iv. Measurements illustrative of the degree of prominence

of the upper jaw are two in number, and are made with the callipers. The two measurements start from the same point behind; this point is the middle of the front edge, or margin, of the hole for the spinal cord (foramen magnum), shown in Fig. 1, E. From this common point, the upper or _basi-nasal measurement_ passes to the upper border of the nasal bones in the middle line of the face, and the lower or _basi-alveolar measurement_ passes to the extreme front edge of the upper jaw in the middle line, just above and between the upper incisor teeth.

9. _Measurements of the long bones_ of the limbs. These are best made by means of a graduated rod with fixed and movable limbs, resembling a large pair of callipers. Such a rod is supplied (as indicated above) by Messrs. Hermann. The bones to be measured are six in number for each side of the body, viz.:—those of the upper arm and thigh (humerus and femur); then two for the forearm (called radius and ulna, the former being the shorter); and two for the leg (called tibia and fibula, the former, or shin-bone, being the larger). The extreme or maximum length is measured in each case, excepting those of the femur and tibia.