Part 224

1552. French seizure of Les Trois Évéchés, Metz, Toul and Verdun. Treaty of Passau between the Emperor and the German Protestants. Unsuccessful efforts of the Emperor to recover Metz from the French. Ravages of the Turks on the coast of Italy and blockade of Naples by their galleys. Birth of Sir Walter Raleigh (d. 1618). Birth of Paolo Sarpi (d. 1623). Birth of Spenser [Uncertain date] (d. 1599 [Uncertain date]).

1553. Death of Edward VI. and accession of Queen Mary, in England; unsuccessful attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne. Battle of Sievershausen in Germany and death of Maurice of Saxony; religious Peace of Augsburg, giving religious supremacy to each German prince in his own dominions.

1554. Wyat's insurrection in England; execution of Lady Jane Grey; marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney (d. 1586).

1555. Beginning of Queen Mary's persecution of Protestants in England; burning of Rogers, Latimer and Ridley. Return of John Knox to Scotland. First act of the abdication of the Emperor, Charles V., performed in Brussels; accession of his son Philip in the Netherlands. Election of Pope Paul IV. (Cardinal Caraffa).

1556. Burning of Cranmer in England. Unsuccessful expedition of the duke of Guise against Naples. Completed abdication of all his crowns by Charles V.; succession of his son Philip II. in Spain, Naples and Milan; succession of his brother, Ferdinand I., to the imperial throne. Second Mongol victory at Panipat, by Akbar, founder of the Mongol or Mogul empire in India.

1557. Battle and siege of St. Quentin, with success for the Spaniards, invading France. Signing of the first Scottish Covenant by the Lords of the Congregation.

1558. Recovery of Calais by the French from the English. Death of Queen Mary and accession of Queen Elizabeth, in England. Marriage of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, to the French dauphin, afterwards Francis II.

1559. Passage of the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity in England. Treaties of Cateau Cambresis, restoring peace between France, Spain and England. Death of Henry II., king of France, and accession of Francis II.; dominating influence of the Guises in France. Institution of the Papal Index of prohibited books. Election of Pope Pius IV.

1560. Huguenot Conspiracy of Amboise, in France; death of Francis II. and accession of Charles IX., under the controlling influence of Catherine de' Medici. Death of Melancthon. Election of Pope Pius V. Successful rebellion of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation; adoption in Scotland of the Geneva Confession of Faith. Printing of the Geneva Bible. Birth of the Duke of Sully (d. 1641).

1561. Return of Queen Mary Stuart from France to Scotland. Birth of Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (d. 1626).

1562. First slave-trading voyage of John Hawkins. First attempt of Coligny to found a Huguenot colony in Florida. Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, beginning the War of Religion in France; capture of Orleans by Condé for the Huguenots; battle of Dreux. Birth of Lope de Vega (d. 1635).

1563. Assassination of the Duke of Guise while besieging Orleans; treaty and Edict of Amboise, restoring peace between Catholics and Huguenots in France. Closing of the Council of Trent. Publication of Foxe's "Book of Martyrs."

1564. Huguenot colony settled on the St. John's river in Florida. Death of the Emperor, Ferdinand I., and accession of his son Maximilian II., the tolerant emperor. Birth of Shakespeare (d. 1616). Birth of Marlowe (d. 1593). Birth of Galileo (d. 1642).

1565. Destruction of the Huguenot colony in Florida by the Spaniards; Spanish settlement of St. Augustine. Great defense of Malta against the Turks by the Knights of St. John. Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Lord Darnley.

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1566. Beginning of organized resistance to Philip II. in the Netherlands by the signing of "The Compromise" and formation of the league of the Gueux, or Beggars; rioting of image-breakers in Flemish cities. Sack of Moscow by the Crim Tatars. Murder of Rizzio, secretary to the queen of Scots. Publication of Udall's "Ralph Royster Doyster," the first printed English comedy.

1567. Renewal of the religious civil war in France; battle of St. Denis, before Paris, in which the Constable Montmorency was slain. Peace in Hungary with the Turks, and between the Emperor and Zapolya, rival claimants of the crown. Arrival of the duke of Alva, with his army, in the Netherlands; arrest of Egmont and Horn, and retirement of the Prince of Orange into Germany. Creation of Alva's Council of Blood. Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of the queen of Scots; marriage of the queen to Earl Bothwell; rising of the Scottish barons, imprisonment and deposition of the queen, and accession of her son, James VI. Birth of Saint Francis de Sales (d. 1622).

1568. Treacherous Peace of Longjumeau and gathering of Huguenots at Rochelle, joined there by Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre. Decree of the Inquisition condemning the whole population of the Netherlands to death; opening of war against the Spaniards by the Prince of Orange. Escape of Mary, queen of Scots, to England. Printing of the Bishop's Bible in England.

