CHAPTER XV: SOME SERBIAN POPULAR ANECDOTES

St. Peter and the Sand

A townsman went one day to the country to hunt and came at noon to the house of a peasant whom he knew. The man asked him to share his dinner, and while they were eating, the townsman looked around him and noticed that there was but little arable land to be seen. There were rocks and stones in abundance, however. Surprised at this, the townsman exclaimed: "In the name of all that is good, my friend, how on earth can you good people of this village exist without arable land! and whence these heaps of rocks and stones?" "It is, indeed, a great misfortune!" answered the peasant. "People say that our ancestors heard from their fore-fathers that when our Lord walked on this earth, St. Peter accompanied Him carrying on his back a sack full of sand. Occasionally our Lord would take a grain of sand and throw it down to make a mountain, saying: 'May this grain multiply!' When they arrived here St. Peter's sack burst and half of its contents poured out in our village."

Why the Serbian People are Poor

The nations of the world met together one day on the middle of the earth to divide between themselves the good things in life. First they deliberated upon the methods of procedure. Some recommended a lottery, but the Christians, well knowing that they, as the cleverest, would be able to obtain the most desirable gifts, and not wishing to be at the mercy of fortune, suggested (and the idea was instantly adopted by all) that each should express a wish for some good thing and it would be granted to him. The men of Italy were allowed to express their wish first, and they desired Wisdom. The Britons said: "We will take the sea." The Turks: "And we will take fields." The Russians: "We will take the forests and mines." The French: "And we will have money and war." "And what about you Serbians?" asked the nations, "What do you wish for?" "Wait till we make up our mind!" answered the Serbians; and they have not yet agreed upon their reply.

The Gipsies and the Nobleman

A very rich and powerful nobleman was one day driving through his vast estates. From afar four Tzigans [86] noted that he was alone, and greedily coveting his fine carriage horses, determined to deprive him of them. As the carriage approached, they rushed on to the road, respectfully took off their hats, knelt before him, and one of them began to speak, saying: "O how happy we are to have an opportunity of manifesting to you, O most gracious lord, our deep gratitude for the noble deeds and many acts of kindness with which your late and generous father used to overwhelm us! As we have no valuable presents to offer you, allow us to harness ourselves to your carriage and draw you home." The haughty nobleman, proud of his father's good deeds, was pleased to assent to this unusual form of courtesy. Two gipsies thereupon detached the horses, harnessed themselves to the carriage and drew it for some distance. Suddenly, however, they cut themselves loose and ran back to the two other rascals who by this time had got clear away with the horses.

Why the Priest was drowned

A few peasants and a priest were once crossing a river. Suddenly a tempest arose and overturned the boat. All were good swimmers except the poor priest, and when the peasants regained their boat and righted it, which they did very soon, they approached the struggling preacher and called to him to give them his hand that they might save him; but he hesitated and was drowned. The peasants went to impart the sad news to the priest's widow who, hearing it, exclaimed: "What a pity! But had you offered him your hands, he would surely have accepted them, and thus his precious life would have been saved--for it was ever his custom to receive."

The Era from the other World [87]

A Turk and his wife halted in the shadow of a tree. The Turk went to the river to water his horse, and his wife remained to await his return. Just then an Era passed by and saluted the Turkish woman: "Allah help you, noble lady." "May God aid you," she returned; "whence do you come?" "I come from the Other World, noble lady." "As you have been in the Other World, have you not, perchance, seen there my son Mouyo, who died a few months ago?" "Oh, how could I help seeing him? He is my immediate neighbour." "Happy me! How is he, then?" "He is well, may God be praised! But he could stand just a little more tobacco and some more pocket-money to pay for black coffee." "Are you going back again? And if so, would you be so kind as to deliver to him this purse with his parent's greetings?" The Era took the money protesting that he would be only too glad to convey so pleasant a surprise to the youth, and hurried away. Soon the Turk came back, and his wife told him what had transpired. He perceived at once that she had been victimized and without stopping to reproach her, he mounted his horse and galloped after the Era, who, observing the pursuit, and guessing at once that the horseman was the husband of the credulous woman, made all the speed that he could. There was a mill near by and making for it, the Era rushed in and addressed the miller with: "For Goodness' sake, brother, fly! There is a Turkish horseman coming with drawn sword; he will kill you. I heard him say so and have hurried to warn you in time." The miller had no time to ask for particulars; he knew how cruel the Turks were, and without a word he dashed out of the mill and fled up the adjacent rocks.

Meantime the Era placed the miller's hat upon his own head and sprinkled flour copiously over his clothes, that he might look like a miller. No sooner was this done than the Turk came up. Alighting from his horse, he rushed into the mill and hurriedly asked the Era where he had hidden the thief. The Era pointed indifferently to the flying miller on the rock, whereupon the Turk requested him to take care of his horse while he ran and caught the swindler. When the Turk was gone some distance up the hill our Era brushed his clothes, swiftly mounted the horse and galloped away. The Turk caught the real miller, and demanded: "Where is the money you took from my wife, swindler?" The poor miller made the sign of the cross [88] and said: "God forbid! I never saw your noble lady, still less did I take her money."

After about half an hour of futile discussion, the Turk was convinced of the miller's innocence, and returned to where he had left his horse. But lo! There was no sign of a horse! He walked sadly back to his wife, and she, seeing that her husband had no horse, asked in surprise: "Where did you go, and what became of your horse?" The Turk replied: "You sent money to our darling son; so I thought I had better send him the horse that he need not go on foot in the Other World!"

A Trade before Everything

Once upon a time a king set out in his luxurious pleasure-galley accompanied by his queen and a daughter. They had proceeded a very little way from the shore when a powerful wind drove the galley far out to sea, where at last it was dashed upon a barren rock. Fortunately there was a small boat upon the galley, and the king, being a good sailor, was able to launch this frail bark, and he rescued his wife and daughter from the waves. After long tossing and drifting, good fortune smiled upon the wanderers; they began to see birds and floating leaves, which indicated that they were approaching dry land. And, indeed, they soon came in sight of shore, and, as the sea was now calm, were able to land without further adventure. But, alas, the king knew no trade, and had no money upon his person. Consequently he was forced to offer his services as a shepherd to a rich landowner, who gave him a hut and a flock of sheep to tend. In these idyllic and simple conditions they lived contentedly for several years, undisturbed by regrets for the magnificence of their past circumstances.

One day the only son of the ruler of that strange country lost his way while riding in the neighbourhood after a fox, and presently he beheld the beautiful daughter of our shepherd. No sooner did his eyes fall upon the maiden than he fell violently in love with her, and she was not unwilling to receive the protestations of undying affection which he poured into her ears. They met again and again, and the maiden consented to marry the prince, provided her parents would approve the match.

The prince first declared his wish to his own parents, who, of course, were greatly astonished at their son's apparently foolish selection, and would not give their consent. But the prince protested solemnly that his resolution was unshakable; he would either marry the girl he loved or remain single all his days. Finally his royal father took pity on him, and sent his first adjutant to the shepherd secretly to ask the hand of his daughter for the prince.

The Condition

When the adjutant came and communicated the royal message, the shepherd asked him: "Is there any trade with which the royal prince is familiar?" The adjutant was amazed at such a question. "Lord forbid, foolish man!" he exclaimed, "how could you expect the heir-apparent to know a trade? People learn trades in order to earn their daily bread; princes possess lands and cities, and so do not need to work."

But the shepherd persisted, saying: "If the prince knows no trade, he cannot become my son-in-law."

The royal courier returned to the palace and reported to the king his conversation with the shepherd, and great was the astonishment throughout the palace when the news became known, for all expected that the shepherd would be highly flattered that the king had chosen his daughter's hand for the prince in preference to the many royal and imperial princesses who would have been willing to marry him for the asking.

The king sent again to the shepherd, but the man remained firm in his resolution. "As long as the prince," said he, "does not know any trade, I shall not grant him the hand of my daughter."

When this second official brought back to the palace the same answer, the king informed his son of the shepherd's condition, and the royal prince resolved to put himself in the way of complying with it.

His first step was to go through the city from door to door in order to select some simple and easy trade. As he walked through the streets he beheld various craftsmen at their work, but he did not stay until he came to the workshop of a carpet-maker, and this trade appeared to him both easy and lucrative. He therefore offered his services to the master, who gladly undertook to teach him the trade. In due time the prince obtained a certificate of efficiency, and he went to the shepherd and showed it to him, together with samples of his hand work. The shepherd examined these and asked the prince: "How much could you get for this carpet?" The prince replied: "If it is made of grass, I could sell it for threepence." "Why, that is a splendid trade," answered the shepherd, "threepence to-day and another threepence to-morrow would make sixpence, and in two other days you would have earned a shilling! If I only had known this trade a few years ago I would not have been a shepherd." Thereupon he related to the prince and his suite the story of his past life, and what ill fate had befallen him, to the greatest surprise of all. You may be sure that the prince rejoiced to learn that his beloved was highly born, and the worthy mate of a king's son. As for his father, he was especially glad that his son had fallen in love, not with the daughter of a simple shepherd, but with a royal princess.

The marriage was now celebrated with great magnificence, and when the festivities came to an end, the king gave the shepherd a fine ship, together with a powerful escort, that he might go back to his country and reassume possession of his royal throne.

GLOSSARY & INDEX

There are thirty characters in the Serbian alphabet for the thirty corresponding sounds, of which five are vowels--all open sounds, viz. a, e, u, o, y.

a as in "father" e as in "met" u as e in "be" o as in "note" y as oo in "boot."

ou is pronounced also as oo in "boot." Closed or semi-closed vowels are unknown to the Serbian tongue.

The twenty-five consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:

h at the beginning of words or syllables is always aspirated.

r is always rolled. In a Serbian monosyllable it sometimes plays the part of a vowel between two consonants, e.g. vrt (garden).

The combinations ts or tz, as in "tsar," "tzarina," etc., are pronounced like ts in "its."

y has been used in the English forms of Serbian names not as a vowel but invariably as a consonant, as in "year." This consonantal y has been used often after the consonants d, l, n, and t, and y is then merged into the preceding consonant to form one sound. For example, dy becomes very like the sound of j in "jaw," as in the word "Dyourady," which is pronounced Joo-radg.

z in the names "Zdral" and "Zabylak" is pronounced like s in "pleasure"; elsewhere it is pronounced as in English.

The Serbian language being phonetic does not employ double consonants, diphthongs or triphthongs. The thirty letters represent always the same thirty sounds, and the position of the written symbol does not affect or qualify its sound.

