Part 4

Af, ef, if, uf, with the inflections ave and ive, affirm the various state and situation of men and things in life, as, deaf, _he is deprived of sense_, safe, _he is standing_, slavish, _he is low_, brave, _he is a warm or spirited being_, chief, _he is the first_, active, _it is the property of action_, dative, _he or it is giving to_, accusative, _it is acting at us_, abusive, _he is from us_, captive, _he is taken_, abortive, _he is from the border of possessions_, adjective, _it is cast to_, gruff, _he is an angry man_, bluff, _he is an hairy man_.

Al, el, il, ol, ul, express the qualities of earth and water, as to the parts of extension and place, the ilation of the sun’s light thereon, all extension and human intelligence, as in, actual, _upon or in the state of action_, aerial, _in the state of air_, adverbial, _in the state of an adverb_, real, _upon the return of matter_, usual, _upon the state of us_, genial, _in the state of generation_, bestial, _upon the property of the lower beings_, annual, _upon the return of the year_, able, _from hell_, or _being deprived of light_, ample, _an extensive place_, genteel, _the first race_, level, _the place of the female extension_, single, _acting in a place_, little, _an extension of the rays of light_, agile, _the acting light_, chill, _without light_, civil, _a race living together_, evil, _privation of light_, idle, _about a place_, oll or all, _a circle extended_, whole, _man’s place of action_, full, _man enlightened_, artful, _the light of man upon properties_, dull, _without human light_.

Am, im, om, um, are expressive of the different forms, modes, and existences of the circumambient bodies, as lame, _the mode of crawling_, warm, _man covered about_, dim, _without extension_, firm, _the fire about_, some, _the things seen and sounded_, dumb, _an earthly being_.

An, en, in, on, un, signify existences of earth, water, and motion in general, and of man, as, mean, _me in earth_, human, _an earthly one_, sane, _sound one_, profane, _from purity_, clean, _an action of light upon matter_, ashen, _the lower one_, oak being the higher, even, _springing_, serene, _the stars in_, divine, _God in_, supine, _the low and up in_, benign, _being in_, twain, _two in_, one or un, _the spring or man in_, alone, _in the state of one_, none, _no one in_, boon, _the food one_, wrong, _a man from acting upright_, dun, _the daily one_, young, _the growing one_.

Ar, er, ir, or, ur, are properties of earth, water, fire, extension, and human nature, as in clear, _the action of light upon_, dear, _upon thee_, near, _the not upon_, bitter, _the biting water_, eager, _water from action_, tender, _thin water_, dire, _he is hot_, intire, _in possession_, sore, _from the lower_, future, _the man in embrio to be born_, pure, _a man’s part_, immature, _too soon at man_.

As, es, is, os, us, affirm the different qualities of mankind and things, as, base, _a low or earthy thing_, adverse, _a spring downwards_, diverse, _a divided spring_, worse, _a low man_, aguish, _it is from a spring_, apeish, _he is a son_, wise, _he is man_, actuose, _it is all active_, close, _it is all shut_, globose, _it is all round as a ball_, jocose, _it is all joy_, noise, _it is all nose_, as voice is all vocal, or the sound of the cheeks, upish, _he is up_, abstruse, _from our property_, astonish, _it is the tone of an ass or brutes_, babish, _that of a baby_, copious, _a copy of man_, ingenious, _internally generated in us_.

At, et, it, ot, ut, with their inflections and compounds signify property or in possession and existence, as, great, _the action of fire at or upon the possessions_, last, _upon the lowest possession_, agast, _acting upon the lowest possession_, past, _a thing in the lowest possession or existence_, vacant, _a thing without possession or property_, radiant, _a division of rays upon the possessions_, sweet and secret, _female properties_, absent, _without possession or property_, agent, _acting in possession_, fit, _it is property_, apt, _a proper thing_, first, _the fire of life to the lower possessions_, instinct, _in action within_, white, _the upper property_, or _the firmament_, hot, _the action of the sun on things_, absorpt, _without a part of the circle of possession_, both, _man and woman_, moist and most, _things on the ground_, abrupt, _from the earth up into the possessions_, just, _the property of mankind_, curst, _a man’s action of the lower property_, occult, _actions without the property of light_, ancient, _one first in possession_, decent, _fair in possession_, acute, _a springing property_.

