empire, 449 (435).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 449 (435).
B. Weiss: Introduction to the New Testament, 450 (436).
G. B. Brown: From Schola to Cathedral, 450 (436).
(b) The Missions of St. Paul.
G. P. Fisher: The Christian Church, 450 (436).
A. Sabatier; The Apostle Paul, 450-451 (436-437).
A. Sabatier; The Apostle Paul, 451, second column, (437).
J. B. Lightfoot: Biblical Essays, 451 (437).
W. M. Ramsay: The Church in the Roman Empire, 451 (437).
C. T. Cruttwell: Literary History of Early Christianity, 191-192 (184-185).
(c) The Church at Rome.
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 453 (439).
G. Salmon: Infallibility of the Church, 2476 (2417).
J. J. I. Döllinger: History of the Church, 2476-2477 (2417-2418).
F. W. Farrar: Early Days of Christianity, 2781-2782 (2707-2708).
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 453 (439).
(d) The Church at Alexandria.
R. S. Poole: The Cities of Egypt, 44 (37).
E. Kirkpatrick: Development of Superior Education, 708 (685).
A. Neander: History of the Christian Church, 452 (438).
J. P. Mahaffy: Alexander’s Empire, 2973 (2896).
(e) The Destruction of Jerusalem.
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 449 (435).
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 1962 (1921).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 1963 (1922).
H. H. Milman: History of the Jews, 1963 (1922).
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 461 (447).
(f) St. John, and the Church at Ephesus.
E. Abbott: History of Greece, 146, second column, (139).
J. T. Wood: Discoveries at Ephesus, 1008-1009 (981-2)
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 1009 (982).
J. B. Lightfoot; Biblical Essays, 451-452 (437-438).
"For Christians are not distinguished from the rest of mankind either in locality or in speech, or in customs. … They dwell in their own countries as the lot of each is cast, but only as sojourners; they bear their share in all things as citizens, and they endure all hardships as strangers. Every foreign country is a fatherland to him and every fatherland is foreign. … Their existence is on earth, but their citizenship is in heaven. They obey the established laws, and they surpass the laws in their own lives. They love all men, and they are persecuted by all. War is urged against them as aliens by the Jews, and persecution is carried on against them by the Greeks, and yet those that hate them cannot tell the reason of their hostility." THE EPISTLE TO DIOGNETUS (ABOUT A. D. 150).
6. THE PERIOD OF CHURCH DEVELOPMENT (A. D. 100-312):
G. B. Brown: From Schola to Cathedral, 455 (441).
B. F. Westcott: Religious Thought in the West, 453-454, 454 (439-440, 440).
J. F. Hurst: History of the Christian Church, 454 (440).
G. Uhlhorn: Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 454 (440).
W. M. Ramsay: The Church in the Roman Empire, 455 (441).
J. H. Kurtz: Church History, 457 (443).
G. A. Jackson: The Fathers of the Third Century, 457 (443).
See Map between pages 446-7 (432-3), and Appendix D, 3806-3810 (End of Volume I.).
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CHURCH AND CHRISTIANS:
G. Uhlhorn: Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 454 (440).
J. B. Lightfoot: Translation Epistle to Diognetus, 454 (440).
R. W. Church: Gifts of Civilization, 455 (441).
J. B. Lightfoot: Apostolic Age, 457 (443).
G. P. Fisher: Christian Church, 459 (445).
W. M. Ramsay: The Church in the Roman Empire, 456 (442).
H. Hayman: Diocesan Synods, 456 (442).
W. Moeller: History of the Christian Church, 457 (443) .
G. A. Jackson: Fathers of the Third Century, 457 (443).
J. H. Kurtz: Church History, 459 (445).
8. THE RISE OF ECCLESIASTICISM:
W. D. Killen: The Old Catholic Church, 458 (444).
J. B. Lightfoot: The Apostolic Age, 458 (444).
C. Gore: The Mission of the Church, 458 (444).
A. Neander: The Christian Religion, 458 (444).
9. GROWTH OF GREAT CHURCH CENTRES:
F. W. Puller: Primitive Saints, 458 (444).
(a) Alexandria.
C. T. Cruttwell: Literary History of Early Christianity, 459-460 (445-446).
J. B. Heard: Alexandrian Theology, 460 (446).
W. Moeller: Christian Church, 460 (446).
C. Bigg: The Christian Platonists, 460-461 (446-447).
F. C. Baur: Church of the First Three Centuries, 1589 (1551).
(b) Rome.
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 462 (448).
R. Lanciani: Pagan and Christian Rome, 462-463 (448-449).
E. de Pressensé: Early Years of Christianity, 463 (449).
(c) Carthage.
C. T. Cruttwell: Literary History of Early Christianity, 461-462 (447-448).
J. I. von Döllinger: European History, 462 (448).
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10. THE PERSECUTIONS:
G. Uhlhorn: The Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 456 (442).
G. B. Brown: From Schola to Cathedral, 455 (442).
(а) Under Nero (A. D. 64-68).
F. W. Farrar: Early Days of Christianity, 2781-2782 (2707-2708).
(b) Under Domitian (A. D. 93-96).
V. Duruy: History of Rome, 2784 (2710).
(c) Under Trajan (A. D. 112-116).
R. W. Browne: History of Rome, 2786, first column, (2712).
(d) Under Marcus Aurelius (A. D. 175-178).
F. W. Farrar: Seekers after God, 2788 (2714).
(e) Under Decius (about A. D. 250).
J. C. Robertson: History of Christian Church, 2790 (2716).
(f) Under Diocletian (A. D. 303-5).
S. Eliot: History of the Early Christians, 2792-2793 (2718-2719).
The Ante-Nicene Churches, Appendix D, 3806 (End of Volume I.).
11. THE CHURCH FATHERS:
J. F. Hurst: History of the Christian Church, 454 (440).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 456-457 (442-443).
J. H. Kurtz: Church History, 457 (443).
G. A. Jackson: Fathers of the Third Century, 457 (443).
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 460 (446).
A. Plummer: Church of the Early Fathers, 461 (447).
J. I. von Döllinger: European History, 462 (448).
E. de Pressensé: Early Years of Christianity, 463 (449).
W. Stewart: Church in the Fourth Century, 468 (454).
G. T. Stokes: The Celtic Church, 472 (458).
W. Stewart: Church in the Fourth Century, 471 (456-457).
T. W. Allies: The Holy See, 2482 (2423).
12. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH BECOMES THE CHURCH OF THE EMPIRE (A. D. 323):
G. P. Fisher: History of the Christian Church, 465 (451).
A. Carr: The Church and the Roman Empire, 465-466 (451-452).
Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History, 2794 (2720).
E. L. Cutts: Constantine the Great, 2794-2795 (2721).
A. Neander: History of the Christian Church, 2795 (2721).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 2795 (2721).
H. H. Milman: History of Christianity, 466-467, 467-468 (452-453, 453-454).
13. THE EASTERN, OR GREEK CHURCH:
E. L. Cutts: Constantine the Great, 519 (505).
G. Finlay: Greece under the Romans, 520 (506).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2801 (2727).
H. F. Tozer: The Church and the Eastern Empire, 468-469 (454-455).
R. W. Church: The Gifts of Civilization, 469 (455).
J. C. Lees: The Greek Church, 470 (456).
14. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY, AND COUNCIL OF NICÆA (A. D. 325):
The Councils of the Church, 644 (621).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 138 (131).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 138-139 (131-132).
R. W. Bush: St. Athanasius, 2411 (2359).
W. Moeller: Christian Church, 466 (452).
T. Hodgkin: The Dynasty of Theodosius, 2799, second column, (2725).
E. L. Cutts: Charlemagne, 1150 (1120).
P. Schaff: History of Christian Church, 1150 (1120).
15. THE REVIVAL OF PAGANISM, AND FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY (A. D. 361-395):
G. Uhlhorn: Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism, 2796-2798 (2722-2724).
J. C. L. Sismondi: Fall of the Roman Empire, 2798, first column, (2724).
J. B. S. Carwithen: History of the Christian Church, 2801 (2727).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2800-2801 (2726-2727).
16. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE PROVINCES:
E. de Pressensé: Early Years of Christianity, 463 (449).
C. A. A. Scott: Ulfilas, 464, 1594 (450, 1556).
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1432 (1399).
S. Baring-Gould; The Church in Germany, 472 (458).
C. Merivale: Church History, 464 (450).
R. W. Church: Gifts of Civilization, 465 (451).
A. Plummer: Church of the Early Fathers, 464 (450).
Appendix D, 3807-3810 (End of Volume I.).
17. THE FALL OF IMPERIAL, RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL ROME:
J. Watt: The Latin Church, 471 (457).
C. Merivale: Early Church History, 471 (457).
E. Hatch: Organization of the Christian Churches, 471 (457).
G. T. Stokes: The Celtic Church, 472 (458).
J. J. I. von Döllinger: History of the Church, 2481 (2421-2482).
C. Gore: Leo the Great, 2481 (2422).
STUDY XIX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF THE PAPACY.
1. THE ROMAN CHURCH CLAIM OF DESCENT FROM ST. PETER:
G. Salmon: Infallibility of the Church, 2476 (2417).
J. J. I. von Döllinger; History of the Church, 2476-2477 (2417-2418).
Cardinal Gibbons: The Faith of Our Fathers, 2477-2478 (2418-2419).
Abbé Guettée: The Papacy, 2478-2479 (2419-2420).
S. Cheetham: History of the Church, 2480 (2421).
G. F. Seymour: Christian Unity, 2480 (2421).
E. de Pressensé: Early Years of Christianity. 463 (449).
2. THE RISE OF THE EPISCOPATE:
W. D. Killen: The Old Catholic Church, 458 (444).
C. Gore: Mission of the Church, 458 (444).
J. B. Lightfoot; The Apostolic Age, 458 (444).
A. Neander: The Christian Religion, 458 (444).
E. Hatch: Organization of the Christian Churches, 471 (457).
C. Gore: Leo the Great, 2481 (2422).
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3. The PATRIARCHATES:
J. H. Egar: Christendom; Ecclesiastical and Political, 466 (452).
J. E. T. Wiltsch: Statistics of the Church, 466 (452).
J. C. Lees: The Greek Church, 470, first column, (456).
C. Merivale: Early Church History, 471 (457).
4. THE EARLY BISHOPS OF ROME (A. D. 42-600):
J. J. I. von Döllinger: History of the Church, 2480-2481 (2421-2422).
C. Gore: Leo the Great, 2481 (2422).
J. H. Egar: Ecclesiastical and Political Christendom, 476 (462).
V. Duruy: Middle Ages, 476 (462).
5. ORIGIN OF THE PAPAL TITLE:
A. P. Stanley: The Eastern Church, 2480 (2421).
R. W. Bush: St. Athanasius, 2411 (2359).
6. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:
J. Watt: The Latin Church, 471 (457).
C. Merivale: Church History, 471 (457).
E. Hatch: The Christian Churches, 471 (457).
C. Gore: Leo the Great, 2481 (2422).
S. Cheetham: The Christian Church, 2479, last column, 2480 (2421).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1045 (1017).
7. GREGORY THE GREAT (A. D. 590-604):
V. Duruy: The Middle Ages, 475-476 (461-462).
J. Barmby: Gregory the Great, 2481-2482 (2422-2423).
T. W. Allies: The Holy See, 2482 (2423).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2818 (2744).
C. Merivale: Early Church History, 476 (462).
V. Duruy: The Middle Ages, 476-477 (462-463).
J. F. Rowbotham: History of Music, 2280-2281.
8. FROM GREGORY TO CHARLEMAGNE (A. D. 600-800):
The Succession of Popes, 2482-2483 (2423-2424).
(a) The Rise of Papal Sovereignty at Rome.
G. Finlay: The Byzantine Empire, 2483 (2424).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2483 (2424).
J. E. Darras: History of the Catholic Church, 2483 (2424).
P. Godwin: History of France, 2483 (2424).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 2483 (2424).
C. J. Stillé; Mediæval History, 1467, second column, (1436).
(b) The Iconoclastic Controversy.
J. L. von Mosheim: Ecclesiastical History, 1732 (1692-1693).
J. C. Lees: The Greek Church, 470 (456).
(c) The Forged Donation of Constantine, and False Decretals.
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2484 (2425).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 2484 (2425).
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2484 (2425).
J. E. Riddle: History of the Papacy, 2485 (2426).
9. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE FRANKS:
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire (1846-1806). [sic]
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1846-1847 (1806-1807).
C. J. Stillé: Studies in Mediaeval History, 1467-1468 (1436-1437).
E.Emerton: The Middle Ages, 1434-1435 (1401-1402).
10. FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO HILDEBRAND; DEGRADATION OF THE HOLY SEE (A. D. 300-1073):
Cardinal J. H. Newman: Essays, 2485-2486 (2426-2427).
A. F. Villemain: Life of Gregory VII., 2820 (2746).
Abbé J. E. Darras: The Catholic Church, 2820 (2746).
C. W. Koch: The Revolutions of Europe, 1471 (1439-1440).
J. I. von Döllinger: European History, 2820-2821 (2746-2747).
J. H. Allen: Christian History, 1473 (1442).
G. B. Adams: Civilization during Middle Ages, 1473-1474 (1442-1443).
E. L. Cutts: Charlemagne, 1150 (1120).
P. Schaff; History of the Christian Church, 1150 (1120).
"Such are a few of the most prominent features of the ecclesiastical history of these dreadful times, when, in the words of St. Bruno, 'the world lay in wickedness, holiness had disappeared, justice had perished, and truth had been buried; Simon Magus lording it over the Church, whose bishops and priests were given to luxury and fornication.’ Had we lived in such deplorable times … we should have felt for certain, that if it was possible to retrieve the Church, it must be by some external power; she was helpless and resourceless; and the civil power must interfere, or there was no hope." CARDINAL J. H. NEWMAN.
11. HILDEBRAND AND REFORM (A. D. 1073-1086):
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 2486-2487 (2427-2428).
J. Alzog: Manual of History, 2487-2488 (2428).
G. B. Adams: Civilization during Middle Ages, 1473-1474 (1442-1443).
J. N. Murphy: The Chair of Peter, 2492 (2432).
(а) Papal Elections.
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2491-2492 (2431-2432).
(b) Celibacy.
Sir James Stephen: Hildebrand, 2488 (2429).
(c) Investitures.
Hinschius: Investiturstreit, 2488-2489 (3794-3796).
(d) At Canossa.
W. Moeller: The Christian Church, 2490 (2430).
W. R. W. Stephens: Hildebrand and His Times, 396-397 (386-387).
W. S. Lilly: The Turning-Point of the Middle Ages, 2490-2491 (2430-2431).
J. H. Allen: Christian History, 1474 (1442).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 2821 (2747).
(e) The Concordat of Worms.
J. Sime: History of Germany, 1474 (1443).
J. J. I. Döllinger: History of the Church, 1474-1475 (1443-1444).
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church History, 2491 (2431).
12. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFEN (A. D. 1138-1250):
J. C. L. Sismondi: The Italian Republics, 1850 (1810).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2492-2493 (2432-2433).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2493-2494 (2433-2434).
U. Balzani: The Popes and the Hohenstaufen, 1478 (1445).
O. Browning: Guelphs and Ghibellines, 1478-1479 (1445-1446).
E. A. Freeman: European History, 1479 (1446).
E. A. Freeman: Frederick the Second, 1479-1480 (1446-1447).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1854 (1814).
T. L. Kington: Frederick the Second, 1855-1856 (1815-1816).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1050 and 1054 (1022, 1026).
13. THE "BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY" (A. D. 1294-1378):
G. Trevor: Rome, 2494-2495 (2434-2435).
L. Pastor: History of the Popes, 2495-2496 (2435-2436).
M. Creighton: History of the Papacy, 2496 (2436).
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14. THE "GREAT SCHISM" (A. D. 1378-1417):
W. W. Story: Castle St. Angelo, 2497 (2437).
J. N. Murphy: The Chair of Peter, 2498 (2438).
L. Pastor: History of the Popes, 2498 (2438).
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2498-2499 (2438-2439).
15. THE DARKEST AGE OF THE PAPACY (A. D. 1417-1517):
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church History, 2500 (2440).
R. L. Poole: Wycliffe and Reform Movements, 2501 (2441).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2501 (2441).
H. A. Taine: English Literature, 2501-2502 (2441-2442).
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 2502, 2503 (2442, 2443).
16. EVE OF THE GREAT REFORMATION;
T. Kolde: Martin Luther, 2504.
L. Ranke: History of the Reformation, 2504-2505 (2443-2444).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2505 (2444).
Cardinal N. Wiseman: Lectures on Catholic Church, 2505-2506 (2444-2445).
J. N. M. D’Aubigné: Story of the Reformation, 2506 (2445).
17. THE INQUISITION (A. D. 1203-1525):
J. A. Symonds: The Catholic Reaction, 1789-1791 (1750-1752).
STUDY XX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
MONASTICISM AND THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
1. MONASTICISM:
I. Gregory Smith: Christian Monasticism, 468 (454).
E. Schürer: The Jewish People, 1014 (3745).
Charles Kingsley: The Hermits, 119-120 (112-113).
I. Gregory Smith: Christian Monasticism, 2239-2240 (2195-2196).
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 2240-2241 (2196-2197).
A. Jessop: The Coming of the Friars, 2241-2242 (2197-2198).
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 2050-2051 (2006-2007).
F. Madan: Books in Manuscript, 2051-2052 (2007-2008).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 711 (688).
A. T. Drane: Christian Schools, 711-712 (688-689).
2. THE BENEDICTINES (ABOUT A. D. 500):
(a) The Original Order.
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 288 (279).
(b) The Congregations of Cluny.
R. C. Trench: Mediæval History, 495 (481).
3. THE CARTHUSIANS (ABOUT A. D. 1075):
J. E. Darras: The Catholic Church, 405 (395).
M. A. Schimmelpenninck: La Grande Chartreuse, 405 (395).
4. THE CISTERCIANS (ABOUT A. D. 1100):
(a) The Original Order.
K. Norgate: England under the Angevin Kings, 487 (472-473).
C. J. Stillé: Mediæval History, 491-492 (477-478).
H. Stebbing: The Universal Church, 492 (478).
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 653 (630).
(b) The Trappists (about 1150).
C. Lancelot: La Grande Chartreuse, 3237-3238 (3121-3122).
(c) Port Royal (A. D. 1204-1710).
J. Tulloch: Pascal, 2637 (2565).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 2637-2639 (2565-2567).
H. Martin: History of France, 2639 (2567).
Duke of Saint Simon: Memoirs, 2640 (2568).
J. J. I. Döllinger: European History, 2640 (2568).
5. THE AUGUSTINIANS, OR AUSTIN CANONS (ABOUT A. D. 1150):
K. Norgate: England under the Angevin Kings, 197 (190).
E. L. Cutts: Middle Ages, 2656 (2584).
6. THE CARMELITE FRIARS (ABOUT A. D. 1150):
J. L. von Mosheim: Ecclesiastical History, 401 (391).
7. THE DOMINICANS (ABOUT A. D. 1200):
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2196 (2152).
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 1789-1791 (1750-1752).
8. THE FRANCISCANS (ABOUT A. D. 1225):
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2196 (2152).
E. L. Cutts: Middle Ages, 2196 (2152).
A. M. F. Robinson: End of the Middle Ages, 285 (276).
J. L. von Mosheim: Ecclesiastical History, 286 (277).
M. Creighton: The Papacy, 2493, first column, (2433).
See "The Recollects," 2700 (2627).
9. THE CAPUCHINS (ABOUT A. D. 1500):
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 399 (389).
10. THE THEATINES (ABOUT A. D. 1525):
A. W. Ward: The Counter-Reformation, 3189 (3104).
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 3189 (3104).
11. THE LAZARISTS (ABOUT A. D. 1625):
J. Alzog: Universal History, 2039 (1995).
12. HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (A. D. 1118-):
T. Keightley: The Crusaders, 1701-1702 (1662-1663).
F. C. Woodhouse: Military Religious Orders, 1702 (1663).
G. Finlay: The Byzantine and Greek Empires, 1702 (1663).
W. H. Prescott: Reign of Philip II., 1703-1704 (1664-1665).
F. C. Woodhouse; Military Religious Orders, 1704-1705 (1665-1666).
13. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS (ABOUT A. D. 1120):
T. Keightley: The Crusaders, 3176 (3091).
C. G. Addison: The Knights Templars, 3176 (3091).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 3177 (3092).
A. P. Marras: Secret Fraternities of the Middle Ages, 1438-1439 (1405-1406).
R. A. Vaughn: Hours with the Mystics, 2826-2827 (2752-2753).
14. THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (ABOUT A. D. 1190):
F. C. Woodhouse: Military Religious Orders, 3185-3186 (3100-3101).
G. F. Maclear: Apostles of Mediæval Europe, 2684-2685 (2612-2613).
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15. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (A. D. 1540-):
(a) Loyola, and the Founding of the Order.
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1928-1929 (1887-1888).
G. B. Nicolini: The Jesuits, 1929 (1888).
A. T. Drane: Christian Schools, 731 (708).
G. Compayré: History of Pedagogy, 731-732 (708-709).
O. Browning: Educational Theories, 732 (709).
(b) Early Jesuit Missions.
A Historical Sketch of the Jesuits, 1929-1930 (1888-1889).
W. P. Greswell: The Dominion of Canada, 1930 (1889).
F. Parkman: The Jesuits in North America, 1930-1931 (1889-1890).
R. Mackenzie: America, 371-372 (361-362).
The Hundred Years of Christianity in Japan, 1915-1916 (1875-1876).
D. Murray: The Story of Japan, 1916 (1876).
(c) Changes in the Statutes of the Order.
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 1931-1932 (1890-1891).
(d) Expulsion of the Order from France (A. D. 1595).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1246, first column, (1214).
(e) Controversy with the Jansenists (A. D. 1653-1715).
J. B. Perkins: France and Mazarin, 2637-2639 (2565-2567).
H. Martin: History of France, 2639 (2567).
(f) General Suppression of the Society throughout Europe (A. D. 1757-1775).
H. M. Stephens: The Story of Portugal, 1932-1933 (1891-1892).
W. H. Jervis: History of the Church of France, 1933-1934 (1892-1893).
(g) Suppression of the Order by the Pope (A. D. 1773), and Restoration (A. D. 1814).
The Jesuits and Their Expulsion, 1934-1935, and 1935 (1893-1894, and 1894).
Clement XIV. and the Jesuits, 1935 (1894).
"Himself without home or country, and not holding the doctrines of any political party, the Disciple of Jesus renounced everything which might alienate him among varying nationalities, pursuing various political aims. Then he did not confine his labors to the pulpit and the confessional; he gained an influence over the rising generation by a systematic attention to education, which had been shamefully neglected by the other orders. It is a true saying, that ‘he who gains the youth possesses the future’; and by devoting themselves to the education of youth, the Jesuits secured a future to the Church more surely than by any other scheme that could have been devised. What the schoolmasters were for the youth, the confessors were for those of riper years; what the clerical teachers were for the common people, the spiritual directors and confidants were for great lords and rulers—for the Jesuits aspired to a place at the side of the great, and at gaining the confidence of Kings." L. HÄUSSER.
STUDY XXL Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RISE AND CONQUESTS OF MOHAMMEDANISM.
1. ARABIA AND THE ARABS; THE SARACENS;
A. H. Sayce; Races of the Old Testament, 2963 (2886).
G. Rawlinson: Notes to Herodotus, 128 (121).
F. Lenormant: Ancient History. 128-129 (121-122).
A. H. Sayce: Ancient Arabia, 129-130 (122-123).
E. Gibbon; Decline and Fall, 2878 (2803).
H. H. Milman: Note to Gibbon, 2878 (2803).
H. Yule: Cathay, 3215-3216, and 3216-3217 (3704-3705, and 3705-3706).
2. The Birth and Career of Mohammed (A. D. 570-632):
E. A. Freeman: Conquests of the Saracens, 2112 (2067).
Sir W. Muir: Life of Mahomet, 2112-2113 (2067-2068).
J. W. H. Stobart Islam and Its Founder, 1843 (1803).
Sir H. Nicholas: Chronology of History, 1011 (984).
S. Lane-Poole: Studies in a Mosque, 2194 (2150).
3. THE FIRST CALIPHATE; FROM ABU BEER TO ALI (A. D. 632-661);
See Caliph, 363 (353).
R. D. Osborn: Islam under the Khalifs, 1735 (1696).
(а) Conquest of Syria.
George Adam Smith: Geography of Holy Land, 3141-3142 (3057-3058).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2113-2114 (2068-2069).
W. Irving: Mahomet and His Successors, 1923 (1882).
(b) Conquest of Persia.
G. Rawlinson: Seventh Oriental Monarchy, 2114 (2069).
(c) Conquest of Egypt.
Sir W. Muir: Annals of Early Caliphate, 2114-2115 (2069-2070).
Researches on Burning of Library of Alexandria, 2047-2048 (2003-2004).
(d) Conquest of Northern Africa.
T. Mommsen: History of Rome, 2442 (2390)
H. E. M. Stutfield: El Maghreb, 2133-2134 (2089-2090).
E. A. Freeman: Conquest of Saracens, 2115 (2070).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2115 (2070).
4. THE OMEYYAD CALIPHATE (A. D. 661-750)
E. A. Freeman: Conquests of the Saracens, 2116 (2071).
Sir W. Muir: Annals of the Early Caliphate, 2116-2117 (2071-2072).
5. THE SUBJUGATION OF THE TURKS (A. D. 710):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 3246 (3130).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2117 (2072).
6. THE CONQUEST OF SPAIN (A. D. 711-13), AND BATTLE OF TOURS (732):
R. W. Church: Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1599-1600 (1561-1562).
H. Coppée: The Conquest of Spain, 3054 (2974).
P. Godwin: History of France, 2117-2118, 2119 (2072-2075, 2076).
7. THE DIVIDED CALIPHATE; THE OMEYYADS AND ABBASSIDES (A. D. 715):
Sir W. Muir: Annals of the Early Caliphate, 2118 (2075).
E. A. Freeman: Conquests of the Saracens, 2119, 2120 (2076, 2077).
E. H. Palmer: Haroun Alraschid, 2119 (2076).
T. Nöldeke: Eastern History, 2120 (2077).
8. TURKISH SUPREMACY, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE (A. D. 1000-):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall. 3247 (3131).
A. Vambéry: History of Bokhara, 3247, 3249 (3131, 3133).
R. D. Osborn: Islam under Khalifs of Bagdad, 3247-3248 (3131-3132).
E. Pears: The Fall of Constantinople, 3248 (3132).
G. Finlay: The Byzantine and Greek Empires, 3348 (3133).
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9. RISK OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (A. D. 1250-):
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 3867 (3793-3763).
J. F. Michaud: History of the Crusades, 3867 (3793).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 3349-3350 (3133-3131).
10. CIVILIZATION OF THE SARACENS:
(a) Education.
J. W. Draper. Intellectual Development of Europe, 713 (690).
Westminster Review: Intellectual Revival, 713-714 (690-691).
(b) Medical Science.
J. H. Baas: History of Medicine, 3173-3174 (3130).
G. F. Fort: Medical Economy of Middle Ages, 2174 (2130).
P. V. Renouard: History of Medicine, 3174 (2130).
(c) Commerce.
H. Yule: Cathay, 3215-3217 (3704-3706).
G. Finlay: The Byzantine Empire, 3217-3218 (3706-3707).
STUDY XXII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE CRUSADES.
"‘You,’ continued the eloquent pontiff [Urban II.], ‘you, who hear me, and who have received the true faith, and been endowed by God with power, and strength, and greatness of soul,—whose ancestors have been the prop of Christendom, and whose Kings have put a barrier against the progress of the infidel,—I call upon you to wipe off these impurities from the face of the earth, and lift your oppressed fellow Christians from the depths into which they have been trampled.’ Palestine was, he said, a land flowing with milk and honey, and precious in the sight of God, as the scene of the grand events which have saved mankind. That land, he promised, should be divided among them. Moreover, they should have full pardon for all their offenses against God or man. ‘Go then,’ he added, ‘in expiation of your sins; and go assured that, after this world shall have passed away, imperishable glory shall be yours in the world to come.’ The enthusiasm was no longer to be restrained, and loud shouts interrupted the speaker; the people exclaiming as with one voice, ‘Dieu le veult! Dieu le veult!’" C. MACKAY.
1. CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENTS:
W. Irving: Mahomet and His Successors, 1923 (1882).
E. A. Freeman: Conquests of the Saracens, 2120 (2077).
G. Finlay: Byzantine and Greek Empires, 649 (626).
2. PREACHING OF POPE URBAN II., AND PETER THE HERMIT:
C. Mackay: Popular Delusions, 649-50 (626-627).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 650 (627).
3. THE FIRST CRUSADE (A. D. 1096-1099):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 650-651 (627-628).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 1923-1924 (1882-1883).
T. Keightley: The Crusaders, 651-652 (628-629).
H. F. Brown: Venice, 3725-3726 (3605-3606).
4. THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM (A. D. 1099-1291):
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 1924 (1883).
T. Keightley: The Crusaders, 1924 (1883).
C. Mills: The Crusades, 1924-1925 (1883-1884).
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 1925 (1884).
5. THE SECOND CRUSADE (A. D. 1147-1149):
H. von Sybel: The Crusades, 652-653 (629-630).
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 653 (630).
C. M. Yonge: History of France, 1193 (1161-1162).
K. Norgate: England under the Angevin Kings, 127-128 (120-121).
6. THE THIRD CRUSADE (A. D. 1188-1192):
J. F. Michaud: The Crusades, 653 (630).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 653-654 (630-631).
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 654 (631).
7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CRUSADES (A. D. 1196-1203):
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 654 (631).
E. Pears: The Fall of Constantinople, 654-655 (631-632).
8. THE CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE (A D. 1204):
G. Finlay: The Byzantine and Greek Empires, 3726 (3606).
E. Pears: The Fall of Constantinople, 3726, and 350-351 (3606 and 340-341).
G. Finlay: History of Greece, 351 (341).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 351-352 (341-342).
G. Finlay: History of Greece, 6 and 2730 (6 and 2656).
G. Finlay: Byzantine and Greek Empires, 1649-1650 (1611-1612).
9. MINOR CRUSADING MOVEMENTS:
(a) The Children’s Crusade (A. D. 1212).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 655-656 (632-633).
(b) Against the Albigenses (A. D. 1209-1229).
G. Rawlinson: Seventh Oriental Monarchy, 2127-2128 (2083-2084).
J. L. Mosheim: Christianity. 2128 (2084).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 39 (32).
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 39 (32).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 39 (32).
E. Smedley: History of France, 39-40 (32-33).
Sir James Stephen: History of France, 40 and 41 (33 and 34).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 40-41 (33-34).
(c) Against the Livonians (about A. D. 1200).
G. F. Maclear: Apostles of Mediaeval Europe, 2075 (2031).
(d) Against the Prussians (about A. D. 1250-).
G. F. Maclear: Apostles of Mediæval Europe, 2684-2685 (2612-2613).
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 2685 (2613).
(e) Against the Almohades (A. D. 1212).
E. A. Freeman: Conquest of the Saracens, 49 (42.)
H. Coppée: Conquest of Spain by the Moors, 3058 (2977).
10. THE SIXTH CRUSADE (A. D. 1216-1229):
G. Procter: The Crusades, 656-657 (633-634).
E. A. Freeman: Emperor Frederick the Second, 1480 (1446-1447).
Besant and Palmer: Jerusalem, 1926 (1885).
11. THE SEVENTH CRUSADE (A. D. 1248-1254):
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 657-658 (634-635).
J. F. Michaud: The Crusades, 658 (635).
12. FINAL MOVEMENTS (A. D. (1270-1299):
F. P. Guizot: HISTORY OF FRANCE, 658-659 (635-636).
G. Procter: The Crusades, 1927-1928 (1886-1887).
W. Stubbs: Mediaeval and Modern History, 1928 (1887).
C. G. Addison: The Knights Templars, 659 (636).
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13. THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES:
E. Gibbon; Decline and Fall, 659 (636).
H. Hallam; The Middle Ages, 659 (636).
W. Robertson; Progress of Society in Europe, 659 (636).
W. Stubbs; Mediæval and Modern History, 660 (637).
F. Guizot: History of Civilization, 660-661 (637-638).
"The principle of the Crusades was a savage fanaticism; and the most important effects were analogous to the cause. Each pilgrim was ambitious to return with his sacred spoils, the relics of Greece and Palestine; and each relic was preceded and followed by a train of miracles and visions. The belief of the Catholics was corrupted by new legends, their practice by new superstitions; and the establishment of the inquisition, the mendicant orders of monks and friars, the last abuse of indulgences, and the final progress of idolatry, flowed from the baleful fountain of the holy war." E. GIBBON.
STUDY XXIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RENAISSANCE—THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN AGE (A. D. 1400-1500).
1. THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE TERM:
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 2703-2704 (2630-2631).
P. Villari: Niccolo Machiavelli, 2704 (2631).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1077-1079 (1049-1051).
2. THE LEADING INFLUENCE OF ITALY IN THE AWAKENING:
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 1872-1873, 1874-1875 (1832-1833, 1834-1835).
Vernon Lee: Euphorion, 1874 (1834).
H. A. Taine: Italy, Florence, and Venice, 1173 (1143).
"When Machiavelli called Italy 'the corruption of the world,' he did not speak rhetorically. An impure and worldly clergy; an irreligious, though superstitious, laity; a self-indulgent and materialistic middle class: an idle aristocracy, excluded from politics and unused to arms; a public given up to pleasure and money getting; a multitude of scholars, devoted to trifles, and vitiated by studies which clashed with the ideals of Christianity—from such elements in the nation proceeded a widely spread and ever-increasing degeneracy. … Religion expired in laughter, irony, and license. Domestic simplicity yielded to vice, whereof the records are precise and unmistakable. The virile virtues disappeared. What survived of courage assumed the forms of ruffianism, ferocity, and treasonable daring. Still, simultaneously with this decline in all the moral qualities which constitute a powerful people, the Italians brought their arts and some departments of their literature to a perfection that can only be paralleled by Ancient Greece. The anomaly implied in this statement is striking; but it is revealed to us by evidence too overwhelming to be rejected. J. A. SYMONDS.
3. OTHER GREATLY CONTRIBUTING CAUSES:
(a) The Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (A. D. 1453):
C. C. Felton: Greece, Ancient and Modern, 524 (510).
Demetrios Bikelas: The Byzantine Empire, 352 (342).
J. N. Larned: The Greek Revival, 1077-1078 (1050).
(b) The Invention of Printing (A. D. 1456).
J. N. Larned: The Invention of Printing, 1077 (1049).
H. Bouchot: The Printed Book, 2660 (2588).
W. Blades: Books in Chains, 2660-2661 (2588-2589).
(c) The Marvelous Results of Exploration and Discovery.
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1078-1079 (1050-1051).
J. A. Blanqui: History of Political Economy, 3730-3731 (3610-3611).
(1) The Early Successes of the Portuguese.
C. R. Markham: The Sea Fathers, 2644 (2572).
J. Yeats: Growth of Commerce, 2644-2645 (2572-2573).
J. W. Draper: Intellectual Development of Europe, 2645 (2573).
(2) The Spanish Discoveries.
H. H Bancroft: History of the Pacific States, 55 (48).
Sir A. Helps: The Spanish Conquest, 55-56 (48-49).
C. R. Markham: The Sea Fathers, 56 (49).
W. Irving: Life of Columbus, 57-58 (50-51).
J. Fiske: The Discovery of America, 60 (53).
J. Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of America, 61-62 (54-55).
(3) The English Discoveries.
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 58 (51).
H. Harrisse: Discovery of North America, 59.
H. Harrisse: Discovery of North America, 61 (3678).
4. THE EFFECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE:
(a) In Italy.
H. A. Taine: History of English Literature, 2502 (2442).
W. Hunt: History of Italy, 1870 (1830).
Mrs. Oliphant: Makers of Florence, 1172 (1142).
H. A. Taine: Italy, Florence, and Venice, 1172-1173 (1142-1143).
(b) In France.
J. A Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 1872-1873 (1832-1833).
Mrs. Mark Pattison: The Renaissance of Art, 1216-1217 (1184-1185).
A. Tilley: Literature of the French Renaissance, 1217 (1185).
(c) In Germany.
M. Arnold: Schools on the Continent, 727 (704).
(d) In England.
H. A. Taine: English Literature, 851-852 (824-825).
J. A. Symonds: Shakespeare's Predecessors, 852-853 (825-826).
5. THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE:
(a) Upon Art.
R. N. Wornum: Epochs of Painting, 2462-2463.
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 2463-2454.
R. Westmacott: Handbook of Sculpture, 2957-2958.
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 3732 (3612).
W. B. Scaife: Florentine Life, 1169 (1139).
(b) Upon Education.
G. Compayré: History of Pedagogy, 725 (702).
M. Arnold: Schools on the Continent, 727 (704).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 728-729 (705-706).
A. Lang: Oxford, 729-730 (706-707).
(c) Upon Music.
W. J. Henderson: The Story of Music, 2284.
H. G. B. Hunt: A History of Music, 2284.
(d) Upon the Foundation of Libraries.
J. A. Symonds: The Renaissance in Italy, 2052-2053 (2008-2009).
G. W. Greene: Historical Studies, 2053 (2009).
E. Edwards: Statistics of Libraries, 2054 (2010).
(e) Upon Trade and Commerce.
J. N. Larned: Modern Trade Routes, etc., 3224-3228 (3713-3717).
J. A. Blanqui: History of Political Economy, 3730-3731 (3610-3611).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, 2299 (2251).
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STUDY XXIV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE GREAT REFORMATION (A. D. 1517-).
1. STATE OF RELIGION AT THE CLOSE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY:
Vernon Lee: Euphorion, 1874 (1834).
R. L. Poole: Wyclif and Reform, 2501 (2441).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2501 (2441).
H. A. Taine: English Literature, 2502 (2442).
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 2502 (2442).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1081-1082 (1053-1054).
2. REFORMERS BEFORE THE REFORMATION:
(a) The Albigenses (A. D. 1209-1229).
(1) Their Origin and Beliefs.
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 2561 (2495).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 39 (32).
A. Neander: The Christian Church, 39 (32).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 39 (32).
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church, 409 (399).
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church, 3762-3763 (3641-3642).
(2) Their Extermination.
E. Smedley: History of France, 39-40 (32-33).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France. 40 (33).
E. E. Crowe: History of France, 41 (34).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 41 (34).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 41 (34).
(b) Wyclif and the Lollards (about A. D. 1375-1400).
A. M. F. Robinson: End of Middle Ages, 285 (276).
C. Ullmann; Reformers before the Reformation, 285-286 (276-277).
B. Herford: Story of Religion in England, 841-842 (814-815).
R. L. Poole: Wyclif and Reform, 842 (815).
J. A. Froude: History of England, 842 (815).
J. Gairdner: English History, 842 (815).
C. H. Pearson: English History, 843-844 (816-817).
J. R. Green: History of English People, 844 (817).
(c) Hus and the Bohemian Reformation (A. D. (1405-1434).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1072-1073 (1044-1045).
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church, 296-297 (287-288).
B. Taylor: History of Germany, 297-298 (288-289).
(d) Savonarola (A. D. 1490-1498).
Mrs. Oliphant: Makers of Florence, 1172 (1142).
O. T. Hill: Introduction to Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross, 1173-1175 (1143-1145).
3. THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE REFORM OUTBREAK:
G. P. Fisher: The Christian Church, 1489-1490 (1456-1457).
L. Ranke: History of Reformation, 2504-2505 (2443-2444).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2505 (2444).
Cardinal Wiseman: Doctrines of Catholic Church, 2505-2506 (2444-2445).
T. Kolde: Martin Luther, 2503-2504.
J. N. M. D’Aubigné: Story of the Reformation, 2506 (2445).
4. LUTHER’S PROTEST AND THE AWAKENING OF GERMANY (A. D. 1517):
F. Seebohm: The Protestant Revolution, 2506-2507 (2445-2446).
L. Ranke: History of the Reformation, 2507 (2446).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1081-1082 (1053-1054).
5. THE NINETY-FIVE THESES:
Full Text of Luther’s Manifesto, 2507-2509 (2446-2448).
6. LUTHER BURNS THE PAPAL BULL (1520); THE DIET AT WORMS (1521):
S. Baring-Gould; The Church in Germany, 1490 (1457).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2509-2511 (2448-2450).
J. A. Froude: Luther, 2512-2513 (2451-2452).
"The presence in which he [Luther, at the Diet] found himself would have tried the nerves of the bravest of men; the Emperor, sternly hostile, with his retinue of Spanish priests and nobles; the Archbishops and bishops, all of the opinion that the stake was the only fitting place for so insolent a heretic; the dukes and barons, whose stern eyes were little likely to reveal their sympathy, if sympathy any of them felt. Only one of them, George of Frundsberg, had touched Luther on the shoulder as he passed through the ante-room. ‘Little monk, little monk,’ he said, ‘thou hast work before thee that I, and many a man whose trade is war, never faced the like of. If thy heart is right, and thy cause good, go on, in God’s name. He will not forsake thee.’ … There was a pause, and then Eck said that he had spoken disrespectfully; his heresies had already been condemned at the Council at Constance; let him retract on these special points, and he should have consideration for the rest. He required a plain Yes or No from him ‘without horns.’ The taunt roused Luther’s blood. His full brave self was in the reply. ‘I will give you an answer,’ he said, ‘which has neither horns nor teeth. Popes have erred and Councils have erred. Prove to me out of Scripture that I am wrong, and I submit. Till then my conscience binds me. Here I stand. I can do no more. God help me. Amen.’ All day long the storm raged. Night had fallen, and torches were lighted before the sitting closed. Luther was dismissed at last. When he had reached his lodging again, he flung up his hands. ‘I am through!’ he cried. ‘I am through! If I had a thousand heads they should be struck off one by one before I would retract.’" J. A. FROUDE.
7. ZWINGLI, AND THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND (A. D. 1519-1531):
G. Waddington: The Reformation, 2511 (2450).
Hug and Stead: Switzerland, 2511-2512 (2450-2451).
Hug and Stead: Switzerland, 3130-3131 (3046-3047).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1087-1088 (1059-1060).
8. THE REFORMATION MOVEMENT IN FRANCE:
M. Creighton: The Papacy, 1210-1211 (1178-1179).
A. Tilley: The French Renaissance, 1217 (1185).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2513-2514 (2452-2453).
R. Heath: The Reformation in France, 2514 (2453).
9. THE REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS:
J. E. T. Rogers: The Story of Holland, 2302 (2254).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2302-2303 (2254-2255).
C. Ullmann: Reformers before the Reformation, 326 (316).
W. E. Griffis: Influence of the Netherlands, 326 (316).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 728-729 (705-706).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2303 (2255).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2303-2304 (2255-2256).
10. GROWTH OF THE LUTHERAN MOVEMENT IN GERMANY (A. D. 1522-1529):
W. Coxe: House of Austria, 2515-2516 (2454-2455).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2516 (2455).
11. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "PROTESTANT" (A. D.1529):
P. Bayne: Martin Luther, 2516-2517 (2455-2456).
12. THE FINAL BREACH; THE "AUGSBURG CONFESSION" (A. D. 1530):
J. Michelet: Life of Luther, 2517 (2456).
J. Alzog: Manual of Church History, 2517-2518 (2456-2457).
W. Robertson: Charles V., 1493-1494 (1460-1461).
J. N. Earned: Europe, 1086-1087 (1058-1059).
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13. CALVIN, AND HIS ECCLESIASTICAL STATE:
J. Tulloch: Leaders of the Reformation, 1450 (1417).
R. Heath: Reformation in France, 2514 (2453).
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1451-1452 (1417-1419).
14. THE BEGINNING OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION (ABOUT A. D. 1535):
"I intend to use this term Counter-Reformation to denote the reform of the Catholic Church, which was stimulated by the German Reformation, and which, when the Council of Trent had fixed the dogmas and discipline of Latin Christianity, enabled the Papacy to assume a militant policy in Europe, whereby it regained a large portion of the provinces that had previously lapsed to Lutheran and Calvinistic dissent. … The centre of the world-wide movement which is termed the Counter-Reformation was naturally Rome. Events had brought the Holy See once more into a position of prominence. It was more powerful as an Italian State now, through the support of Spain and the extinction of national independence, than at any previous period of history." J. A. SYMONDS.
J. A. Symonds: The Italian Renaissance, 1883-1884 (1843-1844).
A. W. Ward: The Counter-Reformation, 2518 (2457).
J. A. Symonds; The Catholic Reaction, 2518-2519 (2457-2458).
15. TWO EFFECTIVE AGENTS OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:
(a) The Council of Trent (A. D. 1545-1563).
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 2519-2520 (2458-2459).
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 2520-2521 (2459-2460).
A. W. Ward: The Counter-Reformation, 2521 (2460).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1092 (1064).
(b) The Society of Jesus (A. D. 1540-).
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1928-1929 (1887-1888).
G. B. Nicolini: History of the Jesuits, 1929 (1888).
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 1931-1932 (1890-1891).
16. PROGRESS OF LUTHERANISM IN GERMANY (A. D. 1530-1620):
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1086-1087 (1058-1059).
W. Robertson: Charles V., 1493-1494 (1460-1461).
S. A. Dunham: The Germanic Empire, 1494-1495 (1461-1462).
S. Baring-Gould: The Story of Germany, 118-119 (111-112).
17. WAR WITH THE EMPEROR (A. D. 1546-1561):
C. D. Yonge: Three Centuries of Modern History, 1495-1496 (1462-1463).
J. Alzog: Universal Church History, 1496-1497 (1463-1464).
W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1497-1498 (1464-1465).
18. INTERNAL DISSENSIONS AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:
W. Zimmerman: History of Germany, 1498-1499 (1465-1466).
O. Kämmel: German History, 2521-2522 (3766-3767).
STUDY XXV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE REFORM MOVEMENT AND RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE.
1. THE COMPARATIVE INDEPENDENCE OF THE GALLICAN CHURCH:
H. Hallam; The Middle Ages, 1197 (1165).
H. H. Milman: Latin Christianity, 1197 (1165).
M. Creighton: The Papacy, 1210-1211 (1178-1179).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1219-1220 (1187-1188).
W. H. Jervis: The Church of France, 1220 (1188).
"The long contest for Gallican rights had lowered the prestige of the popes in France, but it had not weakened the Catholic Church, which was older than the monarchy itself, and, in the feelings of the people, was indissolubly associated with it. The College of the Sorbonne, or the Theological Faculty at Paris, and the Parliament, which had together maintained Gallican liberty, were united in stern hostility to all doctrinal innovations." G. P. FISHER.
2. BEGINNING OF THE PROTESTANT REFORM MOVEMENT (ABOUT A. D. 1520):
A. Tilley: The French Renaissance, 1217 (1185).
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2513-2514 (2452-2453).
R. Heath: The Reformation in France, 2514 (2453).
W. Hanna: The Wars of the Huguenots, 2292-2293 (2244-2245).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1225-1226 (1193-1194).
3. THE RISE OF THE HUGUENOTS (ABOUT A. D. 1560):
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1229 (1197).
H. M. Baird: The Rise of the Huguenots, 1230 (1198).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1089 (1061).
4. BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WARS; THE GUISES, CONDÉS, ET AL.:
G. Masson: The Huguenots, 1230 (1198).
W. Besant: Gaspard de Coligny, 1230-1232 (1198-1200).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1097-1098 (1069-1070).
5. ROCHELLE, AND HENRY OF NAVARRE:
W. Hanna: The Wars of the Huguenots, 2292-2293 (2244-2245).
W. Hanna: The Wars of the Huguenots, 1232-1233 (1200-1201).
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1233-1234 (1201-2120).
6. THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY (A. D. 1572):
J. A. Froude: History of England, 1236 (1204).
T. Wright: History of France, 1236 (1204).
7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CIVIL WARS (A. D. 1572-1576):
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1236-1237 (1204-1205).
E. E. Crowe: History of France, 1237-1238 (1205-1206).
S. A. Dunham: History of Poland, 2615-2616 (2547).
8. THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE AND THE POPE’S BULL (A. D. 1576):
W. H. Jervis: The Church of France, 1238-1239 (1206-1207).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1239 (1207).
9. HENRY OF NAVARRE, AND THE BATTLE OF COUTRAS (A. D. 1584-1589):
Duc d’Aumale: Princes of Condé, 1240-1241 (1209).
W. Hanna: Wars of the Huguenots, 1241 (1209).
V. Duruy: History of France, 1241-1242 (1209-1210).
"The struggle lasted but an hour, yet within that hour the Catholic army lost 3000 men, more than 400 of whom were members of the first families in the Kingdom; 3000 men were made prisoners. Not more than a third part of their entire army escaped. The Huguenots lost only about 200 men. … Before night fell Navarre wrote a few lines to the French King, which ran thus:
‘Sire, my Lord and Brother,—Thank God, _I have beaten your enemies and your army._' It was but too true that the poor King’s worst enemies were to be found in the very armies that were marshalled in his name." W. HANNA.
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10. HENRY BECOMES HENRY IV. OF FRANCE; THE BATTLE OF IVRY (A. D. 1589):
Henry the Fourth of France, 1242-1243 (1210-1211).
"My friends, if you share my fortune this day, I share yours. I am resolved to conquer or to die with you. Keep your ranks firmly, I beg; if the heat of the combat compels you to quit them, think always of the rally; it is the gaining of the battle. If you lose your ensigns, pennons, and banners, do not lose sight of my white plume; you will find it always on the road of honor and victory.’ HENRY OF NAVARRE.
11. HENRY’S ABJURATION OF PROTESTANTISM (A. D. 1593):
Duc d’Aumale: The Princes of Condé, 1244-1245 (1212-1213).
H. M. Baird: The Huguenots, 1245 (1213).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 1245 (1213).
12. THE SIEGE OF PARIS; INTERFERENCE OF PHILIP II. (A. D. 1590-1598):
J. L. Motley: The United Netherlands, 1243-1244 (1211-1212).
T. H. Dyer; Modern Europe, 1245-1247 (1213-1215).
13. FROM THE EDICT OF NANTES (1598) TO ASSASSINATION OF THE KING (1610):
H. M. Baird: The Huguenots, 1247-1248 (1215-1216).
W. Hanna: Wars of the Huguenots, 1248 (1216).
A. de Bonnechose; History of France, 1248 (1216).
"For the benefit of the Protestants the cardinal concession of the Edict was liberty to dwell anywhere in the royal dominions, without being subjected to inquiry, vexed, molested, or constrained to do anything contrary to their conscience. As respects public worship, while perfect equality was not established, the dispositions were such as to bring it within the power of a Protestant in any part of the Kingdom to meet his fellow-believers for the holiest acts, at least from time to time. … Scholars of both religions were to be admitted without distinction of religion to all universities, colleges, and schools throughout France. The same impartiality was to extend to the reception of the sick in the hospitals, and to the poor in the provision made for this relief. More than this, the Protestants were permitted to establish schools of their own in all places where their worship was authorized." H. M. BAIRD.
14. THE RISE OF RICHELIEU, AND DISTRACTION OF THE KINGDOM:
Voltaire: Ancient and Modern History, 1248-1249 (1216-1217).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 1251 (1219).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1251-1252 (1220).
15. THE HUGUENOT REVOLT (A. D. 1627-1628):
C. D. Yonge: France under the Bourbons, 1252-1253 (1220-1221).
A. D. White: The Statesmanship of Richelieu, 1253 (1221).
R. Heath: The Reformation in France, 1253 (1221).
16. ACCESSION OF LOUIS XIV., AND RENEWED PERSECUTION OF THE HUGUENOTS (A. D. 1661):
J. C. Morison: Reign of Louis XIV., 1265 (1233).
S. Smiles: The Huguenots, 1265-1266 (1233-1234).
17. REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES (1685), AND EXODUS OF THE HUGUENOTS (1681-1688):
A. de Lamartine: Memoirs of Celebrated Characters, 1269 (1237).
R. L. Poole: Huguenots of the Dispersion, 1269-1270 (1237-1238).
STUDY XXVI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS—THE INQUISITION.
1. CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARAB MOORS (A. D. 711-713):
H. Coppée: Conquest of Spain, 3054 (2974).
S. A. Dunham: History of Spain, 3056-3057 (2976-2977).
2. RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN STATES:
H. Coppée: Conquest of Spain, 3055 (2975).
E. A. Freeman: Conquest of the Saracens, 3055 (2975).
S. A. Dunham: History of Spain, 2291 and 3056 (2243, 2976).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 3058 (2977).
3. UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON:
E. E. Hale: The Story of Spain, 3060 (2979).
C. H. Pearson: English History, 3061-3062 (2980-2981).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 3062-3063 (2981-2982).
4. RISE AND FALL OF THE MOORISH KINGDOM OF GRANADA:
C. M. Yonge: The Christians and Moors of Spain, 3059-3060 (2978-2979).
H. Coppée: Conquest of Spain, 3061 (2980).
H. Coppée: Conquest of Spain, 3063-3064 (2982-2983).
W. H. Prescott: Ferdinand and Isabella, 3064 (2983).
5. THE EARLY SPANISH CORTES AND THE SANTA HERMANDAD:
W. H. Prescott: Ferdinand and Isabella, 639-640 (616-17).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 640-641 (617-618).
W. H. Prescott: Ferdinand and Isabella, 1698-1699 (1659-1660).
6. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INQUISITION:
J. A. Symonds: Renaissance in Italy, 1789-1791 (1750-1752).
J. I. von Döllinger: The Jews in Europe, 1966 (1925).
H. T. Buckle: History of Civilization, 2270-2271 (2226-2227).
7. EARLY HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS:
J. L. Motley: Rise of the Dutch Republic, 2298 (2250).
W. T. McCullagh: The Free Nations, 2298-2299 (2250-2251).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2299 (2251).
C. M. Yonge: Cameos of History. 2300 (2252).
8. RELATIONS WITH BURGUNDY; THE STATES GENERAL:
C. M. Davies: History of Holland. 2300 (2252).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2300-2301 (2252-2253).
9. MARRIAGE OF MARY OF BURGUNDY TO MAXIMILIAN OF AUSTRIA (A. D. 1477):
Philip de Commines: Memoirs, 2301 (2253).
C. M. Davies: History of Holland, 2301-2302 (2254).
10. RISE OF THE AUSTRO-SPANISH DYNASTY:
W. H. Prescott: Ferdinand and Isabella, 3065-3066 (2984-2985).
J.E.T. Rogers: The Story of Holland, 2302 (2254).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2302-2303 (2254-2255).
J. Bigland: History of Spain, 3066 (2985).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 3066-3067 (2985-2986).
W. H. Prescott: Philip II., 3067 (2986).
11. BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS:
G. P. Fisher: The Reformation, 2303 (2255).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2303-2304 (2255-2256).
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12. THE ACCESSION AND HORRIBLE CHARACTER OF PHILIP II. (A. D. 1555):
C. M. Davies: History of Holland, 2304 (2256).
T. C. Grattan: History of the Netherlands, 2304-2305 (2256-2257).
C. Gayarré: Philip II., 2305, 3068 (2257, 2987).
13. PHILIP II. AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:
G. Procter: History of Italy, 2520 (2459).
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 2520-2521 (2459-2460).
O. Kämmel: History of Germany, 2521-2522.
14. BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE TO THE TYRANNY OF PHILIP (A. D. 1562):
W. H. Prescott: The Reign of Philip II., 2305-2306 (2257-2258).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2306 (2258).
T. C. Grattan: History of the Netherlands, 2306-2307 (2258-2259).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2307 (2259).
F. Schiller: The Revolt of the Netherlands, 2307 (2259).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1094-1095 (1066-1067).
15. THE DUKE OF ALVA AND HIS COUNCIL OF BLOOD (A. D. 1567):
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 2307-2308 (2259-2260).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2309-2310 (2261-2262).
16. THE STUPENDOUS DEATH-SENTENCE (A. D. 1568):
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2310 (2262).
"Upon the 16th February, 1568, a sentence of the Holy Office condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons, especially named, were excepted. A proclamation of the King, dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the Inquisition, and ordered it to be carried into instant execution, without regard to age, sex, or condition. This is probably the most concise death-warrant that was ever framed. Three millions of people, men, women, and children, were sentenced to the scaffold in three lines; and as it was well known that these were not harmless thunders, like some bulls of the Vatican, but serious and practical measures which it was intended should be enforced, the horror which they produced may be easily imagined." J. L. MOTLEY.