A

Adrianople. Equivalent, Yedrenet, 123

Adriatic. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch sails across, to Venice, 134, 142

Adriatic Coast. The Latins, Illyrians, Thracians, Greeks, and Albanians driven by the Serbians toward the, 1

Africa-n, West. A Serbian folk-tale dealing with Animals' Language; similarity of, to a story native to the negroes of, 230

Ages, Middle. Banovitch Strahinya, one of the finest and most famous ballads composed by Serbian bards of the, 119

Agram (Zagreb). Croatians establish an episcopate at, in eleventh century, 14

Albania. Subdued by Doushan the Powerful, 5; George Kastriotovitch-Skander-Beg fights for liberty of, 8; Skadar the capital of Northern, 119

Albanian-s, The. Driven by Serbians toward the Adriatic coast, 1; spirits of the wood dreaded by, 19; Arbanass an appellation for, 108

Alexander. Unworthy son of Milan; ascends throne of Serbia, 11; marries his former mistress, Draga Mashin, but is murdered, 11

Amouradh. A Turkish Grand Vizir; Prince Marko and, 105-108

Amourath, Sultan (Mourat, corrupted form). Defeats Knez Lazar on field of Kossovo, 7; Vlah-Ali independent of, 121; slain by Serbian hero, Voïvode Milosh, 173

Anecdotes. Some Serbian popular, 362-369; "St. Peter and the Sand," 362; "Why the Serbian People are Poor," 362; "The Gipsies and the Nobleman," 363; "Why the Priest was Drowned," 364; "The Era from the other World," 364; "A Trade before Everything," 366

Animals. The king makes war on the; described in the Serbian folk-tale "Animals as Friends and Enemies," 313-316

"Animals as Friends and Enemies." A Serbian folk-tale, 305-316

Animals' Council, The. Described in the Serbian folk-tale "Animals as Friends and Enemies," 308, 309

Animals, King of The. Hero in a Serbian folk-tale, 230

Animals' Language. A Serbian folk-tale dealing with, 230-235

Anjou, Charles of. Prince Ourosh maintains friendly relations with French Court of, 119

Antivari. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch invites all heroes in the province of, to his son's wedding, 139

Apostles. The Greek priests and monks prepare the ground for the great Slav, 29; Cyrillos and Methodius, the two Slav, 29

Apple. The, a symbolic gift, which a Serbian wooer offers to the maiden of his choice, 245

"Apple-tree, The Golden." A Serbian folk-tale, 267-280

Arbanass. Appellation for Albanian, 108

Archangel Michael. Death and, 31; Kolyivo not prepared for, 41

Athos, Mount. Vasso, the abbot of, finds Marko's dead body, 118

Austria. War between Serbia and Bulgaria instigated by, 11

Avala. A mountain by Belgrade, 177

Azov, Sea of. Serbians lived to the north-east of, 1

B

"Badgnak." The oak tree used at Christmas by the Serbians, 47

"Badgni Dan." Serbian equivalent for Christmas Eve, 46

Bajazet. Son of Sultan Amourath, 7

Balcius. Latinized form of Baux, in early records, 119; name changed at the Court at Naples into Balza, 119

Balkan Peninsula. Incursion of the Serbians into, 1

Balkan Territories. Kingdoms embraced in, 1

Balkan War. Mrs. C. H. Farnam's devotion to the wounded during the, 57, 58; reference to the feats of arms performed by the Serbians during the, 175

Balkans. Hero tales of the, express the ideals which have inspired the Serbian race, 12; explanation of the decay of the ancient aristocracy throughout the, 14

"Balkans, the Empress of the." Drama by King Nicholas I Petrovitch of Montenegro, 134

Ballad-s. Serbian bards improvise, to record deeds of King Nicholas I Petrovitch of Montenegro, 120; "The Marriage of Maximus Tzrnoyevitch," the finest and most famous Serbian, 134; usual ending to ballads by Serbian and Montenegrin bards, 184; historical note on that of "King Voukashin's Marriage," 193, 194; observation regarding motif of "The Captivity and Marriage of Stephan Kakshitch," 194; "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195-197; three Serbian--(1) "The Building of "Skadar" (Scutari), etc., 198; (2) "The Stepsisters," 206; and (3) "The Abduction of the Beautiful Iconia," 210

Balshitch. Nicholas I Petrovitch, King of Montenegro, and an indirect descendant out of, 120

Balza. Italianized form of Balcius (Baux), 119

Ban. The original title of the rulers of Bosnia, 6

Banat. One of the Serbian provinces in Austria-Hungary

Banovitch Strahinya. The ballad relating to, one of the finest composed by anonymous bards of Middle Ages, 119; historical data, 119, 120; some Serbian historians believe identical with the glorious Strashimir Balshitch-Nemanyitch, 119; eulogized as "a falcon without equal," 120; Dyogo the faithful steed of, 120; Caraman the faithful greyhound of, 120; visits Youg Bogdan, 120-121

Banyska (Lord of Little). Title by which a dervish hails Banovitch Strahinya, 122

Bards. (1) Serbian. Attention now turned to the exploits of modern heroes at Monastir, Koumanovo, Perlep (Prilip), Scutari (Skadar), etc., 176; usual ending to ballads of, 184; word 'book' invariably used by those of fourteenth century when speaking of a letter, 186. (2) Montenegrin. Stereotyped ending to ballads of, 184

Bash Tchelik (Real Steel). A Serbian folk-tale, 247-267; his promise of three lives to the Prince, and his abduction of his deliverer's wife, 258-267

Basil I, Emperor. The second conversion of Southern Slavs to Christianity was effected by, 28

Batchka. One of the Serbian provinces in Austria-Hungary

Baux, Des. Strashimir Balshitch-Nemanyitch a descendant of the old Provençal family of, 119; in early records the name is latinized Balcius, 119; supposition that the Italianized Seigneurs des Baux, who married into royal house of Nemanyitch and who settled in Serbian lands, further changed their patronymic to Balsha or Balshitch, 119

Baux, Hughes de. A French knight; reference to, 33

Bazar, Relya of. A Serbian knight; Bogdan the Bully and, 87-89

Beardless. A name used as the personification of craftiness and sharpness, applied to man in Serbian folk-tale "Lying for a Wager," 283

Beata Maria. St. Elias inquires the reason of her great grief, 195; St. Elias comforts, 196

Bedevia. The Moorish chieftain's mare, 79; Sharatz and, 79, 80, 81; Bogdan the Bully's mare, 87; name of mare given by Ivan Tzrnoyevitch to Milosh Obrenbegovitch, 141; Voïvode Balatchko's mare, 168

Belgrade. Reference to the triumphal return of the Serbian army to, at the conclusion of the Balkan campaigns, 1912-13, 176; a veela warns Stephan and Demitrius Yakshitch of the intention of the Turks to assail, 177; Stephan Yakshitch and Haykoona escape to, 183

Beliefs. Superstitions of Serbians, and national customs, 13-53

Berlin. Famous Treaty of, acknowledged the independence of Serbia during rule of Milan, 10, 11; mention of a Veele ring in Treaty of, 17

Bertrandon de la Broquière, Chevalier. Told in 1433 that Trajanople had been built by the Emperor Trajan, 27

Bind. Illyrian god; a reminder of, in the tradition regarding Prince Ivan Tzrnoyevitch, 25

"Bird Maiden, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 280-283

"Biter Bit, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 328-340; the hundred daughters in, 330; the wedding procession, 333; the Black Giant in, 334; the old woman meets the old man in a forest by the river Luckless, 336; the Black Giant buys the cow, 339

Blind. In Serbian Hungary there are schools for, in which national ballads are taught, 55, 56

"Bochtchaluks." Serbian equivalent for wedding presents, 32

Bodin, King. Son of Michaylo; obtains title from Pope Gregory VII, 3; restores the Serbia of Tchaslav, and adds Bosnia to his State, 3

Bogdan the Bully. Marko and, 87-89

Bogdan, Youg. Aged father-in-law of Banovitch, 120, 121; castle in Kroushevatz the residence of, 120; one of his sons-in-law a direct descendant of King Nemanya, 120; Strahinya returns to, after his slaying of Vlah-Ali, 128

Bogoumils. Protestants of the Greek Orthodox Church who settled in Bosnia, 4

"Bojitch." Equivalent, "the little God." The Christmas Day church service, 49

Boshko Yougovitch. One of Tsarina Militza's nine brothers, 170; refuses to remain with her while Tsar Lazarus departs to battlefield of Kossovo, 171

Boshnyaks. Serbians inhabiting Bosnia; considered to be the most typical Serbians, 13

Bosnia. King Bodin adds to his State, 3; Ban Koulin placed on the throne of, 4; Stevan Tomashevitch king of, 8; subjugation of, complete by 1463, 8; the Padishah offers to make Stephan Yakshitch Grand Vizier of, if he will renounce the Holy Cross, 179

Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the kingdoms in the Balkan territories, 1; Serbian calamity on Kossovo due mainly to the disobedience of the Serbian lords who ruled over, 175

Bowring, Sir John. Quotations of three poems from his Servian Popular Poetry, 198-212

Boyana. River on which Skadar's fortress stands, 186, 198

Brankovitch, Dyourady. Nephew of Vook Brankovitch, 7; reference to death of, 8

Brankovitch, Vook (Wolf). The treachery of, against Knez Lazar, 7; his death, 7; Tsarina Militza and death of, 173; responsibility for great calamity to the Serbian army on Kossovo assigned by bards to, 174

Bregalnitza. Reference to, as a set-off to Slivnitza, 176

Bregovo. Town of; Marko and Milosh at, 105

Bride. The custom with the Serbians for one of her brothers to present the bride to her wooer, 248

Bulgaria. A province of Serbia under Stevan Detchanski, 5; war against, by Serbia, 11; Shishman king of, 94

Bulgars. Serbians an easy prey to attacks of, 2

Bully, The. Alternative for Bogdan, 87-89; Albanian equivalent, Kessedjiya, 108; his death on the top of Katchanik mountain, 114

Byzantines. Serbians an easy prey to attack of, 2; Christianity deeply rooted in the, 14; Peroon, the Russian God of Thunder, concluded with the, 15

Byzantine Empire. Incorporates Bulgaria and overpowers Rashka, 3; Doushan the Powerful subdues almost the whole of the, 5; Prince Ourosh endeavours to negotiate an alliance between Serbs and French for overthrow of, 119

C

Caraman. The greyhound of Banovitch, 120, 121; assists Banovitch against Vlah-Ali, 127

Carpet, The Magic. Described in the Serbian folk-tale "Animals as Friends and Enemies," 309-313

Charles of Anjou. Prince Ourosh through his wife Helen, a French princess, maintains friendly relations with French Court of, 119

Christ. Teachings of; translated into Serb language by Cyrillos and Methodius, 2

Christianity. Conversion of pagan Serbian tribes to, 1; Paganism and, of Southern-Slavonic races, 14-53; as early as the eleventh century a number of Croatians converted to, 14; the new, sapped in Russia by the Enchanters, 24; indicated by the Cross, 26; the spread of, 28-32; Moravians converted to, 29; superstition stronger in the Balkans than, 30

Christians. Reference to campaigns between Turks and the, 6; miseries of, under Turkish rule, 8, 9; evil spirits and, 19; Prince Maximus and Yovan Obrenbegovitch to be used in service against, 149; historical note re the cunning efforts of Ottoman statesmen to seduce malcontents from their allegiance to their rightful lords, 184, 185

Christmas. Serbian customs at, 46-51

Church. The Greek Christian, to which all Serbians, including the natives of Montenegro, Macedonia, etc., belong, 30; reference to the, in the Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 197

Cinderella. See Pepelyouga and Marra, 226-229

Cock, The. Retort of, regarding the man who had been granted the gift of animals' language, 235

Constantinople. Vanquished by crusaders, 4; dead bodies burnt during siege of, 25; Cyrillos a professor of philosophy in University of the Imperial Palace of, 29; Turkish alternative Istamboul, 72

Courtenay, House de. Helen, wife of Ourosh, a French princess of the, 119

Cow. The Black Giant buys the; described in the Serbian folk-tale "The Biter Bit," 339

Croatia. One of the provinces in Austria-Hungary, 1

Croatians. A number of, converted to Christianity as early as the eleventh century, 14

Cross, The. Indicates the presence of Christianity, 26; the Slava and the sign of, 42, 44; Christmas customs and the sign of, 47, 48; Boshko Yougovitch's devotion to, 171; Stephan Yakshitch's devotion to, 179; St. John chooses, 196; Christians of the Balkans and the sign of, before and after every meal, 237; the Serbians when greatly surprised at anything, involuntarily make the sign of, 366

Curse of Christendom. Marko takes steps to avoid the, 117

Customs, National. The chief of the Serbians, 31-53; marriage, 32-40; Slava (or Krsno Ime), 40-49

Customs, Serbian. Superstitious beliefs and, 13-53; a brother to present a bride to her wooer, 248

Cyrillos. Methodius and, the so-called Slavonic apostles who translated the teaching of Christ into the ancient Slav language, 2, 29

D

Daedalus. Confused in Serbian legends with Emperor Trajan, 27

Dalmatians. Sea-going men who pray only to St. Nicholas, 51

Dance Rings (Vrzino kollo). The Veele and their, 17; one on Mount Kom in Montenegro called Vilino Kollo, 17

