Chapter 16

~v. Roietzky.~ Contributions à l'étude de la fonction hæmatopoïétique de moëlle osseuse. _Arch. des sciences biol. Pétersbourg_, 1877. T. V.

~Sadler.~ Klinische Untersuchungen über die Zahl der corpusculären Elemente und den Hæmoglobingehalt des Blutes. (Quoted by ~Türk~.) _Fortschr. d. Med._ 1892.

~Schauman.~ Zur Kenntniss der sogenannten Bothriocephalus-Anæmie. _Berlin_, 1894.

---- und Rosenquist. Zur Frage über die Einwirkung des Höhenklimas auf die Blutbeschaffenheit (Prelim. Comm.). _Congr. f. inn. Med._ 1896, no. 22.

~Schiff.~ Über das quantitative Verhalten der Blutkörperchen und des Hæmoglobins bei neugeborenen Kindern und Säuglingen unter normalen und pathologischen Verhältnissen. _Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde_, 1890, vol. II.

~Schimmelbusch.~ Die Blutplättchen und die Blutgerinnung. _Virchow's Archiv_, 1885, vol. CI.

~Schmaltz.~ Die Untersuchung des specifischen Gewichtes des menschlichen Blutes. _Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med._ 1891, vol. XLVII.

---- Die Pathologie des Blutes und der Blutkrankheiten. _Leipzig_, 1896.

~Schmidt, A.~ Demonstration mikroscopischer Präparate zur Pathologie des Asthma. _Congr. f. inn. Med._

~Schultze, Max.~ Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchung des Blutes. _Arch. f. mikr. Anat._ 1865, vol. I.

~Schultze, O.~ Die vitale Methylenblaureaction der Zellgranula. _Anatom._ _Anzeiger_, 1887.

~Schumburg and Zuntz, N.~ Zur Kenntniss der Einwirkungen des Hochgebirges auf den menschlichen Organismus. _Pflüger's Archiv_, 1896, vol. LXIII.

~Seige.~ Über einen Fall von Ankylostomiasis. _Inaug. Dissert._ _Berlin_, 1892.

~Spilling.~ See ~Ehrlich~, Farbenanalytische Untersuchungen.

~Stiénon.~ Recherches sur la leucocytose dans la Pneumonie aigue. _Bruxelles_, 1895.

---- De la leucocytose dans les maladies infectueuses. _Bruxelles_, 1896.

~Stierlin.~ Blutkörperchenzählung und Hæmoglobinbestimmung bei Kindern. _Deutsches Arch. f. klin. Med._ 1889, vol. XLV.

~Stintzing und Gumprecht.~ Wassergehalt und Trockensubstanz des Blutes beim gesunden und kranken Menschen. _Deutsches Arch. f. klin. Med._ 1894, vol. XLIII.

~Tarchanoff, J. R.~ Die Bestimmung der Blutmenge am lebenden Menschen. _Pflüger's Archiv_, vols. XXIII, XXIV.

~Teichmann.~ Mikroscopische Beiträge zur Lehre von der Fettresorption. _Inaug. Dissert._ _Breslau_, 1891.

~Thoma und Lyon.~ Über die Methode der Blutzählung. _Virchow's Archiv_, vol. LXXXIV.

~Troje.~ Über Leukæmie und Pseudoleukæmie. _Berl. klin. Woch._ 1892, no. 12.

~Tschistowitsch.~ Sur la quantité des leucocytes du sang dans les pneumonies fibrineuses à issue mortelle. Review: _Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch._ 1894, no. 39.

~Türk.~ Klinische Untersuchungen über das Verhalten des Blutes bei acuten Infectionskrankheiten. _Wien u. Leipzig_, 1898.

~Unger.~ Das Colostrum. _Virchow's Archiv_, vol. CLI. 1898.

~Unna.~ Über mucinartige Bestandtheile der Neurofibrome und des Centralnervensystems. _Monatshefte f. prakt. Dermatologie_, 1894, vol. XVIII.

~Uskoff~, and the papers of his pupils. See _Archiv des sciences biologiques_, _St Pétersbourg_.

~Uthemann.~ Zur Lehre von der Leukæmie. _Inaug. Dissert._ _Berlin_, 1888.

~Viault.~ Sur l'augmentation considérable du nombre des globules rouges dans le sang chez des habitants des hauts-plateaux de l'Amérique du Sud. _Compt. rend. d. l'Acad. des Sciences_, III.

~Virchow.~ Weisses Blut (Leukæmie). _Virchow's Archiv_, vol. I.

---- Cellular-Pathologie. 4th Ed. _Berlin_, 1871.

