Part 23

=Maxwell=, James Clerk, birth and parentage, 279; enters Edinburgh Academy, 280; letters to his father, 280; early papers before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 281; visit to Mr. Nicol, 281; experiments with unannealed glass, 282; enters the University of Edinburgh, 282; enters Peterhouse, 282; migrates to Trinity, 282; degree in Cambridge, 283; elected Fellow of Trinity, 284; appointed Professor at Marischal College, 284; marriage, 287; essay on Saturn's rings, 285; dynamical top, 285; appointed professor at King's College, 287; lecture on colour at the Royal Institution, 287; work on the Electrical Standards Committee, 287; appointed Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge, 288; plans the Cavendish Laboratory, 288; lectures at Cambridge, 290; work on the Cavendish Manuscripts, 134, 293; delivers the Rede Lecture, 293; method of protecting buildings from lightning, 294; death, 294; colour-top, 295; experiments on colour-blindness, 296; colour-box, 297; awarded the Rumford Medal, 297; wheel of life, 297; real-image spectroscope, 298; discovery of stresses in Canada balsam, 298; of the insensibility of the _fovea centralis_ to blue light, 298; statistical method, 299; explanation of the viscosity of gases, 299; investigations of Faraday's lines of force, 300; statement of the laws of electro-magnetic induction, 301; mechanical illustration of the ether, 302; explanation of induced currents, 304; of the mechanical action between currents and currents, and between magnets and currents, 304; of self-induction, 306; electro-magnetic theory of light, 306; contrivance for overcoming the principle of the dissipation of energy, 328.

Maxwell's experiment for showing electro-magnetic rotation, 258.

Mayer's determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, 323.

Mechanical equivalent of heat, definition of, 193; Rumford's determination of, 192.

Mercury, melting point of, 145.

Mirabeau's declamation on Franklin, 123.

Mixed plates, colours of, 223.

Moral perfection, Franklin's endeavour to attain, 56.

Mother-of-pearl, Young's explanation of the colours of, 224.

N.

Nautical Almanack, Young appointed superintendent of the, 232.

Newton's analysis and synthesis of white light, 213; rings, Young's explanation of, 222; theory of light, 219.

Nicol prisms given to Clerk Maxwell, 282.

O.

[OE]rsted's discovery, 255.

Ohm's law, discovered by Cavendish, 143; meaning of, 143.

Optical glass, Faraday's work on, 259.

Otto von Guericke, contributions of, to electricity, 3; experiments of, with the Magdeburg hemispheres, 17.

P.

Paris, Dr., Faraday's letter to, 243.

Pascal takes a barometer up the Puy de Dome, 17.

Pennsylvania fireplace invented by Franklin, 63; _Gazette_ published by Franklin, 53.

Perpetual motion, Rumford's contrivances for, 150; impossibility of, 322.

Philadelphia, Franklin's first arrival in, 46; Library, foundation of the, 55.

Photometer, Rumford's, 187.

Pigments, effects of mixing, 217.

Points _versus_ knobs, 95, 131.

Polarization, explained by transverse vibrations, 226; of light discovered by Malus, 226.

"Poor Richard's Almanack," 60.

Pressure of the air the cause of suction, 29.

R.

Radiation, Rumford's experiments on, 184; of cold, Rumford's experiments on, 186.

Rede Lecture, delivered by Clerk Maxwell, 293.

Refraction of light, laws of, 1; mentioned by Pliny, 1.

Relative economy of different sources of light, 188.

Resistance of conductors, Cavendish's experiments on, 142.

Roemer, measurement of the velocity of light by, 2.

Rosetta Stone, discovery of the, 234; inscription on, 234.

Royal Institution, foundation of the, 169; Young's lectures at the, 212; Faraday's appointment at the, 245; Maxwell's lecture on colour at the, 287.

Royal Society, origin of the, 13-15. =Rumford=, Count, birth and parentage, 148; life as a medical student, 153; becomes a schoolmaster at Concord, 154; marriage, 154; summoned before the Committee of Safety, 156; imprisoned at Woburn, 156; first journey to London, 158; receives an appointment in the Colonial Office, 158; experiments on the explosion of gunpowder, 158, 179; elected F.R.S., 158; made lieutenant-colonel in the British army, 159; promoted to colonel, 160; visits Elector of Bavaria, 160; cured of martial ambition, 160; enters the service of the Elector of Bavaria, 161; knighted by George III., 161; reforms in the Bavarian army, 162; attack on the beggars, 163; made Count of the Holy Roman Empire, 165; robbed of his manuscripts, 166; visited by his daughter, 166; his roaster, 166; experiments on fire-places, 166; founds the Rumford Medal, 167; appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Great Britain, 169; founds the Royal institution, 169; plans for the Institution, 169; residence in Paris, 175; marriage with Madame Lavoisier, 175; death; 176; Cuvier's _éloge_ on, 176; statue at Munich, 178; experiments on the conduction of heat in fluids, 181; on the convection of heat in viscous liquids, 184; on the weight of heat, 185; on radiation, 185; on the conduction of heat, 186; on the apparent radiation of cold, 187; shadow-photometer, 188; experiments on the relative economy of candles and tapers, 188; on the traction of carriages, 189; on friction as a source of heat, 189; determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, 192.