Danitza. The morning star; its appearance puts Zmay of Yastrebatz to flight, 130; reference to, in "The Captivity and Marriage of Stephan Yakshitch," 177

Danube. Allusion to Sharatz's swim across the, 91; Marko drowns part of Voutcha's army in, 92

Daughters. The hundred, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Biter Bit," 330

Daybog (The Sun God). Russian equivalent, Daszbog--literally "Give, O God!" 16; to the Serbians the personification of sunshine, life and prosperity, 16; remains of idols representing, among Southern-Slavonic nations, 16; Christmas festivities and, 49

Dead. Festival in honour of, during Lent, 52

Death. The Archangel Michael and, 31

"Deeds, Good, Never Perish." The Serbian folk-tale, 291-299

Dessimir. King Vukashin's trusty servant, 199

"Dever." The leader of the Serbian bride, 35

Devil-s (dyavo). Considered as pagan gods, 19

Diascevastes. The learned, of Pisistrate's epoch, 54

Diocletian, Emperor. References in Southern-Slavonic legends to, 27

"Divan." Means, in Serbian, any State gathering. As used in the Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures" it means the Supreme Judgment, 195

Djelat (executioner). Stephan Yakshitch threatened with the, 180

Dobrivoy. Servant of Theodore of Stalatch, 211

"Doda or Dodola." The rite connected with the favourite goddess of Rain, 51, 52

Don, The River. Serbians lived on banks of, 1

Dourmitor. The mountain, 186

Doushan the Powerful (Mighty). Dethrones his father Stevan Detchanski, 5; vampires and the Code of, 21, 22, 24; Voukashin's bad faith toward, 61; attended by Archdeacon Nedelyko till death, 66; the marriage of, 150-169; sends Theodor, Councillor of State, to King Michael of Ledyen, 150; sues for the hand of Princess Roksanda, 150, 151; the two Voïnovitchs, Voukashin and Petrashin, nephews of, 151; Milosh-the-Shepherd joins the wedding procession of, 153, 154; the four tests undertaken by Milosh-the-Shepherd on behalf of, in order to win the Princess Roksanda, 160-166; reference to the wresting of the Empire from the Turk by the Serb, until it is in extent almost equivalent to Empire under, 176

Dragomir. Djoupan of Trebinye, father of Stephen Voïslav, 3

Dragoutin. Son of Ourosh the Great; deposes his father and becomes king of Serbia, 4; retires in favour of his brother Miloutin, 4; assumes title of King of Sirmia, 5; yields his throne to Miloutin, 5

"Dream of the King's Son, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 322-328

Ducadyin, Plain of. Given as fief to Mehmed-Bey Obrenbegovitch, 149

Dulzigno. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch invites all heroes in province of, to his son's wedding, 134, 139

Dyakovitza. Voutché of, admires Koulash the steed of Milosh-the-Shepherd, 157

"Dyavo." See Devils.

Dyogo. Faithful steed of Banovitch, 120, 121, 122; enables Banovitch to escape Vlah-Ali's spear, 126

E

Earth. The Saints divide the treasures of, 195-197

Elias, St. (Elijah). Serbian peasants believe that the god Peroon still lives in person of, 15; Kolyivo not prepared for, 41; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195, 196; lightning and thunder chosen by, 196

Enchanters (tcharobnitzi). Celebrants of the various pagan rites, 24

Enemies. "Animals as Friends and," a Serbian folk-tale, 305-316

Era. The name given to the peasants of the district of Ouzitze (Western Serbia); they are supposed to be very witty and shrewd, and might be called the Irishmen of Serbia, 364; "The Era from the Other World," a Serbian popular anecdote, 364-366

Europe. The Turk almost driven from, during the golden rule of King Peter I, 11

F

Falcon, The. Banovitch eulogized as, "without equal," 120

Farnam, Mrs. C. H. Her interest in Vouk's book of Serbian national poems, 57, 58

Feast. The Slava, 45, 46

Folk-Lore. Tales of Serbian, 213-328; "The Ram with the Golden Fleece," 213-220; "A Pavilion neither in the Sky nor on the Earth," 220-224; "Pepelyouga," 224-230; "Animals' Language," 230-235; "The Stepmother and her Stepdaughter," 235-240; "Justice and Injustice," 240-243; "He who asks Little receives Much," 243-247; "Bash Tchelik" (Real Steel), 247-267; "The Golden Apple-tree and the Nine Pea-hens," 267-280; "The Bird Maiden," 280-283; "Lying for a Wager," 283-287; "The Maiden Wiser than the Tsar," 287-291; "Good Deeds never Perish," 291-299; "He whom God helps no one can harm," 300-305, etc.; "Animals as Friends and Enemies," 305-316; "The Three Suitors," 316-322; "The Dream of the King's Son," 322-328; "The Biter Bit," 328-340; "The Trade that no one Knows," 340-353; "The Golden-haired Twins," 353-361

Francs. Serbians an easy prey to attacks of, 2

French. Princess; Helen wife of Ourosh a, 119; Court of Charles of Anjou and Prince Ourosh, 119; Ourosh negotiates an alliance between Serbs and the, 119

Friends. "Animals as Enemies and," a Serbian folk-tale, 305-316

Funeral Customs. Description of, among Slavs, Serbians, etc., 25-27

G

Galicia. Serbians lived as a patriarchal people in country now known as, 1

George's Day, St. Serbian equivalent, Dyourdyev Dan. Strange sorceries practised on, 53

Giants. Serbian equivalent, Djins: Turkish equivalent, Div. Those in Bulgarian, Croatian, etc., mythology, we owe to the cycle of mediæval myths, 27; the nine, in the Serbian folk-tale "Bash Tchelik," 247, 252, 253, 254, 255; the Black, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Biter Bit," 328; the, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Trade that no one Knows," 345

Gipsies. Serbian equivalent, Tzigans, 363; "The Nobleman and the," a Serbian popular anecdote, 363; stealing and selling horses their main occupation, 363

God. The Veele believed in, and St. John, 17; Keys of the Heavens given to the Saints by, 196; the wrath of, 197; "He whom God helps no one can harm," a Serbian folk-tale, 300-305, etc.

God-s. Peroon, the God of Thunder, 15; Volos, the God of Cattle, 15; Daybog, the Sun god, 15, 16

Goethe. One of Vouk's national ballads was translated by, 55

Goletch. The mountain of, the dervish declares he would recognize Banovitch Strahinya even on top of, 122; Banovitch rides to Mount, 124

Goïko. Youngest of three brothers who built Skadar (Scutari), 198; his young wife immured in the foundation of Skadar, 198-205

Golouban. Tsar Lazarus' servant who succours Tsarina Militza, 172

"Good Deeds Never Perish." A Serbian folk-tale, 291-299

Gooslar. A Serbian national bard, 50, 63

"Gorsky Viyenatz" (The Mountain Wreath). The masterpiece of the Serbian poet Peter Petrovitch, 56; mention of the goussle in, 56

Gospel. The Slavonic translation of, applies name tcharobnitzi to the three Holy Kings, 24; Cyrillos translates the, 29

"Goussle." A primitive instrument with a single string, found in every Serbian home, 56; used during Balkans-Turkish War, 1912-13, in reciting poems relating to Marko, 63

Goyko, Voïvode. Inheritance of the Empire disputed by, 65-71

Great Powers, The. King Nicholas I Petrovitch of Montenegro obliged to evacuate Skadar by, 120

Greeks, The. Driven by the Serbians toward the Adriatic coast, 1

Greek Nymphs. The Veele compared with, 17

Gregory VII, Pope. Bestows title of King upon Michaylo, 3

Guns. Krgno and Zelenko, Ivan Tzrnoyevitch's two famous, 140

H

"Hadjis." Turkish equivalent for pilgrims, 108

"Haïdooks." Knight-brigands; exploits of, sung by professional bards, 55

Haykoona. Daughter of the vizier of Novi Bazar, 180; Stephan Yakshitch declines the 'water of oblivion' offered by, 181, 182; confesses her real love for Stephan Yakshitch and enables him to escape, 182, 183

Heaven-s. The Saints divide the treasures of, 195-197; the keys of, given by God to the Saints, 196; the Saints lock the Seven, 197

Helen. A French princess of the house of Courtenay, wife of Prince Ourosh, 119

Helen, Queen. Serbian alternative, Yevrossima (Euphrosyne); mother of the Royal Prince Marko, 59

Heraclius, Emperor. Cedes provinces to the Serbians, 1; Serbians first adopt Christian faith during reign of, 28

Heroes. Attention of Serbian bards now turned to exploits of modern, at Monastir, Koumanovo, Perlep (Prilip), Scutari (Skadar), etc., 176

Herzegovina. Subjugation complete by 1482, 8; King Voukashin dispatches book (letter) to, 186

Historical Note. On "Tsar Lazarus and the Tsarina Militza," 174-176; On "The Captivity and Marriage of Stephan Yakshitch," 184, 185; on "The Marriage of King Voukashin," 193, 194

Historical Retrospect. Of the Serbians, 1-12

"Hodjas." Turkish equivalent for priest, 108, 179

Homer. Reference to, 54

Hoossein. The trusty servant of the vizier of Novi Bazar, 180

Horea Margi. Capital of the state which the Serbians failed to form in ninth century, 2

Horse-s. Sharatz, Prince Marko's wonderful, 17, 57, 61-65, 68, 69, 76; Koulash, the steed of Prince Voïnovitch, 154, 155, 157-159; Bedevia, name of the Moorish chieftain's, 79-81; Dyogo, the name of the faithful steed of Banovitch, 120, 121, 122, 126; Bedevia, name of Milosh Obrenbegovitch's, 141; Zdral, name of Ivan Tzrnoyevitch's steed, 135, 140, 142; Bedevia, name of Voïvode Balatchko's, 168; the old woman and her, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Golden Apple-tree and the Nine Pea-hens," 276-280; the golden, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Dream of the King's Son," 325-328

Human Sacrifices. Legends regarding, among Russians, Slavs, Serbians, etc., 25

Hungary. Thousands of Serbian families emigrate to, through tyrannous Turkish rule, 8

Huntsmen. Prince Marko and the Turkish, 105-108

I

"Ich, Itch, or Ic." The characteristic termination of most Serbian family names, 119

Iconia. Daughter of Prince Miloutin; Theodore of Stalatch abducts, 210-212; betrothed to George Irene, for Sredoi, 211

"Iconia, the Abduction of the Beautiful." A Serbian national ballad from Sir John Bowring's Servian Popular Poetry, 210-212

Iliad. Reference to, 54

Illyrians, The. Driven by Serbians toward Adriatic coast, 1

Immortality. Serbians believe in Predestination and, 18

India. Beata Maria relates to St. Elias her recent arrival from, 195.

Irene, George. Iconia betrothed to, for Sredoi, 211

Irishmen. Of Serbia; the peasants of the district of Ouzitze (Western Serbia) might be termed the, 364

Islam. Remnant of Serbians under Turkish rule forced to embrace, 8; Maximus Tzrnoyevitch threatens to embrace, 149; Stephan Yakshitch declines to embrace faith of, 181, 182

Issaya. The deacon of Abbot Vasso, 118

Istamboul. Turkish equivalent for Constantinople, 72; Moorish chieftain demands daughter of Sultan at, 72-81; Moussa Kessedjiya at, 108; Prince Maximus threatens to go to, in order to embrace Islam, 149

Istria. One of the provinces in Austria-Hungary, 1

Ivanbegovitch, Scander-Beg. Turkish alternative for Prince Maximus Tzrnoyevitch, 149

Ivan Kosantchitch. See Kosantchitch.