17. BEGINNING OF THE FORTY YEARS’ WAR (A. D. 1568):
C. D. Yonge: Modern History, 2310-2311 (2262-2263).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2311-2312 (2263-2264).
A. Young: History of the Netherlands, 2312-2313 (2264-2265).
18. THE RECALL OF ALVA, AND THE SIEGE OF LEYDEN (A. D. 1573-1574):
C. M. Davies: History of Holland, 2313-2314 (2265-2266).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 729 (706).
19. THE PACIFICATION OF GHENT, AND THE UNION OF BRUSSELS (A. D. 1575-1577):
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2314-2316 (2266-2268).
J. E. T. Rogers: The Story of Holland, 2316-2317 (2268-2269).
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 2317-2318 (2269-2270).
20. THE ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE, AND BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC (A. D. 1584-1585):
T. Grattan: History of the Netherlands, 2318 (2270).
J. L. Motley: The United Netherlands, 2318-2320 (2270-2272).
"Thus constituted was the commonwealth upon the death of William the Silent. The gloom produced by that event was tragical. Never in human history was a more poignant and universal sorrow for the death of any individual. The despair was, for a brief season, absolute; but it was soon succeeded by more lofty sentiments. … Even on the very day of the murder, the Estates of Holland, then sitting at Delft, passed a resolution ‘to maintain the good cause, with God’s help, to the uttermost, without sparing gold or blood.’ … The next movement, after the last solemn obsequies had been rendered to the Prince, was to provide for the immediate wants of his family. For the man who had gone into the revolt with almost royal revenues, left his estate so embarrassed that his carpets, tapestries, household linen—nay, even his silver spoons, and the very clothes of his wardrobe—were disposed of at auction for the benefit of his creditors." J. L. MOTLEY.
21. THE DOWNFALL OF ANTWERP (A. D. 1585):
J. L. Motley: The Dutch Republic, 125 (118).
G. L. Craik: History of British Commerce, 3107 (3025).
J. N. Larned: The Flemings and Dutch, 3226-3227 (3715-3716).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2320 (2272).
22. THE UNITED PROVINCES AND ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND:
Sir T. E. May: Democracy in Europe, 2320-2321 (2272-2273).
J. A. Froude: History of England, 2321-2322 (2274).
C. M. Davies: History of Holland, 2322 (2274).
23. STEADY DECLINE OF SPANISH POWER, AND DEATH OF PHILIP II. (A. D. 1590-1598):
Sir E. Cust: The Thirty Years’ War, 2322-2323 (2274-2275).
Sir T. E. May: Democracy in Europe, 2323-2324 (2275-2276).
24. RISE OF DUTCH COMMERCE; THE EAST INDIA COMPANY (A. D. 1595-1620):
W. T. McCullagh: Industrial History, 2324 (2276).
F. H. H. Guillemard: Malaysia, 2124.
J. N. Larned: The Flemings and the Dutch, 3226-3228 (3715-3717).
25. JOHN BARNEVELDT, AND THE ARMINIAN CONTROVERSY (A. D. 1600-1620):
C. M. Yonge: Cameos from English History, 2324-2326 (2276-2278).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 729 (706).
26. FINAL ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED PROVINCES (A. D. 1648):
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 2329-2330 (2281-2282).
J. Geddes: John De Witt, 2330 (2282).
27. PROSPERITY OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, WHICH BECOMES HOLLAND (ABOUT A. D. 1660):
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2332-2333 (2284-2285).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2333 (2285).
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STUDY XXVII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (A. D. 1618-1648).
"The Thirty Years’ War was the last struggle which marked the progress of the Reformation. This war, whose direction and object were equally undetermined, may be divided into four distinct portions, in which the Elector Palatine, Denmark, Sweden, and France played in succession the principal part. It became more and more complicated until it spread over the whole of Europe. It was prolonged indefinitely by various causes.
I. The intimate union between the two branches of the house of Austria and of the Catholic party,—their opponents, on the other hand, were not homogeneous.
II. The inaction of England, the tardy intervention of France, the poverty of Denmark and Sweden, etc. The armies which took part in the Thirty Years’ War were no longer feudal militias, they were permanent armies, and lived at the expense of the countries which they laid waste." J. MICHELET.
1. CONDITIONS WHICH LED UP TO THE WAR:
O. Kämmel: History of Germany, 2521-2522 (3767).
E. L. Godkin: History of Hungary, 1717, first column, (1678).
W. Zimmerman: History of Germany, 1498-1499 (1465-1466).
F. Schiller: The Thirty Years’ War, 301-302 (293).
J. Sime: History of Germany, 1499-1500 (1466-1467).
J. Michelet: Modern History, 1500 (1467).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1099-1100 (1071-1072).
2. THE PROSTRATION OF PROTESTANTISM (A. D. 1618-1626):
F. Kohlrausch: History of Germany, 1500-1501 (1467-1468).
B. Chapman: Gustavus Adolphus, 1501-1502 (1469).
S. R. Gardiner: Thirty Years’ War, 1502 (1469).
W. Coxe: House of Austria, 1502-1504 (1469-1471).
3. THE SUPPRESSION OF BOHEMIA (A. D. 1621-1648):
L. Häusser: The Great Reformation, 302 (293).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1100 (1072).
"No succor reached the unfortunate people; but neither did the victors attain their end. Protestantism and Hussite memories could not be slain, and only outward submission was extorted. … But a desert was created; the land was crushed for a generation. Before the war Bohemia had 4,000,000 inhabitants, and in 1648 there were but 700,000 or 800,000. In some parts of the country the population has not attained the standard of 1620 to this day." L. HÄUSSER.
4. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:
C. F. Johnstone: Historical Abstracts, 318 (308).
H. von Treitschke: History of Germany, 2685-2686 (3768-3769).
5. THE GROWING POWER OF SWEDEN:
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2893-2894 (2818-2819).
C. R. L. Fletcher: Gustavus Adolphus, 2894-2896 (2819-2821).
J. L. Stevens: Gustavus Adolphus, 2896-2897 (2822).
6. THE SUPREMACY OF WALLENSTEIN (A. D. 1625-1630):
G. B. Malleson: Battlefields of Germany, 1504-1505 (1471-1472).
J. Mitchell: Life of Wallenstein, 1505-1506 (1472-1473).
G. P. R. James: Dark Scenes of History, 1506-1507 (1473-1474).
7. THE ADVENT OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS (A. D. 1630-1632):
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1507-1508 (1475).
F. Schiller: The Thirty Years’ War, 1508 (1475).
C. R. L. Fletcher: Gustavas Adolphus, 1508-1509 (1475-1476).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1100-1101 (1072-1073).
8. THE DECISIVE BATTLE AT LEIPSIG (BREITENFELD) (A. D. 1631):
B. Chapman: Gustavus Adolphus, 1509-1510 (1477).
C. R. L. Fletcher: Gustavus Adolphus, 1510 (1477).
"The battle of Breitenfeld was an epoch in war, it was an epoch in history. It was an epoch in war, because first in it was displayed on a great scale the superiority of mobility over weight. It was an epoch in history, because it broke the force upon which the revived Catholicism had relied for the extension of its empire over Europe. Germany might tear herself to pieces for yet another half-generation, but the actual result of the Thirty Years’ War was as good as achieved." C. R. L. FLETCHER.
9. RECALL OF WALLENSTEIN; THE BATTLE OF LÜTZEN; DEATH OF GUSTAVUS (A. D. 1632):
C. M. Yonge: English History, 1510-1511 (1477-1478).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1511-1512 (1478-1479).
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1512 (1479).
10. RICHELIEU BECOMES AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN THE WAR:
J. Mitchell: Life of Wallenstein, 1512-1513 (1480).
H. M. Hozier: Turenne, 1513 (1480).
G. B. Malleson: Battlefields of Germany, 1513-1514 (1480-1481).
11. SUCCESSES OF THE SWEDISH ARMY UNDER TORSTENSON (A. D. 1640-1642):
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1514-1515 (1481-1482).
12. THE FINAL CAMPAIGNS OF THE WAR (A. D. 1645-1648):
H. M. Hozier: Turenne, 1515-1516 (1482-1453).
T. O. Cockayne: Life of Turenne, 1516 (1483).
F. Schiller: The Thirty Years’ War, 1516-1517 (1483-1484).
13. THE HORRORS OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:
R. C. Trench: Gustavus Adolphus, 1517-1518 (1484-1485).
H. von Z-Südenhorst: History of Germany, 1518 (3770).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1101 (1073).
"This, which had been a civil war at the first, did not continue such for long, or rather it united presently all the dreadfulness of a civil war and a foreign. It was not long before the hosts which trampled the German soil had in large part ceased to be German; every region of Europe sending of its children, and, as it would seem, of those whom it must have been gladdest to be rid of, to swell the ranks of the destroyers. … Under conditions like these it is not wonderful that the fields were left untilled; for who would sow, what he could never reap? What wonder that famine, thus invited, should before long have arrived? … Persons were found dead in the fields with grass in their mouths, while the tanner’s and knackers’ yards were beset for the putrid carcasses of beasts. Men climbed up the gibbets and tore down the bodies which were suspended there, and devoured them. Prisoners were killed that they might be eaten. Children were enticed from home. … Putting all together, it is not too much to say that the crowning horrors of Samaria, of Jerusalem, of Saguntum, found their parallels, and often worse than their parallels, in Christian Germany only two centuries ago. … Of the population it was found that three-fourths, in some parts a far larger proportion, had perished … or fled to Switzerland, to Holland, and to other countries never to return from them again." R. C. TRENCH.
14. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (A. D. 1648);
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1518-1519 (1486).
A. Gindely: The Thirty Years’ War, 1519 (1486).
F. Kohlrausch: History of Germany, 1519-1520 (1486-1487).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1101 (1073).
15. RESULTS OF THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA:
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1520 (1487).
S. A. Dunham: The Germanic Empire, 1520-1521 (1487-1488).
S. E. Turner: The Germanic Constitution, 683-684 (660-661).
S. A. Dunham: The Germanic Empire, 684 (661).
See Map of Germany at Peace of Westphalia, 1518-1519 (1486-1487).
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"Both Lutherans and Calvinists were declared free from all jurisdiction of the Pope or any Catholic prelate. Thus the last link which bound Germany to Rome was snapped, the last of the principles by virtue of which the Empire had existed was abandoned. … The Peace of Westphalia was therefore an abrogation of the sovereignty of Rome, and of the theory of Church and State with which the name of Rome was associated. … The Peace of Westphalia is an era in imperial history not less clearly marked than the Coronation of Otto the Great, or the death of Frederick II. … Properly, indeed, it was no longer an Empire at all, but a Confederation, and that of the loosest sort. … There were 300 petty principalities between the Alps and the Baltic, each with its own laws, and its own courts, its little armies, its separate coinage, its tolls and custom-houses on the frontier, its crowd of meddlesome and pedantic officials. This vicious system, which paralyzed the trade, the literature, and the political thought of Germany, had been forming itself for sometime, but did not become fully established until the Peace of Westphalia, by emancipating the princes from imperial control, had made them despots in their own territories." JAMES BRYCE.
16. THE RELATIONS OF AUSTRIA, GERMANY, AND FRANCE AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:
H. von Treitschke: History of Germany, 1521-1522 (3770-3771).
L. Häusser: History of Germany, 1522 (3771).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1522-1523 (1488-1489).
STUDY XXVIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE MAKING OF ENGLAND (A. D. 449-1200).
1. BRITAIN:
C. F. Keary: Dawn of History, 144-145 (137-138).
T. Wright: Celt, Roman, and Saxon, 329 (319).
J. Cæsar: Gallic War, 329 (319).
C. Merivale: History of the Romans, 329-331 (319-321).
H. M. Scarth: Roman Britain, 331 (321).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 332 (322).
J. R. Green: The Making of England, 332 (322).
2. ENGLAND:
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 121 (114).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 121 (114).
T. Hodgkin: Italy and Her Invaders, 2885 (2810).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 806 (779).
E. A. Freeman: The English People, 807 (780).
J. R. Green: The Making of England, 807-808 (780-781).
3. IRELAND:
M. Haverty: History of Ireland, 1794-1795 (1754-1755).
E. Lawless: The Story of Ireland, 1795 (1755).
T. Wright: Celt, Roman, and Saxon, 1795 (1755).
4. SCOTLAND:
W. F. Skene: Celtic Scotland, 2913-2914 (2838-2839).
J. Rhys: Celtic Britain, 2914 (2839).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 2914 (2839).
W. F. Skene: Celtic Scotland, 2914-2915 (2839-2840).
5. THE ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST (A. D. 470-630):
F. Palgrave: The Anglo-Saxons, 808 (781).
J. M. Lappenberg: England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, 808-809 (781-782).
E. A. Freeman: Old English History, 809 (782).
Thomas Fuller: Church History of Britain, 810 (782-783).
G. F. Maclear: The Conversion of the West, 810 (783).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 810 (783).
J. R. Green: The Making of England, 811 (784).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1042 (1014).
6. THE CONVERSION OF IRELAND; ITS SCHOOLS AND MISSIONARIES:
Sir C. G. Duffy: Irish History, 1795-1796 (1755-1756).
Count de Montalembert: Monks of the West, 1796 (1756).
G. F. Maclear: Conversion of the West, 474 (460).
R. C. Trench: Mediæval Church History, 474-475 (460-461).
J. E. T. Wiltsch: Statistics of the Church, 475 (461).
A. T. Drane: Christian Schools, 711-712 (688-689).
"The rapid extension of the monastic institute in Ireland, and the extraordinary ardour with which the Irish cœnobites applied themselves to the cultivation of letters, remain undisputed facts. ‘Within a century after the death of St. Patrick,’ says Bishop Nicholson, ‘the Irish seminaries had so increased that most parts of Europe sent their children to be educated here, and drew thence their bishops and teachers.’ The whole country for miles round Leighlin was denominated the ‘land of Saints and Scholars.’ By the ninth century Armagh could boast of 7000 students, and the schools of Cashel, Dindaleathglass, and Lismore vied with it in renown." A. T. DRANE.
7. THE SAXON HEPTARCHY:
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 811 (784).
F. Gneist: The English Constitution, 811 (784).
E. A. Freeman: Old English History, 812 (785).
W. F. Skene: Celtic Scotland, 2914-2915 (2839-2810).
8. THE DANISH INVASIONS, AND ALFRED THE GREAT:
R. G. Latham: Nationalities of Europe, 2891 (2816).
A. Thierry: Conquest of England by the Normans, 2418 (2366).
G. W. Dasent: The Story of Burnt Njal, 2418 (2366).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 812-813 (785-786).
M. J. Guest: History of England, 813 (786).
Thomas Hughes: Alfred the Great, 813-814 (786-787).
S. R. Gardiner: English History, 815-816 (788-789).
J. A. Giles: Alfred the Great, 713 (690).
"Alfred is the most perfect character in history. … No other man on record has ever so thoroughly united all the virtues both of ruler and of the private man. In no other man on record were so many virtues disfigured by so little alloy. A saint without superstition, a scholar without ostentation, a warrior all whose wars were fought in the defense of his country, a conqueror whose laurels were never stained by cruelty, a prince never cast down by adversity, never lifted up to insolence in the day of triumph—there is no other name in history to compare with his. … The virtue of Alfred, like the virtue of Washington, consisted in no marvelous displays of superhuman genius, but in the simple, straight-forward discharge of the duty of the moment." E. A. FREEMAN.
9. THE DANISH CONQUEST (A. D. 970-1042):
Sir E. S. Creasy: History of England, 816 (789).
Gardiner and Mullinger: History of England, 816 (789).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 817 (790).
M. Haverty: History of Ireland, 1796 (1756).
S. Bryant: Celtic Ireland, 1796-1797 (1756-1757).
T. D. McGee: History of Ireland, 1797 (1757).
10. THE SAXON RESTORATION TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST (A. D. 1042-1066):
A. H. Johnson: The Normans in Europe, 817-818 (790-791).
R. Vaughan: Revolutions of English History, 819 (792).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 819 (792).
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11. FORMATION OF THE SCOTTISH KINGDOM, AND ITS RELATION TO ENGLAND:
W. F. Skene: Celtic Scotland, 2915 (2840).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 2916 (2840-2841).
W. F. Skene: Celtic Scotland, 2916 (2841).
12. WILLIAM OF NORMANDY, AND HIS CLAIMS TO THE ENGLISH CROWN:
J. R. Green: The Conquest of England, 2417 (2365).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 2417 (2365).
A. H. Johnson: The Normans in Europe, 818 (791).
Sir F. Palgrave: Normandy and England, 818 (791).
E. A. Freeman: William the Conqueror, 818 (791).
13. THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS (A. D. 1066) AND NORMAN CONQUEST:
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 819 (792).
E. A. Freeman: The Norman Conquest, 820 (793).
A. Thierry: The Conquest of England, 820 (793).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages. 820-821 (793-794).
C. Kingsley: Hereward the Wake, 821 (794).
14. THE DOMESDAY BOOK (A. D. 1086):
E. Fischel: The English Constitution, 821 (794).
T. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitutional History, 821-822 (794-795).
Stuart Moore: A Study of Domesday Book, 822 (795).
I. Taylor: Domesday Survivals, 822 (795).
15. SCOTLAND AND THE CONQUEST:
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2916-2917 (2841-2842).
Sir Walter Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, 2917 (2842).
16. REIGNS OF THE SONS OF THE CONQUEROR (A. D. 1087-1154):
S. Turner: History of England, 823-824 (796-797).
C. H. Pearson: England during the Middle Ages, 824 (797).
J. H. Round: Geoffrey de Mandeville, 824-825 (797-798).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 3106-3107 (3024-3025).
E. W. Robertson: Scotland’s Early Kings, 2918 (2842-2843).
17. THE ANGEVIN KINGS (PLANTAGENETS); HENRY II. (A. D. 1154-1189):
Sir F. Palgrave: England and Normandy, 121-122 (114-115).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 122 (115).
K. Norgate: England under the Angevins, 127-128 (120-121).
Mrs. J. R. Green: Henry II., 826 (799).
K. Norgate: England under the Angevins, 826 (799).
C. H. Pearson: England during the Middle Ages, 1798-1799 (1758-1759).
18. HENRY’S CONFLICT WITH THE CHURCH; BECKET (A. D. 1162-1170):
J. Campbell: Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 826-827 (799-800).
F. W. Maitland: Henry II. and the Criminous Clerks, 827 (800).
A. P. Stanley: Memorials of Canterbury, 827-828 (800-801).
H. C. Lea: Studies in Church History, 289 (280).
Pollock and Maitland: English Law, 1975.
J. B. Thayer: Older Modes of Trial, 2000-2001 (1956-1957).
W. Forsyth: Trial by Jury, 2001 and 2002 (1957-1958).
"He [Henry II.] was a foreign King who never spoke the English tongue, who lived and moved for the most part in a foreign camp, surrounded with a motley host of Brabançons and hirelings. … It was under the rule of a foreigner such as this, however, that the races of conquerors and conquered in England first learnt to feel that they were one. It was by his power that England, Scotland, and Ireland were brought to some vague acknowledgment of a common suzerain lord, and the foundations laid of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was he who abolished feudalism as a system of government, and left it little more than a system of land tenure. It was he who defined the relations established between Church and State, and decreed that in England churchman as well as baron was to be held under the common law. … His reforms established the judicial system whose main outlines have been preserved to our own day. It was through his ‘Constitutions’ and his ‘Assizes’ that it came to pass that over all the world the English-speaking races are governed by English and not by Roman law. It was by his genius for government that the servants of the royal household became transformed into Ministers of State. It was he who gave England a foreign policy which decided our continental relations for seven hundred years. The impress which the personality of Henry II. left upon his time meets us wherever we turn." MRS. J. R. GREEN.
19. RICHARD CŒUR DE LION (A. D. 1189-1199):
M. Burrows: History of England, 828 (801).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 828 (801).
J. F. Michaud: The Crusades, 653 (630).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 653-654 (630-631).
G. W. Cox: The Crusades, 654 (631).
STUDY XXIX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND FROM MAGNA CARTA TO ACCESSION OF THE TUDORS (A. D. 1215-1485).
1. KING JOHN AND MAGNA CARTA (A. D. 1215):
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1193-1194 (1162).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 828 (801).
M. A. Hookham: Margaret of Anjou, 122-123 (116).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 828-829 (801-802).
2. THE BATTLE OF BOUVINES (A. D. 1214):
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 315 (305).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 315 (305).
3. MAGNA CARTA (A. D. 1215, JUNE 15):
S. Turner: England during the Middle Ages, 824 (797).
J. R. Green: The English People, 829 (802).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 829-830 (802-803).
R. Gneist: The English Constitution, 834, first column, (807).
T. P. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitution, 888
Full Text of the Great Charter, 830-834 (803-807).
"The Great Charter although drawn up in the form of a royal grant, was really a treaty between the King and his subjects. … It is the collective people who really form the other high contracting party in the great capitulation. … The Great Charter is the first great public act of the nation, after it has realized its identity. … The whole of the constitutional history of England is little more than a commentary on Magna Carta." W. STUBBS.
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4. THE EVOLUTION OP THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT (A. D. 1216-):
E. A. Freeman: Growth of the English Constitution, 2552-2553 (2486-2487).
(a) Under Henry III. (A. D. 1216-1272).
R. Gneist: The English Constitution, 834 (807).
Simon de Montfort, 834-836 (807-809).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 836 (809).
(b) Under Edward I. (A. D. 1272-1307).
S. R. Gardiner: English History, 836 (809).
W. Stubbs: The Early Plantagenets, 836-837 (809-810).
T. F. Tout: Edward the First, 837 (810).
É. Boutmy: The English Constitution, 837-838 (810-811)
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1061-1062 (1033-1034).
5. GROWTH OF THE COMMON LAW UNDER HENRY III. AND EDWARD I.:
T. P. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitution, 838 (811).
See Law, Common, 2005-2007 (1960-1963).
6. CONQUEST OF SCOTLAND AND WALES BY EDWARD I.:
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 2919-2920 (2844-2845).
W. Stubbs: The Early Plantagenets, 3764-3765 (3643-3644).
7. RESISTANCE TO PAPAL AGGRESSIONS (A. D. 1200-1400):
C. H. Pearson: England during Middle Ages, 838 (811).
T. P. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitution, 838 (811).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 838-839 (811-812).
8. Renewal of the Wars with Scotland; Bannockburn (A. D. 1314):
M. MacArthur: History of Scotland, 2920 (2845).
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2920-2921 (2845-2846).
W. Denton: England in the 15th Century, 2921-2922 (2846-2847).
P. F. Tytler: History of Scotland, 2922 (2847).
9. THE NOTABLE REIGN OF EDWARD III. (A. D. 1327-1377):
(a) His Wars with the Scots.
W. Robertson: History of Scotland, 2922 (2847).
Sir Walter Scott: History of Scotland, 2922-2923 (2847-2848).
W. Warburton: Edward III., 2923-2924 (2848-2849).
Sir Walter Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, 2924 (2849).
J. R. Green: The English People, 291 (282).
(b) The One Hundred Years War (A. D. 1337-1453).
J. Froissart: Chronicles, 1200-1201 (1168-1169).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1201 and 2868 (1169, 2794).
G. W. Kitchin; History of France, 1201 (1169).
H. Hallam: Middle Ages, 1201 (1169).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1204 (1172).
C. H. Pearson: English History, 839 (812).
(c) The Black Death (A. D. 1348-1349).
J. E. T. Rogers: History of Agriculture, 292-293 and 1970 (283-284 and 1929).
G. Boccaccio: The Decameron, 1166 (1136).
J. Michelet: History of France, 1201-1202 (1169-1170).
J. E. T. Rogers: History of Agriculture, 840 (813).
10. CHAUCER, AND THE NEW ENGLISH LANGUAGE (A. D. 1340-1400):
B. Ten Brink: English Literature, 840-841 (813-814).
G. P. Marsh: History of the English Language, 841 (814).
11. WYCLIF, AND THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE (A. D. 1384):
J. A. Froude: History of England, 842 (815).
J. Gairdner: English History, 842 (815).
12. THE LOLLARDS, AND WAT TYLER REBELLION (A. D. 1375-):
C. Ullmann: Reformers before the Reformation, 285-286 (276-277).
B. Herford: Story of Religion in England, 841-842 (814-815).
S. R. Gardiner: English History, 842-843 (815-816).
J. Gairdner: Houses of Lancaster and York, 843 (816).
C. H. Pearson: English History, 843-844 (816-817).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 844 (817).
Professor de Vericour: Wat Tyler, 844 (817).
J. N. Larned: England under Richard II., 1068-1069 (1040-1041).
13. THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER (A. D. 1399-1471):
J. Gairdner: The Houses of Lancaster and York, 844-845 (817-818).
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2925 (2850).
J. Gairdner: Houses of Lancaster and York, 3765 (3644).
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 845 (818).
14. HENRY V. (1413-1422) AND AGINCOURT:
A. J. Church: Henry the Fifth, 1205-1206 (1173-1174).
C. M. Yonge: English History, 1206-1207 (1174-1175).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1207 (1175).
A. J. Church: Henry the Fifth, 1207 (1175).
15. HENRY VI. (1422-1471) AND END OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR:
A. de Lamartine: Joan of Arc, 1207-1208 and 1208-1209 (1175-1176).
Lord Mahon: Historical Essays, 1209 (1177).
J. O’Hagan: Joan of Arc, 1209 (1177).
E. E. Crowe: History of France, 1210 (1178).
C. W. Oman: Warwick, the Kingmaker, 846-847 (819-820).
16. THE WARS OF THE ROSES (A. D. 1455-1485):
Mrs. Hookham: Life of Margaret of Anjou, 847 (820).
J. S. Brewer: Reign of Henry VIII., 848 (821).
W. Denton: England in the 15th Century, 848 (821).
É. Boutmy: The English Constitution, 848 (821).
J. Gairdner: Henry VII., 1801 (1761).
17. THE HOUSE OF YORK (A. D. 1461-1485); THE "NEW MONARCHY":
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of England, 848-849 (821-822).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 849 (822).
C. M. Yonge: English History. 849 (822).
J. Gairdner: Life of Richard III., 849-850 (822-823).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1069-1071 (1041-1043).
18. ADVANCE IN CIVILIZATION, 14TH TO 16TH CENTURIES:
(a) The Renaissance in England.
H. A. Taine: English Literature, 851-852 (824-825).
J. A. Symonds: Shakespere’s Predecessors, 852-823 (825-826).
A. Lang: Oxford, 729-730 (706-707).
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(b) The State of Learning.
B. Ten Brink: English Literature, 840-841 (813-814).
H. C. M. Lyte: The University of Oxford, 722 (699).
A. Lang: Oxford, 722-723 (699-700).
V. A. Huber: English Universities, 723-724 (700-701).
J. Mullinger: The University of Cambridge, 724 (701).
W. Everett: On the Cam, 724 (701).
F. Seebohm: The Oxford Reformers, 730-731 (707-708).
C. Knight: History of England, 2009 (1965).
(c) Caxton, and the Introduction of Printing.
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 2662-2663 (2590-2591).
J. H. Slater: Book Collecting, 2663 (2591).
T. A. Romer: Copyright Law, 2009-2010 (1965-1966).
(d) Trade and Commerce.
L. Levi: British Commerce, 3222 (3711).
W. Cunningham: Growth of English Industry, 3222 (3711).
J. Michelet: History of France, 1156 (1126).
STUDY XXX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND: THE TUDORS (A. D. 1485-1603).
1. THE ACCESSION OF THE TUDORS; HENRY VII. (A. D. 1485-1509):
J. Forster: Historical Essays, 850 (823).
J. Gairdner: Henry the Seventh, 853 (826).
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2926-2927 (2851-2852).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1089 (1061).
2. THE FIRST ENGLISH VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY (A. D. 1497-1498):
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 58 (51).
H. Harrisse: The Discovery of America, 61 (3678).
"The discovery of the continent of North America and the first landing on its east coast were accomplished, not by Sebastian Cabot, but by his father John, in 1197, under the auspices of King Henry VII. … The voyage of 1498, also accomplished under the British flag, was likewise carried out by John Cabot personally … and the exploration embraced the northeast coast of the present United States, as far as Florida." HENRY HARRISSE.