Y, ly, ty, thy, are expressive of properties, existences, and qualities generally, as in, any _the one in action or possession_, many, _the more in action or possession_, dry, _the thing without water_, airy, _the air_, ashy, _the ash_, barrenly, _the barren race_, brotherly, _the brother race_, happy, _the hap_, holy, _the high all_, sappy, _the sap_, forty, _the four tyes, times, rounds or tens_, swarthy, _the men of lower property_, wry, _from upright_; and thus are definable all other English, Greek, Welsh, and Latin adjectives. These have been taken at random, and the Greek and Latin terminations of adjectives being all in as, es, eis, os, òs, oos, ous, us, on, and er, are mere affirmatives, by the sight, sound, spring, and motion of things.

So that adjectives and participles are names, which imply assertions and attributes, as those of qualities, affections, and properties of substances and things generally; but making no compleat sense, nor determining any particular thing without being joined to another word as _a daring_, _a daring man_. In the English language they are not varied in respect to genders, numbers, cases, or otherwise, except as to the degrees of comparison.

The three degrees of comparison mentioned by grammarians, are the positive, comparative, and superlative; the positive is the state in which the name was originally put; the comparative is formed by adding _er_, a spring beyond the original state, to the quality, where they will agree in concord, as, deep, _deeper_, _deepest_, high, _higher_, _highest_, sweet, _sweeter_, _sweetest_; _est_ signifying a spring beyond the limits of the possessions; forming the superlative degree; but where those syllables will not so agree with the names and in participles, as in _aerial_, _ingenious_, _copious_, _daring_, _loving_, _loved_, the comparative must be formed, by setting _more_, that is, mo-er a great spring, in apposition to the name; and the superlative by the addition of _most_, signifying a spring beyond the limits of the possessions.

Of Prepositions

A Preposition is a substantive part of speech set before other names, most commonly substantives, either in apposition, as, _before a noun_, or in composition, as, _preposition_, to denote the situation or place of action, or rest of the things, to which they are joined; at the same time implying their similar relations or kindred; and connecting the names of substances, as, _from_ this book, _with_ the pen of the writer; or _from thence_, it may be inferred that prepositions are of themselves significant of things. But the use of prepositions or the names of cases are best understood from the following explanation thereof.

It is observable that O is an universal expression for the circle of motion and extension; that i signifies a perpendicular line or man placed in its center; and that this line, with a traverse one, expressed by T or ⊥ and signifying mankind and other beings and things as extended, and the properties of man denote the nominative case, or that in which they were first named; and all the other cases, as they happen upon, up or down, or to or from either of these lines, are distinguished as in the following example.

These prepositions are definable as follows.

In, with, within, to, into, unto, at, towards. In, signifies man placed in the center of existences, as a middle being, partaking of, and connecting matter with spirit; with is the spring of i into male and female, and T their possessions inflected; within is the same in the circle of possession: to is T-O, the property of motion from T to the circle of motion; into the same within the possessions; unto, at, and towards, the same towards man or the line of possession; afore, before, against, signify things or parts in and out of the borders of possession.

After, behind, since, according to. After is off T or the border of possession; behind is to be after man in possession; since, having been in possession; according to, agreeing together in acting; between, betwixt, among, amongst, for, from, about; for, the parts or things of the circle of possession; about and from the parts or things within the circle of possessions of men; between and betwixt, the line i dividing the possessions; among and amongst, the things about the circle of possession. Above, up, on, upon; above, the upper spring of the human sight; up, the spring part, on and upon the sky.

Under, below, beneath, down. Under, not sprung within or up the possessions; down, not sprung in; below, from being up; beneath, to be not in possession.

