book 8, chapter 6-7 (volume 6).

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 501-493. The Ionian revolt and its suppression.

See PERSIA: B. C. 521-493.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 479. Athens assumes the protection of Ionia.

See ATHENS: B. C.479-478.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 477. Formation of Confederacy of Delos.

See GREECE: B. C. 478-477.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 413. Tribute again demanded from the Greeks by the Persian King. Conspiracy against Athens.

See GREECE: B. C. 413.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 413-412. Revolt of the Greek cities from Athens. Intrigues of Alcibiades.

See GREECE: B. C. 413-412.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 412. Re-submission to Persia.

See PERSIA: B. C. 486-405.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 401-400. Expedition of Cyrus the Younger, and Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

See PERSIA: B. C.401-400.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 399-387. Spartan war with Persia in behalf of the Greek cities. Their abandonment by the Peace of Antalcidas.

See GREECE: B. C. 399-387.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 334. Conquest by Alexander the Great.

See MACEDONIA: B. C. 334-330.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 301. Mostly annexed to the Thracian Kingdom of Lysimachus.

See MACEDONIA, &c.: B. C. 310-301.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 281-224. Battle-ground of the warring monarchies of Syria and Egypt. Changes of masters.

See SELEUCIDÆ.

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ASIA MINOR: B. C. 191. First Entrance of the Romans. Their defeat of Antiochus the Great. Their expansion of the kingdom of Pergamum and the Republic of Rhodes.

See SELEUCIDÆ B. C. 224-187.

ASIA MINOR: B. C. 120-65. Mithridates and his kingdom. Massacre of Italians. Futile revolt from Rome. Complete Roman Conquest.

See MITHRIDATIC WARS; also ROME: B. C.78-68. and 69-63.

ASIA MINOR: A. D. 292. Diocletian's seat of Empire established at Nicomedia.

See ROME: A. D. 284-305.

ASIA MINOR: A. D. 602-628. Persian invasions. Deliverance by Heraclius.

See ROME: A. D. 565-628.

ASIA MINOR: A. D. 1063-1092. Conquest and ruin by the Seljuk Turks.

See TURKS (SELJUKS): A. D. 1063-1073; and 1073-1092.

ASIA MINOR: A. D. 1097-1149. Wars of the Crusaders.

See CRUSADES: A. D. 1096-1099; and 1147-1149.

ASIA MINOR: A. D. 1204-1261. The Empire of Nicæa and the Empire of Trebizond.

See GREEK EMPIRE OF NICÆA.

ASIA MINOR: End----------

ASIENTO, OR ASSIENTO, The.

See SLAVERY: A. D. 1698-1776; UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714; AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, THE CONGRESS OF; ENGLAND: A. D. 1739-1741; and GEORGIA: A. D. 1738-1743.

ASKELON.

See PHILISTINES.

ASKLEPIADS.

"Throughout all the historical ages [of Greece] the descendants of Asklêpius [or Esculapius] were numerous and widely diffused. The many families or gentes called Asklêpiads, who devoted themselves to the study and practice of medicine, and who principally dwelt near the temples of Asklêpius, whither sick and suffering men came to obtain relief--all recognized the god, not merely as the object of their common worship, but also as their actual progenitor."

_G. Grote, History of Greece, part 1, chapter 9._

ASMONEANS, The.

See JEWS: B. C. 166-40.

ASOPIA.

See SICYON.

ASOV.

See AZOF.

ASPADAN.

The ancient name of which that of Ispahan is a corrupted form.

_G. Rawlinson. Five Great Monarchies: Media, chapter 1._

ASPERN--ESSLINGEN (OR THE MARCHFELD), Battle of.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE).

ASPIS, The.

See PHALANX.

ASPROMONTE, Defeat of Garibaldi at (1862).

See ITALY: A. D. 1862-1866.

ASSAM, English Acquisition of.

See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833.

ASSANDUN, Battle of.

The sixth and last battle, A. D. 1016, between Edmund Ironsides, the English King, and his Danish rival, Cnut, or Canute, for the Crown of England. The English were terribly defeated and the flower of their nobility perished on the field. The result was a division of the kingdom; but Edmund soon died, or was killed. Ashington, in Essex, was the battle-ground.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 979-1016.

ASSASSINATIONS, Notable. Abbas, Pasha of Egypt. See EGYPT: A. D. 1840-1869.

Alexander II. of Russia. See RUSSIA: A. D. 1879-1881.

Beatoun, Cardinal. See SCOTLAND: A, D. 1546.

Becket, Thomas. See ENGLAND: A. D.1162-1170,

Buckingham. See ENGLAND: A. D. 1628.