~Waldstein.~ Beobachtungen an Leucocyten u. s. w. _Berl. klin. Woch._ 1895, no. 17.

~Weiss.~ Hæmatologische Untersuchung. _Wien_, 1896.

---- Über den angeblichen Einfluss des Höhenklimas auf die Hæmoglobinbildung. _Zeitschr. f. phys. Chem._ 1896-1897, vol. XXII.

~Wendelstadt, H. und Bleibtreu, L.~ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der quantitativen Zusammensetzung des Menschenblutes unter pathologischen Verhältnissen. _Zeitschr. f. klin. Med._ 1894, vol. XXV.

---- ---- Bestimmung des Volumens und des Stickstoffgehaltes des einzelnen roten Blutkörperchens in Pferde- und Schweineblut. _Pflüger's Archiv_, vol. LII.

~Westphal.~ Über Mastzellen. _Inaug. Dissert._ _Berlin_, 1880. (Cp. ~Ehrlich~, Farbenanalytische Untersuchungen.)

~Winternitz.~ Weitere Untersuchungen über Veränderungen des Blutes unter thermischen Einwirkungen. _Wiener klin. Woch._ 1893, no. 47.

~Wolff, F. und Koeppe.~ Über Blutuntersuchungen in Reiboldsgrün. _Münch. med. Woch._ 1893, no. 11.

~Wright.~ Remarks on methods of increasing and diminishing the coagulability of the blood. _Brit. Med. Journal_, 1894.

~Zangemeister.~ Ein Apparat für colorimetrische Messungen. _Zeitschr. f. Biologie_, 1896, vol. XXII.

~Zappert, J.~ Über das Vorkommen der eosinophilen Zellen im anæmischen Blut. _Zeitschr. f. klin. Med._ vol. XXIII. (Literature.)

---- Neuerliche Beobachtungen über das Vorkommen des Ankylostomum duodenale bei den Bergleuten. _Wiener klin. Woch._ 1892, no. 24.

~Zenoni, C.~ Über das Auftreten kernhaltiger roter Blutkörperchen im circulierenden Blut. _Virchow's Archiv_, 1895, vol. CXX.

~Zesas, G.~ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Blutveränderung bei entmilzten Menschen und Tieren. _Langenbech's Arch._ 1883, vol. XXVIII.

FOOTNOTES:

[37] Owing to the enormous extent of hæmatological literature, we have been able to refer only to more recent publications. We have, however, indicated several papers, in which bibliographies of particular parts of the subject are to be found.

INDEX.

