volume 6, pages 248-249.

"In frequent contiguity with the Tupis was another stock, also widely dispersed through Brazil, called the Tupuyas, of whom the Botocudos in eastern Brazil are the most prominent tribe. To them also belong the Ges nations, south of the lower Amazon, and others. They are on a low grade of culture, going quite naked, not cultivating the soil, ignorant of pottery, and with poorly made canoes. They are dolichocephalic, and must have inhabited the country a long time."

_D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pages 269-270._

{107}

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Turiero.

See above: CHIBCHAS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tuscaroras.

See above: IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY, and IROQUOIS TRIBES OF THE SOUTH.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Tuteloes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Twightwees, or Miamis.

See above: ILLINOIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Two Kettles.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uaupe.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uchean Family.

"The pristine homes of the Yuchi are not now traceable with any degree of certainty. The Yuchi are supposed to have been visited by De Soto during his memorable march, and the town of Cofitachiqui chronicled by him, is believed by many investigators to have stood at Silver Bluff, on the left bank of the Savannah, about 25 miles below Augusta. If, as is supposed by some authorities, Cofitachiqui was a Yuchi town, this would locate the Yuchi in a section which, when first known to the whites, was occupied by the Shawnee. Later the Yuchi appear to have lived somewhat farther down the Savannah."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 126._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uhilches.

See above: PAMPAS TRIBES.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uirina.

See above: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Uncpapas.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Upsarokas, or Absarokas, or Crows.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Utahs.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wabenakies, or Abnakis.

See above: ABNAKIS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wacos, or Huecos.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wahpetons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waiilatpuan Family.

"Hale established this family and placed under it the Cailloux or Cayuse or Willetpoos, and the Molele. Their headquarters as indicated by Hale are the upper part of the Walla Walla River and the country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 127._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waikas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wakashan Family.

"The above family name was based upon a vocabulary of the Wakash Indians, who, according to Gallatin, 'inhabit the island on which Nootka Sound is situated.' ... The term 'Wakash' for this group of languages has since been generally ignored, and in its place Nootka or Nootka-Columbian has been adopted. ... Though by no means as appropriate a designation as could be found, it seems clear that for the so-called Wakash, Newittee, and other allied languages usually assembled under the Nootka family, the term Wakash of 1836 has priority and must be retained."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, pages 129-130._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wampanoags, or Pokanokets.

See above: POKANOKETS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wapisianas.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wappingers.

See above: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Waraus.

See above: CARIBS AND THEIR KINDRED.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Washakis.

See above: SHOSHONEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES Washoan Family.

"This family is represented by a single well known tribe, whose range extended from Reno, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, to the lower end of Carson Valley."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 131._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wichitas, or Pawnee Picts.

See above: PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Winnebagoes.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wishoskan Family.

"This is a small and obscure linguistic family and little is known concerning the dialects composing it or of the tribes which speak it. ... The area occupied by the tribes speaking dialects of this language was the coast from a little below the mouth of Eel River to a little north of Mad River, including particularly the country about Humboldt Bay."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 133._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Witumkas.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Woccons.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Wyandots.

See above: HURONS.

Yamasis and Yamacraws.

See above: MUSKHOGEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yamco.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yanan Family.

"The eastern boundary of the Yanan territory is formed by a range of mountains a little west of Lassen Butte and terminating near Pit River; the northern boundary by a line running from northeast to southwest, passing near the northern side of Round Mountain, three miles from Pit River. The western boundary from Redding southward is on an average 10 miles to the east of the Sacramento. North of Redding it averages double that distance or about 20 miles."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 135._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yanktons and Yanktonnais.

See above: SIOUAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yncas, or Incas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuchi.

See above: UCHEAN FAMILY.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuguarzongo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yukian Family.

"Round Valley, California, subsequently made a reservation to receive the Yuki and other tribes, was formerly the chief seat of the tribes of the family, but they also extended across the mountains to the coast."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 136._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuman Family.

"The center of distribution of the tribes of this family is generally considered to be the lower Colorado and Gila Valleys."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 137._

See above: APACHE GROUP.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuncas.

See PERU.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Yuroks or Eurocs.

See above: MODOCS, &c.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zaporo.

See above: ANDESIANS.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Zoques, Mixes, etc.