Ivan Tzrnoyevitch (see Tzrnoyevitch). Tradition regarding the river of Tzrnoyevitch and, 24, 25

J

Jhesu, Lord. Stephan Yakshitch prefers to lose his life for the sake of, rather than become a Turk, 180; Stephan Yakshitch plights his troth to Haykoona in the name of, 183

John, St. The Veele believed in, 17; the princess appeals to Prince Marko in name of, 75, 76; the veela Raviyoyla appeals to Marko by memory of, 104; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; brotherhood and koomhood as well as the Holy Cross, chosen by, 196

"Justice and Injustice." A Serbian folk-tale, 240-243

K

Kadi. Equivalent, Ottoman judge, 179

"Kami" (or bileg). Term applied in Middle Ages to gravestones still found in large numbers in Herzegovina, Dalmatia, etc., now known as stetyak or mramor, 26, 27

Karadgitch, Vouk Stephanovitch. See Vouk Stephanovitch Karadgitch

Karageorgevitch, Alexander. Son of Karageorge Petrovitch, 10

Karavallahian Land. Milosh-the-Shepherd instructed to declare that he hails from the, 155

Kastriotovitch-Skander-Beg, George. An Albanian chief who fought successfully for the liberty of Albania, 8

Katchanik. A defile up which Prince Marko rides to meet Moussa, 112; Moussa the Bully's death on mountain of, 114

"Kessedjiya." Equivalent, fighter or bully. The nickname of an Albanian chevalier-brigand, Moussa, who rebelled against the Sultan, 108

Keys. The, of the Heavenly Empire, chosen by St. Peter, 196; the Keys of the Heavens given by God to the Saints, 196

Keystut. Brother of the Grand Duke Olgerd; his interment the last recorded instance of a pagan burial, 26

Klissoura. The wedding procession of Tsar Doushan reaches, 157; the fight for Koulash at, 158, 159

Knez. The title corresponding to "Prince," 6

"Kolatch." A special cake eaten on Saints' days, 41

"Kollo." The Serbian national dances, 40, 52

Kollo, Vrzino. Name applied to the Veele rings, 17

"Kolyivo." Lit. something which has been killed with the knife; the Slava cake, 41

"Koom." The principal witness at Serbian weddings, 35; Beata Maria complains of a brother koom bearing false witness against, 196

Koopinovo. A village on plain of Sirmia, in which Zmay-Despot Vook lived, 130

Kosantchitch, Ivan. General Voutcha and, 89-94

Kossovo. Vouk's national poems dwell on the glory of the Serbian mediæval Empire, lost on fatal field of, 55; four tabors meet on field of, disputing over the inheritance of the Empire, 65; the Sultana's dream concerning, 74; Marko and the maiden from, 82-86; Marko, Relya, and Milosh ride out from, 87; Banovitch hears of encampment of hordes of Turks on field of, 120; Banovitch seeks and attacks the Turks on field of, 120-128; Tsar Doushan's wedding procession rides through field of, 152; Milosh takes farewell of Tsar Doushan in middle of plain of, 168; Tsar Lazarus does battle on field of, 170-172; death of Tsar Lazarus on field of, 172-174; historical note on battle of, 174-176; historical note re Ottoman influence upon the peasantry in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time (1389) of the battle of, 184, 185

Koulash. Steed of Petroshin Voïnovitch, ridden by Milosh-the-Shepherd to join wedding procession of Tsar Doushan, 154, 155; the wonderful leap of, admired by Voutché of Dyakovitza, Yanko of Nestopolyé and others, 156, 157; the fight for, at Klissoura, 157, 158, 159

Koulin, Ban. Placed on throne of Bosnia, 4

Koumanovo. Famous battlefield on which in 1913 more Turks perished than did Serbians five centuries ago, 175; reference to, as a set-off to Kossovo, 176

"Kraly." Serbian equivalent for king, 198

"Krgno" and "Zelenko." Ivan Tzrnoyevitch's two famous guns, 140

Kroushevatz. I. Castle in, the residence of Youg Bogdan, 120; II. Castle in, the residence of Tsar Lazar, 129; Tsar Lazar beseeches Zmay-Despot Vook to come to, 131; III. The capital of the vast Serbian Empire during the reign of Tsar Hrebélianovitch at time of famous battle of Kossovo (A.D. 1389), 171; Bosko Yougovitch declares he would not forgo battle of Kossovo for the price of, 171

Kroushevo. A plain, over which Zmay of Yastrebatz flies toward the Tsarina's tower, 130; Zmay-Despot Vook reaches, 131

Kustandil. Veele ring between Vranya and, mentioned in the Treaty of Berlin, 17

L

Lale. The popular appellation of Serbians living in Batchka and Banat, 156

Language, Animals'. A Serbian folk-tale dealing with, 230-235

Latins, The. Driven by Serbians toward Adriatic coast, 1

Lazar, Knez. Elected ruler of Serbia, 6; makes an alliance with Ban Tvrtko against the Turks, 6, 7; slain by Sultan Amourath, 7

Lazar, Tsar. The Tsarina Militza confesses to the embraces of her magic lover, the Zmay of Yastrebatz, 129-133; Zmay-Despot Vook in the wheatfields of, 131

Lazarus. I. Of Bethany. Poems recited on the resurrection of, 52. II. Tsar. The Tsarina Militza and, 170-176; his departure to the battlefield of Kossovo, 170-172; his glorious death, 173, 174; historical note regarding, 174-176; reference to Empire lost by, regained under King Peter I, 176

Ledyen. Tsar Doushan sends Theodor to King Michael of, 150; Milosh-the-Shepherd pursues champion of the Venetian king to gates of, 162; Milosh rides to perform the second test in the meadow of, 163; Voïvode Balatchko ordered to fight Milosh by the king of, 167

Legends. Influence on Southern-Slavonic peoples, of Græco-Oriental and Christian myths and, 14; influence from Greeks and Romans on Southern-Slavonic, 27-30

Love. Lado, oy, Lado-deh, refrain which is probably the name of the ancient Slavonic Deity of Love, 52

Love. The, of sister for her brother is proverbial in Serbia, 170

Luckless, The River. Mention of, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Biter Bit," 336

"Lying for a Wager." A Serbian folk-tale, 283-287

M

Macedonia. One of the provinces in the Balkan territories, 1

Magyar-s. Prince Marko and, 92-94

"Maiden, The Bird-." A Serbian folk-tale, 280-283

"Maiden Wiser than the Tsar, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 287-291

Marko, Krazyevitch. Pro-claimed himself King of the Serbians; eldest son of King Voukashin, 6, 59; aids Turks against the Christians, 6; killed in battle of Rovina, 6; endowed with superhuman strength, and presented with a wonderful courser, Sharatz, by a veela, 17; his guests on his Slava day, 45; the goussle and exploits of, 57; Queen Helen mother of, 59; traditional son of a veela and a Zmay, 59; the most beloved of Serbian heroes, 59, 60; virtues of, 59; tradition extols him as faithful defender of Prince Ourosh, 61; Serbian belief that he will reappear to reestablish the mediæval Empire, 64; his supposed appearance at the battle of Prilip (1912), 64, 65; tells whose the Empire shall be, 65-71; cursed by his father, 71; the Moor and, 72-81; the Sultana's dream concerning, 74; wedding tax abolished by, 82-86; Bogdan the Bully and, 87-89; General Voutcha and, 89-94; wedding procession of, 94-100; the Moorish princess and, 100-102; the veela Raviyoyla and, 102-105; the Turkish huntsmen and, 105-108; Moussa Kessedjiya and, 108-114; his death, 115-118

Marra. Alternative, Pepelyouga (Cinderella), 226-229

Marriage. The customs obtaining at Serbian, 32-40

Mass, The Holy. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 196

Maximus Tzrnoyevitch. See Tzrnoyevitch

Mehmed. Turkish Grand Vizier; Vlah-Ali independent of, 121

Methodius. Cyrillos and, the so-called Slavonic apostles who translated the teaching of Christ into the ancient Slav language, 2, 29

Michael. King of Ledyen, father of Princess Roksanda; Tsar Doushan sues for the hand of Roksanda, 150; Theodor reports to the Tsar result of his mission to King of Ledyen, 151, 152

Michael, Archangel. Death and, 31; kolyivo not prepared for, 41

Michaylo. Son of Stephen Voïslav; obtains title of King from Pope Gregory VII, 3; King Bodin son of, 3

Michel (Serbian Mihaylo). Son of Milosh Obrenovitch; succeeds his father as prince of Serbia, 10

Michel III, Emperor. Mission of Cyrillos and Methodius to, 29

Middle Ages. "Banovitch Strahinya," one of the finest ballads composed anonymously by Serbian bards during the, 119

Mijatovitch, Madame C. Reference to Serbian Folk-lore, by, 305

Milan. Succeeds his cousin Michel as prince of Serbia, 10; war of 1876-8 against Turkey by, 10; acknowledgment of Serbian independence by Treaty of Berlin during rule of, 10; his abdication, 11

Milan of Toplitza. General Voutcha and, 89-94

Militchevitch. A famous Serbian ethnographist relates incident re a resnik (priest) who read prayers out of the apocrypha of Peroon, 22

Militza, Tsarina. The Zmay of Yastrebatz and the, 129-133; deceives the Zmay, 130; recognizes Zmay-Despot Vook, 131; Tsar Lazarus and the, 170-176; as her nine brothers Yougovitchs are to accompany Tsar Lazarus to battle on field of Kossovo she pleads for one brother to be left behind with her, 170; her brother Boshko Yougovitch refuses to remain behind, 171; succoured by Golouban, 172; news of battle brought by two ravens to, 172, 173; death of Lazarus and her brothers described by Miloutin, 173, 174

Milosh Obilitch. The Sultan Amourath perishes by the hand of, 7, 175

Milosh Obrenbegovitch, Voïvode. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch invites to be the stari-svat in connexion with his son's wedding, 138-149; Maximus Tzrnoyevitch slays, 148; Yovan Obrenbegovitch brother of, 149

Milosh Obrenovitch. Succeeds in re-establishing the Belgrade pashalik, 10; forced to abdicate, 10; restored by the Skoupshtina, 10; his death, 10; Michel son of, 10

Milosh of Potzerye. A Serbian knight; Bogdan the Bully and, 87-89; General Voutcha and, 89-94; the veela Raviyoyla and, 102-105

Milosh-the-Shepherd. The mother of the two Voïnovitchs counsels them to send for, 153; his meeting with his two brothers, 154; joins the wedding procession of Tsar Doushan, 155; rides the steed Koulash, 154, 155; his fight for Koulash, 158, 159; he undertakes the first test on behalf of Tsar Doushan, in order to win Roksanda, 160-162; the second test undertaken by, 162, 163; succeeds in the third test, 164; succeeds in the fourth test by discovering the identity of Princess Roksanda, 164-166; his contest with Balatchko, 167-169; Balatchko slain by, 168; discloses his identity to Tsar Doushan, 168

Milosh, Voïvode. The veela Raviyoyla wounds, 17; the great Serbian hero who slays the Turkish sultan, Amourath I, 173

Miloutin. I. Dragoutin, his brother, king of Serbia, retires in favour of, 4; one of the most remarkable descendants of Nemanya, 5; Stevan Datchanski son of, 5. II. Servant of Prince Lazarus; relates to Tsarina Militza death of Tsar Lazarus and her nine brothers on field of Kossovo, 173, 174. III. Prince of Ressava; Iconia daughter of, 211-212.

