Histology of medicinal plants

Illumination 26 Micro lamp 27 Care of the microscope 28 Preparation of specimens for cutting 28 Paraffin imbedding oven 30 Paraffin blocks 31 Cutting sections 31 Hand microtome...

Temporary mounts 41 Permanent mounts 41 Cover glasses 43 Glass slides 44 Forceps 45 Needles 46 Scissors 46 Turntable 46 Labeling 47 Preservation of mounted specimens 48 Slide bo...

Leaf epidermis 59 Testa epidermis 63 Plant hairs 66 Forms of hairs 67 Papillæ 67 Unicellular hairs 69 Multicellular hairs 72 Periderm 80 Cork periderm 80 Stone cell periderm 85...

Bast fibres 89 Crystal bearing bast fibres 90 Porous and striated bast fibres 92 Porous and non-striated bast fibres 96 Non-porous and striated bast fibres 96 Non-porous and non...

Vessels and tracheids 126 Annular vessels 127 Spiral vessels 127 Sclariform vessels 128 Reticulate vessels 131 Pitted vessels 131 Pitted vessels with bordered pores 131 Sieve tu...

Chlorophyll 182 Leucoplastids 183 Starch grains 183 Occurrence 184 Outline 185 Size 185 Hilum 185 Nature of hilum 188 Inulin 194 Mucilage 194 Hesperidin 196 Volatile oil 196 Tan...

PAGE FIG. 1. Tripod Magnifier 4 FIG. 2. Watchmaker’s Loupe 4 FIG. 3. Folding Magnifier 4 FIG. 4. Reading Glass 4 FIG. 5. Steinheil Aplanatic Lens 5 FIG. 6. Dissecting Microscope...

The construction and use of the =simple microscope= (magnifiers) undoubtedly date back to very early times. There is sufficient evidence to prove that spheres of glass were used...

The =compound microscope= has undergone wonderful changes since 1667, the days of Robert Hooke. When we consider the crude construction and the limitations of Robert Hooke’s mic...

Microscopic measurements are made by the =ocular micrometer= (Fig. 21). This consists of a circular piece of transparent glass on the centre of which is etched a one- or two-mil...

In beginning work with the compound microscope, place the base of the microscope opposite your right shoulder, if you are right-handed; or opposite your left shoulder, if you ar...

Little attention is given in the present work to micro-chemical reactions for the reason that their value has been much overrated in the past. A few reagents will be found usefu...

The method of procedure in mounting specimens for study varies according to the nature of the specimen, its preliminary treatment, and the character of the mount to be made. As...

The =cell= is the unit of structure of all plants. In fact the cell is the plant in many of the lower forms--so called unicellular plants. All plants, then, consist of one or mo...

The epidermis of most leaves, stems of herbs, seeds, fruits, floral organs, and young woody stems consists of a single layer of cells which form an impervious outer covering, wi...

The =mechanical tissues= of the plant form the framework around which the plant body is built up. These tissues are constructed and placed in such a manner in the different orga...

Most plants obtain the greater part of their food, first, from the soil in the form of a watery solution, and, secondly, from the air in the form of a diffusible gas. In a few c...

All cells of which the primary or secondary function is that of conduction are included under conducting tissue. It will be understood how important the conducting tissue is whe...

The =aerating tissue= of the plant performs a threefold function: first, it permits the exchange of gases during photosynthesis; secondly, it permits the entrance of oxygen and...

Under synthetic tissue are grouped all tissues and cells which form substances or compounds other than protoplasm. Such compounds are stored either in special cavities or in the...

Most drug plants contain storage products because they are collected at a period of the year when the plant is storing, or has stored, reserve products. These products are store...

Chloroplasts are mostly oval in longitudinal view and rounded in cross-section view. Each chlorophyll grain has an extremely thin outer wall, which encloses the protoplasmic sub...

In Part II the different types of cells and cell contents found in plants have been studied. In Part III it will be shown how these different cells are associated and the nature...

Some fifty-five roots, rhizomes, and rhizomes and roots are official in the pharmacopœia and national formulary. About 5 of these are obtained from monocotyledonous plants, and...

When studying stems it should first be determined whether they were derived from monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants. This fact is ascertained by determining the type of t...

herb or from a woody plant. This fact is readily determined because herbaceous stems have a true epidermis, masses of collenchyma at the angles of the stem. The cortical cells c...

The cross-section of a buchu stem (Plate C), 1.6 millimeters in diameter, shows a few of the epidermal cells modified into thick-walled, roughish, unicellular trichomes (1). The...

Barks are all obtained from dicotyledonous plants. In studying barks there should be ascertained the thickness, arrangement, form, structure, color, and cell contents of the cel...

When studying woods it is necessary to observe the cross, tangential, and radial sections. Such sections of quassia are shown in Plates 105, 106, and 107. When studying these se...

Leaves collectively constitute the greatest manufacturing plant in the world. Most of the food, clothing, and medicine used by man is formed as a result of the work of the leaf....

The histological structure of flowers is readily seen in the powder; therefore, in studying flowers, it is not necessary to section the various parts. Each part of the flower sh...

There is great variation in the structure of fruits, such a variation, in fact, that no one fruit has a structure typical of all the other fruits. Each fruit, however, has a per...

Seeds are very variable in structure, so much so, in fact, that scarcely any two seeds have a similar structure. It is necessary, therefore, when examining seeds, to compare the...

Having familiarized ourselves with the different types of mechanical and conducting cells, we shall now consider the different ways in which these cells are associated to form t...