1569. Creation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the sovereignty of the Medici. Defeat of the French Huguenots at Jarnac and murder of Condé; choice of young Henry of Navarre for the Huguenot command; second Huguenot defeat at Moncontour.

1570. Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between the warring religions in France. Assassination of the regent, Murray, in Scotland, and outbreak of civil war. Publication of Ascham's "Scholemaster."

1571. Holy League of Venice, Spain and the Pope against the Turks; Turkish conquest of Cyprus; sea-fight of Lepanto and defeat of the Turks by Don John of Austria. Death of Zapolya in Hungary. The Thirty-nine Articles of the English Church made binding on the clergy. Birth of Kepler (d. 1630).

1572. Marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret of Valois; massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in France; death of Jeanne d'Albret; submission of Henry of Navarre and the young Prince of Condé to the Catholic Church. Election to the Hungarian throne of Rudolph, eldest son of the Emperor Maximilian. Capture of Brill by the "Beggars of the Sea," and rapid expulsion of the Spaniards from Holland and Zealand. Election of Pope Gregory XIII. Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland.

1573. Siege of the Huguenots gathered in Rochelle, followed by the Peace of Rochelle. Election of Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou, to the throne of Poland. Spanish siege and capture of Haarlem. Retirement of Alva from the Spanish command in the Netherlands and appointment of Requesens. Publication of Tusser's "Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry."

1574. Death of Charles IX. of France and accession of his brother, Henry III. (the lately crowned king of Poland). Siege and relief of Leyden, commemorated by the founding of the University. Birth of Ben Jonson (d. 1637).

1575. Election of Rudolph, the Emperor's son, to the throne of Bohemia, and, as King of the Romans, to the imperial succession. Election of Stephen Batory to the throne of Poland. Offer of the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen Elizabeth of England.

1576. Escape of Henry of Navarre from the French court and return to the Huguenots and their faith; negotiation of the Peace of Monsieur; rise of the Catholic League in France. Death of the Emperor, Maximilian II., and accession of his son Rudolph. Death of Requesens; the "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp and elsewhere; union of the Protestant and Catholic provinces of the Netherlands by the treaties called the Pacification of Ghent and the Union of Brussels; appointment of Don John of Austria to the Spanish government of the Netherlands. Birth of St. Vincent de Paul (d. 1660).

1577. The sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his voyage which encompassed the world. Renewed war and renewed peace between the religious factions in France. Publication, in England, of Holinshed's "Chronicle." Birth of Rubens (d. 1640).

1578. Death of Don John of Austria and appointment of Alexander Farnese, of Parma, Spanish governor of the Netherlands.

1579. Treaty of Nerac arranged by Catherine de' Medici with Henry of Navarre. Constitution of the United Provinces or Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; submission of the Walloon provinces of the Netherlands to the Spanish king.

1580. Final founding of the city of Buenos Ayres. Jesuit mission dispatched to England from the continent. Protestant persecution of Jesuits and Seminary priests in England. War of the Lovers, reopening the civil conflict in France; suspended by the Treaty of Fleix. Outlawry of the Prince of Orange by Philip II. of Spain, inviting his assassination. Seizure of the crown of Portugal by Philip II. of Spain. Publication of the first two books of Montaigne's Essays.

1581. Formal declaration of independence by the Dutch provinces of the Netherlands. The Second Covenant, or first National Covenant, in Scotland. Publication of Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata."

1582. Sovereignty of Brabant and other Netherland provinces conferred on the French duke of Anjou. Raid of Ruthven and confinement of King James, in Scotland. Founding of the University of Edinburgh.

1583. Colonizing expedition of Sir Humphrey Gilbert to Newfoundland, returning from which he perished. Treacherous attempt of Anjou to seize Antwerp. Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in most Catholic countries of Europe. Birth of Grotius (d. 1645). Birth of Oxenstiern (d. 1654). Birth of Wallenstein (d. 1634).

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1584. Assassination of the Prince of Orange by instigation of Philip II. of Spain.

1585. First colonizing attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh in America, at Roanoke. Alliance of the Catholic League of France with Philip II. of Spain, and renewal of war with the Huguenots; the War of the Three Henrys. Siege and capture of Antwerp by Parma. Practical recovery of Flanders and Brabant by the Spaniards. Arrival of the Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands with delusive aid from England. Election of Pope Sixtus V. Birth of Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642).

1586. Battle of Zutphen in the Netherlands and death of Sir Philip Sidney. Beginning of the reign in Persia of Shah Abbass, called the Great. Election of Sigismund of Sweden to the Polish throne. Publication of Camden's "Britannia."