Active leucocytosis, 142

Acute lymphatic leukæmia, 170

---- ---- ---- marrow in, 118

Acute swelling of red corpuscles, 23

Administration of iron, 16

Agony leucocytosis, 146

Alexines, 139

Alkali distribution in blood, 47

---- test for in blood, 46

Anæmia, 1

---- bothriocephalus, 65

---- definition, 2

---- hæmoglobin in, 49

---- iron in blood and organs in, 16

---- isotonic point of corpuscles in, 25

---- leukopenia in, 189

---- pernicious _see_ Pernicious anæmia

---- platelets in, 193

---- posthæmorrhagic, 49, 51

---- ---- erythroblasts in, 51

---- ---- platelets in, 193

---- pseudoleukæmica infantum, 77

---- pulse in, 3

---- retinal vessels in, 3

---- specific gravity of blood in, 18

---- volume of corpuscles in, 23

Anæmic degeneration of corpuscles, 49-52

---- leucocytosis, 146

Arsenurietted hydrogen, leucocytosis from, 145

Asthma

---- eosinophilia in, 150, 158

---- sputum in, 157

---- suppuration in, 160

Atypical leucocytes, 77-80

---- in leukæmia, 179

Basic double staining, 38

Baths, leucocytosis from, 144

Bioblasts, theory of, 128

Birds, eosinophil cells of, 107, 130

Blood, quantity of, 2

---- ---- in anæmias, 3

---- specific gravity of, 17

Blood corpuscles, enumeration of, 5, 6

---- ---- enumeration of in anæmia, 12

Blood corpuscles, estimation of, 12

---- ---- red _see_ Red blood corpuscles

---- ---- volume of, 13

---- ---- white _see_ Leucocytes

---- count, factors in, 11

---- crises, 62

---- dust, 193

---- platelets, 190

---- ---- alkali in, 47

---- ---- in chlorosis, 193

---- ---- origin of, 192

---- poisons, leucocytosis from, 145

Bone-marrow, 105, 112

---- ---- carcinoma of, 178

---- ---- cells of, in various animals, 106

---- ---- changes in anæmia, 117

---- ---- changes in lymphatic leukæmia, 118

---- ---- changes in pernicious anæmia, 117, 129

---- ---- connection with leucocytosis, 155

---- ---- connection with leukopenia, 189

---- ---- development of leucocytes in, 108-110

---- ---- giant cells in, 107

---- ---- of dog, 114

---- ---- protective organ, 111

---- ---- tumours of, 115

Cachectic leucocytosis, 146

Camphor, eosinophilia from administration of, 154

Catarrhal jaundice, volume of corpuscles in, 23

Charcot's crystals, 151

Chemiotaxis, 139

Chemiotaxis, positive, 139

---- negative, 140

Chenzinsky's fluid, 43

Chloroform narcosis, leucocytosis from, 145

Chlorosis, platelets in, 193

Coagulation, rate of, 23

---- connection with platelets, 192, 193

---- in purpura, 193

Coagulometer, 23

Compensatory eosinophilia, 154

Congenital syphilis, leucocytosis in, 147

Corpuscles, at high altitudes, 8

---- enumeration of, 5

---- influences on, 7

---- red _see_ Red corpuscles

---- volume of, 21

---- white _see_ Leucocytes

Crisis, blood, 62

---- in infective fevers, 145

Diabetes, glycogen in blood in, 75

Differential count of corpuscles, 31

---- staining, theory of, 37

Digestion, leucocytosis of, 102

Diphtheria, myelocytes in, 78, 146

Dog, bone-marrow in, 114

Dry preparations, 32

---- substance of blood, 20

Dühring's disease, eosinophilia in, 156

Electricity, resistance to, of corpuscles, 25

Enumeration of corpuscles, 5, 31

---- ---- ---- in anæmia, 12

Eosine-methylene blue methods, 43

Eosinophil cells, 78, 185

Eosinophil cells after splenectomy, 89, 94

---- ---- development of, 109

---- ---- in birds, 130

---- ---- in leukæmia, 176, 177

---- ---- in malignant lymphoma, 163

---- ---- in mammary glands, 163

---- ---- origin of, 160, 161

---- ---- secretion in, 134

---- leucocytosis, 148

---- ---- causes of, 165

---- ---- distinction from leukæmia, 178

---- ---- occurrence, 150-154, 158

---- ---- origin of, 154

---- myelocytes, 78

---- ---- in leukæmia, 174

Erythroblasts, in leukæmia, 180

---- in spleen, 99

---- nuclei of, 57, 61

---- origin of, 55

---- varieties of, 55, 56

Exercise, leucocytosis from, 144

Ferrometer, 16

Fevers, complication of leukæmia, 177, 181

---- leucocytosis in, 144, 146

---- spleen in, 98

Fixation of films, 34

Formalin as fixative, 35

Giant cells in bone-marrow, 107

Gigantoblasts, 56

Glycogen in gonorrhoeal pus, 46

---- in platelets, 192

Glycogen in polynuclear leucocytes, 75

---- stain for, 45

Gonorrhoeal pus, glycogen in, 46

---- ---- mast cells in, 160

Granulation, absence of, 118, 129, 182

---- chemical nature of, 134

---- ripening of, 108

Granules, 121

---- connection with emigration, 132

---- distribution of, 130

---- function of, 127

---- history of, 121-130

---- intravital staining of, 124

---- intravital staining of by neutral red, 125

---- reaction of, 126

---- secretory nature of, 134

---- specificity of, 133

---- survival staining of, 125

Guinea-pig, leucocytes in, 85, 112

Hæmatocrit, 21

Hæmatocytometer, 4

Hæmatoxylin-eosine mixture, 42

Hæmoconiæ, 193

Hæmoglobin, amount of, 13

---- connection with specific gravity, 18

---- equivalent in anæmias, 49

---- estimation of, 14-17

Hæmoglobinometer, 15

Hæmorrhages, acute, 51

Hæmorrhagic small-pox, pseudo-lymphocytes in, 79

Hayem's solution, 5

Heat as fixative agent, 34

Hedgehog, splenectomy in, 107

Helminthiasis, eosinophilia in, 150

High altitudes, erythrocytes at, 8-12

---- ---- poikilocytosis at, 9

Hodgkin's disease (malignant lymphoma), 101, 102

---- ---- eosinophil cells in, 165

Hyaline cells _see_ Large mononuclear leucocytes

Hygræmometry, 20

Infectious diseases, leucocytosis in, 146, 147

---- ---- myelocytes in, 77

---- ---- splenic enlargement in, 99

Intestinal diseases, leucocytosis in, 102

Intravital staining, 124

Iron, administration of, 16

---- connection of, with hæmoglobin, 16-18

---- in blood, 16

---- in eosinophil cells, 134

Isotonic point of corpuscles, 25

Jenner's stain, 44

Kresyl-violet-R, metachromatism with, 76

Kurloff's researches, 85

Lactation, eosinophil cells in, 163

---- mast cells in, 163

Large mononuclear leucocytes, 73, 112, 185 ---- mononuclear leucocytes in measles, 113