Out, of, from, out of, without. Out, from the possessions of men and things; of, the things within the borders; from, the surrounding parts therein; without, out of possession.

By, through, over, over and above, besides, beyond, except, until. By, the part; besides, below the part; beyond, by the upper covering; thro’, from the possessions; over, from the spring of sight; except, acting out of the possession part; until, during the spring or possession of light; the two last names serve also for conjunctions.

CONJUNCTIONS.

A Conjunction is an active part of speech, that connectively or disjunctively joins together words and sentences, as the names of actions, as prepositions do those of substances. They have been divided by grammarians into various sorts; tho’ the only significant distinction seems to be into copulatives, connectives, and disjunctives, as the two former sorts absolutely connect and coalesce both the sentences and their meaning, or when the expression is only of mere local or inanimate motion, barely move on, connect, and continue the sentence or discourse, without any compatibility of meaning; and the latter sorts conditionally, exceptionably, or interrogatively do the same. Of the first class are, and or ond, _on in division or discourse_, but, _be it as or by man and things soon_, yet, _it is or springs_, also, _on so_, likewise, _the same way_, still, _light on things_, altho’, _upon to_, notwithstanding, _not opposing the former action_, however, _be the spring of action as it may_, nevertheless, _without any spring_, as, _the earth seen_, as well as, _its surface or under it out of sight_, for, _the part in the circle_, therefore, _the parts and spring within the circle_, wherefore, _the parts in which circle_, because, _by our own actions_, that, _towards possession_. And the disjunctives are the following; or, _the promiscuous things within the circle of possession_, either, _action or matter_, nor, _not the things promiscuously within the circle of possession_, neither, _no action or rest_, till or untill, _during the spring of light on the possessions_, whilst or while, _the action of the upper light on the possessions_, if, _life or is it life?_ unless, _my spring out_, except, _acting from the parts of possession_, besides, _by the side_; and with which sense the Welsh, Greek and Latin conjunctions correspond, as appears by an analysis thereof at the end of this essay.

An example of their use and construction.—Was it pride _and_ folly, _or_ avarice and envy, that caused the confusion of human speech? It was _neither_ the one or the other, _but_ the effect of some supernatural cause, _as_, the scripture informs us. _Nor_ is it probable, that so great a deviation could have naturally happened; _unless_ there was some very great wilful perversion of the original language, _whilst_ mankind were contending for possessions _as well as_ power. _Nevertheless_ the first language is _still_ recoverable, _notwithstanding_ its many divisions and great disguise, _if_ the subject be adverted, after a right method. And _altho’_ it may be _also_ attended with some labor to mankind, _except_ those already skilled in languages, _yet_ it may be attained by any English reader, that will endeavour it, _for_, _however_ languages may differ, as to the manner of combination or construction of names and sentences, they are certainly one and the same in their principles, and _likewise_ in their particles; _because_ the letters and particles of all languages appear by this essay to be still the same. _Besides_, as human speech derives its origin from a supernatural cause, its various dialects cannot differ as to their materials. _Wherefore_ then so many different opinions concerning these matters, _but_ from our own remissness? Let us _therefore_ exert our faculties in the laudable undertaking of recovering the first universal language, _that_ we may be thereby restored to our senses, which seem to be equally perverted.

VERBS.