Minister. The treacherous, in the Serbian folk-tale "Good Deeds Never Perish," 294

Mirotch. Prince Marko and Milosh of Potzerye ride across the mountain of, 102

Mission. Of Cyrillos and Methodius to the Emperor Michel III, 29

Miyatovich, M. Chedo. Personal friend of King Alexander, 11

Mohammed. The vizier of Tyoopria undertakes to make Stephan Yakshitch love the creed of, 179

Mohammedanism. Prince Maximus and Yovan Obrenbegovitch embrace, 149

Moldavia. Many noble Serbian families take refuge with Christian princes of, 8

Momchilo. Queen Helen, sister of the adventurous knight, 59

Momtchilo, Voïvode. Vidossava the lonely consort of, 186; Yaboutchilo the steed of, 187-191; King Voukashin marches an army against, 187; the strange dream of, 189; falls into an ambuscade, 189; his valiant fight, 190; Yevrossima vainly attempts to rescue, 191; the death of, 192; his castle pillaged, 193

Montenegro. Never subdued by Turks, 8; belief in, that each house has its guardian spirit, 18; belief in vampires in, 21, 22; Nicholas I Petrovitch king of, 120; "The Marriage of Maximus Tzrnoyevitch" the source of the drama "The Empress of the Balkans" by king of, 134; Vladika Danilo Petrovitch, uncle of the present king of, who first assumed the title of Prince as a hereditary one, 184; few instances of treachery in, 185

Moor, The. Wedding tax inflicted by, 82-86

Moorish Chieftain, A. Prince Marko and, 72-80

Morava. The river of, 2; Theodore of Stalatch at, 210

Moravians. Their conversion to Christianity, 29

Moussa Arbanass. See Moussa Kessedjiya

Moussa Kessedjiya. Prince Marko and, 108-114

Mouyo. His welfare in the Other World described in the Serbian popular anecdote "The Era from the Other World," 331-333

Mrnyavtchevitch. Three brothers who built Skadar (Scutari), 198

Mussulman Faith. The vizier of Tyoopria tries to convert Stephan Yakshitch to the, 179

Mythology. Giants (djins) in Bulgarian, Croatian, and Slavonian, we owe to the mediæval cycle of myths, 27, 28

Myths. Influence on Southern-Slavonic peoples of Græco-Oriental and Christian legends and, 14

N

Naples. Prince Ourosh keeps up friendly relations with French Court of Charles of Anjou in, 119

Naturalism. Ousted from the Serbians by the doctrines of the Great Master, 29, 30

Nature. The worship of, by Southern-Slavonic races not adequately studied, 14; has not yet vanished from the creed of the Balkans, 30

Nedelyko, Archdeacon. King Voukashin summons to the field of Kossovo, 66, 67

"Neimar." Equivalent, architect, 204

Nemagnitch. Reference to the glorious dynasty of, 58

Nemanya, Stephan. Grand Djoupan; created Duke of Serbia by the Byzantine emperor, 4; Stevan second son of, 4; one of Youg Bogdan's, sons-in-law a direct descendant of, 120

Nestopolyé, Yanko of. Milosh-the-Shepherd's steed, Koulash, admired by, 157

New Inn. Prince Marko placed in, to recuperate his strength for his duel with Moussa, 110, 111

Nicholas I Petrovitch. King of Montenegro, an indirect descendant out of Balshitchi; forced by the Great Powers to evacuate Skadar, 120; Serbian bards improvise ballads to record deeds of, 120; source of inspiration of his drama "The Empress of the Balkans," 134

Nicholas, St. Power of controlling ocean, etc., attributed by the Serbians to, 51; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; the seas with the galleys upon them chosen by, 196

Nish. Extreme devotion to the Saints practised at, 46

Novak. A famous maker of swords, 111; makes a sword for Prince Marko, 111, 112

Novi Bazar. The pasha of, one of the leaders in the assault on Belgrade, 177-184; the vizier of Tyoopria wishes to have Stephan Yakshitch appointed vizier of, 180; Stephan Yakshitch's life redeemed by the vizier of, 180

O

Obrenbegovitch, Mehmed-Bey. Turkish alternative for Yovan Obrenbegovitch, 149

Obrenovitch III, Prince Michel. The Serbian legend of "A Pavilion neither in the Sky nor on the Earth," contributed to Vouk Stephanovitch Karadgitch by, 220

Obugagn Greb. Name borne by the grave of Governor Obuganitch, in Konavla, 27

Odyssey. Reference to, 54

Ognyena Maria (Mary the Fiery One). Serbian peasants believe her to be the sister of the god Peroon (St. Elias), 15

Old Serbia. One of the provinces in the Balkan territories, 1

Oossood. A veela who pronounced the destiny of Serbian infants, 18

Ottoman Generals. Mediæval history of Serbia contains many instances of malcontents who became tools in hands of, 174, 175

Ottoman Invasion. Ourosh and his nobles pave the way for the, 5

Ottoman Statesmen. Historical note re the cunning efforts of, to seduce malcontents from their allegiance to their rightful lords at the Courts of the Christian princes of the Balkans, 184, 185

Ouglesha. Inheritance of the Empire disputed by, 65, 70

Ourosh. Younger son of Doushan the Powerful, 5; Voukashin's bad faith toward, 61; inheritance of the Empire disputed by, 65-71; Marko blessed by, 71

Ourosh, Prince. Belonged to the Nemanya dynasty, 119; Helen (a princess of the house de Courtenay) wife of, 119; maintained friendly relations with the French Court of Charles of Anjou in Naples through his wife, 119

Ourosh the Great. Dethrones his brother Vladislav, 4; dethroned by his son Dragoutin, 4

Ourvinian Mountain. Prince Marko's death on, 115-118

P

Padishah (Sultan). Marko fears his foes will calumniate him to, 107; Vlah-Ali the rebel of the, 123; Stephan Yakshitch taken before the, 178; Stephan Yakshitch tempted to abjure the Holy Cross by, 178

Paganism. The religion and the, of the Serbians, 14-53; only partially abolished from the Balkans, 30

Palm Sunday. Serbian festivities on, 52

Panthelias, St. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; great heats chosen by, 196

Paul. One of the brothers in the Serbian ballad "The Stepsisters," 206-210

"Pavilion neither in the Sky nor on the Earth, A." A Serbian legend, 220-224

"Pea-hens, The Nine." A Serbian folk-tale, 267-280

"Pepelyouga" (Cinderella). A Serbian legend, 226-230; alternative name of, Marra, 226-229

Peroon. The Russian God of Thunder, 15; name preserved in village "Peroon," and in plant "Peroonika," 15

Peter I, King. Son of Alexandre Karageorgevitch; his glorious rule, 11; George Petrovitch grandfather of, 175; Empire lost by Tsar Lazarus regained under, 176

Peter II. Archbishop of Montenegro, and belief in vampires, 22

Peter, St. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; wine, wheat and the Keys of the Heavenly Empire chosen by, 196; "St. Peter and the Sand," a Serbian popular anecdote, 362

Petrovitch, George. Turkish designation Karageorge ('Black George'). A gifted Serbian who led a successful insurrection against the Turks in 1804, 9, 175; cruelly assassinated by order of Milosh, 10

Petrovitch, Nicholas I. See Nicholas

Petrovitch, Peter. The popular Serbian poet; reference to his masterpiece on Gorsky Viyenatz ("The Mountain Wreath"), 56

Petrovitch, Vladika Danilo. Uncle of present king of Montenegro; first assumed the title of Prince as a hereditary one, 184

Pirlitor. Alternative, Piritor. The white city opposite the mountain Dourmitor, the walls of the castle of which it is said still exist in Herzegovina, 186; Vidossava punished by the castle, 193

Pisistrate's Epoch. The learned Diascevastes of, 54

Pleiades. Serbian equivalent, Sedmoro Bratye ('The Seven Brothers'), 22

Podgoritza. Captain Yovan's five hundred men of, 139

Poetry, Epic. The Serbian national, 54-58

Pogatcha. The Serbian wedding cake, 38

Polaznik. A Serbian visitor, 50

Pope, The. Stevan Tomashevitch fails to get help from, 8

Poretch. The district of; Milo and Milosh arrive at, 105

Porphyrogenete, Constantine. According to, the Serbians adopted the Christian faith at two different periods, 28

Potzerye, Milosh of. Bogdan the Bully and, 87-89; General Voutcha and, 89-94; the veela Raviyoyla and, 102-105

Predestination. Serbians believe in immortality and, 18

Priepolyé. A youth from, admires Milosh-the-Shepherd's steed, Koulash, 157

"Priest, The, why drowned." A Serbian popular anecdote, 364

Prilip. Serbian belief that Prince Marko is asleep in castle at, 64; Prince Marko's appearance at battle of, in November, 1912, 64; Archdeacon Nedelyko bids the four tabors appeal to Marko at, 67; the Sultana's dream concerning, 74; Milosh sends a messenger to, 90; Marko imprisons Voutcha and Velimir in, 93, 94

Prisrend. Theodor arrives at, and reports to Tsar Doushan the result of his mission, 151, 152; Tsar Doushan's return to, 168

Ptolemy. Greek geographer, describes the Serbians, 1

Q

Quests. The, of the three sons in the Serbian folk-tale "He whom God helps no one can harm," 300-305

R

Rado. The architect (neimar) who builds Skadar, 200-205

Radool. One of the brothers in the Serbian ballad "The Stepsisters," 206-210

Radoslav. Son of Stevan, becomes King of Serbia; deposed by his brother Vladislav, 4

Radoul-bey. A Turkish lord, the supposed master of Milosh-the-Shepherd, 155

Ragusa. Many noble Serbian families find a safe refuge in, 8

"Ram with the Golden Fleece, The." A Serbian folk-lore story, 213-220

Rashka. Name of the independent State that Djoupan Vlastimir attempted to form, 2; Tsar Siméon invades, to support Djoupan Tchaslav, 2; overpowered by Byzantine Empire, 3

Rastislav, Prince. Cyrillos and Methodius entrusted with a mission to Emperor Michel III by, 29

Raviyoyla, Veela. Prince Marko all but slays the, 17; the story of Prince Marko and, 102-105

Religion. Paganism and the, of the Serbians, 14-53; naturalism and the Serbians, 29, 30

Relya of Bazar. A Serbian knight; Bogdan the Bully and, 87

Renaissance. The Serbian poets of Ragusa made frequent reference during the, to nymphs and dryads as 'Veele,' 16

"Resnik." A proper name in Serbia, etc., which means "the one who is searching for truth," 24

Ressava. Theodore of Stalatch wanders by river of, and sees Iconia, 210, 211

Roksanda, Princess. Daughter of King Michael of Ledyen; Tsar Doushan sues for hand of, 150; the four tests undertaken by Milosh-the-Shepherd on behalf of Tsar Doushan in order to win, 160-166

Ronceval. Reference to the French troubadour's ballad of battle at, in comparison with the method of elaboration employed in connexion with "King Voukashin's Marriage," 193, 194

Roumania. Battle of Rovina in, 6

Rovina. Marko killed in battle of, 6

Russians. Funeral customs among the, 26, 27

S

Sacrificial Rites. The exact terminology of well-known, from translations of the Greek legends of the Saints, 24; legends of human, among Russians, Polapic Slavs, Serbians, etc., 25

St. Elias (Elijah). Serbian peasants believe that the god Peroon still lives in the person of, 15; kolyivo not prepared for, 41; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; comforts Beata Maria, 196

St. George's Day. Serbian equivalent, Dyourdyev Dan. Strange sorceries practised on, 33, 53

St. John. The princess appeals to Prince Marko in name of, 75, 76; the veela Raviyoyla appeals to Marko by memory of, 104; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; brotherhood, koomhood, and the Holy Cross chosen by, 196

St. Nicholas. Power of controlling ocean, etc., attributed by the Serbians to, 51; mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195

St. Panthelias. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; great heats chosen by, 196

St. Peter. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 195; wine, wheat, and the Keys of the Heavenly Empire chosen by, 196

"Saints Divide the Treasures, The." Serbian ballad, 195-197; "The Sand and," a Serbian popular anecdote, 362

Salonica. The Slav apostles of, Cyrillos and Methodius two of, 29

Samodrezja. White church of, on field of Kossovo, 65; Marko chased by Voukashin round church of, 70, 71

Sand "St. Peter and the." A Serbian popular anecdote, 362

Sava. Youngest son of Grand Djoupan Stephan Nemanya, 4; becomes first Servian archbishop, 4