Leucocytes, 71

Leucocytes, atypical forms, 77, 179

---- enumeration of, 5

---- in birds, 131

---- in guinea-pig, 85-87, 112

---- places of origin, 81

Leucocytosis, 138

---- active, 142

---- agony, 146

---- cachectic, 146

---- chemically produced, 189

---- classification of, 142

---- diagnostic importance of, 146

---- eosinophil _see_ Eosinophil leucocytosis

---- function of bone-marrow, 110

---- in anæmia, 146; congenital syphilis, 147; measles, 113, 145, 189; parotitis, 144; pneumonia, 144, 174; rheumatism, 144; tumours of bone-marrow, 116; typhoid, 146, 189

---- mixed, 143, 167

---- of digestion, 102

---- origin of, 146

---- passive, 142

---- physiological, 144

---- polynuclear neutrophil, 143

---- theories of, 138

Leukæmia, acute lymphatic, 118, 170; chronic, 170; suppuration in, 105

---- myelogenic, 169

---- ---- atypical cases, 182

Leukæmia, myelogenic, atypical leucocytes in, 179

---- ---- characteristics of, 174-181

---- ---- complicated with other diseases, 174, 181

---- ---- contrasted with eosinophilia, 178

---- ---- contrasted with pneumonia, 174

---- ---- diagnosis from blood, 171

---- ---- eosinophilia in, 176

---- ---- mast cells in, 179

---- ---- mitoses in, 180

---- ---- mononuclear eosinophils in, 175

---- ---- myelocytes in, 174

---- ---- origin of blood condition, 183, 187

---- ---- pleuritic exudation in, 186

---- ---- polynuclear myelocytes in, 175

Leukopenia, 188-190

---- experimental, 140

---- in various diseases, 189

Liver, granules in, 127

Lymphæmia _see_ Lymphocytosis

Lymphatic glands, 100

---- ---- myelocytes in, 110

Lymphocytes, 71

---- in disease of lymphatic glands, 101; lymphatic tumours, 101; polynuclear leucocytosis, 143

Lymphocytosis, 101, 103, 144

---- after splenectomy, 90, 94

---- causes of, 101-103

---- in leukæmia, 170

---- origin of, 104

Lymphoma malignum (Hodgkin's disease), 101, 102

Malignant tumours, eosinophilia from, 153

Mast cells, 76, 160

---- ---- halo round, 135

---- ---- in gonorrhoea, 162; leukæmia, 179; purpura (horse), 136

---- ---- in skin, 160

---- ---- origin of, 162

---- ---- secretion in, 135

Measles, leukopenia in, 145, 189

Medicinal eosinophilia, 154

Megaloblasts, 56-62

---- in bothriocephalus anæmia, 65; leukæmia, 180; pernicious anæmia, 62, 66; tumours of bone-marrow, 117

Megalocytes, 64

Metachromatism in mast cells, 76

Methylal method, 44

Microblasts, 57

Mitoses in leukæmic blood, 180

Mononuclear leucocytes, 73, 112, 116

---- ---- origin of, 113

---- ---- power of motion, 185

Mouse, polynuclear cells in, 131

---- spleen in, 99

Myelæmia, origin of, 183, 187

Myelocytes, 77, 110

---- importance in blood, 110; in diphtheria, 78

---- in anæmia pseudoleukæmica infantum, 77; bone-marrow tumours, 117; leukæmia, 174; lymphatic glands, 110; lymphatic leukæmia, 118; pneumonia, 78

