Part 5

All English verbs which vary from this mode of inflection being erroneous and irregular, ought not to be established by grammatical rules, but restored to the primitive state in the present tense, and marked in the past tense with the proper accent; or if it should appear to be necessary, to add proper conjugations. But as verbs lose their qualities or active state in the past tense, the English verbs ending in d and t in the past tense, have been very properly diminished and substantived, and accordingly contracted in their sounds, of ed to that of d and t, as taught from teached, when the ch was accented hard, and a like the German a or o, felt for feeled, checkt for checked, slept for sleeped, left for leaved, gilt for gilded, bled for bleeded, fed for feeded, had for haed, fed for feeded, fled for flyed, sold for selled, and such others as are so contracted without any other variation, that are capable of a past tense, except, _let_, _put_, _do_, _think_, and other imperatives, which can form no perfect past tense, without the aid of the auxiliary verb _have_, to express some degree of human energy or return to the creative fiat. And as all other tenses seem to be arbitrary and indefinite, the best way of expressing the minuter divisions of actions must be by adverbs or numerals.

And as there is no sort of foundation or necessity for the participle perfect, the best way of correcting those verbs which are supposed to be irregular therein, would be to drop it as superfluous, and fully as well expressed by the past tense, as help, helped, without holpen, cleave, cleaved, or cleft, instead of cleave, clave, clove and cloven, hang hanged, for hang hung. And as to the forming a regular past tense, by reducing irregular verbs to their primitive state in the present tense, the following may perhaps be no improper observation, viz. _all_ in fall, before the corrupt sound of the northern a, as that of o, was, as it ought to be, accented, like _ale_ in pale, and marked with a long accent, as signifying _from high_; its past tense accented short, as _all_ in shall; and wrote _fall_ and not fell; the e not having then taken the place of a, nor a, that of o; shake, signifying _a passionate action of a subject_, is properly accented and wrote in the present tense, but its past tense having partaken of the northern accent, it then came to be wrote and accented _shook_, instead of _shaked_, which, notwithstanding its long establishment by vulgar custom ought to be rectified accordingly; and so as to swear, heave, freeze, abide, strike, dig, and various other instances, where the e has assumed the place of a, a of o, o of a, e, i, or u, of i, or any other change of vowels from the present, to form the past tense; except such as _do_ and _did_, which are different words, and of themselves incapable of any inflection. And the English terminations _an_ and _en_, borrowed from the northern dialects, add nothing to the meaning of our names, but the English, or Engli-Saxon names, are of a southern or Celtic origin, and as fully expressive of the meaning to which they are applied without them; except where they are added to form the singular number, or to active names as substantiving articles, as in all other Celtic dialects.

ADVERBS.

Adverbs are certain energic or active particles or _additional_ verbs added to, or joined with other names in propositions, to denote the degrees and manner of things, as to quantity, situation, quality, motion, and rest. Of quantity, as less, lesser, least, much, more, most, great, greater, greatest, long, longer, longest, short, shorter, shortest, broad, broader, broadest. Of situation or place, as where, whither? up, down, above, below, high, higher, highest, here, there, yonder, far, farther, farthest, within, without, upwards, downwards, forwards, backwards, and such as are expressive of the situation of bodies in motion, or at rest. Of qualities, as wisely, knowingly, sensibly, decently, likely, fairly, warmly, foolishly, beastly, coldly, hardly, and such as express intentional qualities. Of motion and rest; as comprehending affirmatives, interrogatives, interjectories, and those improperly called adverbs of time, as, when? now, anon, then, yesterday, to-day, to-morrow, henceforwards, ever, never, how often? often, oftener, oftenest, once, twice, thrice, seldom, however, away, begone, adieu, speedily, slowly, verily, yes, yea, no, why, however, perhap, alternately, as, alack, ha, alas, ho, oh.

There are no other sorts of adverbs, expressive of the order, time, or manner of things, as appears by the definition of those of the four languages in the vocabulary; nor does it thence appear that there is in fact above three sorts of adverbs, namely, quantity or extension or bulk of bodies; quality or an illation of light, heat and motion thereon, and penetrating the same, expressed by _ly_, as _ty_ does extension in substantiving qualities; and motions energic, animate, and local, with the contraries, as privation, rest, and matter. And the degrees, like adjectives, are compared by adding _er_ and _est_, as comparative and superlative, to the positive or the state or degree of beings and things in act, or putting _more_ or _most_ in apposition thereto.