"Under this patent John Cabot, taking with him his son Sebastian, embarked in quest of new islands and a passage to Asia by the northwest. On the 24th day of June [1497], almost fourteen months before Columbus came in sight of the main, and more than two years before Amerigo Vespucci sailed west of the Canaries, he discovered the western Continent, probably in the latitude of about 56°, among the dismal cliffs of Labrador. He ran along the coast for many leagues, it is said for even 300, and landed on what he considered to be the territory of the Grand Cham." GEORGE BANCROFT.
3. HENRY VIII. (1509-1547) AND CARDINAL WOLSEY:
Sir R. Comyn: The Western Empire, 1218 (1186).
M. Creighton: Cardinal Wolsey, 854 (827).
4. THE FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD (A. D. 1520):
J. Michelet: Modern History, 1222 (1190).
J. S. Brewer: Henry VIII., 1148 (1119).
5. HENRY VIII., AND THE DIVORCE QUESTION:
G. P. Fisher: The Christian Church, 854-855 (827-828).
Sir J. Mackintosh: Sir Thomas More, 855-856 (828-829).
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of England, 858-859 (831-832).
6. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND (A. D. 1530-):
(a) Origin of the Term "Protestant."
P. Bayne: Martin Luther, 2516-2517 (2455-2456).
(b) Henry’s Rupture with Rome.
G. P. Fisher: The Christian Church, 855 (828).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1089-1090 (1061-1062).
(c) The Establishment of the Church of England.
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 856 (829).
J. Tulloch: Christian Philosophy, 856-857 (829-830).
G. G. Perry: The Reformation in England, 857 (830).
"The Reformation in England was singular amongst the great religious movements of the sixteenth century. It was the least heroic of them all—the least swayed by religious passion, or moulded and governed by spiritual and theological necessities. From a general point of view, it looks at first little more than a great political change. The exigencies of royal passion, and the dubious impulses of statecraft, seem its moving and really powerful springs. … The lust and avarice of Henry, the policy of Cromwell, and the vacillations of the leading clergy, attract prominent notice; but there may be traced beneath the surface a widespread evangelical fervour amongst the people, and, above all, a genuine spiritual earnestness and excitement of thought at the universities. These higher influences preside at the first birth of the movement. They are seen in active operation long before the reforming task was taken up by the Court and the bishops." J. TULLOCH.
(d) The Suppression of the Monasteries.
H. Hallam: History of England, 857-858 (830-831).
G. G. Perry: Reformation in England, 858 (831).
F. A. Gasquet: Henry VIII. and the Monasteries, 858 (831).
(e) The Reaction; The "Six Articles."
J. F. Bright: History of England, 859 (832).
(f) The Establishment of Protestantism under Edward VI. (A. D. 1547-1553).
D. Hume: History of England, 859-860 (832-833).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 860 (833).
7. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF HENRY VIII.:
(a) Scotland.
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2926-2927 (2851-2852).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 2927 (2852).
Sir W. Scott: History of Scotland, 2927 (2852).
D. Hume: History of England, 2927-2928 (2852-2853).
D. Wilson: Memories of Edinburgh, 2928 (2853).
(b) Ireland.
M. Haverty: History of Ireland, 2471 (2412).
J. A. Froude: History of England, 1801-1802 (1761-1762).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 1802-1803 (1762-1763).
(c) France.
W. Robertson: Reign of Charles V., 1880-1882 (1840-1842).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1225 (1193).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1225-1226 (1193-1194).
8. THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND:
W. Robertson: History of Scotland, 2928-2929 (2853-2854).
L. von Ranke: History of England, 2929-2930 (2854-2855).
J. Cunningham: Church History of Scotland, 2930 (2855).
M. Creighton: The Age of Elizabeth, 2930-2931 (2855-2856).
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9. "BLOODY" MARY, AND CATHOLIC ASCENDENCY (A. D. 1553-1558):
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of England, 860-861 (833-834).
T. Fuller: Church History of Britain, 861 (834).
R. Southey: Book of the Church, 861-862 (834-835).
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of England, 862 (835).
J. A. Froude: History of England, 862 (835).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 862 (835).
W. H. Jervis: History of France, 1228 (1196).
10. THE ACCESSION OF ELIZABETH; THE ELIZABETHAN AGE (A. D. 1558-1603):
(a) The Final Establishment of Protestantism.
D. Hume: History of England, 862-863 (835-836).
C. Beard: The Reformation, 863 (836).
(b) The Civil Government.
M. Burrows: History of England, 863 (836).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 863-864 (836-837).
E. Fischel: The English Constitution, 2993 (2915).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2027 (1983).
Austin Abbott: Capital Punishment, 2027 (1983).
(c) The State of Literature.
W. Hazlitt: Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, 864 (837).
J. A. Symonds: Elizabethan and Victorian Poetry, 864-865 (837-838).
(d) The Rise of the Great Schools of England.
H. Coleridge: Biographia Borealis, 731 (708).
F. Seebohm: The Oxford Reformers, 730-731 (707-708).
T. Hughes: The Public Schools of England, 733-735 (710-712).
Our Public Schools—Their Discipline, 735 (712).
(e) Trade and Commerce.
C. Gross: The Gild Merchant, 2197 (2153).
J. N. Larned: Commercial Progress, 3228-3229 (3718).
Lord Mahon: History of England, 1748-1749 (1710).
11. THE ACT OF SUPREMACY, AND ACT OF UNIFORMITY:
M. Burrows: History of England, 865 (838).
D. Neal: History of the Puritans, 865-866 (838-839).
12. THE RISE OF PURITANISM (About A. D. 1560):
J. A. Froude: History of England, 866 (839).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 866-867 (840).
H. O. Wakeman: The Church and the Puritans, 867 (840).
13. FIRST USE OF THE TERM "PROTESTANT" (A. D. 1564):
T. Fuller: Church History of Britain, 867 (840).
P. Heylyn: Ecclesia Restaurata, 867 (840).
14. ELIZABETH AND THE CATHOLICS:
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 867 (840).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 867-868 (840-841).
J. L. Motley: The United Netherlands, 868 (841).
15. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS:
D. Wilson: Memorials of Edinburgh, 2928 (2853).
M. Mac Arthur: History of Scotland, 2931-2932 (2856-2857).
E. S. Beesly: Queen Elizabeth, 2932 (2857).
J. Skelton: Historical Essays, 2932-2933 (2857-2858).
T. F. Henderson: The Casket Letters, 2933 (2858).
S. H. Burke: Historical Portraits, 2933-2934 (2858-2859).
A. C. Swinburne: Mary Queen of Scots, 2934 (2859).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1095-1096 (1067-1068).
16. MARY AND THE CATHOLIC CONSPIRACIES; HER EXECUTION (A. D. 1587):
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 868-869 (841-842).
J. A. Froude: History of England, 869 (842).
17. THE EFFECT OF MARY’S EXECUTION; THE SPANISH ARMADA (A. D. 1588):
R. Southey: Lives of British Admirals, 869 (842).
S. A. Dunham: Spain and Portugal, 869 (842).
J. L. Motley: The United Netherlands, 869-870 (842-843).
H. R. Clinton: From Crécy to Assye, 870-871 (843-844).
W. Camden: History of Queen Elizabeth, 871-872 (844-845).
"The flame of patriotism never burnt purer; all Englishmen alike, Romanists, Protestant Episcopalians, and Puritans, were banded together to resist the invader. Every hamlet was on the alert for the beacon-signal. … Philip’s preparations had been commensurate with the grandeur of his scheme. … A vast armament, named, as if to provoke Nemesis, the ‘Invincible Armada,’ on which for three years the treasures of the American mines had been lavished, at length rode the seas, blessed with Papal benediction and under the patronage of the Saints. … The 129 vessels were armed with 2430 brass and iron guns of the best manufacture, and carried 5000 seamen. Parma’s army amounted to 30,000 men—Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, and Walloons; and 19,000 Castilians and Portuguese, with 1000 gentlemen volunteers, were coming to meet him. … The overthrow of this armament was effected by the navy and the elements. … More than two-thirds of the expedition perished; and of the remnant that again viewed the hills of Spain all but a few hundred returned only to die." H. R. CLINTON.
18. PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND:
M. C. Taylor: John Knox, 2934 (2859).
T. Carlyle: Heroes and Hero Worship, 2934-2935 (2859-2860).
J. Tulloch: John Knox, 2935 (2860).
W. Robertson: History of Scotland, 2935 (2860).
J. Cunningham: Church History of Scotland, 2935-2936 (2860-2861).
T. M’Crie: Scottish Church History, 2936 (2861).
J. Cunningham: Church History of Scotland, 2936-2937 (2861-2862).
Sir W. Scott: History of Scotland, 2937 (2862).
19. THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS; JAMES I. (A. D. 1603):
J. Forster: Historical Essays, 872 (845).
"His [James’] mother was Marie Stuart, or Mary, Queen of Scots, born of her marriage with Lord Darnley. He came to the English throne at a time when the autocratic spirit of the Tudors, making use of the peculiar circumstances of their time, had raised the royal power and prerogative to their most exalted pitch; and he united the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England under one sovereignty. The noble inheritance fell to a race who, comprehending not one of the conditions by which alone it was possible to be retained, profligately misused until they lost it utterly. … What is called the Great Rebellion can have no comment so pregnant as that which is suggested by the character and previous career of the first of the Stuart Kings." J. FORSTER.
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STUDY XXXI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND: JAMES I. AND CHARLES I.; THE GREAT REBELLION (A. D. 1603-1649).
I. THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS (A. D. 1603): * J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2925 (2850).
M. Noble: Genealogy of the House of Stuart, 2925 (2850).
J. Forster: Historical Essays, 872 (845).
T. P. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitutional History, 3107 (3025).
A. V. Dicey: The Privy Council, 3107-3108 (3025-3026).
2. THE REIGN OF JAMES I. (A. D. 1603-1625):
T. McCrie: Scottish Church History, 872-873 (845-846).
D. Hume: History of England, 873 (846).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 874 (847).
J. Cunningham: Church History of Scotland, 2937 (2862).
3. THE SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA:
(a) In Virginia (A. D. 1606-).
John Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 3748 (3627).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3748-3749 (3627-3628).
H. C. Lodge: English Colonies in America, 3749 (3628).
(b) The Independents or Separatists.
J. A. Goodwin: The Pilgrim Republic, 2690-2691 (2617-2618).
G. Punchard: History of Congregationalism, 2691 (2618).
J. Hunter: The Founders of New Plymouth, 1737 (1698).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 1737 (1698).
(c) The Plymouth, Massachusetts, Colony (A. D. 1620).
J. Fiske: The Beginnings of New England, 1738 (1699).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 1738-1739 (1699-1700).
F. B. Dexter: The Pilgrim Church, 2141-2142 (2097-2098).
(d) The Massachusetts Bay Company (A. D. 1630).
J. B. Moore: Governors of Massachusetts Bay, 2145-2146 (2101-2102).
S. A. Drake: Around the Hub, 2146-2147 (2102-2103).
R. C. Winthrop: Boston Founded, 2147 (2103).
4. CHARLES I. (A. D. 1625-1649); THE GREAT REBELLION:
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 874 (847).
C. D. Yonge: History of France, 1252-1253 (1220-1221).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1805 (1765).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1103-1104 (1075-1076).
"He [Charles I.] seems to have learned from the theologians whom he most esteemed that between him and his subjects there could be nothing of the nature of mutual contract; that he could not, even if he would, divest himself of his despotic authority; and that, in every promise which he made, there was an implied reservation that such promise might be broken in case of necessity, and that of the necessity he was the sole judge." T. B. MACAULAY.
5. THE PETITION OF RIGHT (A. D. 1628):
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 874 and 875 (847, 848).
Full Text of the Petition of Right, 875-876 (848-849).
"Our English Constitution was never made, in the sense in which the Constitutions of many other countries have been made. There never was any moment when Englishmen drew out their political system in the shape of a formal document, whether as the carrying out of any abstract political theories or as the imitation of the past or present system of any other nation. There are indeed certain great political documents, each of which forms a land mark in our political history. There is the Great Charter [1215], the Petition of Right [1628], and the Bill of Rights [1689]. But not one of these gave itself out as the enactment of anything new. All claimed to set forth, with new strength, it might be, and with new clearness, those rights of Englishmen which were already old. … The life and soul of English law has ever been precedent; we have always held that whatever our fathers once did their sons have a right to do again." E. A. FREEMAN.
"Lord Chatham called these three [Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights] ‘The Bible of the English Constitution,’ to which appeal is to be made on every grave political question." SIR E. S. CREASY.
6. THE BURNING QUESTION OF TAXATION:
T. Carlyle: Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 877 (850).
T. B. Macaulay: Essays.—Hampden, 878-879 (851-852).
7. BUCKINGHAM AND LAUD:
C. M. Yonge: English History, 876-877 (849-850).
F. P. Guizot: The English Revolution, 877-878 (850-851).
8. PRESBYTERIANS AND INDEPENDENTS:
J. Rushworth: Historical Collections, 879 (852).
W. Godwin: History of the Commonwealth, 879 (852).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 1737 (1698).
9. THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL COVENANT (A. D. 1638):
T. Fuller: Church History of Britain, 2937-2938 (2862-2863).
J. H. Burton: History of Scotland, 2938 (2863).
J. Taylor: The Scottish Covenanters, 2938 (2863).
A. P. Stanley: The Church of Scotland, 2938-2939 (2863-2864).
Full text of the National Covenant, 2939-2942 (2864-2867).
10. THE BISHOPS’ WARS:
M. MacArthur: History of Scotland, 2942-2943 (2867-2868).
T. Carlyle: Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 879-880 (852-853).
11. WENTWORTH’S SYSTEM OF "THOROUGH":
R. Hassencamp: History of Ireland, 1805-1806 (1765-1766).
R. Browning: Thomas Wentworth, 1806 (1766).
12. THE LONG PARLIAMENT (1640-1641); EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD:
T. B. Macaulay: Essays.—Hampden, 880 (853).
G. B. Smith: History of the English Parliament, 2553 (2487).
J. R. Green: The English People, 880-881 (853-854).
H. D. Traill: Lord Strafford, 881 (854).
R. Browning: Thomas Wentworth, 881-882 (855).
Text of the Articles of Impeachment of Strafford, 882 (855).
13. RISE OF PERMANENT PARTIES; CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS:
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 882-883 (855-856).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 2828 (2754).
14. THE GRAND REMONSTRANCE (A. D. 1641):
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 883 (856).
J. Forster: Historical Essays, 883 (856).
Full Text of the Grand Remonstrance, 883-893 (856-866).
15. THE BEGINNING OF CIVIL WAR (A. D. 1642):
D. Hume: History of England, 893-894 (866-867).
T. Carlyle: Letters and Speeches of Cromwell, 894 (867).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 894-895 (867-868).
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 895 (868).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1104-1105 (1076-1077).
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16. EARLY ENGAGEMENTS AND CROMWELL’S IRONSIDES;
J. F. Bright: History of England, 895-896 (868-869).
T. Carlyle: Letters and Speeches of Cromwell, 896 (869).
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 896 (869).
"These were the men who ultimately decided the war, and established the Commonwealth. On the field of Marston, Rupert gave Cromwell the name of Ironside, and from thence this famous name passed to his troopers. There are two features in their history which we need to note. They were indeed ‘such men as had some conscience in their work’; but they were also much more. They were disciplined and trained soldiers. They were the only body of ‘regulars ’ on either side. The instinctive genius of Cromwell from the very first created the strong nucleus of a regular army, which at last in discipline, in skill, in valor, reached the highest perfection ever attained by soldiers either in ancient or modern times." FREDERIC HARRISON.
17. THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY, AND SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT (A. D. 1643):
D. Masson: Life of Milton, 896-897 (869-870).
J. Forster: Statesmen of the Commonwealth, 897-898 (870-871).
Text of the Solemn League and Covenant, 898-899 (871-872).
18. THE CATHOLIC RISING AND MASSACRES IN IRELAND (A. D. 1641):
L. von Ranke: History of England, 1806-1807 (1766-1767).
W. A. O’Connor: The Irish People, 1807 (1767).
M. Hickson: Ireland in 17th Century, 1807 (1767).
N. L. Walford: Parliamentary Generals, 896 (869).
J. R. Green: English People, 896 (869).
19. PROGRESS OF THE WAR; MARSTON MOOR (A. D. 1644):
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 899 (872).
Earl of Clarendon: History of the Rebellion, 899-900 (872-873).
N. L. Walford: Parliamentary Generals, 900 (873).
C. R. Markham: Life of Lord Fairfax, 900 (873).
C. Knight: The History of England, 900 (873).
20. FROM MARSTON MOOR TO NASEBY:
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 901 (874).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 901 (874).
N. L. Walford: Parliamentary Generals, 901 (874).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 902 (875).
T. Carlyle: Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 902 (875)
21. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR (A. D. 1645-1648):
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 902 (875).
C. R. Markham: Life of Lord Fairfax, 903 (876).
W. Chambers: Stories of Old Families, 2943 (2868).
B. M. Cordery: King and Commonwealth, 903 (876).
J. A. Picton: Oliver Cromwell, 903-904 (876-877).
J. K. Hosmer: Life of Sir Henry Vane, 904-905 (877-878).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 905 (878).
22. THE SECOND CIVIL WAR, AND BATTLE OF PRESTON (A. D. 1648):
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 906 (879).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 906 (879).
F. P. Guizot: The English Revolution, 906 (879).
23. PRIDE’S PURGE, AND THE RUMP PARLIAMENT:
W. Godwin: History of the Commonwealth, 906-907 (879-880).
J. K. Hosmer: Life of Sir Henry Vane, 907 (880).
D. Neal: History of the Puritans, 907 (880).
24. TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF CHARLES I. (A. D. 1649):
C. Knight: History of England, 907-908 (880-881).
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 908 (881).
W. Godwin: History of the Commonwealth, 908-909 (881-882).
S. R. Gardiner: History of the Great Civil War, 909 (882).
Text of the Act arraigning the King, 909-910 (882-883).
"As the head of the King rolled on the scaffold the old Feudal Monarchy expired forever. In January, 1649, a great mark was set in the course of the national life—the Old Rule behind it, the New Rule before it. Parliamentary government, the consent of the Nation, equality of rights, and equity in the law—all date from this great New Departure. The Stuarts indeed returned for one generation, but with the sting of the old monarchy gone, and only to disappear almost without a blow. The Church of England returned; but not the Church of Laud or of Charles. The peers returned, but as a meek House of Lords with their castles razed, their feudal rights and their political power extinct. It is said that the regicides killed Charles I. only to make Charles II. King. It is not so. They killed the old Monarchy; and the restored monarch was by no means its heir, but a royal Stadtholder or Hereditary President." FREDERIC HARRISON.
25. THE EIKON BASILIKE (FEBRUARY, 1649):
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 910 (883).
T. Carlyle: Life, by Froude, 910-911 (883-884).
STUDY XXXII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND: FROM THE COMMONWEALTH TO CLOSE OF STUART DYNASTY (A. D. 1649-1714).
1. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH (A. D. 1649):
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 910 (883).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 2043 (1999).
J. A. Picton: Oliver Cromwell, 2043 (1999).
2. CROMWELL IN IRELAND (A. D. 1649-1650):
N. L. Walford: Parliamentary Generals, 1807-1808 (1767-1768).
B. M. Cordery: King and Commonwealth, 1808 (1768).
T. Carlyle: Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 1808-1809 (1768-1769).
J. P. Prendergast: The Cromwellian Settlement, 1809-1810 (1769-1770).
3. THE SCOTTISH REVOLT; DUNBAR AND WORCESTER (A. D. 1650-1651):
J. H. M. d’Aubigné: The Protector, 2943-2944 (2868-2869).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 2944 (2869).
C. Knight: History of England, 2945 (2870).
D. Hume: History of England, 2945 (2870).
F. P. Guizot: Oliver Cromwell, 2945-2946 (2870-2871).
4. PASSAGE OF THE NAVIGATION ACTS (A. D. 1651):
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2332-2333 (2284-2285).
G. L. Craik: British Commerce, 2293 (2245).
E. G. Scott: Constitutional Liberty in English Colonies, 3286-3287 (3170-3171).
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5. WAR WITH THE DUTCH REPUBLIC (A.D. 1652-1624):
D. Hume: History of England, 911-912 (884-885).
J. F. Blight: History of England, 912 (885).
6. CROMWELL AND THE PARLIAMENTS (A. D. 1651-1653):
J. R. Green: Short History of England, 911 (884).
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 912-913 (885-886).
T. Carlyle: Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 913 (886).
F. P. Guizot: Oliver Cromwell, 913 (886).
7. THE PROTECTORATE (A. D. 1653-1660):
Full Text of the Instrument of Government, 914-918 (887-891).
D. Masson: Life of John Milton, 913-914 (886-887).
F. Harrison: Oliver Cromwell, 918 (891).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 918 (891).
B. M. Cordery: King and Commonwealth, 919 (892).
"His [Cromwell’s] wish seems to have been to govern constitutionally, and to substitute the empire of the laws for that of the sword. But he soon found that, hated as he was, both by Royalists and Presbyterians, he could be safe only by being absolute. … Those soldiers who would not suffer him to assume the kingly title, stood by him when he ventured on acts of power as high as any English King has ever attempted. The government, therefore, though in form a republic, was in truth a despotism, moderated only by the wisdom, the sobriety, and the magnanimity of the despot." T. B. MACAULAY.
8. THE RESTORATION; CHARLES II. (A. D. 1660-1685):
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 919-920 (892-893).
F. P. Guizot: The Restoration, 920 (893).
C. Dickens: History of England, 920-921 (893-894).
H. Martin: History of France, 921 (894).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1105-1106 (1077-1078).
J. Lingard: History of England, 1810 (1770).
9. THE STATE OF THE CHURCH FOLLOWING THE RESTORATION:
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 921 (894).
J. Stoughton: History of Religion, 921 (894).
J. Lingard: History of England, 921-922 (894-895).
E. Calamy: The Nonconformist’s Memorial, 922 (895).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 2946(2871).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 2946 (2871).
10. THE WARS WITH HOLLAND (A.D. 1665-1678):
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2333 (2285).
G. P. R. James. Life of Louis XIV., 2333-2334 (2285-2286).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 2334 (2286).
J. Lingard: History of England, 2335 (2287).
C. M. Yonge: Landmarks of History, 2335-2336 (2287-2288).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2336 (2288).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2336-2337 (2288-2289).
H. Martin: History of France, 2414 (2362).
J. A. Stevens: The English in New York, 2383 (2330-2331).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2384-2385 (2332-2333).
11. CATHOLICISM AND THE TEST ACT (A. D. 1673):
J. Lingard: History of England, 922-923 (895-896).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 923-924 (896-897).
J. Stoughton: History of Religion, 924 (897).
12. TITUS OATES, AND THE ALLEGED POPISH PLOT (A. D. 1678-1679):
A. B. Buckley: History of England, 924 (897).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 924 (897).
A. Carrel: The Counter-Reformation, 925 (898).
C. Butler: Memoirs of English Catholics, 925 (898).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 930 (903).
13. THE HABEAS CORPUS ACT (A. D. 1679):
D. Hume: History of England, 925 (898).
E. Fischel: The English Constitution, 925-926 (898-899).
W. Blackstone: Commentaries, 2014 (1970).
Full Text of the Act, 926-929 (899-902).
14. WHIGS AND TORIES (ABOUT A. D. 1680):
D. Hume: History of England. 930 (903).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 2698 (2625).
G. Burnet: History of My Own Time, 3772 (3651).
15. JAMES II. (A. D. 1685-1689); THE REVOLUTION:
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 930 (903).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 931 (904).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 931 (904).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 931-932 (904-905).
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of the Revolution, 932 (905).
16. THE REVOLUTION:
W. H. Torriano: William the Third, 933 (906).
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of the Revolution, 933-934 (906-907).
R. Vaughan: England under the Stuarts, 934-935 (907-908).
17. WILLIAM AND MARY (A. D. 1689-1702):
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 934 (907).
Sir J. Mackintosh: History of the Revolution, 934 (907).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1106-1107 (1078-1079).
H. D. Traill: William the Third, 934 (907).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 935-936 (908-909).
Full Text of the Bill of Rights, 987-989 (910-912).
18. THE WAR IN IRELAND; THE BATTLE OF THE BOYNE AND PEACE OF LIMERICK:
E. Hale: The Fall of the Stuarts, 1810-1811 (1770-1771).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 1811 (1771).
W. H. Torriano: William the Third, 1811-1812 (1771-1772).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1812-1813 (1772-1773).
W. K. Sullivan: Two Centuries of Irish History, 1813-1814 (1773-1774).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 1814 (1774).
19. THE CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION:
J. Rowley: The Settlement of the Constitution, 936 (909).
E. Hale: The Fall of the Stuarts, 2948-2949 (2873-2874).
J. Cunningham: Church History of Scotland, 2949 (2874).
20. WAR WITH FRANCE; BEACHY HEAD, AND LA HOGUE (A. D. 1690-1692):
W. H. Torriano: William the Third, 939 (912).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 939 (912).
H. Martin: History of France, 939-940 (912-13).
G. P. R. James: Life of Louis XIV., 1275 (1243).
J. W. Gerard: The Peace of Utrecht, 1275-1276 (1243-1244).
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21. FOUNDING OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND (A. D. 1694):
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 2253-2254 (2209-2210).
W. Bagehot: Lombard Street, 2254-2255 (2210-2211).
"It was indeed not easy to guess that a bill, which purported only to impose a new duty on tonnage for the benefit of such persons as should advance money towards carrying on the war was really a bill creating the greatest commercial institution that the world had ever seen." T. B. MACAULAY.
22. THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT (A. D. 1701):
J. Rowley: Settlement of the Constitution, 940-941 (913-914).
H. Hallam: Constitutional History of England, 941 (914).
"According to the tenor and intention of the Act of Settlement all prior claims of inheritance, save that of the issue of King William and the Princess Anne, being set aside and annulled, the Princess Sophia became the source of a new royal line. The throne of England and Ireland, by virtue of the paramount will of Parliament, stands entailed upon the heirs of her body, being protestants. In them the right is as truly hereditary as it ever was in the Plantagenets or the Tudors. But they derive it not from those ancient families. The blood indeed of Cerdic and of the Conqueror flows in the veins of his present majesty [George IV.]. Our Edwards and Henries illustrate the almost unrivalled splendor and antiquity of the house of Brunswick. But they have transmitted no more right to the allegiance of England than Boniface of Este or Henry the Lion. That rests wholly on the Act of Settlement, and resolves itself into the sovereignty of the legislature." H. HALLAM.
23. THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE (A. D. 1702-1714):
H. D. Traill: William the Third, 941 (914).
L. Stephen: English Thought in 18th Century, 941-942 (914-915).
E. Gosse: Eighteenth Century Literature, 942 (915).
24. THE WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (1702-1714):
Earl Stanhope: Reign of Queen Anne, 3074 (2993).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 3074-3075 (2993-2994).
J. W. Gerard: The Peace of Utrecht, 1526 (1492).
G. B. Malleson: Prince Eugene of Savoy, 1526 (1492).
A. Alison: Life of Marlborough, 1526-1527 (1492-1493).
G. Saintsbury: Marlborough, 2341 (2293).
G. B. Malleson: Eugene of Savoy, 2341-2342 (2293-2294).
L. Creighton: Life of Marlborough, 2342 (2294).
G. Saintsbury: Marlborough, 2342-2343 (2294-2295).
R. Johnson: History of the French War, 2362 (2314).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 379-380 (369-370).
W. Russell: History of Modern Europe, 3712-3713 (3592-3593).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1110-1111 (1082-1083).
25. THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND (A. D. 1707):
Earl Stanhope: History of England, 2952-2953 (2877-2878).
Sir W. Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, 2953 (2878).
J. Rowley: Settlement of the Constitution, 2953-2954 (2878-2879).
26. FALL OF THE WHIGS AND MARLBOROUGH (A. D. 1710-1712):
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 943-944 (916-917).
R. B. Brett: Footprints of Statesmen, 944 (917).
W. E. H. Lecky: England in the 18th Century, 944-945 (917-918).
27. END OF THE STUART LINE (A. D. 1714):
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 945 (918).