Scutari. Modern alternative for Skadar. See Skadar. Sir John Bowring and the token on the walls of, confirming the story of Goïko's wife being immured, 205

Sea. The Saints divide the treasures of, 195-197

Serb-s. The coming of the, 1; Prince Ourosh seeks to promote an alliance between the French and, 119

Serbia. Use of the solecism Servia in English language, 1; one of the kingdoms in the Balkan territories, 1; ruled by dynasty founded by Grand Djoupan Stephan Nemanya, 3, 4; Stevan assumes title of King of, 4; Bulgaria a province of, 5; Doushan the Powerful Tsar of, 5; Knez Lazar elected ruler of, 6; fresh subjugation of, in year 1813, 9; Treaty of Berlin acknowledges independence of, 10, 11; Princess Roksanda's excellence unmatched throughout, 152; the love of a sister for her brother is proverbial in, 170

Serbian-s. Galicia occupied by, prior to their incursion into the Balkan Peninsula, 1; described by Ptolemy as living on banks of Don, 1; Heraclius cedes provinces to the, 1; an easy prey to the Byzantines, the Bulgars, and the Francs, 2; attempt to form a State on banks of River Morava in ninth century, 2; nation hindered by internecine strife from becoming a powerful political unit, 3; church, Sava obtains autonomy of, 4; archbishop, Sava becomes the first, 4; lands occupied by the Turks, 6; struggle between Turks and, 7; final defeat of, 8; emigration of, to Hungary, 8; superstitious beliefs of, and national customs, 13-53; mixed with the indigenous population of the Balkan Peninsula, 13; the Boshnyaks considered the most typical, 13; bards, the Veele glorified by, 16; national customs of the, 31-53; national epic poetry, 54-58; "Banovitch Strahinya" one of the finest ballads composed by anonymous bards during Middle Ages, 119; the departure of, from Ledyen, bearing Princess Roksanda, 166; "People, Why Poor," a Serbian popular anecdote, 362

"Servian Popular Poetry." Sir John Bowring's, quotations of three poems from, 198-212

Shar. The mountain where Milosh-the-Shepherd tarried with his flocks, 153

Sharatz (Piebald). Prince Marko's wonderful courser, 17, 57; story how Marko became possessed of the wonderful steed, 61-65; alternatives, Sharin or Sharo, 62; Marko rides to Kossovo, 68, 69; prepared for fight against a Moor, 76; Marko rides, to Istamboul, 76, 77; Bedevia and, 79, 80, 81; Marko rides, in his conflict with the Moor to abolish his wedding tax, 82-86; how Marko escaped Bogdan the Bully on, 87; Marko attacks General Voutcha on, 91-94; Marko flees from Moorish princes on, 102; the veela Raviyoyla overtaken by, 103, 104; Marko pursues the Turkish Grand Vizir on, 106; Marko rides forth on, to meet Moussa, 112; Marko returns triumphantly to the Sultan at Istamboul on, 114; Marko slays and buries, 116, 117

Shishman, King. Marko and daughter of, 95-97

Siméon. A Bulgarian Tsar; Rashka invaded by, 2

Sirmia. I. One of the kingdoms in the Balkan territories, 1; Dragoutin king of, 5. II. A plain containing village of Koopinovo, in which Zmay-Despot Vook lived, 130.

Sitnitza. Strahinya beholds supposed tent of Vlah-Ali from the banks of, 122; Banovitch crosses the river, 124; Ban Strahinya's death by the streamlet, 174

Skadar or Skadra. Modern alternative, Scutari; birthplace of Prince Marko, 59; the capital of Northern Albania, where Strashimir Balshitch-Nemanyitch reigned (1360-1370), 119; the capital of Zeta (the Montenegro of modern times), 120; name derived from the Italian appellation Scodra, otherwise Scutari, 198; belonged to Serbians from time immemorial, 198; Serbian ballad "The Building of," 198-205; on river Boyana, 186

Skoupshtina, The (National Assembly). Milosh restored by, 10; elects King Peter I, 11

Slav-s. Language, teachings of Christ translated into, by Cyrillos and Methodius, 2; apostles, Cyrillos and Methodius two of, 29; explanation of conquest of Ottoman generals over the Balkan, 175

Slava. Alternative, Krsno Ime. The Serbian tutelary Saint-day, 40-46

Slavonic Races. Paganism and religion of, 14-53; influence of Græco-Oriental myths and legends, Illyrian and Roman propaganda, Christian legends and apocryphal writings, on the, 14; remains of idols of the Sun god 'Daybog' among the, 16

Southern Slavs. At first the Christian faith spread only superficially, 28; life of, interwoven with superstition, 30-53; national customs of, 31-53; allusion to frescoes illustrating duel between Marko and Moussa on tavern walls in villages of, 108

Spirits, Good and Evil. Serbian belief in, 18, 22

Sredoi. A kinsman of George Irene; Iconia promised to, for Irene, 211

Stalatch. A ruined fortress on the banks of the river Morava, 210; Theodore of, 210

Stamboul. Mediæval history of Serbia contains many instances of malcontents going to, and becoming tools of Ottoman generals, 174, 175; return in triumph of the vizier of Tyoopria to, 178

"Steel, True." The Serbian folk-tale of "Bash Tchelik" or, 247-267

Stefan Strematz. The celebrated Serbian novelist, and Slava customs, 46

"Stepmother and her Step-Daughter, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 235-240

"Stepsisters, The." A Serbian ballad from Sir John Bowring's Servian Popular Poetry, 206-210

Stevan. Second son of Grand Djoupan Stephan Nemanya, 3, 4; on abdication of his father he assumes title of King of Servia, 4; Radoslav son of, 4

Stevan Detchanski. Miloutin's son; by victory at Velbouzd brings whole of Bulgaria under his sway, 5; dethroned by Doushan, 5

Stevan Tomashevitch. King of Bosnia, 8

Stoyan and Stoyana. Twins whom it was attempted to immure in the foundation of Skadar, 198-205

Strahinya, Banovitch. Serbian bards improvise ballads to tell story of Nicholas I Petrovitch just as their ancestors recorded exploits of, 120; Vlah-Ali attacks castle and captures wife of, 120-128; slays Vlah-Ali and returns to Kroushevatz, 128

Strashimir Balshitch-Nemanyitch. Some Serbian historians believe identical with Banovitch Strahinya, 119; a descendant of the old Provençal family of des Baux, 119; reigned conjointly with two brothers in Skadar, the capital of Northern Albania (1360-1370), 119

Strength. The secret of Bash Tchelik's, 266

Strhigna, Ban. Tsarina Militza and death of, 173

Sublime Porte. Accepts Milosh as hereditary Prince of Serbia, 10

"Suitors, The Three." A Servian folk-tale, 316-322

Sun and Moon. Serbian beliefs regarding eclipses recall Norse belief of a similar nature, 19

Sun-God. Pagan sacrifices to, in Serbia, 49

Sunday. Veela discountenances fighting on, 17, 113, 114

Superstition. Christianity and, in the Balkans, 30

"Svati" (or svatovi). Serbian equivalent for wedding guests, 32

Svetchar. The chief man of the family in connexion with the Slava, 40, 42

Svetopluk, Prince. Cyrillos and Methodius entrusted with a mission to Emperor Michel III by, 29

Sword. Novak makes a celebrated one for Prince Marko, 111, 112

T

Tarra. The river, 186

Tasks, The Three. Named in the Serbian ballad "The Ram with the Golden Fleece," 213-220

Tchardack. A Turkish word signifying a tower provided with balconies, 129

Tchaslav. The Djoupan of a Serbian tribe; claims the Rashka State, 2; wrests also the territories of Zetta, Trebinye, Neretva, and Housa, 2, 3

Tchile. Diminutive for Yaboutchilo. The steed of Voïvode Momtchilo, 186-191

Tekiye. Allusion to the church at, 93

Theodor. Tsar Doushan's Councillor of State; sent to sue for hand of Roksanda, daughter of King Michael of Ledyen, 150; reports result of his mission, 151, 152; his inability to undergo the fourth test in order to win Princess Roksanda, 164, 165

Theodore of Stalatch. Hero in the Serbian ballad "The Abduction of the Beautiful Iconia," 210-212; Dobrivoy servant of, 211

Thracians, The. Driven by Serbians toward Adriatic coast, 1

Thunderer, The. Appellation for St. Elias, 196

Timok. River of, crossed by Marko and Milosh, 105

Toasts. The Slava and, 44

Toplitza, Milan of. General Voutcha and, 89-94

"Trade, A, before Everything." A Serbian popular anecdote, 366-369

"Trade that no one Knows, The." A Serbian folk-tale, 340-353

Trajan, Emperor. Confused in the Balkans with the Greek King Midas, 27; confused in Serbian legends with Dædalus, 27

Travnik. The city of, 179

Treachery. Vook Brankovitch's, against Knez Lazar, 7

Treasures, "The Saints Divide the," 195-197

Treaty of Berlin. The famous, acknowledged the independence of Serbia during the rule of Milan, 10, 11; mention of a Veele ring in the, 17

"Tsar, The Maiden Wiser Than The." Serbian folk-tale, 287-291

Turk-s. Reference to campaigns between Christians and, 6; struggle between Serbians and, 7; final success of, 8; almost driven from Europe under glorious rule of King Peter I, 11; abhorred by the Veele, 17; defeat of, on battlefields of Koumanovo, Monastir, Prilip, Prizrend, Kirk-Kilisse and Scutari, 54; sought and attacked by Banovitch on field of Kossovo, 121-128; Prince Maximus and Yovan Obrenbegovitch become, 149; Belgrade assailed by a great host of, 177-184; Stephan Yakshitch resists the temptation to become a, 179-182; historical note re the cunning efforts of, to seduce malcontents from their allegiance to their rightful lords at courts of the Christian princes of the Balkans, 184, 185

Turkish Atrocities. Their culmination reached in seventeenth century, 9

Turkish Huntsmen, The. Prince Marko and, 105-108

Turkish Rule. The miseries of, 8, 9

Tvrtko, Ban. Of Bosnia; alliance against the Turks between Knez Lazar and, 6

"Twins, The Golden-Haired." A Serbian folk-tale, 353-361

Tyoopria. I. Vizier of; one of the leaders in the assault on Belgrade, 177-183; Stephan Yakshitch led as prisoner to, 178; kindness of, to Stephan Yakshitch, 178-180; his return in triumph to Stamboul, 178; his wish to make Stephan Yakshitch vizier of Novi Bazar, 180. II. Castle of, the vizier of Tyoopria offers to retain Stephan Yakshitch as prisoner in, 179.