"The greater part of Gaxaca [Mexico] and the neighboring regions are still occupied by the Zapytees, who call themselves Didja-za. There are now about 265,000 of them, about 50,000 of whom speak nothing but their native tongue. In ancient times they constituted a powerful independent state, the citizens of which seem to have been quite as highly civilized as any member of the Aztec family. They were agricultural and sedentary, living in villages and constructing buildings of stone and mortar. {108} The most remarkable, but by no means the only, specimens of these still remaining are the ruins of Mitla. ... The Mixtecs adjoined the Zapotecs to the west, extending along the coast of the Pacific to about the present port of Acapulco. In culture they were equal to the Zapotecs. ... The mountain regions of the isthmus of Tehuantepec and the adjacent portions of the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca are the habitats of the Zoques, Mixes, and allied tribes. The early historians draw a terrible picture of their valor, savagery and cannibalism, which reads more like tales to deter the Spaniards from approaching their domains than truthful accounts. However this may be, they have been for hundreds of years a peaceful, ignorant, timid part of the population, homely, lazy and drunken. ... The faint traditions of these peoples pointed to the South for their origin. ... The Chinantecs inhabited Chinantla, which is a part of the state of Oaxaca. ... The Chinantecs had been reduced by the Aztecs and severely oppressed by them. Hence they welcomed the Spaniards as deliverers. ... Other names by which they are mentioned are Tenez and Teutecas. ... In speaking of the province of Chiapas the historian Herrera informs us that it derived its name from the pueblo so-called, 'whose inhabitants were the most remarkable in New Spain for their traits and inclinations.' They had early acquired the art of horsemanship, they were skillful in all kinds of music, excellent painters, carried on a variety of arts, and were withal very courteous to each other. One tradition was that they had reached Chiapas from Nicaragua. ... But the more authentic legend of the Chapas or Chapanecs, as they were properly called from their totemic bird the Chapa, the red macaw, recited that the whole stock moved down from a northern latitude, following down the Pacific coast until they came to Soconusco, where they divided, one part entering the mountains of Chiapas, the other proceeding on to Nicaragua."

_D. G. Brinton, The American Race, pages 140-146._

ALSO IN _A. Bandelier, Report of Archæological Tour in Mexico._

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zoques.

See above: ZAPOTECS, ETC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: Zuñian Family.

"Derivation: From the Cochiti term Suinyi, said to mean 'the people of the long nails,' referring to the surgeons of Zuñi who always wear some of their nails very long (Cushing)."

_J. W. Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 138._

See, above, PUEBLOS; also, AMERICA: PREHISTORIC.

AMERICAN ABORIGINES: End----------

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1860 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER), and after.

Statistics of. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (MAY).

AMERICAN KNIGHTS, Order of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (OCTOBER).

AMERICAN PARTY, The.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

AMERICAN SYSTEM, The.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1816-1824.

AMHERST, Lord, The Indian Administration of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833.

AMHERST'S CAMPAIGNS IN AMERICA.

See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A. D. 1758 to 1760.

AMICITIÆ.

See GUILDS OF FLANDERS.

AMIDA, Sieges of.

The ancient city of Amida, now Diarbekr, on the right bank of the Upper Tigris was thrice taken by the Persians from the Romans, in the course of the long wars between the two nations. In the first instance, A. D. 359, it fell after a terrible siege of seventy-three days, conducted by the Persian king Sapor in person, and was given up to pillage and slaughter, the Roman commanders crucified and the few surviving inhabitants dragged to Persia as slaves. The town was then abandoned by the Persians, repeopled by the Romans and recovered its prosperity and strength, only to pass through a similar experience again in 502 A. D., when it was besieged for eighty days by the Persian king Kobad, carried by storm, and most of its inhabitants slaughtered or enslaved. A century later, A. D. 605, Chosroes took Amida once more, but with less violence.

_G. Rawlinson, Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, chapter 9, 19 and 24._

See, also, PERSIA: A. D. 226-627.

AMIENS.--Origin of name.

See BELGÆ.

AMIENS: A. D. 1597. Surprise by the Spaniards. Recovery by Henry IV.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1593-1598.

AMIENS: A. D. 1870. Taken by the Germans.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1870-1871.

AMIENS: End----------

AMIENS, The Mise of.

See OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF.

AMIENS, Treaty of (1527). Negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey, between Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of France, establishing an alliance against the Emperor, Charles V. The treaty was sealed and sworn to in the cathedral church at Amiens, Aug. 18, 1527.

_J. S. Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII.,