E. E. Morris: The Early Hanoverians, 945-946 (918-919).
28. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH COMMERCIAL SUPREMACY:
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2332-2333 (2284-2285).
R. L. Poole: The Huguenots, 1270 (1238).
Earl Stanhope: History of England, 1748-1749 (1709-1710).
J. E. T. Rogers: Economic Interpretation of History, 3228-3230 (3717-3719).
E. Eggleston: Commerce in the Colonies, 3230 (3719).
Lord Campbell: Lives of the Chief Justices, 2017 (1973).
STUDY XXXIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND: FROM GEORGE I. TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
1. ACCESSION OF GEORGE I. (A. D. 1714):
L. Mariotti: Italy, 1014-1015 (986-987).
H. Hallam: The Middle Ages, 1652 (1614).
P. M. Thornton: The Brunswick Accession, 1652-1653 (1614-1615).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 945 (918).
E. E. Morris: The Early Hanoverians, 946 (919).
2. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT:
J. Morley: Walpole, 946-947 (919-920).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 947 (920).
3. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CABINET:
A. C. Ewald: The Crown and Its Advisers, 2681 (2609).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 354 (344).
John Morley: Walpole, 354 (344).
A. Y. Dicey: The Privy Council, 354-355 (344-345).
"George I. cared very little for his new Kingdom, and knew very little about its people or its institutions. … His expeditions to Hanover threw the management of all domestic affairs almost without control into the hands of his English ministers. If the two first Hanoverian Kings had been Englishmen instead of Germans, if they had been men of talent and ambition, or even men of strong and commanding will without much talent, Walpole would never have been able to lay the foundations of government by the House of Commons and by Cabinet so firmly that even the obdurate will of George III. was unable to overthrow it. Happily for the system now established, circumstances compelled the first two sovereigns of the Hanoverian line to strike a bargain with the English Whigs, and it was faithfully kept until the accession of the third George. The King was to manage the affairs of Hanover, and the Whigs were to govern England. It was an excellent bargain for England." JOHN MORLEY.
4. THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE, AND THE MISSISSIPPI SCHEME:
Lord Mahon: History of England, 3051-3052 (2971-2972).
J. W. Monette: The Valley of the Mississippi, 2089 (2045).
S. A. Drake: Making of the Great West, 2089-2090 (2045-2046).
Viscount Bury: Exodus of the Western Nations, 1279-1280 (1247-1248).
L. Stephen: Swift, 1816 (1776).
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5. TROUBLES WITH SPAIN (A. D. 1726-1731):
C. W. Koch: Revolutions of Europe, 3079 (2998).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 3079-3080 (2998-2999).
6. ACCESSION OF GEORGE II. (1727); WALPOLE’S ADMINISTRATION:
J. E. T. Rogers: Historical Gleanings, 947-948 (920-921).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 948 (921).
7. THE WAR OP JENKINS’ EAR (A. D. 1739-1741):
E. E. Morris: Early Hanoverians, 949 (922).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 949 (922).
8. THE RISE OF PITT,—LORD CHATHAM:
Sir E. Creasy: Eminent Etonians, 950 (923).
R. B. Brett: Footprints of Statesman, 950 (923).
9. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (A. D. 1740-1748):
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 225 (218).
J. Graham: History of the United States, 2362-2363 (2314-2315).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2363-2364 (2315-2316).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2364 (2316).
T. C. Haliburton: English in America, 2364-2365 (2316-2317).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of Europe, 951 (924).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of Europe, 28-29 (21-22).
H. Tuttle: History of Prussia, 29 (22).
10. THE LAST RISING OF THE JACOBITES (A. D. 1745-1746):
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 2954 (2879).
11. ADOPTION OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR (A. D. 1751):
W. Hales: Analysis of Chronology, 357 (347).
Sir H. Nicholas: Chronology of History, 357 (347).
12. THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (A. D. 1754-1763):
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 951-952 (924-925).
A. R. Ropes: Causes of the Seven Years’ War, 952 (925).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 2445-2446 (2393-2394).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3755 (3634).
T. J. Chapman: The French in the Allegheny Valley, 2446-2447 (2394-2395).
C. B. Brackenbury: Frederick the Great, 1529 (1495).
T. Carlyle: Friedrich II. of Prussia, 1529 (1495).
Lord Mahon: History of England, 1529-1530 (1495-1496).
Justin McCarthy: The Four Georges, 952 (925).
T. B. Macaulay: William Pitt, 952-953 (925-926).
F. W. Longman: The Seven Years’ War, 954 (927).
C. B. Brackenbury: Frederick the Great, 1535-1536 (1501-1502).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2975 (2898).
T. Carlyle: Friedrich II. of Prussia, 2975-2976 (2898-2899).
Frederick II.: The Seven Years’ War, 2976 (2899).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1114-1115 (1086-1087).
13. ACCESSION OF GEORGE III. (A. D. 1760):
J. Fiske: The American Revolution, 954-955 (927-928).
Sir T. E. May: Constitutional History of England, 955-956 (928-929).
14. THE GREAT STRUGGLE OF THE PEOPLE WITH ABSOLUTISM:
(a) The Fight for the Freedom of the Press.
C. H. Timperley: Encyclopedia of Typography, 2667-2668 (2595-2596).
J. Grant: The Newspaper Press, 2668 (2596).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 2669 (2597).
C. H. Timperley: Encyclopaedia of Typography, 2671-2672 (2599-2600).
(1) The Case of John Wilkes.
W. Massey: History of England, 956-957 (930).
W. F. Rae: John Wilkes, 958-959 (931-932).
(2) The Junius Letters.
Lord Mahon: History of England, 959-960 (933).
Cushing: Initials and Pseudonyms, 960 (933).
J. W. Ross Brown: Criminal Law of Libel, 2028-2029 (1984-1985).
"It may be doubted whether Junius had any confidant or trusted friend. When dedicating his collected letters to the English people, he declares: ‘I am the sole depository of my own secret, and it shall perish with me.’" LORD MAHON.
(3) The Surrender of Parliament.
W. Massey: History of England, 961-962 (934-935).
T. P. Taswell-Langmead: English Constitutional History, 962 (935).
(b) Remarkable Increase of Capital Offenses.
Sir T. E. May: Constitutional History of England, 2028 (1984).
J. F. Dillon: Jurisprudence of England, 2029 (1985).
(c) Arbitrary Taxation.
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3295 (3178-3179).
B. A. Hinsdale: The American Government, 3295 (3179).
J. Fiske: War of Independence, 3297-3298 (3182).
J. Morley: Edmund Burke, 3298 (3182).
(d) The Stamp Act.
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 3299 (3183).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3303 (3186-3187).
W. Wirt: Life of Patrick Henry, 3303-3305 (3189).
J. Fiske: The American Revolution, 3305-3306 (3189-3190).
(e) Declaration of Rights of Stamp Act Congress.
R. Frothingham: Rise of the Republic, 3306-3307 (3190-3191).
Full Text of the Stamp Act, 3299-3302 (3183-3186).
15. THE MINISTRY OP LORD NORTH; THE AMERICAN WAR:
J. F. Bright: History of England, 960-961 (933-934).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 962-963 (935-936).
J. Morley: Edmund Burke, 963 (936).
E. A. Freeman: The English People, 963 (936).
16. EARLY WAR MEASURES:
H. S. Randall: Life of Jefferson, 3346-3347 (3230-3231).
Lord Mahon: History of England, 3347 (3231).
E. J. Lowell: Hessians in the Revolution, 3347-3348 (3231-3232).
For Details of the American War, see Study XXXVIII.
17. CATHOLIC RELIEF AND THE GORDON RIOTS (A. D. 1778-1780):
J. G. Bourinot: Constitutional History of Canada, 388-389 (378-379).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 963-964 (936-937).
Sketches of Popular Tumults, 964-965 (937-938).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1818-1819 (1778-1779).
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18. LEGISLATIVE INDEPENDENCE FOR IRELAND (A. D. 1782):
J. H. McCarthy: Ireland since the Union, 1817 (1777).
W. F. Collier: History of Ireland, 1817-1818 (1777-1778).
J. E. T. Rogers: Ireland, 1818 (1778).
19. THE FALL OF LORD NORTH’S MINISTRY:
J. Fiske: American Revolution, 965 (938).
W. Massey: History of England, 965-966 (938-939).
H. O. Wakeman: Life of Fox, 966-967 (939-940).
20. CLOSE OF AMERICAN WAR; THE TREATY OF PARIS (A. D. 1783):
The Diplomacy of the United States, 3398-3399 (3282-3283).
E. Fitzmaurice: The Earl of Shelburne, 3399-3400 (3283-3284).
John Fiske: Critical Period, 3400-3401 (3284-3285).
J. Q. Adams: Life of John Adams, 3401-3402 (3285-3286).
F. Wharton: Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, 3402 (3286).
J. Bigelow: Life of Franklin, 3402-3403 (3286-3287).
Text of the Treaty of Peace, 3403-3404 (3287-3288).
21. BRITISH RULE IN INDIA:
(a) Establishment of the Empire.
J. M. Ludlow: British India, 1752 (1713).
H. Martineau: British Rule in India, 1752-1753 (1713-1714).
J. Mill: British India, 1753-1754 (1714-1715).
J. R. Seeley: Expansion of England, 1754 (1715).
"The words ‘wonderful,’ ‘strange,’ are often applied to great historical events, and there is no event to which they have been applied more freely than to our [the English] conquest of India. But the event was not wonderful in a sense that it is difficult to discover adequate causes by which it could have been produced. If we begin by remarking that authority in India had fallen on the ground through the decay of the Mogul Empire, that it lay there waiting to be picked up by somebody, and that all over India in that period adventurers of one kind or another were founding Empires, it is really not surprising that a mercantile corporation which had money to pay a mercenary force should be able to compete with other adventurers, nor yet that it should outstrip all its competitors by bringing into the field English military science and generalship, especially when it was backed over and over again by the whole power and credit of England and directed by English statesmen. … England did not, in a strict sense, conquer India; but certain Englishmen, who happened to reside in India at the time when the Mogul Empire fell, had a fortune like that of Hyder Ali or Runjeet Singh and rose to supreme power there." J. R. SEELEY.
(b) The Administration of Clive.
T. B. Macaulay: Lord Clive, 1754-1756 (1715-1717).
C. Knight: History of England, 1756 (1717).
Sir W. Hunter: India, 1756-1758 (1717-1719).
(c) Passing of the East India Company; Warren Hastings.
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1759-1760 (1720-1721).
H. Martineau: British Rule in India, 1760-1761 (1721-1722).
Sir A. Lyall: Warren Hastings, 1761 (1722).
Sir J. Strachey: Hastings and the Rohillas, 1762 (1723).
L. J. Trotter: Warren Hastings, 1762-1763 (1723-1724).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1763-1764 (1724-1725).
Sir A. Lyall: British Dominion in India, 1764-1765 (1725-1726).
(d) The Permanent Settlement.
J. M. Ludlow: British India, 1765 (1726).
Sir J. Strachey: India, 1765-1766 (1726-1727).
(e) The Impeachment of Warren Hastings.
T. B. Macaulay: Warren Hastings, 1766-1768 (1727-1729).
Sir A. Lyall: Warren Hastings, 1768 (1729).
22. RISE OF THE YOUNGER PITT:
Lord Rosebery: Pitt, 968 (941).
W. Bagehot: William Pitt, 968-969 (941-942).
Sir T. E. May: Constitutional History of England 969 (942).
23. POPULAR FEELING TOWARD THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 969-970 (942-943).
Goldwin Smith: Three English Statesman, 970 (943).
G. W. Cooke: History of Party, 970 (943).
24. A PERIOD OF REVOLUTIONARY INVENTION:
S. Walpole: History of England, 643-644 (620-621).
S. Smiles: Lives of Boulton and Watt, 3109-3110 (3027-3028).
Life of James Watt, 3110-3111 (3028-3029).
25. THE RISE OF THE PRESS:
I. Thomas: Printing in America, 2669-2670 (2598).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2670 (2598).
T. B. Macaulay: Life of Addison, 2670 (2598).
E. Gosse: Eighteenth Century Literature, 2670-2671 (2598-2599).
A. Dobson: Eighteenth Century Essays, 2671 (2599).
F. Hudson: Journalism in the United States, 2672 (2600).
C. Pebody: English Journalism, 2672-2873 (2601)
STUDY XXXIV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EUROPE: FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789).
1. THE GENERAL SITUATION AT CLOSE OF THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:
A. Gindely: The Thirty Years’ War, 1519 (1486).
J. Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire, 1520 (1487).
S. A. Dunham: The Germanic Empire, 1520-1521 (1487-1488).
H. von Treitschke: History of Germany, 1521-1522 (3770-3771).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 2329-2330 (2281-2282).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1101 (1073).
See Map between pages 1518-1519 (1486-1487).
2. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 316-317 (306-307).
H. Tuttle: History of Prussia, 317-318 (307-308).
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 2684-2685 (2613).
C. F. Johnstone: Historical Abstracts, 318 (308).
G. B. Malleson: The Battlefields of Germany, 318-320 (308-310).
H. von Treitschke: History of Germany, 2685-2686 (3768-3769).
H. Martin: History of France, 2686 (2613).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1107-1108 (1079-1080).
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3. THE WARS OF THE FRONDE IN FRANCE:
J.B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 1258 (1226).
H. M. Hozier: Turenne, 1258-1259 (1226-1227).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1260 (1228).
C. M. Yonge: English History, 1260-1262 (1228-1230).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 306 (297).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1102 (1074).
4. THE TREATY OF THE PYRENEES (A. D. 1659):
T. Wright: History of France, 1262 (1230).
T. O. Cockayne: Life of Turenne, 1262-1263 (1231).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 1263 (1231).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1263-1264 (1231-1232).
J. Dunlop: Memoirs of Spain, 1264(1232).
5. LOUIS XIV. ASSUMES THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE (A. D. 1661):
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 1255, second column, (1223).
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 1257-1258 (1225-1226).
J. C. Morison: Reign of Louis XIV., 1264-1265 (1232-1233).
"What the age of Pericles was in the history of the Athenian Democracy, what the age of the Scipios was in the history of the Roman Republic, that was the reign of Louis XIV. in the history of the old monarchy of France. … It is not only the most conspicuous reign in the history of France—it is the most conspicuous reign in the History of Monarchy in general. … His court was an extraordinary creation. He made it the microcosm of all that was most brilliant and prominent in France. Every order of merit was invited there and received courteous welcome. … But Louis XIV.’s reign has better titles than the adulations of courtiers and the eulogies of wits and poets to the attention of posterity. It marks one of the most memorable epochs in the annals of mankind. It stretches across history like a great mountain range, separating ancient France from the France of modern times. On the farther slope are Catholicism and Feudalism in their various stages of splendor and decay—the France of crusade and chivalry, of St. Louis and Bayard. On the hither side are free-thought, industry, and centralization—the France of Voltaire, Turgot, and Condorcet. When Louis came to the throne, the Thirty Years’ War still wanted six years of its end, and the heat of theological strife was at its intensest glow. When he died, the religious temperature had cooled nearly to the freezing point, and a new vegetation of science and positive inquiry was overspreading the world." J. C. MORISON.
6. THE ADMINISTRATION OF COLBERT (A. D. 1661-1683):
(a) Some other Tariff Measures.
J. A. Blanqui: History of Political Economy, 3730-3731 (3610-3611).
W. T. McCullagh: Industrial History, 3147-3148 (3063-3064).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2332-2333 (2284-2285).
M. Chamberlain: The Revolution Impending, 3286-3287 (3170-3171).
(h) The System of Colbert.
Lady Dilke: France under Colbert, 1266-1267 (1234-1235).
J. A. Blanqui: History of Political Economy, 3148-3149 (3064-3065).
H. Martin: History of France, 1267-1268 (1235-1236).
7. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC:
A. L. Pontalis: John de Witt, 2330-2332 (2282-2284).
D. Campbell: The Puritan in Holland, etc., 2332-2333 (2284-2285).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2333 (2285).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1106-1107 (1078-1079).
8. WARS WITH FRANCE AND ENGLAND:
T. B Macaulay: Sir William Temple, 2335 (2287).
J. Lingard: History of England, 922-923 (895-896).
C. M. Yonge: Landmarks of History, 2335-2336 (2287-2288).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2336 (2288).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2336-2337 (2288-2289).
H. Martin: History of France, 2337-2338 (2289-2290).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1109-1110 (1081-1082).
9. THE PEACE OF NIMEGUEN (A. D. 1678-1679):
H. Martin: History of France, 2414 (2362).
O. Airy: The English Restoration, 2414-2415 (2362-2363).
J. C. Morison: Reign of Louis XIV., 2338 (2290).
10. FRENCH ABSORPTION OF ALSACE AND LORRAINE (A. D. 1679-1681):
G. B. Malleson: Battlefields of Germany, 1513-1514 (1480-1481).
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 1518-1519 (1485-1486).
W. Coxe: House of Austria, 1519 (1486).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 2086-2087 (2042-2043).
H. Martin: History of France, 1268-1269 (1236-1237).
11. LOUIS XIV.’S PERSECUTION OF THE HUGUENOTS:
S. Smiles: History of the Huguenots, 1265-1266 (1233-1234).
A. de Lamartine: Bossuet, 1269 (1237).
R. L. Poole: Huguenots of the Dispersion, 1270 (1237-1238).
12. WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG (A. D. 1689-1697):
E. Hale: Fall of the Stuarts, 1271 (1239).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 1271 (1239).
W. K. Sullivan: Irish History, 1813 (1773).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1271-1272 (1239-1240).
H. D. Traill: William the Third, 1272-1273 (1240-1241).
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 1273-1274 (1241-1242).
G. P. R. James: Life of Louis XIV., 1275 (1243).
13. THE PEACE OF RYSWICK (A. D. 1697):
J. W. Gerard: The Peace of Utrecht, 1275-1276 (1243-1244).
H. Martin: History of France, 1276 (1244).
14. THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (A. D. 1702-1714):
See Study XXXII.
15. FURTHER RELIGIOUS PERSECUTIONS:
(a) The Camisards.
H. M. Baird: The Camisard Uprising, 1276 (1244-1245).
(b) The Port Royalists.
J. Tulloch: Pascal, 2637 (2565).
J. B. Perkins: France under Mazarin, 2637-2639 (2565-2567).
H. Martin: History of France, 2639 (2567).
Duke of Saint Simon: Memoirs, 2639-2640 (2568).
J. I. von Döllinger: European History, 2640 (2568).
16. THE PAPACY:
L. von Ranke: History of the Popes, 2524-2525 (2462-2463).
A. R. Pennington: Epochs of the Papacy, 2525-2526 (2463-2464).
17. DEATH OF LOUIS XIV., AND STATE OF THE KINGDOM (A. D. 1715):
A. Thierry: The Tiers État, 1278 (1246).
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Y. Duruy: History of France, 1278-1279 (1246-1247).
"When the reign, which was to crown … the ascendant march of the French monarchy, had falsified the unbounded hopes which its commencement had excited; when in the midst of fruitless victories and continually increasing reverses, the people beheld progress in all the branches of public economy changed into distress,—the ruin of the finances, industry, and agriculture—the exhaustion of all the resources of the country,—the impoverishment of all classes of the nation, the dreadful misery of the population, they were seized with a bitter disappointment of spirit, which took the place of the enthusiasm of their confidence and love." A. THIERRY.
"Succeeding generations have remembered only the numerous victories, Europe defied, France for twenty years preponderant, and the incomparable splendor of the Court of Versailles, with its marvels of letters and arts, which have given to the 17th century the name of the age of Louis XIV. It is for history to show the price which France has paid for her King’s vain attempts abroad to rule over Europe, and at home to enslave the wills and consciences of men. … The weight of the authority of Louis XIV. had been crushing during his last years. When the nation felt it lifted, it breathed more freely; the court and the city burst into disrespectful demonstrations of joy; the very coffin of the great King was insulted." V. DURUY.
18. ACCESSION AND CHARACTER OF LOUIS XV. (A. D. 1715-1774);
V. Duruy: History of France, 1278-1279 (1246-1247).
W. Smyth; The French Revolution, 1280 (1248).
J. B. Perkins: France under the Regency, 1280-1281 (1248-1249).
19. POLAND;
S. A. Dunham: History of Poland, 2613 (2545).
E. Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 2100 (2056).
W. Koch: Revolutions in Europe, 2613-2614 (2545-2546).
Westminster Review: Poland: Her History and Prospects, 2614-2615 (2546-2547).
Westminster Review: Poland: Her History and Prospects, 2616-2617 (2548-2549).
S. A. Dunham: History of Poland, 2619-2620 (2551-2552).
20. RUSSIA:
V. Thomsen: Russia and Scandinavia, 2829 (2755).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 2830 (2756).
C. F. Johnstone: Historical Abstracts, 2830-2832 (2756-2758).
A. Leroy-Beaulieu: Empire of the Tsars, 2832 (2758).
H. S. Edwards: The Romanoffs, 2832-2833 (2758-2759).
A. Rambaud: History of Russia, 2833 (2759).
Voltaire: History of Charles XII., 2835 (2761).
21. SWEDEN:
(a) Early History.
H. H. Howorth: History of Sweden, 2890 (2815).
R. G. Latham: Nationalities of Europe, 2890-2891 (2825-2816).
E. A. Freeman: Historical Geography of Europe, 2891-2892 (2816-2817).
T. Carlyle: Early Kings of Norway, 2892 (2817).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2893-2894 (2818-2819).
C. R. Fletcher: Gustavus Adolphus, 2894-2896 (2819-2821).
J. L. Stevens: Gustavus Adolphus, 2897 (2822).
(b) From the Thirty Years’ War.
J. Mitchell: Life of Wallenstein, 1505-1506 (1473).
G. P. R. James: Wallenstein, 1506-1507 (1473-1474).
F. Schiller: The Thirty Years’ War, 1507-1508 (1475).
B. Chapman: Gustavus Adolphus, 1509-1510 (1477).
C. M. Yonge: English History, 1510-1511 (1478).
L. Häusser: The Reformation, 1514-1515 (1481-1482).
E. C. Otté: Scandinavian History, 2897-2899 (2824).
22. WARS OF CHARLES XII. OF SWEDEN:
Voltaire: History of Charles XII., 2899-2900 (2824-2825).
A. Crichton: Scandinavia, 2900-2901 (2825-2826).
W. C. Taylor: Modern History, 2901-2903 (2826-2828).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2903 (2828).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1111-1112 (1083-1084).
23. RAPID ADVANCE OF PRUSSIA:
T. B. Macaulay: Frederic the Great, 1524 (1490).
H. von Sybel: Founding of the German Empire, 1524-1525 (1490-1491).
L. P. Ségur: Frederic William II., 1528 (1494).
24. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (A. D. 1740-1748):
See Study XXXIII.
25. THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (A. D. 1754-1763):
See Study XXXIII.
26. THE PARTITION OF POLAND:
G. W. Kitchin: History of France, 2621 (2553).
H. von Sybel: First Partition of Poland, 2621-2623 (2553-2555).
T. Carlyle: Frederick the Great, 2623 (2555).
Sir J. Mackintosh: The Partition of Poland, 2623-2624 (2555-2556).
A. Rambaud: History of Russia, 2624-2625 (2556-2557).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1115-1116 (1087-1088).
See Maps between pages 1114-1115 and 2622-2623 (1086-1087 and 2554-2555).
27. THE GENERAL ATTACK UPON THE JESUIT ORDER:
H. M. Stephens: The Story of Portugal, 1932-1933 (1891-1892).
W. H. Jervis: The Church of France, 1933-1934 (1892-1893).
Clement XIV. and the Jesuits, 1934-1935 (1893-1894).
28. EUROPE ON THE EVE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1116-1117 (1088-1089).
A. Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution, 1283-1284 (3755-3756).
E. J. Lowell: Eve of the French Revolution, 1286-1287 (1253-1254).
Sarah Tytler: Marie Antoinette, 1287-1288 (1254-1255).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1288-1289 (1255-1256).
W. Bagehot: William Pitt, 968-969 (941-942).
T. E. May: Constitutional History of England, 969 (942).
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1536-1537 (1503).
I. Butt: History of Italy, 1892-1893 (1852-1853).
A. Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution, 3081-3082 (3804-3805).
C. E. Mallet: The French Revolution, 228-229 (221-222).
STUDY XXXV. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (A. D. 1789-1796).
1. THE GOVERNMENT OF LOUIS XVI.:
A. Thiers: The French Revolution, 1285-1286 (1252-1253).
E. J. Lowell: Eve of the French Revolution, 1286-1287 (1253-1254).
Sarah Tytler: Marie Antoinette, 1287-1288 (1254-1255).
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2. THE FRENCH PEOPLE AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION:
H. A. Taine: Ancien Régime, 1289-1291 (1256-1258).
T. H. Huxley: The Revolutionary Spirit, 1291 (1258).
Chancellor Pasquier: Memoirs, 1291-1292 (1258-1259).
H. von Holst: The French Revolution, 1292 (3757).
M. de la Rocheterie: Marie Antoinette, 1292 (1259).
"'I am miserable because too much is taken from me. Too much is taken from me because not enough is taken from the privileged. Not only do the privileged force me to pay in their place, but, again, they previously deduct from my earnings their ecclesiastical and feudal dues. When, out of my income of 100 francs, I have parted with 58 francs, or more, to the collector, I am obliged again to give 14 francs to the seignior, also more than 14 for tithes, and, out of the remaining 18 or 19 francs I have additionally to satisfy the exciseman.' … These, in precise terms, are the vague ideas beginning to ferment in the popular brain and encountered on every page of the records of the States-General. … The privileged wrought their own destruction." H. A. TAINE.
"In 1791, long before the inauguration of the Reign of Terror, there were in a population of 650,000 [in Paris], 118,000 paupers. Under the 'ancien regime' the immigrant proletariat from the country was by the law barred out from all ways of earning a livelihood except as common day laborers, and the wages of these were in 1788, on an average, 26 cents for men and 15 for women, while the price of bread was higher than in our times. What a gigantic heap of ferment!" H. VON HOLST.
3. THE STATES-GENERAL:
Sir J. Stephen: History of France, 3108-3109 (3027).
F. P. Guizot: History of France, 3109 (3027).
Lord Brougham: History of England and France, 2555 (2489).
Bussey and Gaspey: History of France, 1197, second column, (1165).
A. Thierry: Formation of the Tiers État, 1202-1203 (1170-1171).
Voltaire: Modern History, 1249, first column, (1216).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1288-1289 (1255-1256).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1292-1293 (1259-1260).
4. THE THIRD ESTATE; THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (JUNE, 1789):
W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England, 1014 (986).
A. Thierry: Formation of the Third Estate, 1014 (986).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1293-1294 (1260-1261).
5. THE MOB IN ARMS; FALL OF THE BASTILLE (JULY 14, 1789):
Chambers’ Miscellany: History of the Bastille, 280 (271).
H. A. Taine: The French Revolution, 1294-1295 (1261-1262).
Chancellor Pasquier: Memoirs, 1295-1296 (1262-1263).
6. THE WORK OF THE ASSEMBLY; THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS:
B. Tuckerman: Life of Lafayette, 1296-1297 (1264).
H. M. Stephens: The French Revolution, 1297-1298 (1264-1265).
G. H. Lewes: Life of Robespierre, 1298-1299 (1265-1266).
G. H. Lewes: Life of Robespierre, 1656 (1618).
7. THE ATTACK OF THE WOMEN ON VERSAILLES:
T. Carlyle: The French Revolution, 1299-1300 (1266-1267).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1300-1301 (1267-1268).
8. THE NEW CONSTITUTION (A. D. 1789-1791):
Sir T. E. May: Democracy in Europe, 1301 (1268).
W. O’C. Morris: The French Revolution, 1301-1302 (1268-1269).
9. THE EMIGRATION OF THE NOBILITY:
Chancellor Pasquier: Memoirs, 1297 (1264).
W. O’C. Morris: The French Revolution, 1302, first column, (1269).
10. THE RISE OF THE CLUBS:
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1302 (1269).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1302 (1269).
G. H. Lewes: Life of Robespierre, 1302-1303 (1270).
J. Michelet: The French Revolution, 1303 (1270).
11. THE ATTITUDE OF FOREIGN POWERS; FLIGHT OF THE KING (A. D. 1791):
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1303-1304 (1270-1271).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1304-1305 (1271-1272).