1587. Second colony planted by Raleigh on Roanoke island. Execution of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, in England. Defeat of the Catholic League by Henry of Navarre at Coutras.

1588. Destruction of the Spanish Armada. Insurrection in Paris in favor of the duke of Guise; escape of the king (Henry III.) from Paris; assassination of the duke of Guise at Blois by order of the king; alliance of Henry III. with Henry of Navarre against the League. Birth of Hobbes (d. 1679).

1589. Death of Catherine de' Medici; siege of Paris by Henry III. and Henry of Navarre; assassination of Henry III., the last of the Valois, leaving Henry of Navarre (first of the Bourbons) the nearest heir to the French crown. Publication of the first volume of Hakluyt's "Voyages and Discoveries. "

1590. Continued war of the League, in France, against Henry of Navarre; his victory at Ivry and siege of Paris; summons of the duke of Parma from the Netherlands to save Paris from Henry. Publication of the first three books of Spenser's "Faerie Queene," Sidney's "Arcadia," and part of Marlowe's "Tamburlane."

1591. Siege of Rouen by Henry of Navarre and second interference by the Spaniards in aid of the League. Death of the duke of Parma.

1592. Election of Pope Clement VIII. Birth of Sir John Eliot [Uncertain date] (d. 1632).

1593. Abjuration of the Protestant religion by Henry of Navarre. Publication of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis."

1594. Coronation of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV., king of France, and his reception in Paris. Publication of four books of Hooker's" Ecclesiastical Polity" and Shakespeare's "Lucrece."

1595. Expulsion of Jesuits from Paris. War of the French king with Spain. First expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in search of El Dorado.

1596. Frightful defeat of the Austrians and Transylvanians by the Turks, on the plain of Cerestes, in Hungary. Capture of Cadiz by the Dutch and English. Birth of Descartes (d. 1650).

1597. Abolition of the privileges of the Hansa merchants in England. Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. Annexation of Ferrara to the States of the Church. Publication of Bacon's Essays, also of a pirated copy of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," and of the first editions of "King Richard II." and "King Richard III."

1598. The Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV., of France, securing religious freedom to the Huguenots; peace with Spain by the Treaty of Vervins. Publication of Shakespeare's" Love's Labor Lost," of Stowe's" Survey of London," and of Drayton's "England's Heroical Epistles."

1599. Birth of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658). Birth of Van Dyck (d. 1641). Birth of Velasquez (d. 1660).

1600. First charter granted to the English East India companies. Gowrie Plot in Scotland. Publication of Shakespeare's "King Henry V." (pirated and imperfect), "King Henry IV.," part 2, "Much Ado about Nothing," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Merchant of Venice." Death of Giordano Bruno at the stake. Birth of Calderon de la Barca (d. 1683 [Uncertain date]). Birth of Claude Lorraine (d. 1682).

Seventeenth Century.

1601. Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland. Enactment of the first English Poor Law.

1602. Chartering of the Dutch East India Company. Beginning of the long imprisonment of Sir Walter Raleigh in the Tower on charge of treason. First acting of Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Founding of the Bodleian Library. Birth of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1661).

1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth of England and accession of the Scottish king, James I. of England and VI. of Scotland. First publication of "Hamlet."

1604. Founding of a French colony at Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia). The Hampton Court Conference of King James with the English Puritans.

1605. Gunpowder plot of English Catholics against King and Parliament. Election of Pope Paul V. Death of Akbar, founder of the Mogul empire in India, and accession of Jahangir. Publication of Bacon's "Advancement of Learning," and part 1 of Cervantes' "Don Quixote."

1606. Charter granted by King James I. of England to the London and Plymouth companies, for American colonization. Venice placed under interdict by the Pope; beginning of the public service of Fra Paolo Sarpi. Peace of Sitvatorok, ending the war with the Turks in Hungary. Deposition of the Emperor Rudolph from the headship of the House of Austria, by a family conclave, in favor of his brother Matthias. Surrender of Austria and Hungary to Matthias by Rudolph. Organization of the Independent church of Brownists at Scrooby, England. Birth of Corneille (d. 1684). Birth of Rembrandt (d. 1669).

1607. Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. Migration of the Independents of Scrooby to Holland. Birth of Roger Williams [Uncertain date] (d. 1683).

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1608. Formation of the Evangelical Union among the Protestant princes of Germany. First French settlement, by Champlain, at Quebec. Publication of Shakespeare's "King Lear." Birth of Milton (d. 1674). Birth of Thomas Fuller (d. 1661). Birth of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (d. 1674).

