Chapter 17

Introduction

In dealing with hero-legends and myths we are sometimes confronted with the curious fact that a hero whose name and date can be ascertained with exactitude has yet in his story mythological elements which seem to belong to all the ages. This anomaly arises chiefly from the fact that the imagination of a people is a myth-making thing, and that the more truly popular the hero the more likely he is to become the centre of a whole cycle of myths, which are in different ages attached to the heroes of different periods. The folk-lore of primitive races is a great storehouse whence a people can choose tales and heroic deeds to glorify its own national hero, careless that the same tales and deeds have done duty for other peoples and other heroes. Hence it happens that Hereward the Saxon, a patriot hero as real and actual as Wellington or Nelson, whose deeds were recorded in prose and verse within forty years of his death, was even then surrounded by a cloud of romance and mystery, which hid in vagueness his family, his marriage, and even his death.

The Saxon Patriot

Hereward was, naturally, the darling hero of the Saxons, and for the patriotism of his splendid defence of Ely they forgave his final surrender to William the Norman; then they attributed to him all the virtues supposed to be inherent in the free-born, and all the glorious valour on which the English prided themselves; and, lastly, they surrounded his death with a halo of desperate fighting, and made his last conflict as wonderful as that of Roland at Roncesvalles. If Roland is the ideal of Norman feudal chivalry, Hereward is equally the ideal of Anglo-Saxon sturdy manliness and knighthood, and it seems fitting that the Saxon ideal in the individual should go down before the representatives, however unworthy, of a higher ideal.

Leofric of Mercia

When the weak but saintly King Edward the Confessor nominally ruled all England the land was divided into four great earldoms, of which Mercia and Kent were held by two powerful rivals. Leofric of Mercia and Godwin of Kent were jealous not only for themselves, but for their families, of each other's power and wealth, and the sons of Leofric and of Godwin were ever at strife, though the two earls were now old and prudent men, whose wars were fought with words and craft, not with swords. The wives of the two great earls were as different as their lords. The Lady Gytha, Godwin's wife, of the royal Danish race, was fierce and haughty, a fit helpmeet for the ambitious earl who was to undermine the strength of England by his efforts to win kingly power for his children. But the Lady Godiva, Leofric's beloved wife, was a gentle, pious, loving woman, who had already won an almost saintly reputation for sympathy and pity by her sacrifice to save her husband's oppressed citizens at Coventry, where her pleading won relief for them from the harsh earl on the pitiless condition of her never-forgotten ride. Happily her gentle self-suppression awoke a nobler spirit in her husband, and enabled him to play a worthier part in England's history. She was in entire sympathy with the religious aspirations of Edward the Confessor, and would gladly have seen one of her sons become a monk, perhaps to win spiritual power and a saintly reputation like those of the great Dunstan.

Hereward's Youth

For this holy vocation she fixed on her second son, Hereward, a wild, wayward lad, with long golden curls, eyes of different colours, one grey, one blue, great breadth and strength of limb, and a wild and ungovernable temper which made him difficult of control. This reckless lad the Lady Godiva vainly tried to educate for the monkish life, but he utterly refused to adopt her scheme, would not master any but the barest rudiments of learning, and spent his time in wrestling, boxing, fighting and all manly exercises. Despairing of making him an ecclesiastic, his mother set herself to inspire him with a noble ideal of knighthood, but his wildness and recklessness increased with his years, and often his mother had to stand between the riotous lad and his father's deserved anger.

His Strength and Leadership

When he reached the age of sixteen or seventeen he became the terror of the Fen Country, for at his father's Hall of Bourne he gathered a band of youths as wild and reckless as himself, who accepted him for their leader, and obeyed him implicitly, however outrageous were his commands. The wise Earl Leofric, who was much at court with the saintly king, understood little of the nature of his second son, and looked upon his wild deeds as evidence of a cruel and lawless mind, a menace to the peace of England, while they were in reality but the tokens of a restless energy for which the comparatively peaceable life of England at that time was all too dull and tame.