Cæsar. See ROME; B. C. 44.

Capo d'Istrea, Count, President of Greece. See GREECE: A. D. 1830-1862.

Cavendish, Lord Frederick, and Burke, Mr. See IRELAND: A. D. 1882.

Concini. See FRANCE: A. D. 1610-1619.

Danilo, Prince of Montenegro (1860). See MONTENEGRO.

Darnley. See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

Francis of Guise. See FRANCE: A. D. 1560-1563.

Garfield, President. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1881.

Gustavus III. of Sweden. See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1720-1792.

Henry of Guise. See FRANCE: A. D. 1584-1589.

Henry III. of France. See FRANCE; A. D. 1584-1589.

Henry IV. of France. See FRANCE: A. D. 1599-1600.

Hipparchus. See ATHENS: B. C, 560-510.

John, Duke of Burgundy. See FRANCE: A. D. 1415-1419.

Kleber, General. See FRANCE; A. D. 1800 (JANUARY-JUNE).

Kotzebue. See GERMANY; A. D. 1817-1820.

Lincoln, President. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1865 (APRIL 14TH).

Marat. See FRANCE: A. D. 1793 (JULY).

Mayo, Lord. See INDIA; A. D. 1862-1876.

Murray, The Regent. See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

Omar, Caliph. See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST, &c.: A. D. 661.

Paul, Czar of Russia. See RUSSIA: A. D. 1801.

Perceval, Spencer. See ENGLAND; A. D. 1806-1812.

Peter III. See RUSSIA: A. D. 1761-1762.

Philip of Macedon. See GREECE: B. C. 357-336.

Prim, General (1870). See SPAIN. A. D. 1866-1843.

Rizzio. See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1561-1568.

Rossi, Count. See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849.

Wallenstein (1634). See GERMANY: A. D. 1632-1634.

William the Silent. See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1581-1584.

Witt, John and Cornelius de. See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1672-1674.

ASSASSINS, The.

"I must here speak with the brevity which my limits prescribe of that wonderful brotherhood of the Assassins, which during the 12th and 13th centuries spread such terror through all Asia, Mussulman and Christian. Their deeds should be studied in Von Hammer's history of their order, of which however there is an excellent analysis in Taylor's _History of Mohammedanism._ The word Assassin, it must be remembered, in its ordinary signification, is derived from this order, and not the reverse. The Assassins were not so called because they were murderers, but murderers are called assassins because the Assassins were murderers. The origin of the word Assassin has been much disputed by oriental scholars; but its application is sufficiently written upon the Asiatic history of the 12th century. The Assassins were not, strictly speaking, a dynasty, but rather an order, like the Templars; only the office of Grand-Master, like the Caliphate, became hereditary. They were originally a branch of the Egyptian Ishmaelites [see MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 908-1171] and at first professed the principles of that sect. But there can be no doubt that their inner doctrine became at last a mere negation of all religion and all morality. 'To believe nothing and to dare everything' was the summary of their teaching. Their exoteric principle, addressed to the non-initiated members of the order, was simple blind obedience to the will of their superiors. If the Assassin was ordered to take off a Caliph or a Sultan by the dagger or the bowl, the deed was done; if he was ordered to throw himself from the ramparts, the deed was done likewise. ... Their founder was Hassan Sabah, who, in 1090, shortly before the death of Malek Shah, seized the castle of Alamout--the Vulture's nest--in northern Persia, whence they extended their possessions over a whole chain of mountain fortresses in that country and in Syria. The Grand-Master was the Sheikh-al-Jebal, the famous Old Man of the Mountain, at whose name Europe and Asia shuddered."

_E. A. Freeman, History and Conquests of the, Saracens, lecture 4._

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"In the Fatimide Khalif of Egypt, they [the Assassins, or Ismailiens of Syria and Persia] beheld an incarnate deity. To kill his enemies, in whatever way they best could, was an action, the merit of which could not be disputed, and the reward for which was certain." Hasan Sabah, the founder of the Order, died at Alamout A. D. 1124. "From the day he entered Alamut until that of his death--a period of thirty-five years--he never emerged, but upon two occasions, from the seclusion of his house. Pitiless and inscrutable as Destiny, he watched the troubled world of Oriental politics, himself invisible, and whenever he perceived a formidable foe, caused a dagger to be driven into his heart." It was not until more than a century after the death of its founder that the fearful organization of the Assassins was extinguished (A. D. 1257) by the same flood of Mongol invasion which swept Bagdad and the Caliphate out of existence.

_R. D. Osborn, Islam under the Khalifs of Bagdad,