The degrees of distance and situation, are reckoned like prepositions, upon lines, upright, across, or slantways, extended from the centre of action or existence in our system where man is supposed to stand; or upon man as a mikrocosm standing up with arms extended; his head representing the unseen celestial system, being the superlative degree upwards, the extent of his sight or the sky, the comparative, his body or the world, the positive, upwards, downwards, and crosswise, his limbs below the parts of generation, as representing the parts below the earth’s surface or growth part, the comparative downwards, and beyond it the superlative, the extent of view, the comparative sideways, and beyond it the superlative, as appears by the definition of Adverbs in the vocabulary. And tho’ interjections are supposed to add nothing to the sentence, they certainly express the sorts and degrees of energy with which the whole is affirmed.

SYNTAX.

Having thus explained the several parts of a rational grammar, it now remains only to lay down some general rules for their construction, into simple and compound sentences, according to their natural concord, government, and arrangement.

All the parts of speech, which were originally only particles of one or two letters, having naturally coalesced and united, in more complex names, and words or propositions, without the assistance of art, so in all languages, like the English, in which respect both the simple and complex names still retain their primitive state, without any loss of their natural powers of construction, by any arbitrary addition or combination of artificial signs or modes of concord, like the Greek and Latin, the parts both simple and complex being precisely understood, will still be governed by their meaning, and naturally coincide in sentences, in the same manner as the ideas of a person unacquainted with the artificial rules of logick, are by their natural relation logically connected and formed into regular thesises, hypothesises and synthesises. As for instance; a person, who perfectly knows the meaning of the parts, can in his mind form and express the following sentences; two and two of any thing are, _is_ or is to be sounded four, and not three; and should they happen to be horses, whether with or without shoes, they must be the horses of some man, rather than those of a cow; but if they are delivered, in whatever place they stand, it must be to and from some place, and by and to some body, or if they should only be called, it ought to be done by their right names. Or; supposing Adam, _i_, or any one know myself or himself to be the first man, inhabiting space, and that his length and breadth of extension, was at all times or upon all motions, and as much more, as he or i might by the extension of the arms acquire, without dispossessing another, were our own property, i might, as the first existence and proprietor here of the kind, call myself the first, one, or i. If I had a wife and a son, who had a wife and a son, and had been taught to tell seven in English, with their precise meaning, I might as my next relation, as well as the second person in existence, name my wife two or thou, my son, as the third in being and possession, I might name he, him, or three, which make up the number of the singular stock; and as to the plural number or stock, the first and second person of the singular, and the son which sprung from them, with his son being four in number, and the first spring of the second stock might be named _we_, as the first person plural; the two wives _ye_, the second persons plural of the kind or genders; and all other persons excepting those of the singular number, as the grandson and his offspring, the sixth person from the first or the third in the second generation or plural number, _they_. Then if the first man or any other perfectly understood the meaning of all other names and energies, which appear to be as equally related to the nature of things as these, he could have no difficulty of putting them together according to true concord, as the meaning and signification would not permit him to err; nor indeed is the English to be taught by any other significant rules. The parts of speech being precisely understood, the best way then of acquiring the right English construction, is carefully to observe the manner and style of the best English writers, and to procure an habit thereof by reading and writing, rather than be perplexed by innumerable tedious and unmeaning rules of phrases, sentences, distinctions, and variations of names, from their natural order; for which there is no sort of foundation in the English, or any other language of nature.

But since the English language is that here proposed as an universal one, it may not however be improper to take some little farther notice of the rules of English Syntax. In all languages to form a right sentence the words must agree in construction with one another, as to case, number, gender, and person, either according to the natural order of things, or some arbitrary mode of concord and government, by a variation of the terminations substituted in lieu thereof in particular languages. But the English doth so only from the sense of the words, without any variation of terminations, except that es or s signifying the feminine gender, is sometimes added to form the plural number of substantives, and the substantive verb _is_, or the pronouns _it_, _with_ its inflections, to form the third person singular of verbs, and as and es in some instances, to express the masculine and feminine genders.