Verbs are either simple or compound. The simple are those springs or energic signs in human speech, which, mark the relation and connection of the subject and attribute of a proposition; and affirm or deny the agreement or disagreement betwixt things, as, man _is_ an animal. Compound or concrete verbs also include adjectives and participles; or the qualities and attributes of the subject of a proposition, as, man _thinks_ or think is; sometimes only the subject, as _mae_, _eimi_, _I am_, or _sum_; and frequently the subject, affirmation and attribute, as, _walketh_, man is upon action. In some dialects verbs have been so modified, as to denote or imply the modes, times, persons, genders, and numbers of the things affirmed; and nominally distinguished, as verbs active, passive, neuter, personal, impersonal, regular, irregular, auxiliary, and substantive; tho’ according to their real use and signification, all verbs seem to be substantive and auxiliary, and either singly, or conjunctively, with adjectives or participles, formed into attributive or compound verbs, express all modes of actions and affirmations, as appears by the following instances; sum, I am, or, _it is man’s existence_, es, the second person created or the feminine gender, est, the second, first, and a third person born of the first and second, fui, _I have lived or been_, fuisti, _thou hast lived or been_, fuit, he the person born, hath lived or been; amo, I love or _am for a woman_, the first person, amas, the feminine the second person, amat, the third person produced, the third person, am-avi for ui in fui, _he has loved or been loved_, the past tense; doceo, I teach or _give the lowering action to man_, the first person, doc-es, the second person or feminine gender, doc-et the third proceeding from the other two, doc-ui, as in fui, I have lived or been taught, the past tense; lego I read or _recall_, the first person, leg-is the second, leg-it the third, and leg-i, _man read_ the past; audio, I hear, or, _spring the passive sense_, au-di-is, au-di-it and au-di-vi, I have lived or been heard; and the conjugating particles seem to be the degrees of comparison, as, a, e, i, or as, es is, male, female, mankind, or earth, water and fire, or motion and existences in general; and the persons of U _man_, and thence all things of the masculine gender the first person, as, es, or is signifying the feminine in different degrees and qualities, the second, and at, et, it, the rest of mankind and things, the third person, am-us, em-us, im-us, all men of the male kind of the first person plural, atis, etis, itis, all except the first person singular of the second, and ant, ent, int, all mankind and things in different degrees, except the first and second person singular, of the third person plural; and thus may be explained all the Latin and Greek modes of conjugating verbs.

Verbs are farther distinguished by grammarians into active, passive, and neuter, as being expressive of actions, passions, or neither the one or the other, but mere being or existing, as, _I love_, _am loved_, _live_, _walk_, _or stand_; tho’ according to the signification of words, there does not seem to be any real ground for the latter distinction, for _to love_, _to be loved_, _to live_, _sleep or rest_, must signify either actions, active passions and energies, or their privation and passiveness. So that the distinction in this respect might be more properly made into active and passive only, agreeable to the masculine and feminine, the only proper distinction of nouns as to genders; all actions, substances, and things, at least, as having relation to mankind, being either masculine or feminine, and the distinctions made by the Greeks and Romans being mostly arbitrary and contrary to the meaning of words which ought to determine the genders of nouns.

Verbs have a designation of person, corresponding with the personal pronouns; of number with the singular and plural of nouns, of tenses as representing present, past, and future actions and things; and of modes or the manner in which they ought to be expressed. But whatever necessity there may be for a great variety of modes and tenses in dialects, constructed upon arbitrary principles, it does not appear that any more than one is needful for a natural language, or that the modes of conjugating verbs or any other, are in fact expressible by human speech any otherwise than by the whole form or order of inflection and things. And tho’ present, past, and future, seem to be necessary expressions, according to our present mode of conception, yet they are not in reality any representation of time, but of our manner of dividing or reckoning the changes of motions or number of actions in extension, which in the eternal state of spirits, or perhaps in a vacuum, might be deemed as one intire action or the present tense.

Simple verbs or affirmatives are all substantive and incapable of being inflected themselves, but serve as auxiliaries in the affirmations and inflections of compound verbs, tho’ alone, without the assistance of compound verbs sufficient to express every mode of affirmations, of actions and things, and fully correspond with the nouns and pronouns, as for instance, _I am doing_, _have done_, _may_, _can_, _will_, _shall_, _must_, or ought to do; thou, _art doing_, hast done, &c; he, she, a man, or, John _is doing_, _hath done_, _speaks_, _speaketh_, &c. We _are_ or _were doing_, _have done_, &c; besides, _id_, _ed_, with their inflections ith and eth, and also _is_, added as affirmations in the third person singular to compound verbs; which express attributes, affirmations, and persons, and sometimes the subject and number, tho’ the number is commonly implied by the noun or pronoun. In the following specimen of conjugating verbs, the persons, number, and actions or tenses are expressed by different words, with very few variations of terminations.