1609. Discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson. Arrangement of a twelve years truce between Spain and the United Provinces. Final expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain. Opening of the Julich-Cleve contest in Germany. Settlement of the exiled Pilgrims of Scrooby at Leyden. Publication of the Douay translation of the Bible. The royal charter called the Letter of Majesty granted to Bohemia by Rudolph. Founding of the Bank of Amsterdam. Discovery by Champlain of the lake which bears his name. Construction of the telescope by Galileo and discovery of Jupiter's moons. [Uncertain date]

1610. Assassination of Henry IV. of France and accession of Louis XIII., under the regency of Marie de Medici. Formation of the Catholic League in Germany. Beginning of trade with the Indians on the Hudson by the Dutch. First acting of Shakespeare's "Macbeth"; publication of twelve books of Chapman's translation of the Iliad.

1611. Founding of Montreal by Champlain. Death of Charles IX., king of Sweden, and accession of Gustavus Adolphus. Publication in England of the King James or Authorized version of the Bible. Plantation of Ulster by English courtiers and London livery companies. Birth of Turenne (d. 1675).

1612. Death of the Emperor Rudolph and coronation of Matthias. Birth of Samuel Butler (d. 1680).

1613. Destruction of the French colony at Port Royal, Acadia, by Argall of Virginia. Election to the throne of Russia of Michael Romanoff, founder of the reigning dynasty. Birth of Jeremy Taylor (d. 1667). Birth of Gerard Dow (d. 1680 [Uncertain date]).

1614. Last meeting of the States General of France before the Revolution. Beginning of the extermination of Christianity in Japan. Publication of Raleigh's "History of the World." Birth of Cardinal de Retz (d. 1679).

1615. Visit of the first English ambassador to the court of the Great Mogul. Appearance at Frankfort-on-the-Main of the first known weekly newspaper, regularly printed and published. Birth of Salvator Rosa (d. 1673).

1616. Opening of war between Sweden and Poland. Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes.

1617. Election of Ferdinand, duke of Styria, to the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. Cession of territory on the Baltic to Sweden by Russia. Second expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in search of El Dorado. Opening of the famous reunions at the Hotel de Rambouillet.

1618. Rising of Protestants in Bohemia, beginning the Thirty Years War. Union of Prussia with the electorate of Brandenburg. Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. Adoption of the Five Articles of Perth by the Assembly of the Scottish Church. Birth of Murillo (d. 1682).

1619. Death of the Emperor Matthias, and succession in the Empire of his cousin, Ferdinand II., already for several years his imperial colleague, and also king of Bohemia and Hungary. Deposition of Ferdinand in Bohemia and election of Frederick, elector palatine, to the Bohemian throne. Meeting of the Synod of Dort and condemnation of Arminianism in the United Provinces. Trial and execution of John of Barneveldt. Introduction of slavery in Virginia. Birth of Colbert (d. 1683).

1620. Decisive defeat of the Protestants of Bohemia in the battle of the White Mountain, and flight of Frederick, the newly elected king. Annexation of Navarre and Bearn to France. Rising of the French Huguenots at Rochelle. Final migration of the Pilgrims from Leyden to America, landing at Plymouth in New England. Incorporation by King James I. of England of the Council for New England, successor to the Plymouth Company of 1606. Publication of Bacon's "Novum Organum."

1621. The Elector Palatine under the ban of the Empire. Invasion and subjugation of the Palatinate. Dissolution of the Evangelical Union. Peace of Montauban between the French king and the Huguenots. Renewed war of the United Provinces with Spain. Grant of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander. Formation of the Dutch West India Company. The first Thanksgiving Day in New England.

1622. Founding of the College of the Propaganda at Rome. Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason of a province embracing parts of New Hampshire and Maine. Appearance of the first known printed newspaper in England—"The Weekly Newes." Birth of Molière (d. 1673).

1623. Conquest and transfer of the Palatine electorate to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria. Erection of a fort on Manhattan Island by the Dutch West India Company. Publication of "The First Folio" edition of Shakespeare's plays. Birth of Pascal (d. 1662).

1624. Alliance of England, Holland and Denmark, to support the Protestants of Germany. Beginning of Richelieu's ministry, in France. Birth of George Fox (d. 1690).

1625. First Jesuit mission to Canada. Death of James I. of England, and accession of Charles I. Beginning of the English struggle between King and Parliament. Opening of the Valtelline War by Richelieu, to expel the Austrians and Spaniards from the Valtelline passes. Fresh insurrection of the French Huguenots. Engagement of Wallenstein and his army in the service of the Emperor against the Protestants.

1626. Peace of Monzon between France and Spain. End of the Valtelline War. Purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the Dutch West India Company.

1627. Seizure of a part of Brazil by the Dutch. Death of the Mogul Emperor Jahangir and accession of Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, at Agra. Alliance of England with the French Huguenots. Siege of Rochelle by Richelieu. Birth of Bossuet (d. 1704).

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