Tyouprilitch, Grand Vizir. Undertakes a campaign against Moussa, 108; Moussa takes prisoner and sends ignominiously bound to Istamboul, 108, 109; advises Sultan to send for Prince Marko, 109

Tyoupriya. Modern alternative for Horea Margi, 2

"Tzechin." A golden coin worth about ten shillings, 240

Tzigan-s. Serbian equivalent for gipsies, 36, 363; their main occupation is stealing and selling horses, 363

Tzrnoyevitch, Ivan. Sails across the Adriatic to Venice to secure wife for his son Maximus, 134; sails for Zablak, 135; Zdral steed of, 135; invites Voïvode Milosh Obrenbegovitch to be the stari-svat in connexion with his son's wedding, 138-149; invites Captain Yovan to the wedding of his son, 139; Krgno and Zelenko, two famous guns of, 140

Tzrnoyevitch, Maximus. The marriage of, 134-149; son of Ivan Tzrnoyevitch, 134; stricken with small-pox, 135; Yovan in a dream sees a falling tower strike, 139; Milosh Obrenbegovitch slain by, 148; Turkish alternative, Scanderbeg Ivanbegovitch, 149; Scutari on river Boyana granted to, by Sultan, 149

U

Uglesha-Voïvode. Second of three brothers who built Skadar (Scutari), 198-205

V

Valahia. Many noble Serbian families take refuge with Christian princes of, 8

Vampires. The belief in, universal throughout the Balkans, 21, 22

Varadin, Fort. Guns of, signal General Voutcha's triumph, 89; Prince Marko on the plain before, 91, 92; Marko sends Voutcha and Velimir to, 94

Vasso. The igouman (abbot) of Mount Athos; finds the body of Marko and mourns his death, 118; Issaya the deacon of, 118

Vassoye, Land of. Momtchilo dreams that a cloud of fog from, wraps itself round Dourmitor mountain, 189

Veela. Marko endued with superhuman strength by a, 17; presented with Sharatz by a, 17; Raviyoyla a, allusion to incident of Marko and, 17; Oossood a, who pronounced the destiny of Serbian infants, 18; Raviyoyla and Marko, 102-105; Marko calls for aid from his sister-in-God the, 113, 114; Marko hears the call of the, on the top of Ourvinian mountain, 115-118

Veele or Vile (singular, Veela or Vila). Minor deities in Serbian superstition identical with the nymphai and potami mentioned by the Greek historian Procope, 16-18; Stephan Yakshitch and a, 177; Skadra's fortress and the, 198; the prince and the, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Dream of the King's Son," 324, 325

Velbouzd. Famous battle of, 5

Veless. The city of; derived name from Russian God of Cattle, Volos, 15

Velessnitza. A village on the lower Danube; derived name from the Russian God of Cattle, Volos, 15

Velimir. Son of General Voutcha; Marko and, 91-94

Venetian King. The four tests put by the, to Tsar Doushan in order to win the Princess Roksanda, 160-166

Venetian Land. Tsar Doushan journeys to the, 152

Venetians, The. Their cunning known from ancient times, 152, 153

Venice. Maximus Tzrnoyevitch's wedding and, 140, 142

Venice, Doge of. Marko invites to act as koom the, 96-100; Ivan Tzrnoyevitch asks daughter of, in marriage for his son Maximus, 134-149

Vidal, Pierre. A French troubadour; Donna Azalais de Baux his patroness, 33

Vidin, The Pasha of. One of the leaders in the assault on Belgrade, 177-184

Vidossava. The lonely consort of Voivode Momtchilo; letter sent secretly to, by King Voukashin, 186; the treachery of, 187; destroys wings of steed Yaboutchilo, 188; her punishment, 192, 193

Vienna. Vouk Stephanovitch-Karadgitch's first collection of Serbian national poems published at, 54

Vilindar. Vasso the Abbot of Mount Athos rides from the white church of, 118; Prince Marko's body interred within the white church of, 118

Vladika. Meaning in Serbian, 'bishop,' 184

Vladislav. Radoslav dethroned by, 4; Ourosh the Great dethrones, 4

Vlah-Ali. A haughty chieftain who attacks Strahinya's castle and captures his wife, 120-128; independent of the Grand Vizir Mehmed and of Sultan Amourath, 121; Strahinya seeks out and attacks, 121-128; his slaying by Banovitch, 128

Vlastela (Assembly of Nobles). Doushan the Powerful proclaimed Tsar of Serbia in agreement with, 5

Vlastimir, Djoupan (Great). Attempts to form an independent State, 2

Vo or Voll. Equivalent, Ox, 15. See Volos

Voïnovitch, Milosh, Prince. Identical with Milosh-the Shepherd, 168, 169

Voïnovitch, Petrashin. Nephew of Tsar Doushan, 151; Doushan swears to hang, 152; Milosh-the-Shepherd brother of, 153, 154

Voïnovitch, Voukashin. Nephew of Tsar Doushan, 151; Doushan swears to hang, 152; Milosh-the-Shepherd brother of, 153, 154

Voïslav, Stephen. Ruler of Zetta, son of Dragomir, declares his independence and appropriates Zahoumlye (Hertzegovina), 3

Voïvode. As a title of nobility corresponds to English 'Duke,' 7

Voïvode, Balatchko the. The contest with Milosh-the-Shepherd, 167-169; Milosh slays, 168

Volos. The Russian God of Cattle; derivative appears in the Serbian word vo or voll ('ox'), 15

Vook, Zmay-Despot. The Zmay of Yastrebatz and, 130-133; fear of Zmay of Yastrebatz of, 130; village of Koopinovo on plain of Sirmia, his abode, 130; his fight with Zmay of Yastrebatz, 131, 132; the Zmay slain by, 132; ruled over Sirmia, 132

Vouk Stephanovitch-Karadgitch. Serbian national poet, 54, 55; takes down from lips of Serbian bard the ballad of "The Marriage of King Voukashin," 193; records the belief of the Serbian people that no great building can be successfully erected without immuring some human being, 205; Serbian legend "A Pavilion neither in the Sky nor on the Earth," contributed by Prince Michel Obrenovitch III to, 220

Voukashin, King. Defeated by Ourosh on banks of river Maritza, 6; Prince Marko son of, 59; Serbian ballads sing of, 60; the bad faith of, toward Emperor Doushan, 61; disputes the inheritance of the Empire, 65-71; curses Marko, 71; the marriage of, 186-194; vassal king to the Emperor Doushan the Powerful, 186; writes a book (letter) to Vidossava and dispatches it to Herzegovina, 186; on the advice of Vidossava he marches a large force to Herzegovina against Momtchilo, 187-192; his woe concerning the death of Momtchilo, 192; weds Yevrossima 192; Marko and Andrias born to, 193; historical note on, 193, 194

Voutcha, General. Prince Marko and, 89-94

Voutché of Dyakovitza. Admires the steed Koulash, 157

Voutchitrn, Castle of. Tsar Doushan swears to hang his nephews, the Voïnovitchs, on the gates of the, 152; Tsar Doushan's wedding procession passes by walls of, 152; Milosh takes farewell of Tsar Doushan in order to return to, 168

Voyages. The three, of the good son in the Serbian folk-tale "Good Deeds Never Perish," 291-299

Vrzino (or Vilino) Kollo. Dance rings of the Veele, 17

Vukashin Kraly. Eldest of three brothers who built Skadar (Scutari), 198-205

W

"Wager, Lying for a." A Serbian folk-tale, 283-287

Wedding Procession. The, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Biter Bit," 333

Wedding Tax. Prince Marko abolishes, 82-86

Whitsuntide. Serbian festivities during, 52

Witch-es (veshtitze). Female evil spirits, who are irreconcilably hostile to men and children, 20, 21; the old, in the Serbian folk-tale "The Bird-Maiden," 281-283

Worship. Of the sun and moon, 22; of fire and lightning, 22; of animals, 22, 23; of snakes, 23; of the dragon--that of Southern Slavs contrasted with that of the Hellenes, 23

Wrath of God, The. Mention of, in Serbian ballad "The Saints Divide the Treasures," 197

Y

Yaboutchilo (diminutive, Tchile). The steed of Voïvode Momtchilo, 187-191; Momtchilo reproaches, 190

Yahorika. Demitrius Yakshitch rests by river, 178

Yakshitch, Demitrius. Brother of Stephan Yakshitch; the Veela's warning to, 177; his remorse by the river Yahorika, 178

Yakshitch, Stephan. The captivity and marriage of (a ballad of Montenegro), 177-185; Demitrius the brother of, 177; the veela's warning to, 177; taken prisoner and led to the presence of the Vizier of Tyoopria, 178; led to the presence of the mighty Padishah, 178; the Padishah tempts him to renounce the Holy Cross, 179; declines the "water of oblivion" offered by Haykoona, 181, 182; Haykoona confesses her real love for, and enables him to escape, 182, 183

Yanissaries. The pasha of Novi Bazar in the assault on Belgrade brings twenty thousand fierce, 177

Yanko of Nestopolyé. Admires the steed Koulash, 157

Yastrebatz, the Zmay of. The Tsarina Militza and, 129-133; his fear of Zmay-Despot Vook, 130; Vook attacks and slays, 131, 132

Yedrenet. Equivalent, Adrianople. Prince Marko received by the Sultan at, 107, 108

Yelitza. Sister of Paul and Radool, in the Serbian ballad "The Stepsisters," 207-210

Yesdimir. The aged brother of the doge of Venice, 143

Yevrossima (Euphrosyne). I. Alternative name for Queen Helen, mother of Prince Marko, 59, 67. II. Sister of Voïvode Momtchilo, 187; vainly attempts to rescue her brother Momtchilo, 191; King Voukashin weds, to whom she bears Marko and Andrias, 193; historical note on, 193, 194

Youg Bogdan. Aged father-in-law of Banovitch, 120; visited by Banovitch, 120, 121; castle in Kroushevatz the residence of, 120; Strahinya returns to, after his slaying of Vlah-Ali, 128; Tsarina Militza and death of, 173

Yougovitch-s. I. The nine brothers-in-law of Strahinya; Strahinya urges them not to slay their sister, 128. II. The nine brothers of Tsarina Militza, 170-174

Yovan, Captain. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch invites, to the wedding of his son, 139-149

Yovan Obrenbegovitch. Brother of Milosh Obrenbegovitch, 149; meets Prince Maximus, 149; Turkish alternative Mehmed-Bey Obrenbegovitch, 149; plain of Ducadyin given as fief to, 149

Yovo. Infant son of Goïko, 204, 205

Z

Zablak. Ivan Tzrnoyevitch sails for, 135; wedding attendants invited by Ivan Tzrnoyevitch encamp on plain of, 139; Yovan in a dream beholds fire consume the beautiful capital of, 139; Milosh to escort Maximus' bride to, 141, 144

"Zadrooga." Designation of Serbian family associations, 13, 14

Zagoryé. Mountain on which Milosh-the-Shepherd overtakes wedding procession of Tsar Doushan, 155

Zagreb (Agram). Croatians had established an episcopate at, as early as the eleventh century, 14

Zahoumlye (Herzegovina). Appropriated by Stephen Voïslav, 3

Zdral. Steed of Ivan Tzrnoyevitch, 135, 140, 142

"Zelenko" and "Krgno." Ivan Tzrnoyevitch's two famous guns, 140

Zemlyitch, Styepan. Accompanies the doge of Venice, who acts as Marko's koom, 96-100

Zeta. The Montenegro of modern times, Skadar the capital of, 119, 120

Zetina. Waters of, stirred by explosion of Ivan Tzrnoyevitch's guns, 140

Zmay. The Serbian word for dragon, 129; the, of Yastrebatz, and the Tsarina Militza, 129

NOTES

[1] This was written one month before an even more critical situation confronted the Serbian nation.

[2] Mussachi's memoir in Karl Hopf's Chroniques Græco-Romaines.

[3] Tcheque is a better synonym for the solecism Bohemian.

[4] In Serbian Pepelyouga, where pepel, or--with vocalized l--pepeo, means 'cinder' or 'ashes'; ouga being the idiomatic suffix corresponding to the Italian one or English ella, etc.

[5] See Servian Conversation Grammar, by Woislav M. Petrovitch, ed. Julius Groos, Heidelberg, 1914 (London: David Nutt, 212 Shaftesbury Avenue, W.C.), Introduction, pp. 1-8.

[6] The English language is the only one which, instead of the correct forms 'Serbian,' 'Serbia,' uses the solecism 'Servia,' etc. Suggesting a false derivation from the Latin root which furnished the English words 'serf,' 'servant,' 'servitude,' this corrupted form is, of course, extremely offensive to the people to whom it is applied and should be abandoned.

[7] Protestants of the Greek Orthodox Church who later settled in Bosnia.

[8] See the poem: "Tsar Ourosh and his Nobles, or, The Royal Prince Marko tells whose the Empire will be."

[9] This title corresponds to 'prince.'

[10] 'Ban' is the original title of the rulers of Bosnia.

[11] Voïvode originally meant 'leader of an army' or 'General.' As a title of nobility it corresponds with the English 'Duke,' which, derived from the Latin, dux, possesses the same root meaning.