The Modes of Conjugating VERBS.

Numbers. Persons. The present,

Absolute. Conditional.

1 { I { am, be, have, do, } may, can, would, { { love, teach, read, } should, or ought, { { hear. } to be, have, do, love, { { } teach, read, hear. { { { are, be, have, } Singular. 2 { you { do love, } { { teach, read, hear. } { { { is, hath, doth, } { he { loveth or loves, } 3 { { teaches, reads, } { { hears. }

{ { are, be, have, do, } 1 { we, { love, teach, } { { read, hear. } Plural. 2 { ye, 3 { they,

past,

Absolute. Conditional.

1 { I } was, have been, } might, could, would, { } had, did, } should, ought to have been, { } loved, taught or } had, done, loved, taught or { } teached, read, heard. } teached, read, heard. { { Singular. 2 { you { { { { was, or hath been, } { he { had, done, loved, } 3 { { taught, read, heard. } {

{ { were, or have been, } 1 { we, { had, done, loved, } { { taught, read, heard. } Plural. 2 { ye, 3 { they,

and future tenses.

Absolute. Conditional.

1 { I } shall, will or must } shall, will, or must { } be, had, done, loved, } have been, had, { } taught, read, heard. } done, loved, taught, { } } read, heard. { { Singular. 2 { you { { { { he 3 { {

{ 1 { we, { Plural. 2 { ye, 3 { they,

Imperative.

1 Let me be, have, do, love, } Let us be, have, &c. teach, read, hear. } } Singular. 2 Be, have, do, love, } Be, have, &c. ye Plural. teach, read, hear, thou } } 3 Let him be, have, do, } Let them be, have, &c. love, teach, hear. }

Infinitive. Participle.

To be, have, do, love, Being, having, doing, teach, read, hear. loving, &c. present.

To have been, had, done, Been or having, loved, taught, read, heard. had, &c. past.

The feminine or endearing inflections of the second persons _thou_ and _ye_ have been omitted, as needless, since they all agree with the pronouns _you_ and _ye_, and the only changes are from are and be to _art_ and _beest_, have to _hast_, were to _wert_, shall and will to _shalt_ and _wilt_, and might to _mightest_, and do to _dost_; but to make use of them in the masculine gender, would be depreciating it. And the participle perfect, being superfluous, it has been likewise omitted; for as _ing_ the present is compleat, so is _ed_ for the past or the privative of springs or actions.

The signification of the conjugating verbs in the four languages is as follows, viz. 1. Am, mae, ειμι, sum, _in full form of existence_; be, fi, φυω, fio, _I live_; can, dichon, δυναμαι, possum, _in act_ or able to act; may, amhay, ωμει, sim, _about acting_; would, could, should, might, ought, buasun, ειην, essem, _the will or act sprung or past_; shall, will, must, byddaf, εσομαι, ero, _the lower acting up, the spring of human light, the lower things sprung up_; was oeddun, ῆν, eram, _man or spring past_; have been, bum, ῆμην, fui, _acted in life_. 2. Are, ere, or art, beest, wit, or idwit, εις, es, _the lesser spring, and it is the spring of life_. 3. Is, it is, fi, id, idiu, εστι, est, _it is seen, sounded, smelt_, &c; hath, _it acts_; had or ha-ed, _action past_; hadst, _a female action past_; do or dost, _motion past_. 4. Are, ym, εσμην, sumus, _men in the spring_; were, buasom, εμεθα, eramus, _men sprung_. Let, bydd, εστο, esto, _extend_ or take thy place; to be, bod, ειναι, esse, _the property of motion to beings_, which converts substantives into adjectives; ing, _in action_; it is not, nid, ουκ εστι, non est, _there is no motion_.