Rumford Medal, foundation of the, 167; recipients of the, 167; awarded to Fresnel, 233; awarded to Clerk Maxwell, 297.

Rumford roaster, 166.

S.

"Sandford and Merton," influence of, on the negro traffic, 197.

Saturn's rings, Maxwell's essay on, 285.

Sea-water, resistance of, 142.

Séguin's attempt to measure loss of heat in the steam-engine, 323.

Self-induction, effect of, on sudden discharge, 142; of electro-magnet, 268; effect of, in induction coil, 321.

Sensation of heat, cause of, 33.

Seraphic love, Boyle's essay on, 15.

Shaw's, Dr., comments on Boyle, 37.

Snellius's laws of refraction, 1.

Socratic method adopted by Franklin, 44.

Specific inductive capacity, discovered by Cavendish, 139; rediscovered by Faraday, 272.

Spectral colours, mixed by Boyle, 31; mixed by Maxwell, 297.

S.P.G., foundation of the, 30.

Spheroidal waves in Iceland-spar explained by Young, 226.

Stamp Act, 112.

Standards Commission, report of, 232.

Statistical method, Maxwell's, 299.

Steeple struck by lightning at Newbury, 92.

Stereoscope, Maxwell's real-image, 298.

Stokes's, Professor G. G., exhibition of the bright centre in the shadow of a disc, 222.

Suction caused by atmospheric pressure, 29.

Surface-tension, 228; suggested by Segner, 229; Young's investigations on, 229.

T.

Table of results of experiments on Boyle's law, 27.

Tatum's lectures on natural philosophy, 240.

Telephone, Graham Bell's, 319.

Temperature, its nature, 33.

Thermometers first hermetically sealed, 2.

Thomson's, Professor James, application of the principle of dissipation of energy to the freezing of water under pressure, 327.

Thomson's, Sir William, statement of the principle of dissipation of energy, 327; vortex theory of matter, 312; mirror galvanometer, 313; replenisher, 316.

Thunder-storms, Franklin's theory of, 81.

Torpedo, Cavendish's experiments on the, 140; Davy's experiments on the, 251.

Traction of carriages, Rumford's experiments on, 189.

Trial plate used by Cavendish, 139.

Tyres, relative advantages of broad and narrow, 189.

U.

Undulatory theory founded by Hooke and Huyghens, 218.

Union of the American States, Franklin's plan for, 68.

University of Philadelphia, foundation of the, 64.

V.

Vacuum, Boyle's argument on the cause of a, 23.

Velocity of electricity, 93; of light measured by Roemer, 2; of light deduced from electro-magnetic theory, 306.

Viscosity of gases explained by Maxwell, 299.

Voltaic pile constructed by Faraday, 241.

Vortex theory of matter, 312.

Voss machine, 316.

W.

Wallis, Dr., account of the Royal Society by, 14.

Wealth, ways to acquire, 100.

Wheel of life, Clerk Maxwell's, 297.

Wilson, Dr., account of Cavendish by, 132, 147.

Y.

=Young=, Thomas, Principal Forbes's opinion of, 194; birth and parentage, 194; early education, 195; becomes a London medical student, 199; paper on the power of adjustment of the eye, 199; elected F.R.S., 200; visit to Cornwall, 201; first visit to the Duke of Richmond, 201; enters the Medical School at Edinburgh, 202; declines secretaryship to the Duke of Richmond, 202; visits Gordon Castle, 204; visits Inverary Castle, 205; enters the University of Göttingen, 206; examination in medicine at Göttingen, 207; enters Emmanuel College, 207; discovers the principle of interference, 208; appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, 174, 210; lectures at the Royal Institution, 212; theory of colour-vision, 214; his colour-top, 215; colour-diagram, 215; his Bakerian lectures, 218; explanation of the rectilinear propagation of light, 221; of Newton's rings, 222; eriometer, 223; explanation of coloured halos, 224; of the colours exhibited by mother-of-pearl, 224; interference spectra, 225; explanation of spheroidal waves in Iceland-spar, 226; of the colours of thin plates, 227; hypothesis of an electric ether, 227; investigations on surface-tension, 229; modulus of elasticity, 230; his marriage, 231; appointed physician in St. George's Hospital, 231; superintendent of the Nautical Almanack, 232; death, 233.

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End of Project Gutenberg's Heroes of Science: Physicists, by William Garnett