[12] The male members of a Serbian family continue to live after marriage in the paternal home. If the house is too small to accommodate the young couple, an annexe is built. The home may be frequently enlarged in this way, and as many as eighty members of a family have been known to reside together. Such family associations are called 'zadrooga.'

[13] One of the principal characters in King Nicholas's drama The Empress of the Balkans is a warrior called 'Peroon.'

[14] See "Prince Marko and the Veela," page 102.

[15] See "The Death of Marko," page 117.

[16] See "The Building of Skadar," page 198.

[17] Monk Marcus of Seres, Zetesis peri boulcholachon, ed. Lambros; Neos Hellenomnemon, I (1904), 336-352.

[18] 'Pleiades' are otherwise known under the name of Sedam Vlashitya.

[19] See "The Tsarina Militza and the Zmay of Yastrebatz." page 129.

[20] A Serbian word of Turkish origin.

[21] This personage is usually a brother or very intimate friend of the bridegroom. He corresponds somewhat to the 'best man' at an English wedding, but his functions are more important, as will be seen.

[22] Forests have been considered until recently as the common property of all. Even in our day every peasant is at liberty to cut a Badgnak-tree in any forest he chooses, though it may be the property of strangers.

[23] Quoted from the historian Leopold von Ranke.

[24] An instrument which emits droning monotonous sounds, and which resembles in many points the hurdy-gurdy. In olden times, in Serbia, this instrument was played by minstrels thirty years of age or more; younger men played the flute, violin, and a kind of bagpipes.

[25] In order to illustrate how firmly rooted is that belief throughout Serbia, the author quotes from his article (condensed): "How a Fourteenth Century Serbian Prince achieved a Miraculous Victory in the Late War," The International Psychic Gazette, May 1913.

"... When we arrived on the 15th of November last year, at Skoplye (Uskub), the Serbian officers gave a comparatively sumptuous banquet at their barracks in honour of Surgeon-General Bourke and the two units of the British Red Cross, on which occasion the aged General Mishitch related to us the following incident from the battle of Prilip, fought a few days previously.

"... Our infantry was ordered to make a forced march on the eve of that battle, which is unique in the history of warfare. They were to wait at the foot of the mount of Prilip on which stood the Castle of Marko for the effect of our artillery, which was superior both in numbers and quality to that of the Turks. They were especially cautioned against storming the fort before they received the order from their commander-in-chief. This was necessary, for our soldiers had won recently several battles at the point of the bayonet, and were convinced that there was nothing that would frighten the Turks more than the sight of the shining bayonets of the Serbian troops. They knew well that the mere exclamation of Bulgarians, Na noge! put the Turks to flight at Kirk-Klissé and Lülé Bourgass.

"During the early morning the infantry kept quiet, but at the first cannon-shots we noticed an effervescence among our troops, and soon afterward we heard them shouting frantically and saw them running like wolves straight to the castle of the Royal Prince Marko. I could hear the voice of our Captain Agatonovitch, commanding them to stop and await the General's order. When the immediate commanders saw that discipline proved futile, they essayed in vain to appeal to the soldiers' reason, assuring them of certain death if they would not await at least the effect of our artillery. Our warriors, deafened by the roaring of the Turkish siege-cannon and mitrailleuses, ran straight into the fire, and appeared to fall in dozens! The sight was horrible. I was unable to stop my soldiers. My blood froze, I closed my eyes. Disastrous defeat! Demoralisation of other troops! My own degradation was certain!

"In a little while our artillery ceased firing, lest they should kill their own comrades, who were now crossing bayonets with the Turkish infantry. A few minutes later we saw the Serbian national colours fluttering on the donjon of Kralyevitch Marko's castle. The Turks were fleeing in greatest disorder. The Serbian victory was as complete as it was rapid!

"When we arrived on the scene a little later, a parade was ordered. After calling together the troops we found our loss had been comparatively insignificant. I praised my heroes for their brave conduct, but reproached them bitterly for their disobedience. At my last admonishing words, I heard from thousands of soldiers in majestic unison:

"'Kralyevitch Marko commanded us all the time: FORWARD! Did you not see him on his Sharatz?'

"It was clear to me that the tradition of Kralyevitch Marko was so deeply engraved on the hearts of those honest and heroic men that, in their vivid enthusiasm, they had seen the incarnation of their hero.

"I dismissed the troops and ordered double portions of food and wine to be given to all for a week. Every tenth man obtained a 'Medalya za Hrabrost' (medal for courage)."

[26] Tabor is a Turkish word meaning an army, or a camp.

[27] Other bards mention 'Gratchanitza.'

[28] Despot was an honorary title of the Byzantine emperors, then of members of their families, and was later conferred as a title of office on vassal rulers and governors. The rank of Despot was next to that of the king.

[29] Divan, a Turkish word for "senate."

[30] Koula is a Serbo-Turkish word for "castle."

[31] Istamboul is the Turkish name for Constantinople.

[32] Firman is a Turkish word for an imperial "letter" or "decree."

[33] Tovar is a Serbian measure, representing what a normal horse can carry on its back. It is now an obsolete term.

[34] Dervish is an ecclesiastic official amongst the Mohammedans. When applied to the laity it is used as a term of reproach.

[35] Literally, "until thy good luck calls thee," and means in Serbia until she marries.

[36] This is a reference to Lazar, who fell at the battle of Kossovo.

[37] Kessedjiya means 'fighter' or 'bully,' and is the nickname of an Albanian chevalier-brigand Moussa, who defied for years the distant power of the Sultan. The incident described in the poem here referred to recounts--according to some Serbian historians--an event which actually took place in the beginning of the fourteenth century. There is hardly any inn or tavern in the villages of the Southern Slavs on the front wall of which one cannot see a rough fresco illustrating the duel between Marko and Moussa.

[38] Arbanass is another appellation for Albanian.

[39] Dyugoom, a water vessel made of copper and enamelled inside.

[40] Adrianople.

[41] The lines are considered to be the finest composed by any Serbian bard, and may be freely translated: "O Lord Strahinya, thou Serbian glorious falcon! Depending ever upon thy true steed Dyogo and upon thine own courage, wherever thou goest, there thou shalt find a way free of all danger."

[42] Here the bard in his naïve meditations on the psychology of women, states that the fair sex is always alarmed by true dogs.

[43] Zmay is the Serbian word for 'dragon,' but in this poem it is employed metaphorically to suggest the superhuman attributes supposed to be possessed by the heroes.

[44] Tchardack is a Turkish word and signifies: a tower provided with balconies.

[45] Ruler of Zetta and Montenegro, which were separate states at the beginning of the fifteenth century.

[46] This expression occurs in several of the poems and implies the most deeply felt depression of spirits, and disappointment.

[47] In this verse the troubadour expresses the opinion--not at all complimentary to women, but universally prevailing in the Balkans--that "women have long hair and short brains" (Dooge kosse a pameti kratke).

[48] Other renderings of this ballad have it that Maximus challenged Milosh to a duel in which the prince was victorious.

[49] Others state that Maximus did not flee but remained and fought till he was nearly exhausted by his numberless wounds, and that then he made a superhuman effort and succeeded in rescuing his bride.

[50] This is the popular appellation of Serbians living in Batchka and Banat, which provinces are now under Austro-Hungarian rule.

[51] The love of a sister for her brother in Serbia is proverbial. Entire ballads are devoted to beautiful examples of such love. There is no greater and more solemn oath for a sister in Serbia than that sworn by the name of her brother.

[52] Kroushevatz was the capital of the vast Serbian empire during the reign of Tsar Lazarus Hrebélianovitch at the time of the famous battle of Kossovo (A.D. 1389).

[53] Laboud means white swan in Serbian.

[54] The Turkish sultan, Amourath I, perished by the hand of Voïvode Milosh. That great Serbian hero stabbed him with his secret poniard when conducted as an alleged traitor to the sultan's presence.

[55] Corrupted form of Amourad or Amourath.

[56] A ballad of Montenegro, county Byelopavlitch.

[57] Danitza is the Morning Star. The Serbian bards often begin their poems with a reference to the dawn and "Danitza." Several well-known ballads begin thus: "The Moon scolds the star Danitza: Where hast thou been? Wherefore hast thou wasted much time?" And Danitza in order to exonerate herself, invariably relates to the Moon something she has seen in the night during her absence; usually some wrongful deed by a Turk or dishonourable conduct on the part of a young man to his brother or other relatives, such as an unjust division of patrimony, &c.

[58] Sidjadé, a divan.

[59] Hodja, a Mussulman priest.

[60] Kadi, an Ottoman judge.

[61] Djelat, an executioner.

[62] Vladika means in Serbian 'Bishop.' In Montenegro members of the Petrovitch-Niegosh family were bishops as well as political rulers. It was Vladika Danilo Petrovitch, uncle of the present king of Montenegro, who first assumed the title of prince as an hereditary one.

[63] King Voukashin, the father of Prince Marko, was a vassal king to the Emperor Doushan the Powerful.

[64] Boyana is the river upon the banks of which Scutari is built.

[65] The Serbian bards of the fourteenth century invariably use the word "book" when speaking of a letter.

[66] Or, according to some bards, Piritor. It is said that the walls of the castle still exist in Herzegovina.

[67] Tchile, diminutive of Yaboutchilo, the full name of the steed.

[68] It must be remembered that these ballads are recited by bards before great gatherings of people of all ages and both sexes, hence such direct addresses.

[69] This is one more instance of the intensity of sisterly love to which we have previously referred.

[70] This ballad is in all probability a remnant of the mythologic traces of a great prehistoric catastrophe, and it illustrates more than any other ancient memorial of the poetic Serbian people, the striking similarity in the beliefs of nations.

[71] This opening might perplex many readers if it were not explained that the commotion is not caused by the saints, but is due to the device, familiar to a Serbian audience, whereby the bard gives his ballad an effective start, and obtains the close attention of his peasant hearers.

[72] Divan means in Serbian any state gathering. In this passage it means the Supreme Judgment.

[73] Skadar or Skadra, derived from the Italian appellation Scodra, otherwise Scutari, the present capital of Albania. Scutari has belonged from time immemorial to the Serbians.

[74] Kraly means King.

[75] Boyana is the name of the river washing the wall of Skadar.

[76] Neimar means 'architect.'

[77] Sir John Bowring, writing in 1827, states that a small stream of liquid carbonate of lime is shown on the walls of Scutari as evidence of the truth of this story. Vouk St. Karadjitch, says that the Serbian people even to-day believe that no great building can be successfully erected without the immuring of some human being. Therefore they avoid the neighbourhood of such buildings while they are being erected, for it is said that even the spirit of such an unfortunate being can be immured, whereby a speedy death would ensue. Srpske Narodne Pyesme, Vienna, 1875, vol. ii. p. 124, footnote 20.

[78] A ruined fortress on the banks of the River Morava. The same name is borne by a city in Central Serbia, situated not far from the castle of Theodore.

[79] This legend was written and contributed to Vouk St. Karadgitch by Prince Michel Obrenovitch III, who had heard it in his childhood from the lips of his nurse.

[80] The Christians of the Balkans usually make the sign of the cross before and after every meal.

[81] A golden coin worth about 10s.

[82] The apple is a symbolic gift, which a wooer offers to the maiden of his choice.

[83] It is the custom with Serbians, for one of her brothers to present the bride to her wooer.

[84] Beardless is used as the personification of craftiness and sharpness.

[85] This and the remaining stories in this chapter are reprinted from Serbian Folk-Lore, by Madame C. Mijatovitch, by kind permission of M. Chedo Miyatovich.

[86] Tzigans or Gipsies in Serbia, and indeed in the whole Balkan Peninsula, deal mostly with horses. Stealing and selling horses is their main occupation.

[87] Era is a name given to the peasants of the district of Ouzitze (Western Serbia). They are supposed to be very witty and shrewd, and might be called the Irishmen of Serbia.

[88] When Serbians are greatly surprised at anything they involuntarily make the sign of the cross.