Myelocytes, eosinophil, 78, 175

Myelogenic leukæmia _see_ Leukæmia, myelogenic

Nasal polypi, eosinophil cells in, 159

Neutral red, 125

Neutrophil granulation, absence of, 118, 129

Neutrophil leucocytes _see_ Polynuclear neutrophil leucocytes

Neutrophil pseudolymphocytes, 79

Normoblasts, 56, 57-62

---- in anæmias, 62; leukæmia, 180

Nose, diseases of, eosinophil cells in, 159

Nucleated red corpuscles _see_ Erythroblasts

Old granulations, 109

Oligæmia, 2

Oligochromæmia, 2

Oligocythæmia, 2

Ozonophores, 129

Pacini's solution, 5

Paralysis, unilateral, corpuscles in, 6

Parotitis, leucocytosis in, 144

Passive leucocytosis, 142

Pemphigus bullæ, 156

---- ---- eosinophilia in, 150

Pernicious anæmia, bone-marrow in, 129

Pernicious anæmia, hæmoglobin equivalent in, 49

---- ---- megaloblasts in, 63, 65

---- ---- prognosis, 66

Phagocytosis, 139

Phosphorus poisoning, spleen in, 98

Pilocarpine, lymphocytosis from, 103

Platelets _see_ Blood platelets

Pleuritic exudations, in leukæmia, 186

---- ---- pseudo-lymphocytes in, 79

Pneumonia, contrast with leukæmia, 174

---- glycogen reaction in, 75

---- leucocytosis in, 141, 146, 152

---- myelocytes in, 174

Poikilocytosis, 52

---- at high altitudes, 9

---- explanation of, 54

---- from heating, 54

Polychromatophil degeneration, 49

Polynuclear neutrophil leucocytes, 74, 112, 185

---- ---- ---- diminution of in lymphatic leukæmia, 118; in myelogenic leukæmia, 182

---- ---- ---- increase of _see_ Leucocytosis

---- ---- ---- movement in, 184

---- ---- ---- secretion in, 137

Post-febrile eosinophilia, 152

Posthæmorrhagic anæmia, blood in, 51

---- ---- ---- platelets in, 193

Potassium chlorate, leucocytosis from, 155

Pregnancy, leucocytosis in, 144

Pseudo-eosinophil cells, 85, 133

---- ---- ---- secretion in, 137

Pseudo-lymphocytes, 79

Purpura, of horse, mast cells in, 136

---- platelets in, 193

Pyknosis, 61

Pyrodin, leucocytosis from, 145

Quadratic ocular diaphragm, 31

Quantity of blood, estimation of, 2

Red corpuscles, 48

---- ---- acute swelling of, 21

---- ---- at high altitudes, 8-12

---- ---- connection with spleen, 99

---- ---- in anæmia, 49-57

---- ---- isotonic point of, 25

---- ---- nucleated _see_ Erythroblasts

---- ---- number of, in health, 7

---- ---- number of differences in age, 7; in sex, 7; food, 7; from vasomotor influences, 11

---- ---- polychromatophil degeneration in, 49

---- ---- size of, 12

---- ---- volume of, 21

Retinal vessels in anæmia, 3

Rheumatic fever, leucocytosis in, 152

Scarlet fever, leucocytosis in, 146

---- ---- lymphatic glands in, 110

Separation of serum, 24

Serum, specific gravity of, 20

Sex, influence on red corpuscles, 7

---- ---- specific gravity of blood, 17

Shock, effect of, on specific gravity of blood, 18

Size of red corpuscles, 12

Skin diseases, eosinophilia in, 150

Small-celled infiltration, 105

Specific gravity of blood, 17

---- ---- ---- ---- connection with hæmoglobin, 18

---- ---- ---- ---- in anæmias, 18

---- ---- ---- ---- influences acting on, 18

---- ---- ---- ---- of serum, 20

Spleen, 84

---- as blood forming organ, 84, 99

---- enlargement of, in fevers and phosphorus poisoning, 98

---- excision of _see_ Splenectomy

---- functions of, 98

---- in guinea-pig, 91, 93, 99

---- tumours of, 97, 98

Splenectomy, effect of on blood in hedgehog, 107; in guinea-pig, 88; in man, 93, 95, 96, 113

Staining, theory of, 36

---- vital, 124

Stimulation forms of leucocytes, 79

Stroma of corpuscles, influence on specific gravity of blood, 19

Suppuration in lymphatic leukæmia, 104; in myelogenic, 177; in pemphigus, 157

Survival staining, 125

Thyroid, changes after splenectomy, 84

Time of life, influence of, on corpuscles, 7

Toxic leucocytosis, 145

Transitional forms of leucocytes, 74, 112

Triacid stain, 42, 131

Trichinosis, eosinophilia in, 152

Tropics, influence of, on red corpuscles, 12

Tuberculin injections, eosinophilia from, 152

---- ---- lymphocytosis in, 103

Tumours of bone-marrow, 115

Typhoid fever, leukopenia in, 146, 189

Urticaria, eosinophilia in, 150

Vital staining, 124

Volume of corpuscles, 21

White blood corpuscles _see_ Leucocytes

Whooping cough, lymphocytosis in, 103

Worms _see_ Helminthiasis

Wright's coagulometer, 24

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.