12. The GIRONDISTS:
H. Van Laun: The Revolutionary Epoch, 1306 (1273).
A. de Lamartine: The Girondists, 1306 (1273).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1306-1307 (1273-1274).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1307 (1274).
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 1307-1308 (1274-1275).
13. WAR WITH AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA; MOB RULE IN PARIS (A. D. 1792):
A. Griffiths: Revolutionary Generals, 1308-1309 (1275-1276).
B. M. Gardiner: The French Revolution, 1309-1310 (1276-1277).
H. M. Stephens: The French Revolution, 1310-1312 (1277-1279).
14. THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES (A. D. 1792):
A. de Lamartine: The Girondists, 1312-1313 (1280).
H. A. Taine: The French Revolution, 1313-1314 (1280-1281).
15. THE PROCLAMATION OF THE REPUBLIC (SEPTEMBER 21, 1792):
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1314-1316 (1283).
C. MacFarlane: The French Revolution, 1332 (1299).
H. M. Stephens: The French Revolution, 1332 (1299).
16. FIRST SUCCESSES OF THE REPUBLICAN ARMY:
C. F. Johnstone: Historical Abstracts, 2345-2346 (2297-2298).
C. E. Mallet: The French Revolution, 228-229 (221-222).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1537-1539 (1503-1505).
C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 1316-1317 (1283-1284).
17. THE TRIAL, SENTENCE, AND EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. (JANUARY, 1793):
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1317-1318 (1284-1285).
W. O’C. Morris: The First Empire, 1318 (1285).
T. Carlyle: The French Revolution, 1319-1320 (1286-1287).
18. INCREASING ANARCHY; THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL:
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1320-1321 (1287-1288).
H. M. Stephens: The French Revolution, 1322-1324 (1289-1291).
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19. THE INSURRECTION IN LA VENDÉE (A. D. 1793):
A. Thiers: The French Revolution, 1321-1322 (1288-1289).
A. de Lamartine: The Girondists, 1324-1325 (1292).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1325 (1292).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1327-1328 (1294-1295).
20. FORMATION OF EUROPEAN COALITION AGAINST FRANCE:
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 969-970 (942-943).
Goldwin Smith: Three English Statesmen, 970 (943).
G. W. Cooke: History of Party, 970 (943).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1318 (1285).
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 1318 (1285).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1324 (1291).
21. THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY (AUGUST, 1793):
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 1325-1326 (1292-1293).
L. Gronlund: Ça Ira, 1326 (1293).
22. CHARLOTTE CORDAY; THE ASSASSINATION OF MARAT:
B. M. Gardiner: The French Revolution, 1326-1327 (1293-1294).
23. THE "REIGN OF TERROR"; EXECUTION OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, AND MME. ROLAND (A. D. 1793):
H. Martin: History of France, 1329-1331 (1296-1298).
H. M. Stephens: The French Revolution, 1331-1332 (1298-1299).
Sir T. E. May: Democracy in Europe, 1333 (1300).
T. Carlyle: The French Revolution, 1333-1334 (1300-1301).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1119-1120 (1091-1092).
24. ABANDONMENT OF CHRISTIANITY; THE WORSHIP OF REASON:
C. MacFarlane: The French Revolution, 1332 (1299).
W. H. Jervis: The Gallican Church, 1332-1333 (1299-1300).
John Morley; Robespierre, 1334-1335 (1301-1302).
"Before the year ended [1793] the legislators of Paris voted that there was no God, and destroyed or altered nearly everything that had any reference to Christianity. … They decreed that on the 10th of November the ‘Worship of Reason’ should be inaugurated at Notre Dame. A temple dedicated to ‘Philosophy’ was erected on a platform in the middle of the choir. A motley procession of citizens of both sexes, headed by the constituted authorities, advanced towards it; on their approach, the Goddess of Reason, impersonated by a well known figurante of the opera, took her seat upon a grassy throne in front of the temple; a hymn, composed in her honor by the poet Chenier, was sung by a body of young girls dressed in white and bedecked with flowers; and the multitude bowed the knee before her in profound adoration. It was the ‘abomination of desolation sitting in the holy place.’ … The example set by Paris, was faithfully repeated, if not surpassed in atrocity, throughout the provinces. Religion was proscribed, churches closed, Christian ordinances interdicted; the dreary gloom of atheistical despotism overspread the land." W. H. JERVIS.
25. PROGRESS OF THE WAR AGAINST THE COALITION (A. D. 1793-1794):
W. O’C. Morris: The French Revolution, 1328 (1295).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1328-1329 (1296).
W. Massey: History of England, 1336-1337 (1303-1304).
26. THE CLIMAX OF THE "REIGN OF TERROR" (A. D. 1794); THE 22D PRAIRIAL;
John Morley: Robespierre, 1337-1338 (1304-1305).
H. von Sybel: The French Revolution, 1338 (1305).
A. Thiers: The French Revolution, 1338 (1305).
H. A. Taine: The French Revolution, 1338 (1305).
"It is estimated that, in the eleven western departments, the dead of both sexes and of all ages exceeded 400,000. Considering the programme and principles of the Jacobin sect, this is no great number; they might have killed a good many more. But time was wanting; during their short reign they did what they could with the instrument in their hands." H. A. TAINE.
27. FALL OF ROBESPIERRE; END OF THE "REIGN OF TERROR" (JULY, 1794):
J. E. Symes: The French Revolution, 1338-1339 (1305-1306).
T. B. Macaulay: Barère’s Memoirs, 1340 (1307).
H. Martin: History of France, 1340 (1307).
Sergent Marceau: Reminiscences of a Regicide, 1340 (1307).
B. M. Gardiner: The French Revolution, 1340-1341 (1307-1308).
28. PROGRESS OF THE FOREIGN WARS:
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1341-1342 (1308-1309).
H. Van Laun: The Revolutionary Epoch, 1342-1343 (1309-1310).
H. Martin: History of France, 1345-1346 (1312-1313).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1346 (1313).
29. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE YEAR III. (A. D. 1795):
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1343-1344 (1310-1311).
A. Thiers: The French Revolution, 1344-1345 (1311-1312).
30. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE; THE DIRECTORY (A. D. 1795):
J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1346-1347 (1314).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1347 (1314).
"Within five days from the ‘Day of the Sections’ Buonaparte was named second in command of the army of the interior; and shortly afterwards, Barras finding his duties as Director sufficient to occupy his time, gave up the command-in-chief of the same army to his ‘little Corsican officer.’" J. G. LOCKHART.
STUDY XXXVI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON (A. D. 1795-1815).
1. NAPOLEON IN COMMAND (A. D. 1795):
J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1346-1347 (1313-1314).
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1347 (1314).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1120 (1092).
2. THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN (A. D. 1796-1797):
C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 1347-1349 (1314-1316).
Count de Melito: Memoirs, 1349 (1316).
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 1349-1350 (1316-1317).
3. THE STATE OF ENGLAND:
A. Alison: History of Europe, 970-971 (943-944).
T. Wright: History of France, 1349 (1316).
W. Bagehot: Lombard Street, 2255 (2211).
4. THE OVERTHROW OF VENICE; PEACE OF CAMPO FORMIO:
T. Mitchell: Rise of Napoleon, 1350-1351 (1317-1318).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1351-1352 (1318-1319).
See Map between pages 2622-2623 (2554-2555).
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5. THE COUP D’ÉTAT OF THE 18TH FRUCTIDOR (A. D. 1797):
E. de Bonnechose: History of France, 1352-1353 (1319-1320).
A. Thiers: The French Revolution, 1353 (1320).
Chevalier O’Clery: The Italian Revolution, 1353-1354 (1320-1321).
6. THE UNITED STATES AND THE REVOLUTION; THE X. Y. Z. LETTERS:
E. Everett: Life of Washington, 3422 (3306).
H. C. Lodge: George Washington, 3422 (3306).
T. W. Higginson: The United States, 3431 (3315).
"The plan of this covert intercourse came through the private Secretary of M. de Talleyrand, then French Minister for Foreign Affairs; and the impudence of these three letters of the alphabet went so far as to propose" a bribe of 1,200,000 francs. ‘You must pay money, a great deal of money,’ remarked Monsieur Y. The secret of these names was kept, but the diplomatic correspondence was made public, and created much wrath in Europe, as well as in America. … At last the insults passed beyond bearing, and it was at this time that ‘millions for defense, not one cent for tribute,’ first became a proverbial phrase, having been originally used by Charles C. Pinckney." T. W. HIGGINSON.
7. THE HELVETIC REPUBLIC:
H. Zschokke: History of Switzerland, 3133-3134 (3049-3050).
C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 3134-3135 (3050-3051).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 3135 (3051).
8. Napoleon in Egypt (A. D. 1798-1799); Battle of the Nile:
W. Massey: History of England, 1354-1355 (1321-1322).
J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1357-1359 (1326).
9. THE SECOND EUROPEAN COALITION (A. D. 1798-1799):
H. Van Laun: The Revolutionary Epoch, 1355-1357 (1322-1324).
T. Wright: History of France, 1359-1360 (1326-1327).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1360-1361 (1327-1328).
Sir W. Scott: Life of Napoleon, 1361 (1328).
F. C. Schlosser: The Eighteenth Century, 1361-1362 (1328-1329).
J. Adolphus: History of England, 1362 (1329).
10. END OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC; NAPOLEON FIRST CONSUL (A. D. 1799):
C. K. Adams: Democracy in France, 1362-1364 (1329-1331).
F. A. Mignet: The French Revolution, 1364 (1331).
F. C. Schlosser: The Eighteenth Century, 1364-1365 (1331-1332).
11. THE SECOND CONQUEST OF ITALY; PEACE OF LUNEVILLE (A. D. 1800-1801):
R. H. Horne: Napoleon Bonaparte, 1365-1366 (1332-1333).
W. O’C. Morris: The French Revolution, 1366-1367 (1333-1334).
Sir W. Scott: Life of Napoleon, 1367 (1334).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1539-1540 (1505-1506).
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1540 (1506).
12. LOUISIANA WRESTED FROM SPAIN AND SOLD TO THE UNITED STATES (A. D. 1802-1803):
M. Thompson: The Story of Louisiana, 2093-2094 (2049-2050).
C. F. Robertson: The Louisiana Purchase, 2094 (2050).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3443 (3327).
T. M. Cooley: The Acquisition of Louisiana, 3443-3444 (3327-3328).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 3444 (3328).
13. THE "CONTINENTAL SYSTEM"; NAPOLEON’S DOMESTIC POLICIES:
J. R. Green: The English People, 1368-1369 (1335-1336).
L. Levi: British Commerce, 1379-1380 (1346-1347).
Captain A. T. Mahan: Influence of Sea Power, 1380-1381 (1347-1348).
H. Martin: History of Europe, 1369-1370 (1336-1337).
C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 1370-1371 (1337-1338).
P. Lanfrey: History of Napoleon, 1371 (1338).
M. Arnold: Schools on the Continent, 738-739 (715-16).
"The significance of the Peace of Luneville lay in this, not only that it was the close of the earlier revolutionary struggle in Europe; … but that it marked the concentration of all her energies in a struggle with Britain for the supremacy of the world. … The country [Britain] stood utterly alone while the Peace of Luneville secured France from all hostility on the Continent. … To strike at England’s wealth had been among the projects of the Directory; it was now the dream of the First Consul. … Her carrying trade must be annihilated if he closed every port against her ships. It was this gigantic project of a 'Continental System' that revealed itself as soon as Buonaparte became master of France." J. R. GREEN.
14. WAR DECLARED BY GREAT BRITAIN; NAPOLEON BECOMES EMPEROR:
H. Martineau: History of England, 1371-1373 (1338-1340).
J. R. Seeley: History of Napoleon I., 1373-1374 (1340-1341).
Chancellor Pasquier: Memoirs, 1374 (1341).
Sir W. Scott: Life of Napoleon, 1374-1375 (1341-1342).
15. THIRD EUROPEAN COALITION; TRAFALGAR AND AUSTERLITZ (A. D. 1805):
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 1375 (1342).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 1375-1376 (1342-1343).
W. O’C. Morris: Napoleon, 1376-1377 (1343-1344).
16. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA (A. D. 1806-1807):
W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1540-1541 (1506-1507).
J. Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, 1541 (1507).
J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1542-1544 (1510).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1544-1545 (1511).
H. Martin: History of France, 1545-1546 (1511-1512).
A. Rambaud: History of Russia, 1546-1547 (1513).
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 1547 (1513).
C. Joyneville: Life of Alexander I., 1547-1548 (1514).
17. THE CHARACTER OF NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE AND RULE:
W. O ’C. Morris: The French Revolution, 1381-1382 (1348-1349).
P. Lanfrey: History of Napoleon, 1382 (1349).
Sir H. L. Bulwer: Historical Characters, 1382-1383 (1349-1350).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1383-1384 (1350-1351).
H. Martin: History of France, 2526 (2464).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 2526-2527 (2464-2465).
M. Talleyrand: Memoirs, 2527-2528 (2465-2466)
18. THE PENINSULAR WAR (A. D. 1808-1814):
M. M. Busk: History of Portugal, 2647-2648 (2576).
J. R. Seeley: Napoleon I., 3082-3083 (3000-3001).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 3083-3084 (3001-3002).
P. Lanfrey: History of Napoleon I., 1384 (1351).
H. R. Clinton: The War in the Peninsula, 3084 (3002).
C. Knight: History of England, 3084-3085 (3002-3003).
H. R. Clinton: War in the Peninsula, 3087 (3005).
The Times: Memoir of Wellington, 3087-3089 (3007).
T. Hamilton: The Peninsular Campaigns, 3089-3090 (3907-3908).
P. Lanfrey: History of Napoleon I., 3091 (3009).
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General Vane: The Peninsular War, 3092 (3010).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 3092-3093 (3010-3011).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1123 (1095).
19. THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN (A. D. 1812):
J. R. Seeley: History of Napoleon, 1385-1386 (1353).
P. Lanfrey: History of Napoleon I., 1386 (1353).
E. Labaume: The Campaign in Russia, 1386 (1353).
A. Rambaud: History of Russia, 2842-2843 (2768-2769).
L. Tolstoi: The Russian Campaign, 2843-2844 (2769-2770).
A. Thiers: History of the Empire, 2844-2845 (2771).
V. Duruy: History of France, 2845-2846 (2771-2772).
Sir R. Wilson: The Invasion of Russia, 2846-2847 (2772-2773).
E. Labaume: The Campaign in Russia, 2847 (2773).
A. Thiers: History of the Empire, 1387 (1354).
20. THE GERMANIC UPRISING; BATTLE OF LEIPSIC (A. D. 1812-1813):
H. Martin: History of France, 1555-1556 (1521-1522).
W. Menzel: History of Germany, 1556 (1522).
J. Mitchell: The Fall of Napoleon, 1557-1558 (1523-1524).
J. G. Lockhart: Life of Napoleon, 1558-1559 (1525).
R. H. Horne: History of Napoleon, 1560 (1526).
C. T. Lewis: History of Germany, 1561-1562 (1528).
W. Hazlitt: Life of Napoleon, 1562-1563 (1528-1529).
A. Thiers: History of the Empire, 1563 (1529).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1563-1564 (1530).
21. INVASION OF THE ALLIES; ABDICATION OF NAPOLEON (A. D. 1814):
A. Rambaud: History of Russia, 1387-1389 (1354-1356).
J. Mitchell: The Fall of Napoleon, 1389-1391 (1356-1358).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1895 (1855).
W. R. Thayer: Dawn of Italian Independence, 1895-1896 (1855-1856).
I. Butt: History of Italy, 1896-1897 (1856-1857).
"The act of abdication was worded in the following terms: 'The Allied Powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon is the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he is ready to descend from the throne, to quit France, and even to relinquish life, for the good of the country, which is inseparable from the rights of his son, from those of the regency in the person of the Empress, and from the maintenance of the laws of the Empire. Done at our palace of Fontainbleau, 4th April, 1814. Napoleon.'" J. MITCHELL.
22. THE POPE AND THE JESUITS:
M. Talleyrand: Memoirs, 2527-2528 (2465-2466).
Fraser’s Magazine: The Jesuits, 1935 (1894).
23. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (SEPTEMBER, 1814):
C. A. Fyffe: Modern Europe, 3745-3747 (3624-3626).
R. Lodge: Modern Europe, 3747 (3626).
24. THE NEW GOVERNMENT; LOUIS XVIII.:
H. Martin: History of France, 1391-1392 (1358-1359).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 1392 (1359).
25. THE "ONE HUNDRED DAYS"; WATERLOO (A. D. JUNE 18, 1815):
G. Hooper: Waterloo, 1392-1394 (1359-1361).
H. R. Clinton: Wellington’s Campaigns, 1394-1396 (1361-1363).
G. Hooper: Waterloo, 1396-1397 (1363-1364).
Baron de Jomini: The Campaign of Waterloo, 1397-1398 (1364-1365).
J. R. Seeley: Napoleon I., 1398-1399 (1365-1366).
Sir A. Alison: History of Europe, 1399-1400 (1366-1367).
STUDY XXXVII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE AMERICAN COLONIES.
1. THE DISCOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA (A. D. 1498):
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 58 (51).
H. Harrisse: Discovery of North America, 59 (3678).
H. Harrisse: Discovery of North America, 61 (3678).
2. THE ABORIGINES:
D. G. Brinton: The Lenape, 84 (77).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 84-85 (77-78).
J. W. Powell: Ethnological Report, 85 (78).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 85 (78).
3. EARLIEST ENGLISH VENTURES:
E. J. Payne: Elizabethan Seamen, 74-75, 76 (67-69).
E. Hayes: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 76 (69).
I. N. Tarbox: Sir Walter Raleigh, 77 (70).
J. A. Doyle: English in America, 76-77 (69-70).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 77-78 (70-71).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 78-79 (71-72).
4. THE VIRGINIA COMPANY AND COLONY:
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 3748 (3627).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3748-3749 (3627-3628).
H. C. Lodge: The English Colonies, 3749 (3628).
R. A. Brooke: Virginia, 3749-3750 (3628-3629).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3751 (3630).
C. Campbell: The Colony of Virginia, 3751-3752 (3630-3631).
H. B. Adams: College of William and Mary, 749-750 (726-727).
5. VIRGINIA UNDER THE STUARTS:
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3752 (3631).
R. Beverley: History of Virginia, 3752-3753 (3632).
J. E. Cooke: Virginia, 3753 (3632).
W. Ware: Nathaniel Bacon, 3753-3755 (3632-3634).
6. THE MAYFLOWER AND THE PLYMOUTH COLONY (A. D. 1620):
C. Deane: New England, 2141 (2097).
F. B. Dexter: The Pilgrim Church, 2141-2142 (2097-2098).
Goldwin Smith: The American Colonies, 2142 (2098).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2143 (2099).
W. T. Davis: Ancient Plymouth, 2144-2145 (2100-2101).
7. THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY:
H.C. Lodge: English Colonies, 2145 (2101).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2145 (2101).
J. B. Moore: Governors of New Plymouth, 2146 (2101-2142).
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 2148 (2104).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2148-2149 (2104-2105).
8. FOUNDING OF BOSTON (A. D. 1630):
S. A. Drake: Around the Hub, 2146-2147 (2102-2103).
R. C. Winthrop: Boston Founded, 2147 (2103).
G. G. Bush: Harvard, 751 (728).
The Oldest School in America, 750-751 (727-728).
9. EARLY RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS;
J. G. Palfrey: New England, 2147 (2103).
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 2147 (2103).
G. E. Ellis: Early Massachusetts, 2147-2148 (2103-2104).
J. A. Doyle: The American Colonies, 2149 (2105).
J. S. Barry: Massachusetts, 2149 (2105).
G. E. Ellis: Early Massachusetts, 2149-2150 (2105-2106).
C. F. Adams: Massachusetts, 2150-2151 (2106-2107).
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10. THE DUTCH SETTLEMENTS:
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 79-80 (72-73).
E. B. O’Callaghan: New Netherlands, 2377 (2325).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2377-2378 (2325-2326).
G. W. Schuyler: Colonial New York, 2378-2379 (2326-2327).
G. Bancroft: History of United States, 677 (654).
H. C. Lodge: English Colonies, 2379-2380 (2327-2328).
J. W. Gerard: William Kieft, 2380 (2328).
S. S. Randall: History of New York, 2380 (2328).
H. R. Stiles: History of Brooklyn, 2381 (2329).
Mrs. M. J. Lamb: The City of New York, 2379, 2382 (2327, 2330).
11. THE BEGINNINGS OF CONNECTICUT (A. D. 1634):
(a) The First Settlements.
B. Trumbull: History of Connecticut, 510 (496).
C. W. Bowen: Boundary Disputes, 510 (496).
A. Johnston: Connecticut, 510 (496).
J. Fiske: The Beginnings of New England, 510-511 (496-497).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 513 (499).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 513 (499).
A. Johnston: A New England State, 514-515 (500-501).
(b) Constitution Making.
A. Johnston: A New England State, 511 (497).
Public Records of Colony of Connecticut, 511-513 (497-499).
Full Text of the Fundamental Orders, 511-513 (497-499).
(c) The Fundamental Agreement, and the "Blue Laws."
J. A. Doyle: The Puritan Colonies, 513-514 (499-500).
C. H. Levermore: New Haven, 514 (500).
J. H. Trumbull: The True Blue Laws, 514 (3691-3692).
12. ROGER WILLIAMS, AND THE PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS:
(a) The Persecution of Williams.
S. G. Arnold: History of Rhode Island, 2707 (2634).
T. Durfee: Historical Discourse, 2707-2708 (2634-2635).
J. L. Diman: Orations and Essays, 2708-2709 (2636).
J. R. Bartlett: Letters of Roger Williams, 2709 (2636).
W. Gammell: Life of Roger Williams, 2709-2710 (2636-2637).
J. D. Knowles: Memoir of Roger Williams, 2710-2711 (2637-2638).
(b) Constitution of Providence Plantation.
G. W. Greene: Rhode Island, 2712 (2639).
Stephen Hopkins: The Planting of Providence, 2712-2714 (2639-2641).
(c) First Baptist Church.
W. R. Staples: The Town of Providence, 2714 (2641).
13. THE FOUNDING OF RHODE ISLAND:
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2711-2712 (2638-2639).
O. S. Straus: Roger Williams, 2712 (2639).
14. LORD BALTIMORE, AND MARYLAND:
(a) The Planting of the Colony.
J. McSherry: History of Maryland, 2135 (2091).
J. L. Bozman: Maryland, 2135-2136 (2091-2092).
J. G. Shea: Catholic Church in Colonial Days, 2136-2137 (2092-2093).
G. B. Keen: New Albion, 2353 (2305).
(b) Religious Troubles, and Toleration.
J. A. Doyle: English in America, 2137-2138 (2093-2094).
G. L. Davis: American Freedom, 2138 (2094).
W. H. Browne: Maryland, 2138 (2094).
H. C. Lodge: The English Colonies, 2138-2139 (2094-2095).
15. THE SWEDISH SETTLEMENT IN DELAWARE:
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 677 (654).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 677 (654).
B. Ferris: Settlements on the Delaware, 677-678 (654-655).
G. W. Schuyler: Colonial New York, 678 (655).
E. H. Roberts: New York, 678-679 (655-656).
16. EARLY HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA:
(a) Rival Claims to Territory.
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2354 (2306).
W. H. Browne: Maryland, 2135-2136 (2091-2092).
C. H. Levermore: Republic of New Haven, 2368 (2319).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2384-2385 (2332-2333).
(b) The Territory and Government of Penn.
Susan Coolidge: History of Philadelphia, 2564-2565 (2498-2499).
Scharf and Westcott: Philadelphia, 2565 (2499).
T. Clarkson: Memoirs of Penn, 2565 (2499).
W. H. Dixon: History of Penn, 2566-2567 (2500-2501).
B. A. Hinsdale: Old Northwest, 2567 (2501).
J. Dunlop: Controversy between Penn and Baltimore, 2567-2568 (2501-2502).
B. Fernow: The Middle Colonies, 2568-2569 (2502-2503).
17. GENERAL REVIEW OP THE SETTLEMENT OF THE COLONIES, AND THEIR RELATION TO THE MOTHER COUNTRY, 3281-3286 (3165-3170).
18. FIRST CONFEDERATION OF COLONIES (A. D. 1643):
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2357-2358 (2309-2310).
19. NEW AMSTERDAM BECOMES NEW YORK (A. D. 1664):
J. A. Stevens: The English in New York, 2382-2383 (2330-2331).
R. L. Fowler: History of New York, 2383 (2331).
B. Tuckerman: Peter Stuyvesant, 2384 (2332).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2384-2385 (2332-2333).
J. R. Brodhead: History of New York, 2336-2337 (2288-2289).
20. ATTEMPTED OVERTHROW OF CHARTERS; ANDROS; THE CHARTER OAK:
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2385 (2333).
G. L. Austin: History of Massachusetts, 2153-2154 (2109-2110).
Brooks Adams: Emancipation of Massachusetts, 2154-2155 (2110-2111).
H. C. Lodge: The English Colonies, 2155-2156 (2111-2112).
J. S. Barry: History of Massachusetts, 2156-2157 (2112-2113).
G. H. Hollister: History of Connecticut, 515 (501).
E. B. Sanford: History of Connecticut, 515-516 (501-502).
A. Johnston: Connecticut, 516 (502).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 516-517 (502-503).
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21. KING PHILIP’S WAR (A. D. 1674-1678):
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2358-2359 (2310-2311).
C. W. Elliott: New England History, 2359 (2311).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2359-2360 (2311-2312).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2360 (2312).
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 2360 (2312).
22. FIRST COLONIAL CONGRESS (A. D. 1690), AND KING WILLIAM’S WAR:
R. Frothingham: Rise of the Republic, 3287-3288 (3171-3172).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 376-377 (366-367).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 377 (367).
J. S. Barry: History of Massachusetts, 377-378 (367-368).
23. THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT MADNESS (A. D. 1692-1693):
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2157-2158 (2113-2114).
C. W. Elliott: New England History, 2158-2159 (2114-2115).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2159 (2115).
C. W. Upham: Salem Witchcraft, 2159 (2115).
J. R. Lowell: Witchcraft, 2159 (2115).
24. THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA:
J. A. Doyle: English in America, 76-77 (69-70).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 77-78 (70-71).
F. X. Martin: History of North Carolina, 81 (74).
J. H. Wheeler: North Carolina, 2424 (2372).
F. L. Hawks: History of North Carolina, 2424-2425 (2372-2373).
W. G. Simms: History of South Carolina, 2425 (2373).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2425-2426 (2373-2374).
J. A. Doyle: English in America, 2426 (2374).
W. G. Simms: History of South Carolina, 3047 (2967).
R. Mackenzie: America, 1457 (1424).
25. THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS; LOUISBURG:
R. Johnson: The French War, 2362 (2314).
J. Grahame: History of the United States, 2362-2363 (2314-2315).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2363-2364 (2315-2316).
T. C. Haliburton: The English in America, 2364-2365 (2316-2317).
26. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE OHIO VALLEY:
R. G. Thwaites: The Colonies, 3290 (3174).
Viscount Bury: Exodus of Western Nations, 3290 (3174).
F. Parkman: Montcalm and Wolfe, 3290-3291 (3174-3175).
H. Hale: Iroquois Book of Rites, 2444-2445 (2392-2393).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 378-379 (368-369).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 2445-2446 (2393-2394).
J. Winsor Narrative and Critical History of America, 2446 (2394).
R. Mackenzie: America, 2446-2447 (2394-2395).
T. H. Dyer: Modern Europe, 2975 (2898).
27. THE CONGRESS AT ALBANY (A. D. 1754):
B. Franklin: Autobiography, 3291 (3175).
W. E. Foster: Stephen Hopkins, 3291 (3175).
Full Text Representation of the Present State of the Colonies, 3291-3293 (3175-3177).
Text of the Plan of Union, 3293-3294 (3177-3178).
28. Mason and Dixon’s Line:
W. H. Dixon: William Penn, 2566-2567 (2500-2501).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2571 (2505).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 2571 (2505).