And though it has no other case but the nominative, or any variation of cases at all, yet all English verbs agree with the substantives in number and person, without any exception; and the state or situation of substantives are expressed by prepositions set in apposition thereto in the same manner as the articles; nor have the adjectives any variations, besides the degrees of comparison; and yet both they and participles agree with the substantives in gender, number and case; and when two substantives of different sorts of things come together, the place, state, or case of the last is expressed by the preposition _of_ or-’s, signifying _of his_; unless the latter substantive is of the same sort with, or explains the former; in which case they are both of the same case, state, or situation. Conjunctions, adverbs, and relatives, serve to connect sentences, as prepositions do words. The relatives _who_, _what_, and _which_, and all other English names as well as things, must agree with the antecedents as their originals, whether persons, actions, or substantives. When two verbs come together, the latter is to be in the infinitive mode.

VOCABLES.

_An additional vocabulary of primitive nouns defined, with a separate explication of pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions; which compleats what has been already published, of the English, Welsh, Greek, and Latin primitive names, and fully explains the nature and origin of all the vocables and parts of those several languages._

ABHOR, DETEST, HATE; CASHAU, TROI YMAITH; MUDASOMAI, STUGEO, AVERSOR, ODIO HABEO. These signify to turn from one with a scornful note of exclamation, or scornful motion or manner.

ABLE; GALLU, DICHONI; DUNAMAI, POSSUM. To be up or high in existence.

ACCEPT, TAKE, SNATCH; CYMERYD, DERBYN, CIPIO; DECHOMAI, LAMBANO, ARPASO; ACCIPIO, CAPIO, RAPIO. To enter into possession of places and things.

ACCURATE; DYFAL, MANWL; AKRIBOS; EXQUISITUS. Active in running to, seeing small things, and above active in things.

ACORN; MES; BALANOS; GLANS, the lesser or beast food.

ACT, DO, MAKE; AG, EGNI, GWNEID; AGO, POIEO; AGO, FACIO, the moving or acting quality or property.

ADD, GIVE, PUT; RHOI, DODI, DODIAT; DIDOMI, TITHEMI, EPITITHEMI; DO, ADDO, PONO, to act, put, or add, from one thing to another.

ADMIRE, WONDER; RHYFEDDU, ANRHYFEDDI; AGAO, THUMASO; DEMIROR, ADMIROR, to divide or advert the action of the great high light or the sun.

ADORN, DECK, DRESS; HARDDU; KOSMEO, KAZO, AGALLO; ORNO; to add to, or upon the lower covering.

ADVERB; RHAGFERF; EPIRREMA; ADVERBIUM, signify additional or increased verbs. See the vocabulary of adverbs.

AGREEABLE, GRATEFUL, THANKFUL; DIOLCHGAR; LAROS; GRATUS, acting together with equal spring or warmth, or equally in the division of the high light.

AIR; AUIR; AER; AER, water and fire, the earth’s spring.

ALE, BEER; CORW; ZUTHOS; CEREVISIA, the nourishing, feeding, and rejoicing liquid in a secondary sense.

ALL or OLL, WHOLE; OLL, CUBOL; PAS, OLOS; Omnis, Totus, all space, extension, and existence.

AM, to be; BOD, MAE; EIMI; SUM, to live or be in existence.

AMAZEMENT, ASTONISHMENT; SYNDOD; THAMBOS; STUPOR, the lower existences or beings without sight.

ANCHOR; ANGOR; ANKURA; ANCHORA, from acting.

ANOTHER; AIL, NAILL, ARALL; ALLOS, ETEROS; ALIUS, ALTER, from their possessions, or the country, or luminaries from in a primary sense.

ANT, PISMIRE; MYRGRYG; MYRMOS; FORMICA, the community, or the little active millions in a secondary sense.

APE, MONKEY, BABOON; EPA, MONCI; PITHEX, KERKOPITHEKOS; CERKOPITHECUS, CYNOCEPHALUS, a man dog, an offspring or a dog like man.

APPLE, PUPIL of the EYE; GLEINI; GLENE; PUPILLA, our action, spring, or part of light.

ARRIVE, COME; DYFOD, CYNHYRCHU; ERCHOMAI; VENIO, to be together upon one spot or possession.

ARROW, DART, JAVELIN; SAETH, PICCELL, TAFL; OISTOS, BELOS, ATOS; SAGITTA, TELUM, JACULUM, upon the line, stretch or spring.

ARTERY; RHEDWELI; AORTE; ARTERIA, the spring of life.

AS MUCH; CYMAINT; TOSOS; TANTUS, the first action or motion seen in extension.

ASH; ONEN; OREINE; ORNUS, FRAXINUS, the lowest, highest, or brittle one.

ASK, SEEK, SEARCH; CEISIO, CHWILIO, DYMUNO; EROTAO, DIZO, ETAZO, DEOMAI, ZETEO; QUÆRO, EXAMINO, QUÆSO, acting after, seeing for, &c.

ASSEMBLY, COMPANY, MULTITUDE; CYNLLEIDFA, LLIOS, TURFA, CYMANFAI; OMILOS, AGELE, PLETHOS; CÆTUS, GREX, TURBA, many living or being together in the same part, place or country.

ASSIDUOUS, DILIGENT; DIVID, PARHAUS; LIPARES, EPIMELES; ASSIDUUS, DILIGENS, it is slavish, everlasting or never-failing.

B.

BANQUET, FEAST; CYFEDDACH; EUOCHIA; CONVIVIUM, living high together.

BASHFULNESS; GWILDER; AIDOS; VERECUNDIA, a man full low and inactive.

BASTARD; ORDDERCHFAB; NOTHOS; NOTHUS, a lesser son of the house, as born of a concubine, dwelling in the house, and not spurious, as when the father is unknown.

BE, BE BORN, GO; BOD, WYF, MYNED; GEINOMAI, EO, TUNCHANO; SUM, FIO, to be, move or live within the circle of existence.

BEAKE, BILL; PIG, GYLFIN; RHUNCHOS; ROSTRUM, the place of food, the nose or small divided end or edge.

BEEHIVE; CYCHGWENYN; KUPSELE; ALVEARE, a shut upon bees.

BEETLE; CHWIL; KANTHAROS; SCARABÆUS, the blast race.

BEG; GOFYN ELUSEN; LISSOMAI; IMPLORO, acting or asking earnestly for food or the palace gift.

BEGUILE; TWILLO; DELEO; DECIPIO, to be without light or sight.

BLAMELESS; DIGWL; AMUMON; INCULPATUS, to be unculled, or without detraction.

BOLD or BALD; HY; ITES; AUDAX, the high and active.

BOND-SERVANT or SLAVE; GWAS CAETH; LATRIS; SERVUS, a confined servant.

BOSOM; MYNWES; KOLPOS; SINUS, the hollow inside part of man.

BRANCH; CANGEN; ERNOS; RAMUS, a spring on a lower.

BRANDISH; CYNHYRFU; PALLO; VIBRO, to lift up or move the foot, arm, or other thing, with a spring so as to give it a shake.

BRIGHTNESS; DISGLEIRDEB; AIGLE; SPLENDOR, the action of the high light on the lower parts.

BROIL; CRASU; OPTAO; TORREO, to heat without water.

BRUSH, YSCUBO; KOREO; VEREO, to spring upon the lower parts.

BUG or WOODLOUSE; CYNRHON; LORIS; CIMEX, a thing with a spear end acting into another thing.

C.

CABBAGE; BRESYCH; KROMBE; BRASSICA, a shut upon the springing up.

CABLE; RHAFANGOR; KALOS; RUDENS, a shut from acting.

CANAL; CANOL, CAFN; SOLEN; CANALIS, a shutting in.

CANON; CANON; KANON; CANON, a shut upon action.

CARD; CRIBO; KNAPTO; CARMINO, acting into a thing with an edge.

CARVE; CARFIO; GLAPHO; SCULPO, acting into or upon a thing.

CATTLE; ANIFALTYN; KTENOS; JUMENTUM, the acting or drawing animals.

CAVIL; CELLWAR; SKOPTO; CAVILLOR, acting or seeking to catch one slyly by words.

CAVITY; CEUEDD; KOTULE; CAVITAS, a place shut from sight.