29. The Scotch-Irish:
W. W. Henry: The Scotch-Irish, 2912-2913 (2837-2838).
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 2913 (2838).
"Full credit has been awarded the Roundhead and the Cavalier for their leadership in our history; nor have we been altogether blind to the deeds of the Hollander and the Huguenot; but it is doubtful if we have wholly realized the importance of the part played by that stern and virile people, the Irish whose preachers taught the creed of Knox and Calvin. These Irish representatives of the Covenanters were in the West almost what the Puritans were in the Northeast, and more than the Cavaliers were in the South. … That these Irish Presbyterians were a bold and hardy race is proved by their at once pushing past the settled regions, and plunging into the wilderness as the leaders of the white advance. … They were fitted to be Americans from the very start; they were kinsfolk of the Covenanters; they deemed it a religious duty to interpret their own Bible, and held for a divine right the election of their clergy. For generations, their whole ecclesiastic and scholastic systems had been fundamentally democratic." T. ROOSEVELT.
30. EARLY WESTERN SETTLEMENTS:
(a) The Northwest Territory.
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 2429 (2377).
W. F. Poole: The West from 1763 to 1783, 2429-2430 (2377-2378).
(5) The Wyoming Valley.
A. Johnston: Connecticut, 2569-2570 (2503-2504).
(c) Transylvania and Daniel Boone.
N. S. Shaler: Kentucky, 1981-1982 (1939-1940).
(d) The Watauga Commonwealth.
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 3179-3180 (3094-3095).
(e) The State of Franklin, and Sevier.
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3181-3182 (3096-3097).
W. H. Carpenter: History of Tennessee, 3182 (3097).
31. COLONIAL LIFE:
(a) Religion.
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 2147 (2103).
G. E. Ellis: Early Massachusetts, 2147-2148 (2104).
J. A. Doyle: American Colonies, 2149 (2105).
G. E. Ellis: Early Massachusetts, 2149-2150 (2105-2106).
C. F. Adams: Massachusetts, 2150-2151 (2106-2107).
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 2151 and 2153 (2107, 2109).
J. Fiske: Beginnings of New England, 309 (299).
W. R. Staples: The Town of Providence, 2714 (2641).
D. Weston: Early Baptists, 266-267 (3690).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 2568 (2502).
G. L. Davis: American Freedom, 2138 (2094).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3755-3756 (3635).
J. A. Russell: Catholic Church in the United States, 2526 (2464).
(b) Education.
H. B. Adams: College of William and Mary, 749-750 (726-727).
The Oldest School in America, 750-751 (727-728).
G. G. Bush: Harvard, 751 (728).
R. G. Boone: Education in the United States, 751-752 (728-729).
J. L. Stewart: The University of Pennsylvania, 752 (729).
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England (Yale), 752-753 (729-730).
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The College of New Jersey, 753 (3799).
Columbia College Handbook, 753-754 (730-731).
G. T. Curtis: Daniel Webster (Dartmouth), 754-755 (3741-3742).
R. A. Guild: Rhode Island College (Brown), 755 (3693).
(c) Printing and the Press.
C. R. Hildeburn: Printing in New York, 2668-2669 (2596-2597).
I. Thomas: History of Printing, 2669-2670 (2598).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2670 (2598).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2387 (2335).
F. Hudson: Journalism in the United States, 2672 (2600).
J. Parton: Life of Franklin, 2061-2062 (2017-2018).
B. Samuel: The Father of American Libraries, 2062-2063 (2018-2019).
(d) Money and Banking.
W. B. Weeden: Indian Money, 2252-2253 (2208-2209).
J. R. Snowden: Description of Coins, 2253 (2209).
J. J. Knox: United States Notes, 2255-2256 (2212).
W. G. Sumner: History of American Currency, 2256 (2212).
John Fiske: American Revolution, 2256 (2212).
(e) Trade and Commerce.
J. E. T. Rogers: Economic Interpretation of History, 3229-3230 (3718-3719).
E. Eggleston: Commerce in the Colonies, 3230 (3719).
M. Chamberlain: Revolution Impending, 3286-3287 (3170-3171).
J. L. Bishop: American Manufactures, 3289 (3173).
G. L. Beer: Commercial Policy of England, 3296-3297 (3180-3181).
John Morley: Edmund Burke, 3298 (3182).
(f) Slavery.
E. J. Payne: Elizabethan Seamen, 74-75 (67-68).
G. W. Williams: Negro Race in America, 2998 (2920).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3751 (3630).
E. Washburn: Slavery in Massachusetts, 2998-2999 (2920-2921).
G. W. Greene: Rhode Island, 2715 (2642).
W. E. Foster: Stephen Hopkins, 3002 (2924).
J. A. Doyle: English in America. 3047-3048 (2968).
G. Bancroft: History of United States, 3048 (2968).
T. Clarkson: Abolition of the Slave Trade, 3000 (2922).
J. Fiske: Critical Period, 3001 (2923).
T. Jefferson: The State of Virginia, 3001 (2923).
J. E. Cooke: Virginia, 3001 (2923).
E. B. Sanford: Connecticut, 3001-3002 (2923-2924).
W. F. Poole: Anti-Slavery Opinions, 3002 (2924).
STUDY XXXVIII. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
1. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COLONIES AND THE CROWN ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION:
M. Chamberlain: Revolution Impending, 3286-3287 (3170-3171).
G. L. Craik: British Commerce, 2293 (2245).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3288 (3172).
H. W. Preston: American History, 3288-3289 (3172-3173).
J. L. Bishop: History of American Manufactures, 3289 (3173).
B. A. Hinsdale: The American Government, 3295 (3179).
G. L. Beer: Commercial Policy of England, 3296-3297 (3180-3181).
John Morley: Edmund Burke, 3298 (3182).
"Historians, in treating of the American rebellion, have confined their arguments too exclusively to the question of internal taxation, and the right or policy of exercising this prerogative. The true source of the rebellion lay deeper, in our traditional colonial policy. Just as the Spaniards had been excited to the discovery of America by the hope of obtaining gold and silver, the English merchants utilized the discovery by the same fallacious method, and with the same fallacious aspirations. … They only saw that a colonial trade had sprung up, and their jealousy blinded them to the benefits that accrued to themselves as a consequence of it. Their folly found them out. … The result of the whole transaction was the birth of a very strong sense in the minds of the colonists that the mother country looked upon them as a sponge to be squeezed. This conviction took more than a passing hold upon them. It was speedily inflamed into inextinguishable heat, first by the news that they were to be taxed without their own consent, and next by the tyrannical and atrocious measures by which it was proposed to crush their resistance." JOHN MORLEY.
2. THE QUESTION OF TAXATION:
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3294-3295 (3178-3179).
W. Tudor: Life of James Otis, 3295-3296 (3179-3180).
J. Fiske: The War of Independence, 3297-3298 (3181-3182).
T. Hutchinson: Province of Massachusetts Bay, 3298-3299 (3182-3183).
3. THE STAMP ACT, AND THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS (A. D. 1765):
J. G. Palfrey: History of New England, 3299 (3183).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3303 (3187).
W. Wirt: Life of Patrick Henry, 3303-3305 (3187-3189).
W. W. Henry: Patrick Henry, 3305 (3189).
J. A. Stevens: The Stamp Act, 3305 (3189).
John Fiske: The American Revolution, 3305-3306 (3189-3190).
E. B. Sanford: History of Connecticut, 517 (503).
R. Frothingham: Rise of the Republic, 3306-3307 (3190-3191).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 3317-3319 (3201-3203).
Full Text of the Stamp Act, 3299-3302 (3183-3186).
"It was in the midst of this magnificent debate, while he [Patrick Henry] was descanting on the tyranny of the obnoxious act, that he exclaimed in a voice of thunder, and with the look of a god: ‘Caesar had his Brutus—Charles the First his Cromwell—and George the Third—("Treason!" cried the speaker. "Treason, treason!" echoed from every part of the house. It was one of those trying moments that is decisive of character. Henry faltered not for an instant; but rising to a loftier attitude, and fixing on the speaker an eye of the most determined fire, he finished his sentence with the firmest emphasis)—may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.’" W. WIRT.
4. EXAMINATION OF FRANKLIN BY THE HOUSE OF COMMONS (A. D. 1766):
J. Bigelow: Life of Benjamin Franklin, 3317 (3201).
Full Text of the Questions and Answers from the "Parliamentary History of England," 3308-3317 (3192-3201).
"What used to be the pride of the Americans?"
"To indulge in the fashions and manufactures of Great Britain."
"What is now their pride?"
"To wear their old clothes over again, until they can make new ones."
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5. THE "BOSTON MASSACRE," AND ITS RESULTS (A. D. 1770):
J. K. Hosmer: Samuel Adams, 311 (301).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 311-312 (301-302).
R. Frothingham: Rise of the Republic, 3321 (3205).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3321 (3205).
6. THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, AND THE "BOSTON TEA PARTY":
J. K. Hosmer: Samuel Adams, 3319 (3203).
C. J. Stillé: Life of John Dickinson, 3319-3320 (3203-3204).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3321-3322 (3206).
J. Fiske: War of Independence, 3322 (3206).
J. K. Hosmer: Samuel Adams, 3322-3323 (3206-3207).
J. K. Hosmer: Samuel Adams, 3324-3325 (3208-3209).
A. Gilman: The Story of Boston, 312 (302).
7. THE BOSTON PORT BILL AND ITS EFFECTS (A. D. 1774):
W. M. Sloane: The French War and the Revolution, 3325 (3209).
R. Frothingham: The Siege of Boston, 313-314 (303-304).
E. G. Scott: Development of Constitutional Liberty, 3325-3326 (3209-3210).
8. EXAMINATION OF GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON BY KING GEORGE (A. D. 1774):
Diary of Thomas Hutchinson, Full Text of the Conversation. 3326-3330 (3210-3214).
9. THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS (A. D. 1774):
R. Frothingham: Rise of the Republic, 3330 (3214).
J. C. Hamilton: History of the United States, 3330-3331 (3214-3215).
P. L. Ford: The First Congress, 3331-3332 (3215-3216).
M. Chamberlain: John Adams, 3332 (3216).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3332-3333 (3216-3217).
10. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN THE COLONIES, AND IN PARLIAMENT:
R. Frothingham: The Siege of Boston, 3333 (3217).
H. B. Carrington: The American Revolution, 3333 (3217).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 3334 (3218).
Edmund Burke: His Great Speech in the House of Commons, 3334-3337 (3218-3221).
G. Pellew: John Jay, 2388-2389 (2336-2337).
B. J. Lossing: Life of Philip Schuyler, 2389-2390 (2337-2338).
M. L. Booth: History of New York, 2390-2391 (2338-2339).
H. S. Randall: Life of Jefferson, 3756 (3635).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3049 (2969).
11. THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR (APRIL, 1775):
R. Frothingham: The Siege of Boston, 2160-2161 (2116-2117).
T. W. Higginson: History of the United States, 3338 (3222).
G. E. Ellis: Battle of Bunker’s Hill, 3338-3340 (3222-3224).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3340-3341 (3225).
J. Sparks: Life of Ethan Allen, 3341 (3225).
C. W. Elliott: New England History, 3341-3342 (3225-3226).
A. Johnston: History of the United States, 3343 (3227).
J. Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of America, 3343 (3227).
G. E. Ellis: The Battle of Bunker’s Hill, 3343-3344 (3227-3228).
"Allen sought and found the Commander’s bed-room, and when Captain Delaplace waked he … opened the door, with trousers in hand, and there the great gaunt Ethan stood, with a drawn sword in his hand. ‘Surrender!’ said Ethan. ‘To you?’ asked Delaplace. ‘Yes, to me, Ethan Allen.’ ‘By whose authority?’ asked Delaplace. Ethan was growing impatient, and raising his voice, and waving his sword, he said: ‘In the name of the Great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress.’ Delaplace little comprehended the words, but surrendered at once. Thus, on the morning of 10th of May, the strong fortress of Ticonderoga was taken by the border-men, and with it 44 prisoners, 120 iron cannon, with swivels, muskets, balls, and some powder, without the loss of a single man. The surprise was planned and paid for by Connecticut, and was led by Allen, a Connecticut-born man, but was carried out by the ‘Green Mountain Boys.’" C. W. ELLIOTT.
12. WASHINGTON, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY:
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3342 (3226).
E. Everett: Life of Washington, 3345 (3229).
E. E. Hale: Naval History of the Revolution, 3345-3346 (3229-3230).
13. WAR MEASURES OF PARLIAMENT; THE HESSIANS:
H. S. Randall: Life of Jefferson, 3346 (3230).
Earl Stanhope: History of England, 3347 (3231).
E. J. Lowell: Hessians in the Revolution, 3347-3348 (3231-3232).
14. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED (JULY 4, 1776):
L. Sabine: Biographical Sketches, 3337-3338 (3222).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3340-3341 (3225).
H. S. Randall: Life of Jefferson, 3347 (3231).
J. Q. Adams: Life of John Adams, 3348-3349 (3232-3233).
J. T. Morse, Jr.: Thomas Jefferson, 3349-3350 (3233-3234).
J. Fiske: American Revolution, 3350 (3234).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3352 (3236).
Text of the Declaration, and Signers, 3351-3352 (3235-3236).
15. THE WAR IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY (A. D. 1776-1777):
B. J. Lossing: History of the United States, 3352-3353 (3237).
H. C. Lodge: George Washington, 3353-3354 (3238).
J. Fiske: War of Independence, 3354-3356 (3238-3240).
H. P. Johnston: Campaign of 1776, 3356 (3240).
E. Lawrence: New York in the Revolution, 3356-3357 (3240-3241).
16. THE CAMPAIGN ON THE DELAWARE (A. D. 1777):
F. D. Stone: The Struggle for the Delaware, 3361-3362 (3245-3246).
G. Washington: Writings, 3362-3363 (3246-3247).
F. Kapp: Life of von Steuben, 3363-3364 (3247-3248).
17. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE HUDSON; SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE (OCTOBER 15, 1777):
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3365-3366 (3249-3250).
Sir E. Creasy: Fifteen Decisive Battles, 3366-3368 (3250-3252).
E. Everett: Life of Washington, 3368 (3252).
G. Washington: Writings, 3368 (3252).
18. FORMATION OF STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION:
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3360-3361 (3244-3245).
J. Story: Commentaries on the Constitution, 3368-3369 (3252-3253).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3372 (3256).
Full Text of the Articles of Confederation, 3369-3372 (3253-3256).
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19. THE FRENCH ALLIANCE:
F. Wharton: Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 3357 (3241).
J. T. Morse, Jr.: Benjamin Franklin, 3357-3358 (3241-3242).
J. Marshall: Life of Washington, 3358 (3242).
W. G. Sumner: Finances of American Revolution, 3359-3360 (3243-3244).
B. Tuckerman: Life of Lafayette, 3364-3365 (3249).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3372-3373 (3257).
S. Eliot: History of the United States, 3376-3377 (3260-3261).
F. Wharton: Diplomatic Correspondence of United States, 3380-3381 (3264-3265).
20. INDIAN TROUBLES; CLARK’S CONQUEST OF THE NORTHWEST (A. D. 1778-1779)
E. H. Roberts: New York, 3374 (3258).
E. Cruikshank: Story of Butler’s Rangers, 3374-3375 (3258-3259).
A. F. McDavis: Border Warfare of the Revolution, 3375-3376 (3259-3260).
W. L. Stone: Life of Joseph Brant, 3376 (3260).
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 2429 (2377).
O. Turner: History of Pioneer Settlement, 3382-3383 (3266-3267).
A. T. Norton: Sullivan’s Campaign against the Iroquois, 3383-3384 (3267-3268).
21. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH (A. D. 1778-1780):
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3381 (3265).
C. B. Hartley: Life of General Marion, 3384-3385 (3268-3269).
G. Tucker: History of the United States, 3286-3287 (3270-3271).
G. W. Greene: Life of Nathanael Greene, 3389-3390 (3273-3274).
W. G. Simms: History of South Carolina, 3390 (3274).
J. Fiske: War of Independence, 3390-3391 (3274-3275).
22. WASHINGTON'S ANXIETIES AND MOVEMENTS (A. D. 1778-1780):
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3377 (3261).
G. Washington: Writings, 3377-3378 (3261-3262).
G. W. Greene: Life of Nathanael Greene, 3378-3379 (3262-3263).
H. C. Lodge: George Washington, 3381-3382 (3265-3266).
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3385-3386 (3269-3270).
W. G. Sumner: History of American Currency, 3386 (3270).
"At the end of 1779 Congress was at its wit’s end for money. Its issues had put specie entirely out of reach, and the cause of the Revolution was in danger of being drowned under the paper sea. … In the spring or 1780 the bills were worth two cents on the dollar, and then ceased to circulate. The paper was now worth more for an advertisement or a joke than for any prospect of any kind of redemption. A barber’s shop in Philadelphia was papered with it; and a dog, coated with tar, and with the bills stuck all over him, was paraded in the streets." W. G. SUMNER.
23. The Arrival of Rochambeau (A. D. 1780):
J. C. Hamilton: History of the United States, 3387 (3271).
T. Balch: The French in America, 3387-3388 (3271-3272).
24. THE TREASON OF ARNOLD; AND MUTINY OF PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS:
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 8388-8389 (3272-3273).
H. B. Carrington: Battles of the Revolution, 3391-3392 (3275-3276).
25. THE VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN (A. D. 1781):
B. Tuckerman: Life of Lafayette, 3392-3393 (3276-3277).
H. P. Johnston: The Yorktown Campaign, 3393 (3277).
H. B. Carrington: The American Revolution, 3393-3394 (3277-3278).
R. C. Winthrop: Address at Yorktown, 3394-3395 (3278-3279).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 3395-3396 (3279-3280).
26. THE CESSION OF WESTERN TERRITORY TO THE UNION:
A. Johnston: The United States, 3396 (3280).
H. B. Adams: Land Cessions to the United States, 3396-3397 (3280-3281).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Northwest, 3397 (3281).
27. PEACE NEGOTIATIONS:
J. Marshall: Life of Washington, 3397-3398 (3281-3282).
Diplomacy of the United States, 3398-3399 (3282-3283).
E. Fitzmaurice: Life of the Earl of Shelburne, 3399-3400 (3283-3284).
E. B. Andrews: History of the United States, 3400 (3284).
J. Fiske: The Critical Period, 3400-3401 (3284-3286).
J. Q. Adams: Life of John Adams, 3401-3402 (3285-3286).
F. Wharton: Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, 3402 (3286).
J. Bigelow: Life of Franklin, 3402-3403 (3286-3287).
28. THE DEFINITIVE TREATY OF PEACE (SEPTEMBER, 1783):
H. W. Preston: Documents of American History, 3403-3404 (3287-3288).
T. Pitkin: Political History of the United States, 3409-3411 (3293-3295).
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 3411-3412 (3295-3296).
29. THE DISSOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY:
G. T. Curtis: The Constitution of the United States, 3403 (3287).
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3404-3405 (3288-3289).
30. GENERAL CONDITIONS FOLLOWING THE WAR:
G. E. Ellis: Loyalists and their Fortunes, 3202-3203 (3116-3117).
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3405-3406 (3289-3290).
A. Hamilton: The Federalist, 3406-3407 (3290-3291).
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 3407 (3291).
J. R. Soley: Maritime Industries of America, 3408 (3292).
W. B. Weeden: Economic History of New England, 3408 (3292).
W. G. Sumner: Finances of the Revolution, 3409 (3293).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 2161 (2117).
"Four years only elapsed, between the return of peace and the downfall of a government which had been framed with the hope and promise of perpetual duration. … But this brief period was full of suffering and peril. There are scarcely any evils or dangers, of a political nature, and springing from political and social causes, to which a free people can be exposed, which the people of the United States did not experience during that period." G. T. CURTIS.
"It is not too much to say that the period of five years following the peace of 1783 was the most critical moment in all the history of the American people." JOHN FISKE.
31. PLANS FOR SETTLEMENT OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY:
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 2430-2431 (2378-2379).
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2431 (2379)
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R. King: Ohio, 2431 (2379).
J. Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of America, 2431-2432 (2380).
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2434-2435 (2382-2383).
Full Text of the Ordinance of 1787, 2432-2434 (2382).
STUDY XXXIX. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE UNITED STATES: UNION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION; ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS.
1. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
E. A. Freeman: History of Federal Government, 1136 (1108).
A. B. Hart: The Study of Federal Government, 1136 (1108).
J. N. Dalton: Federal States of the World, 1138-1139 (1110-1111).
2. THE WEAKNESS OF THE CONFEDERATION:
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3405-3406 (3289-3290).
Alexander Hamilton: The Federalist, 3405-3406 (3290-3291).
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 3407 (3291).
Text of the Articles of Confederation, 3369-3372 (3253-3256).
3. THE MAKING OF THE CONSTITUTION (A. D. 1787):
J. S. Landon: Constitutional History of United States, 3412-3413 (3296-3297).
K. M. Rowland: Life of George Mason, 3413 (3297).
W. C. Rives: Life of James Madison, 3413-3414 (3297-3298).
James Madison: Letters and Writings, 3414-3415 (3298-3299).
S. H. Gay: James Madison, 3415-3416 (3299-3300).
John Fiske: The Critical Period, 3416 (3300).
A. B. Hart: Formation of the Union, 3416-3417 (3300-3301).
4. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, AND ELECTION OF PRESIDENT (A. D. 1789):
J. S. Landon: Constitutional History of United States, 3417-3418 (3301-3302).
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3418 (3302).
Text of the Constitution, with all Amendments, 619-625 (596-602).
5. ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT; FORMATION OF PARTIES:
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 3418-3419 (3302-3303).
Thomas Jefferson: Writings, 3419-3420 (3303-3304).
H. C. Lodge: Life of George Cabot, 3420-3421 (3304-3305).
6. THE FIRST CENSUS (A. D. 1790): 3421 (3305).
7. ORGANIZATION OF THE SUPREME COURT (A. D. 1789):
J. S. Landon: Constitutional History of United States, 3122-3123 (3039-3040).
J. Bryce: The American Commonwealth, 3123 (3040).
E. A. Freeman: The English People, 3123 (3040).
"It [the Supreme Court] is, I believe, the only national tribunal in the world which can sit in judgment on a national law, and can declare an act of all the three powers of the Union to be null and void. No such power does or can exist in England. Any one of the three powers of the State,—King, Lords, or Commons,—acting alone, may act illegally, the three acting together cannot act illegally. An act of Parliament is final; it may be repealed by the power which enacted it; it cannot be questioned by any other power. For in England there is no written constitution; the powers of Parliament,—of King, Lords, and Commons, acting together,—are literally boundless. But in your Union, it is not only possible that President, Senate, or House of Representatives, acting alone, may act illegally; the three acting together may act illegally. … Congress may pass, the President may assent to a measure which contradicts the terms of the Constitution. If they so act, they act illegally, and the Supreme Court can declare such an act to be null and void. This difference flows directly from the difference between a written and unwritten constitution." E. A. FREEMAN.
8. The First Tariff Measure, and First Bank of the United States:
J. T. Morse, Jr.: Life of Alexander Hamilton, 3150 (3066).
A. Hamilton: Report on Manufactures, 3150-3152 (3066-3068).
H. W. Domett: The Bank of New York, 2256 (2212).
J. A. Stevens: Albert Gallatin, 2257-2258 (2213-2214).
9. FOUNDING OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL (A. D. 1791):
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 3419 (3303).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3767-3768 (3646-3647).
10. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES TO THE UNION:
(a) Vermont (A. D. 1791).
B. J. Lossing: Life of Philip Schuyler, 3736-3737 (3616-3617).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 3737 (3617).
Z. Thompson: History of Vermont, 3737-3738 (3617-3618).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3738-3739 (3618-3619).
(b) Kentucky (A. D. 1792).
N. S. Shaler: Kentucky, 1981-1982 (1939-1940).
W. B. Allen: History of Kentucky, 1982-1983 (1940-1941).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 1983 (1941).
(c) Tennessee (A. D. 1796).
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 3179-3180 (3094-3095).
J. Phelan: History of Tennessee, 3180-3181 (3095-3096).
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3181-3182 (3096-3097).
W. H. Carpenter: History of Tennessee, 3182 (3097).
11. SLAVERY; THE FIRST FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW (A. D. 1793):
H. G. McDougall: Fugitive Slaves, 3421-3422 (3305-3306).
William Jay: Letter to Josiah Quincy, 3422 (3306).
J. W. Draper: History of the Civil War, 3422-3423 (3306-3307).
H. Von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3431-3432 (3315-3316).
12. RELATIONS WITH FRANCE; "CITIZEN" GENET; THE X. Y. Z. LETTERS:
E. Everett: Life of Washington, 3422 (3306).
H. C. Lodge: George Washington, 3422 (3306).
T. W. Higginson: History of the United States, 3431 (3315).
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13. THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION (A. D. 1794):
George Tucker: History Of The United States, 2572-2573 (2506-2507).
14. STRAINED RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN; THE JAY TREATY (A. D. 1794-1795):
G. Pellew: John Jay, 3423-3424 (3307-3308).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3424 (3308).
15. THIRD PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS (A. D. 1796):
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States, 3430-3431 (3314-3315).
W. Irving: Life of Washington, 3424-3425 (3308-3309).
Full Text of the Farewell Address, 3425-3430 (3309-3314).
"In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare, by which they have been dictated. … Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my Country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest." GEORGE WASHINGTON, FAREWELL ADDRESS.
16. THE DEATH OF WASHINGTON (DECEMBER 14, 1799):
H. C. Lodge: George Washington, 3439.
17. THE ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS (A. D. 1798):
J. S. Landon: Constitutional History of the United States 3432 (3316).
H. C. Lodge: Alexander Hamilton, 3434-3435 (3319).
Text of the Naturalization Act, 3432 (3316).
Texts of the Alien Acts, 3432-3434 (3316-3318).
Text of the Sedition Act, 3434 (3318).
18. THE KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS:
E. D. Warfield: The Kentucky Resolutions, 3435 (3319).
S. H. Gay: James Madison, 3438-3439 (3322-3323).
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3439 (3323).
Text of the Kentucky Resolutions, 3435-3437 (3321).
Text of the Virginia Resolutions, 3437-3438 (3321-3322).
STUDY XL. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE UNITED STATES: THE THREE DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATIONS (A. D. 1801-1825).
1. THE FOURTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; THOMAS JEFFERSON PRESIDENT:
W. Whitelock: Life of John Jay, 3440 (3324).
Goldwin Smith: The United States, 3440-3441 (3324-3325).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3441 (3325).
A. Bradford: Federal Government, 3441-3442 (3325-3326).
2. JOHN MARSHALL CHIEF JUSTICE:
A. B. Magruder: John Marshall, 3442-3443 (3326-3327).
3. WAR WITH THE BARBARY STATES:
E. Schuyler: American Diplomacy, 272 (263).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 272-273 (263-264).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 273 (264).
S. Lane Poole: The Barbary Corsairs, 273-274 (264-265).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 274 (265).
4. OHIO ADMITTED TO THE UNION (A. D. 1802):
T. Roosevelt: Winning of the West, 2429 (2377).
H. Hale: The Iroquois Book of Rites, 2444-2445 (2392-2393).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 2445-2446 (2393-2394).
B. King: Ohio, 2431 (2379).
J. Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of America, 2431-2432 (2380).
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2434-2435 (2383).
Full Text of the Ordinance of 1787, 2432-2434 (2380-2382).
5. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (A. D. 1803):
C. Gayarré: Louisiana, 2090 (2046).
Waring and Cable: New Orleans, 647 (624).
G. Bancroft: History of the United States, 2091 (2047).
G. W. Cable: The Creoles of Louisiana, 2091-2092 (2047-2048).
T. M. Cooley: The Acquisition of Louisiana, 2092-2093 (2048-2049).
M. Thompson: The Story of Louisiana, 2093-2094 (2049-2050).
C. F. Robertson: The Louisiana Purchase, 2094 (2050).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History of the United States 3443 (3327).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 3444 (3328).
See maps between pages 3342-3343 (3326-3327).