CHAFE or be ANGRY; DIGIO; ECHTHEO; INDIGNOR, to be heated or fired.

CHAPEL; CAPAL; KLISIA; CAPELLA, the primitive places of devotion being open and uncovered like Stonehenge, these signify such places covered at the top.

CHAPMAN; MERCHNATUR, PORTHMON; EMPOROS; MERCATOR, the portman or marketman, or the chief of buying and selling, formerly set over all sorts of sales and markets.

CHARIOT; CERBYD; RHAIDON, ARMA; CURRUS, RHEDA, the running or fighting car or carriage.

CHASTE; DIHALOG; AGNOS; CASTUS, undefiled or covering or keeping close the female property.

CHICKEN; CIW; POLOS; PULLUS, the first of the animal.

CLOSET; CELL; MUCHOS; CELLA, a shut out of sight, or the resort of the Muses.

COAL; GLO; ANTHRAX; CARBO, a thing that has the action of the sun or fire, that is, a burning thing.

COFFER, COFFIN; ARCH, CIST; KIBOTOS; ARCA, a covering upon man or other thing.

COMB; CRIB; KTEIS; PECTEN, see CARD.

COME; CYNHYRCHU; IKNEOMAI; VENIO, to be together in one place.

CONDUIT; MYNEDIAD; AMARA; MEATUS, a water shut so inclosed as to go together.

CONE; CYN; CONOS; CONUS, a thing high and solid.

CONJUNCTION; CYSYLLTIAD; SUZEUXIS; CONJUNCTION, a joining together. See the list of conjunctions hereafter.

CRAB, CRANC; KARKINOS; CANCER, an inclosed thing in the water.

CRIER; RHYNGYLL; KERUX; PRÆCO, one that calls or speaks between.

CROW; BRAN; KORAX; CORVUS, a braying or croaking animal.

CROWD; GYR; AGURIS; COETUS, a company of men or animals.

CRUDE or CRYSTAL; CRYSIAL; KRUSTALLOS; CRYSTALLUS, a shining thing with the crust or covering upon.

CUBE; CYFOCHOR; KUBOS; CUBUS, equal sides.

D.

DAMAGE; DAMUEN, COLLED; BLABE; DAMNUM, for the place of the cattle.

DANGER; PERYGL; KINDUNOS; PERICULUM, a place where the fire acts upon the parts.

DASH; YSIGO, TARO; PROSKROUO; ALLIDO, to act or throw from high to the ground.

DAUGHTER; MERCH; THUGATER; FILIA, my race or female offspring.

DEFILE, HALOGI; MIAINO; FÆDO, to act in or upon one, or deprive one of his daughter.

DEPTH; DYFNDER; BATHOS; PROFUNDITAS, the ground of a dark part.

DINNER; CINIO; ARISTOS; PRANDIUM, a meal at the breaking up of the first plowing of the day.

DISSIPATE; DIFRODI; DIASPAO; DISSIPO, to deprive the country.

DISTASTE; CAWDD; PTAISMA; OFFENSA, separate or go off this part?

DO; GWNEID; AGO; AGO, to act or move.

DOWRY; CYNESGAETH; PHERNE; DOS, the female gift.

DRONE; EILIW, DIFFIGR; PHUKOS; FUCUS, one deprived of his sight or other energic force.

DROUGHT; SYCHDER; AUCHMOS; SICUTAS, the action of the firmament upon the lower parts, or being deprived of water.

DWARF; COR, NAR; NANOS; NANUS, one not high grown, or just upon the ground.

E.

ENDEVOR; YMGAIS; PEIRASO; CONOR, to get up from being down or below.

ENRAGE; SWMBYLU; KENTEO; STIMULO; to act or prick into.

EQUAL; GWASTAD, CYSTAL; OMALOS; ÆQUUS, even, upon the same stand or together.

ESTABLISH; SEFYDLU; BEBAIO; STABILIO, to rest the beast, or make them stand upon a particular part or spot.

ETERNITY; TRAGWYDDOLDEB; AIDIOS, AION; ÆTERNITAS, the circle of motion or action in extension, this world or during all spring.

EXCUSE; ESGUSODI; APOLOGEOMAI; EXCUSO, to speak for the absent.

EXERCISE; YMARFER; ASKEO; EXERCEO, to be out upon the spring.

EXTINGUISHED; DIFOD; SBENNUO; EXTINGUO, to put a thing out of its existence.

F.

FABLE; CHWEDL; AINOS; APOLOGUS, speaking of actions past.

FABRICATE; GWNEITHR; TEUCHO; FABRICO, the action or work of a man, or man’s hand, or in building.

FADE; GWIFO; MARAINO; MARESCO, to be from springing, or growing, or dying.

FAN; WYNTYLL; LIKMOS; VENTILABRUM, wind sprung by the hand.

FASTING; IMPRYDIOL; NESTIS; JEJUNUS, lessening food or the season of feeding.

FASTEN or FIX; YMWTHIO; PEGNUO; COMPINGO, acting a thing lower in.

FATE; COEL, DAMWAIN; AISA; SORS, where the action stands still or the thing falls.

FATHER; TAD; PAPPAS, PATER; PAPPA, PATER, the seeding property, or a part of our property.

FEMALE; BENW; THELUS; FEMINA; signify the mother of the male.

FESTIVAL; GWIL; EORTE; FESTUM, the season.

FETTER; TROEDOG; PEDE; PEDICA, a shut upon the feet.

FIBRE; MANWYTHI; IS; FIBRA, the sounding small veins within.

FIELD; MAES; AGROS; AGER, pasture or ploughed ground.

FILE; LLIF; RHINE; LIMA, the sharp flower.

FILL; LLENWI; ADO; SATIO, adding to place or extended parts.

FILLET; TALAITH; KREDEMNON; VITTA, upon or about the head.

FILTH; BYDREDDI; THOLOS; SORDES, the things along the ground.

FINISH; DIBENU; ANUO; PERFICIO, to be in.

FIRTREE; FYNIDWYDD; ELATE; ABIES, the long strait growth.

FLEAS; CHWAIN; PSULLOS; PULEX, the leapers or flyers.

FLOURISH; BLODEUO; THALLO; FLOREO. See the next.

FLOW; LLIFO; RHEO; FLUO, in a primary sense signify an ilation of the sun’s rays, or of its return of life, as growth, the flowing or reflowing of water, and other similar things.

FLY; HEDEG; IPTAMAI; VOLO, to spring forward or lengthwise.

FLY; GWYBED; MUIA; MUSCA, the blown things.

FORBID; GWAHARDD; EIRGO; VETO, the action of woe, or stopping upon an action of driving.

FORM; FURF; MORPHE; FORMA, things in the circle of life or existence in their primitive sense.

FOUNDATION; SYLFAEN; THEMELON; FUNDAMENTUM, the quality of things, or the origin of property.

FOUR; PEDAIR; TESSARES, TETOR; QUATUOR, are expressive of the firmament or light, mentioned in Genesis to be the work of the fourth day of the creation, as appears by my former treatise upon this subject.

FREE; RHYDD; ELEUTHEROS; LIBER, in their primary sense signify the action or flow of the sun’s rays.

FRIEND; CYFALL; PHILOS; AMICUS, another equal.

FRIGHTEN; DYCHRYNU; ATUSO; TERREFACIO, from the action of the high fire or thunder.

FRINGE; GODRE; KROSSOS; FIMBRIA, the edge round a thing.

FROTH; EWIN; APHROS; SPUMA, springing on the water.

FULL; LLAUN; PLEOS; PLENUS, in their primary sense signify the hand or other things extended with bodies.

FUNERAL; ANGLADD; KTEREA; EXEQUIÆ, an interring.

FURY; CYNDDAREDD; ERINNUS; FURIA, an infusion of fire.

G.

GARDEN; GARDD; ORCHOS; HORTUS, were the first inclosed grounds, which in Britain and other countries from an apprehension of deluges, were at first on the entrances of mountains, promontories or garths.

GATHER; CITYRRU; AGEIRO; CONGREGO, to heap together.

GAZE; YMSYNIED; THEAOMAI; CONTEMPLOR, to think or look on a thing or place.

GIRD; GREGISU; ZONNUO; CINGO, about a man’s lower covering.