6. FEDERALIST SECESSION MOVEMENT (A. D. 1804):
T. M. Cooley: The Acquisition of Louisiana, 3444 (3328).
C. F. Robertson: The Louisiana Purchase, 3445 (3329).
"The purchase, according to the Federal view of the Constitution, was perfectly legitimate. … But the Federalists in general took narrow and partisan views, and in order to embarrass the administration resorted to quibbles which were altogether unworthy the party which had boasted of Washington as its chief and Hamilton as the exponent of its doctrines. … The Federal leaders did not stop at cavils; they insisted that the unconstitutional extension of territory was in effect a dissolution of the Union, so that they were at liberty to contemplate and plan for a final disruption." JUDGE T. M. COOLEY.
7. THE BRITISH IMPRESSMENT OF SEAMEN:
G. Tucker: History of the United States 3444 (3328).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 3444 (3328).
Goldwin Smith: The United States, 3444-3445 (3328-3329).
8. THE IMPEACHMENT OF JUDGE CHASE (A. D. 1804-1805):
Henry Adams: John Randolph, 3445-3446 (3330).
J. Q. Adams: Memoirs, 3446 (3330).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3446-3447 (3331).
9. THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION (A. D. 1804-1805):
The Nation: Review of Dr. Coues’ History, 3447-3448 (3331-3332).
10. AARON BURR’S FILIBUSTERING SCHEME (A. D. 1806-1807):
J. D. Hammond: History of Political Parties, 3450-3451 (3334-3335).
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11. THE QUESTION OF THE SLAVE TRADE:
W. F. Poole: Anti-Slavery Opinions, 3002 (2924).
John Fiske: The Critical Period, 3002-3003 (2924-2925).
C. P. Lucas: The British Colonies, 3003 (2925).
E. Quincy: Life of Josiah Quincy, 3451-3452 (3336).
12. TROUBLES WITH GREAT BRITAIN (A. D. 1804-1810):
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 3448-3449 (3332-3333).
S. H. Gay: James Madison, 3449-3450 (3333-3334).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 3450 (3334).
Henry Adams: History of the United States, 3452-3453 (3336-3337).
Goldwin Smith: The United States, 3453 (3337).
G. L. Rives: Thomas Barclay, 3454 (3338).
13. SIXTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; JAMES MADISON PRESIDENT (A. D. 1808):
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3453 (3337).
14. THE THIRD CENSUS (A. D. 1810), 3454 (3338).
15. LOUISIANA ADMITTED TO THE UNION (A. D. 1812):
Waring and Cable: New Orleans, 2095 (2051).
L. Carr: Missouri, 2095 (2051).
J. W. Monette: The Valley of the Mississippi, 2095 (2051).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 1182-1183 (1153).
16. BEGINNING OF THE WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN (A. D. 1812):
C. Schurz: Life of Henry Clay, 3455 (3339).
R. Johnson: The War of 1812, 3456-3457 (3340-3341).
T. W. Higginson: History of the United States, 3457-3458 (3341-3342).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3458 (3342).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3458-3459 (3342-3343).
17. CONDITION, AND EARLY SUCCESSES, OF THE NAVY:
J. A. Stevens: Second War with Great Britain, 3459 (3343).
J. R. Soley: Wars of the United States, 3459-3460 (3343-3344).
18. PERRY’S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE (A. D. 1813):
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3460-3462 (3344-3346).
T. Roosevelt: The Naval War, 3462 (3346).
19. THE BURNING OF TORONTO, AND BUFFALO (A. D. 1813):
G. Bryce: History of Canada, 3462-3463 (3346-3347).
J. T. Headley: Second War with England, 3463-3464 (3347-3348).
R. Johnson: The War of 1812, 3464-3465 (3348-3349).
20. THE CREEK WAR; JACKSON’S FIRST CAMPAIGN:
A. S. Gatschet: The Creek Indians, 102 (95).
A. Gallatin: Synopsis of Indian Tribes, 102 (95).
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 3465 (3349).
21. LUNDY’S LANE, AND LAKE CHAMPLAIN (A. D. 1814):
S. Perkins: History of the Late War, 3466-3467 (3350-3351).
W. Dorsheimer: Buffalo in the War of 1812, 3467-3468 (3351-3352).
T. Roosevelt: The Naval War of 1812, 3469-3470 (3353-3354).
22. THE CAPTURE OF WASHINGTON; BURNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS (A. D. 1814):
A. Johnston: The United States, 3465 (3349).
C. B. Todd: The Story of Washington, 3468 (3352).
G. R. Gleig: Campaigns of the British Army, 3468 (3352).
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 3468-3469 (3352-3353).
23. THE LAST BATTLES OF THE WAR:
J. R. Soley: The Boys of 1812, 3474 (3358).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3474-3475 (3358-3359).
24. THE TREATY OF PEACE (A. D. 1814):
J. T. Morse, Jr.: John Quincy Adams, 3470-3471 (3354-3355).
T. Wilson: The Treaty of Ghent, 3471 (3355).
Full Text of the Treaty, 3471-3474 (3355-3358).
25. INCORPORATION OF THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES (A. D. 1817):
D. Kinley: The Treasury of the United States, 2258-2259 (2214-2215).
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 2259 (2215).
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 2259 (2215).
26. THE EIGHTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; JAMES MONROE ELECTED (A. D. 1816):
N. Sargent: Public Men and Events, 3475-3476 (3359-3360).
E. Stanwood: Presidential Elections, 3476 (3360).
27. THE FIRST MOVE TOWARD "INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS" (A. D. 1816-1817):
A. B. Hart: Formation of the Union, 3476 (3360).
C. Colton: Life of Henry Clay, 3476 (3360).
28. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES TO THE UNION:
(a) Indiana (A. D. 1816).
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2434-2435 (2382-2383).
J. W. Monette: The Mississippi Valley, 1787-1788 (1748-1749).
(b) Mississippi (A. D. 1817).
J. W. Monette: The Mississippi Valley, 2233 (2189).
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2094 (2050).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 2233 (2189).
(c) Illinois (A. D. 1818).
J. Wallace: History of Illinois, 1734 (1695).
B. A. Hinsdale: The Old Northwest, 3379-3380 (3263-3264).
J. B. McMaster: History of the United States, 2430-2431 (2378-2379).
J. W. Monette: The Mississippi Valley, 1787-1788 (1748-1749).
R. G. Thwaites: The Boundaries of Wisconsin, 3776 (3655).
(d) Alabama (A. D. 1819).
W. Brewer: Alabama, 30 (32).
(e) Maine (A. D. 1820).
C. W. Tuttle: Captain John Mason, 2354-2355 (2306-2307).
C. W. Elliott: New England History, 2122-2123 (2079-2080).
G. L. Austin: History of Massachusetts, 2123 (2080).
W. D. Williamson: History of Maine, 2123 (2080).
29. THE SEMINOLE WARS:
A. S. Gatschet: The Creek Indians, 108 (101).
D. G. Brinton: The Floridian Peninsula, 108-109 (101-102).
Bryant and Gay: History of the United States, 1183 (1153).
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 1183-1184 (1154).
T. Roosevelt: Life of Benton, 1184 (1154).
30. THE DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE (A. D. 1819):
G. T. Curtis: Life of Daniel Webster, 754-755 (3741-3742).
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31. THE BEGINNING OF OCEAN NAVIGATION:
F. E. Chadwick: Development of the Steamship, 3115-3116 (3033-3034).
32. NINTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; THE "ERA OF GOOD FEELING" (A. D. 1820):
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3478 (3362).
T. W. Higginson: History of the United States, 3478 (3362).
"Monroe like Washington was re-chosen President by a vote practically unanimous. One, however, of the 232 electoral votes cast was wanting to consummate this exceptional honor; for a New Hampshire elector, with a boldness of discretion which, in our days and especially upon a close canvass, would have condemned him to infamy, threw away upon John Quincy Adams the vote which belonged like those of his colleagues to Monroe, determined, so it is said, that no later mortal should stand in Washington’s shoes. Of America’s Presidents elected by virtual acclamation history furnishes but these two examples; and as between the men honored by so unapproachable a tribute of confidence, Monroe entered upon his second term of office with less of real political opposition than Washington." J. SCHOULER.
33. THE FOURTH CENSUS (A. D. 1820), 3478 (3362).
34. THE FIRST GREAT CONFLICT OVER SLAVERY; THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE (A. D. 1818-1821):
Waring and Cable: New Orleans, 2095 (2051).
L. Carr: Missouri, 2095 (2051).
Carl Schurz: Life of Henry Clay, 3476-3477 (3360-3361).
J. A. Woodburn: The Missouri Compromise, 3477-3478 (3361-3362).
35. THE MONROE DOCTRINE (A. D. 1823):
T. W. Higginson: History of the United States, 3478-3479 (3362-3363).
D. C. Gilman: James Monroe, 3479 (3363).
36. TARIFF LEGISLATION; "THE AMERICAN SYSTEM" (A. D. 1816-1824):
O. L. Elliott: The Tariff Controversy, 3153-3154 (3069-3070).
T. H. Benton: Thirty Years’ View, 3154 (3070).
STUDY XLI. Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE UNITED STATES FROM THE ELECTION OF ADAMS (1825) TO THE COMPROMISE OF 1850.
1. TENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION (A. D. 1824):
J. Quincy: Life of J. Q. Adams, 3479-3480 (3364).
J. P. Kennedy: Life of William Wirt, 3480 (3364).
Goldwin Smith: The United States, 3480-3481 (3364-3365).
2. RECONSTRUCTION OF PARTIES:
T. H. Benton: Thirty Years’ View, 3481 (3365).
A. Johnston: History of American Politics, 3481-3482 (3365-3366).
3. TARIFF CHANGES; "THE BILL OF ABOMINATIONS":
T. H. Benton: Thirty Years' View, 3154 (3070).
H. C. Lodge: Daniel Webster, 3154 (3070).
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 3154-3155 (3071).
C. Schurz: Life of Henry Clay, 3155 (3071).
4. ELEVENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; ANDREW JACKSON (A. D. 1828):
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 3482 (3366).
T. H. Benton: Thirty Years’ View, 3482 (3366).
5. NULLIFICATION AND DISUNION SENTIMENT:
S. H. Gay: James Madison, 3438-3439 (3322-3323).
T. M. Cooley: The Acquisition of Louisiana, 3443-3444 (3327-3328).
A. Johnston: American Politics, 3470 (3354).
H. von Holst: Constitutional History, 3470 (3354).
Texts of Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 3435-3438 (3319-3322).
6. NULLIFICATION ORDINANCE OF SOUTH CAROLINA; WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE:
G. T. Curtis: Life of Daniel Webster, 3482-3483 (3366-3367).
C. Schurz: Life of Henry Clay, 3483 (3367).
G. Hunt: The Nullification Struggle, 3483-3484 (3367-3368).
Text of Ordinance of Nullification, 3485 (3369).
7. THE BEGINNING OF THE "SPOILS SYSTEM":
John Fiske: Civil Government in the United States, 490.
8. RISE OF THE ABOLITIONISTS:
H. von Holst: Constitutional History, 3005-3006 (2927-2928).
B. Tuckerman: William Jay, 3485-3486 (3369-3370).
Goldwin Smith: William Lloyd Garrison, 3486 (3370).
J. F. Clarke: Anti-Slavery Days, 3487 (3370-3371).
"The ‘Liberator’ was a weekly journal, bearing the names of William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp as publishers. Its motto was, ‘Our Country is the world, Our Countrymen are Mankind,’ a direct challenge to those whose motto was the Jingo cry of those days, ‘Our Country, right or wrong!’ … The salutatory of the ‘Liberator’ avowed that its editor meant to speak out without restraint. ‘I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject [Slavery] I do not wish to think, or speak, or write with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it as fallen—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—I will be heard.’ This promise was amply kept." GOLDWIN SMITH.
9. THE FIFTH CENSUS (A. D. 1830).
3487 (3371).
10. THE FIRST RAILROADS:
W. J. M. Rankine: The Steam Engine, 3111-3112 (3029-3030).
S. Smiles: Life of George Stephenson, 3112 (3030).
C. F. Adams, Jr.: Railroads, 3112-3113 (3030-3031).
11. JACKSON AND THE UNITED STATES BANK:
D. Kinley: The Independent Treasury, 2258-2259 (2214-2215).
W. G. Sumner: Andrew Jackson, 2259 (2215).
A. Johnston: American Politics, 2259 (2215).
J. Parton: Life of Jackson, 3487-3488 (3371-3372).
C. Schurz: Life of Clay, 3488 (3372).
12. BIRTH OF THE WHIG PARTY (A. D. 1834):
E. Stanwood: Presidential Elections, 3488 (3372).
G. T. Curtis: Life of Webster, 3488-3489 (3372-3373).
13. SLAVERY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; THE RIGHT OF PETITION:
N. Sargent: Public Men and Events, 3489 (3373).
J. F. Clarke: Anti-Slavery Days, 3490 (3374), 3494 (3378).
Bryant and Gay: History of the United States, 3490 (3374).
T. H. Benton: Thirty Years’ View, 3492 (3376).
14. THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION (A. D. 1836):
A. D. Morse: Political Influence of Jackson, 3490-3491 (3374-3375).
G. Bancroft: Martin Van Buren, 3491 (3375).
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15. THE FINANCIAL PANIC OF 1837:
A. Johnston: American Politics, 2259 (2215).
E. M. Shepard: Martin Van Buren, 3489 (3373).
A. Johnston: History of the United States, 3774 (3653).
Century Magazine: Cheap Money Experiments, 2259-2260 (2215-2216).
T. M. Cooley: Michigan, 2260 (2216).
E. G. Spaulding: 100 Years of Banking, 2260 (2216).
A. S. Bolles: Financial History, 3491 (3375).
16. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES; ARKANSAS, MICHIGAN:
T. Donaldson: The Public Domain, 2094 (2050).
J. W. Monette: The Mississippi Valley, 140 (133), 1787-1788 (1748-1749).
R. G. Thwaites: The Boundaries of Wisconsin, 2223-2224 (2179-2180).
17. THE SIXTH CENSUS (A. D. 1840).
3493 (3377).
18. THE HARRISON-TYLER ADMINISTRATION (A. D. 1841-1845):
N. Sargent: Public Men and Events, 3493 (3377).
A. Johnston: American Politics, 3493-3494 (3377-3378).
J. F. Clarke: Anti-Slavery Days, 3494 (3378).
A. S. Bolles: Financial History, 3158 (3074).
J. Schouler: History of the United States, 3494-3495 (3378-3379).
19. THE POLK ADMINISTRATION (A. D. 1845-1849):
W. Wilson: Division and Reunion, 3495 (3379).
E. M. Shepard: Martin Van Buren, 3496 (3380).
20. THE "WALKER TARIFF" (A. D. 1846):
A. L. Perry Political Economy, 3159 (3075).
J. G. Blaine: Twenty Years in Congress, 3159-3160 (3075-3076).
21. ADMISSION OF NEW STATES TO THE UNION; FLORIDA, TEXAS, IOWA, WISCONSIN:
R. Hildreth: History of the United States, 1184 (1154).
T. Roosevelt: Life of Benton, 1184 (1154).
H. Wilson: The Slave Power, 3495-3496 (3379-3380).
J. W. Monette: The Mississippi Valley, 3186 (3101).
C. Schurz: Life of Clay, 3187 (3102).
J. W. Draper: American Civil War, 3187-3188 (3102-3103).
R. G. Thwaites: Boundaries of Wisconsin, 3776 (3655).
See Maps between 3442-3443 (3326-3327).
22. THE WAR WITH MEXICO (A. D. 1846-1848):
H. Wilson: The Slave Power, 2217 (2173).
J. W. Draper: American Civil War, 2217-2218 (2173-2174).
A. H. Noll: History of Mexico, 2218 (2174).
Bryant and Gay: History of the United States, 2218 (2174).
J. R. Soley: Wars of the United States, 2218-2219 (2174-2175).
H. O. Ladd: War with Mexico, 2219-2220 (2175-2176).
23. THE FREE SOIL PARTY; SIXTEENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION (A. D. 1848):
E. M. Shepard: Martin Van Buren, 3498 (3382).
C. F. Adams: Richard Henry Dana, 3498 (3382).
C. Colton: Life of Clay, 3498 (3382).
24. THE SEVENTH CENSUS (A. D. 1850), 3499 (3383).
25. CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA; DISCOVERY OF GOLD:
J. Royce: California, 358 (348).
E. E. Dunbar: Romance of the Age, 359-360 (349-350).
J. S. Hittell: Discovery of Gold, 360 (350).
J. E. Cairnes: Political Economy, 2261 (2217).
26. AGGRESSION OF THE SLAVE POWER; WEBSTER’S "SEVENTH OF MARCH" SPEECH (A. D. 1850):
J. S. Landon: Constitutional History, 3499 (3883).
F. W. Seward: Seward at Washington, 3499-3500 (3883-3884).
Daniel Webster: Works, 3500-3503 (3384-3387).
H. C. Lodge: Daniel Webster, 3503 (3387).
J. F. Rhodes: History of the United States, 3503 (3387).
H. Wilson: The Slave Power, 1685 (1646).
"When Seward came to the territorial question, his words created a sensation. ‘We hold,’ he said, ‘no arbitrary authority over anything, whether acquired lawfully or seized by usurpation. The Constitution regulates our stewardship; the Constitution devotes the domain (i. e. the territories not formed into States) to union, to justice, to defense, to welfare, and to liberty. _But there is a higher law than the Constitution_, which regulates our authority over the domain, and devotes it to the same noble purposes. The territory is a part, no inconsiderable part, of the common heritage of mankind, bestowed upon them by the Creator of the Universe. We are His stewards, and must so discharge our trust as to secure in the highest attainable degree their happiness.’ This remark about ‘a higher law’ … was destined to have a transcendent moral influence. A speech which can be condensed into an aphorism is sure to shape convictions." J. F. RHODES.
27. The Fugitive Slave Law; "Compromise of 1850":
M. G. McDougall: Fugitive Slaves, 3421-3422 (3305-3306)
W. R. Houghton: American Politics, 3503-3504 (3387-3388).
J. F. Rhodes: History of the United States, 3504 (3388)
C. Schurz: Life of Clay, 3504 (3388).
Text of Fugitive Slave Law, 3504-3507 (3388-3391).
STUDY XLII Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ENGLAND (GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND) FROM THE FALL OF NAPOLEON TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN VICTORIA.
1. ENGLAND AT THE CLOSE OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS:
J. F. Bright: History of England, 975-976 (948-9).
J. McCarthy: Sir Robert Peel, 977-978 (950-951).
H. Ashworth: Richard Cobden, 3152-3153 (3068-3069).
2. AGITATION FOR PARLIAMENTARY REFORM (A. D. 1816-):
C. Knight: History of England, 976-977 (949-950).
J. McCarthy: Sir Robert Peel, 977-978 (950-951).
3. REMOVAL OF DISABILITIES FROM DISSENTERS (A. D. 1827):
J. R. Green: History of the English People, 923-924 (896-897):
J. Stoughton: Religion in England. 924 (897).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 944-945 (917-918).
S. Walpole: England from 1815, 979 (952).
4. UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION:
J. H. McCarthy: Ireland since the Union, 1817 (1777).
W. F. Collier: History of Ireland, 1817-1818 (1778).
W. A. O’Connor: The Irish People, 1818 (1778).
W. E. H. Lecky: History of England, 1818-1819 (1778-1779); 1822-1823 (1782-1784).
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W. Massey: Reign of George III., 1821-1822 (1782).
W. E. H. Lecky: Leaders of Public Opinion, 1824-1825 (1784-1785).
J. A. Hamilton: Daniel O'Connell, 1825 (1785).
5. PARTY DIVISIONS:
R. Burnet: History of My Own Time, 3772 (3651).
R. Chambers: Annals of Scotland, 3772-3773 (3652).
D. Hume: History of England, 930 (903).
I. Jennings: The Croker Papers, 518 (504).
6. THE GREAT REFORM OF REPRESENTATION (A. D. 1830-1832):
W. Heaton: Three Reforms of Parliament, 980-982 (953-955).
Sir T. E. May: Constitutional History, 982-983 (955-956).
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1126 (1098).
7. SUPPRESSION OF SLAVE TRADE; ABOLITION OF COLONIAL SLAVERY (A. D. 1792-1833).
C. P. Lucas: British Colonies, 3003 (2925), 3006 (2928).
L. Herstlet: Treaties and Conventions, 3003 (2925).
J. McCarthy: Epoch of Reform, 983 (956).
8. The Oxford, or Tractarian Movement (1833-):
H. O. Wakeman: Religion in England, 2459-2460 (2407-2408).
S. Walpole: History of England, 2460 (2408).
9. COMMERCIAL SUPREMACY; FREE TRADE AGITATION:
H. deB. Gibbins: British Commerce, 3230-3231 (3719-3720).
A. J. Wilson: British Trade, 3231-3232 (3720-3721).
A. L. Bowley: Foreign Trade, 3232 (3721).
H. Ashworth: Recollections of Cobden, 3152-3153 (3068-3069).
John Morley: Life of Cobden, 3156-3157 (3072-3073).
10. FACTORY LEGISLATION:
G. Howell: Conflicts of Capital and Labor, 1133-1134 (1105-1106).
C. D. Wright: Factory Legislation, 1134 (1106).
11. ACCESSION AND MARRIAGE OF QUEEN VICTORIA (A. D. 1837, 1840):
A. H. McCalman: History of England, 984 (957).
J. McCarthy: Sir Robert Peel, 985 (958).
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 988-989 (959-960).
12. THE CHARTIST AGITATION (A. D. 1838-1848):
C. Knight: History of England, 987 (960).
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 987-988 (960-961).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 990 (963).
13. THE OPIUM WAR (A. D. 1839-1842):
S. Walpole: England from 1815, 435-437 (421-423).
C. Knight: History of England, 437 (423).
S. W. Williams: The Middle Kingdom, 437 (423).
14. ADOPTION OF PENNY POSTAGE (A. D. 1840):
C. Knight: History of England, 988 (961).
W. N. Molesworth: History of England, 988 (961).
15. AFFAIRS IN IRELAND (A. D. 1840-1850):
J. N. Larned: Europe, 1130-1131 (1102-1103).
(а) Agitation for Repeal of the Union.
Sir C. G. Duffy: Irish History, 1825-1827 (1785-1787).
E. Lawless: The Story of Ireland, 1827-1829 (1787-1789).
(b) The Maynooth Grant.
S. Walpole: History of England, 1829-1830 (1790).
(c) The Great Famine (A. D. 1845-1847).
A. M. Sullivan: New Ireland, 1830-1831 (1790-1791).
L. Levi: British Commerce, 1831 (1791).
Sir R. Blennerhassett: Ireland, 1832 (1792).
T. P. O’Connor: The Parnell Movement, 1832 (1792).
16. BANK OF ENGLAND; CHARTER ACT OF 1844:
T. B. Macaulay: History of England, 2253-2254 (2209-2210).
W. Bagehot: Lombard Street, 2254-2255 (2210-2211).
W. C. Taylor: Sir Robert Peel, 2260 (2216).
F. C. Montague: Life of Peel, 2260-2261 (2216-2217).
17. REPEAL OF THE CORN LAWS (A. D. 1846); PERFECTED FREE TRADE:
F. G. Montague: Sir Robert Peel, 3157-3158 (3073-3074).
L. Levi: History of British Commerce, 3158-3159 (3074-3075).
H. Martineau: History of Thirty Years' Peace, 3159 (3075).
W. N. Molesworth: History of England, 2293-2294 (2245-2246).
J. McCarthy: Epoch of Reform, 3160 (3076).
A. Mongredien: Free Trade Movement, 3160-3161 (3076-3077).
18. OVERTHROW OF PEEL; ADVENT OF DISRAELI (A. D. 1846):
J. McCarthy: Epoch of Reform, 989 (962).
J. A. Froude: Lord Beaconsfield, 989-990 (982-983).
19. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM (A. D. 1853-1855):
D. B. Eaton: Civil Service in Great Britain, 489-490 (475-476).
20. THE CRIMEAN WAR (A. D. 1853-1856):
S. Walpole: Foreign Relations, 2848-2849 (2774-2775).
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 2849-2850 (2775-2776).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 2850-2851 (2776-2777).
W. N. Molesworth: England, 2851-2852 (2777-2778).
21. ANGLO-FRENCH WAR WITH CHINA (A. D. 1856-1860):
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 439-441 (425-427).
22. SEPOY MUTINY IN INDIA (A. D. 1857-1858):
W. W. Hunter: Brief History of Indian People, 1779 (1740)
Lord Lawrence: Speech, 1779-1780 (1740-1741).
H. S. Cunningham: Earl Canning, 1780 (1741).
Sir O. T. Burne: Clyde and Strathnairn, 1780-1782 (1741-1743).
J. T. Wheeler: Short History, 1782-1783 (1743-1744).
R. B. Smith: Lord Lawrence, 1783-1784 (1744-1745).
W. N. Molesworth: History of England, 1784-1785 (1745-1746).
S Walpole: History of England, 1785-1786 (1746-1747).
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 1786 (1747).
23. ATTITUDE TOWARD THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (A. D. 1861-1865):
The Queen’s Proclamation of Neutrality, 3544 (3428).
Proclamation of President Lincoln, 3544 (3428).
The Case of the United States at Geneva, 3544-3545 (3428-3429).
J. Jay: The Great Conspiracy, 3545 (3429).
J. Watts: Facts of the Cotton Famine, 993-994 (966-967).
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24. FURTHER PARLIAMENTARY REFORM (A. D. 1865-1868):
A. H. McCalman: History of England, 994-995 (967-968).
B. C. Skottowe; History of Parliament, 995-996 (968-969).
D. W. Rannie: The English Constitution, 996 (969).
R. Wilson, Queen Victoria, 997 (970).
25. MR. GLADSTONE’S FIRST IRISH MEASURES (A. D. 1868-1870):
J. McCarthy: History of Our Own Times, 996-997 (969-970).
26. TREATY OF WASHINGTON; GENEVA ARBITRATION (A. D. 1869-1872):
B. J. Lossing: The Civil War, 30-31 (23-24).
Case of the United States Before Tribunal of Arbitration, 31 (24).
C. Cushing: The Treaty of Washington, 34(27); 35-36 (28-29).
Treaties and Conventions between United States and Other Powers, 34-35 (27-28).
27. IRISH POLITICS; THE HOME RULE PARTY; PARNELL; COERCION.—PHOENIX PARK MURDERS (A. D. 1873-1882).
J. H. McCarthy: Irish History, 1835-1836 (1795-1796).
J. H. McCarthy: England Under Gladstone, 1836-1837 (1797).
Summaries from The Times, 1837 (1797).
W. M. Pimblett: Political History, 1837-1838 (1798).
Cassell’s History of England, 1838 (1798).
28. ENGLAND IN SOUTH AFRICA (A. D. 1877-1881):
A. Trollope: South Africa, 3039-3040 (2961-2962).
J. H. McCarthy: England Under Gladstone, 3040-3002 (2962-2964).
J. F. Bright: History of England, 3042-3043 (2964-2965).
J. S. Keltie: Partition of Africa, 3043-3045 (2967).
29. THE WAR IN EGYPT (A. D. 1882-):
J. C. McCoan: Egypt, 788-789 (761-762).
H. Vogt: The Egyptian War, 790-792 (763-765).
J. E. Bowen: Conflict in Egypt, 792-794 (765-767).
A. E. Hake: Story of "Chinese" Gordon, 794-795, (767-768).
30. THE PARTITION OF AFRICA (A. D. 1884-1891):
A. S. White: Development of Africa, 21-23 (17-19).
31. THE THIRD REFORM BILL (A. D. 1884-1885):
W. Heaton: Three Reforms of Parliament, 999-1000 (972-973).
R. Gneist: Parliament in Transformation, 1000 (973).
W. A. Holdsworth: New Reform Act, 1005 (978).
Text of Third Reform Act, 1884, 1000-1004 (973-977).
32. GLADSTONE’S HOME RULE BILL FOR IRELAND (A. D. 1885-1886):
G. B. Smith: Prime Ministers of Queen Victoria, 1005 (978).
P. W. Clayden: England Under the Coalition, 1005-1007 (978-980); 1839-1840 (1799-1800).
J. Bryce: The Irish Question, 1838-1839 (1798-1799).
R. Johnston: The Queen’s Reign, 1840 (1800).
33. RETIREMENT OF GLADSTONE (A. D. 1892-1894):
Irish Home Rule Bill, 1007-1008 (980-981).
Earl of Rosebery Prime Minister,