Leofric and Hereward

Frequent were the disputes between father and son, and sadly did Lady Godiva forebode an evil ending to the clash of warring natures whenever Hereward and his father met; yet she could do nothing to avert disaster, for though her entreaties would soften the lad into penitence for some mad prank or reckless outrage, one hint of cold blame from his father would suffice to make him hardened and impenitent; and so things drifted from bad to worse. In all Hereward's lawless deeds, however, there was no meanness or crafty malice. He hated monks and played many a rough trick upon them, but took his punishment, when it came, with equable cheerfulness; he robbed merchants with a high hand, but made reparation liberally, counting himself well satisfied with the fun of a fight or the skill of a clever trick; his band of youths met and fought other bands, but they bore no malice when the strife was over. In one point only was Hereward less than true to his own nobility of character--he was jealous of admitting that any man was his superior in strength or comeliness, and his vanity was well supported by his extraordinary might and beauty.

Hereward at Court

The deeds which brought Earl Leofric's wrath upon his son in a terrible fashion were not matters of wanton wickedness, but of lawless personal violence. Called to attend his father to the Confessor's court, the youth, who had little respect for one so unwarlike as "the miracle-monger," uttered his contempt for saintly king, Norman prelate, and studious monks too loudly, and thereby shocked the weakly devout Edward, who thought piety the whole duty of man. But his wildness touched the king more nearly still; for in his sturdy patriotism he hated the Norman favourites and courtiers who surrounded the Confessor, and again and again his marvellous strength was shown in the personal injuries he inflicted on the Normans in mere boyish brawls, until at last his father could endure the disgrace no longer.

Hereward's Exile

Begging an audience of the king, Leofric formally asked for a writ of outlawry against his own son. The Confessor, surprised, but not displeased, felt some compunction as he saw the father's affection overborne by the judge's severity. Earl Godwin, Leofric's greatest rival, was present in the council, and his pleading for the noble lad, whose faults were only those of youth, was sufficient to make Leofric more urgent in his petition. The curse of family feud, which afterwards laid England prostrate at the foot of the Conqueror, was already felt, and felt so strongly that Hereward resented Godwin's intercession more than his father's sternness.

Hereward's Farewell

"What!" he cried, "shall a son of Leofric, the noblest man in England, accept intercession from Godwin or any of his family? No. I may be unworthy of my wise father and my saintly mother, but I am not yet sunk so low as to ask a favour from a Godwin. Father, I thank you. For years I have fretted against the peace of the land, and thus have incurred your displeasure; but in exile I may range abroad and win my fortune at the sword's point." "Win thy fortune, foolish boy!" said his father. "And whither wilt thou fare?" "Wherever fate and my fortune lead me," he replied recklessly. "Perhaps to join Harald Hardrada at Constantinople and become one of the Emperor's Varangian Guard; perhaps to follow old Beowa out into the West, at the end of some day of glorious battle; perhaps to fight giants and dragons and all kinds of monsters. All these things I may do, but never shall Mercia see me again till England calls me home. Farewell, father; farewell, Earl Godwin; farewell, reverend king. I go. And pray ye that ye may never need my arm, for it may hap that ye will call me and I will not come." Then Hereward rode away, followed into exile by one man only, Martin Lightfoot, who left the father's service for that of his outlawed son. It was when attending the king's court on this occasion that Hereward first saw and felt the charm of a lovely little Saxon maiden named Alftruda, a ward of the pious king.

Hereward in Northumbria

Though the king's writ of outlawry might run in Mercia, it did not carry more than nominal weight in Northumbria, where Earl Siward ruled almost as an independent lord. Thither Hereward determined to go, for there dwelt his own godfather, Gilbert of Ghent, and his castle was known as a good training school for young aspirants for knighthood. Sailing from Dover, Hereward landed at Whitby, and made his way to Gilbert's castle, where he was well received, since the cunning Fleming knew that an outlawry could be reversed at any time, and Leofric's son might yet come to rule England. Accordingly Hereward was enrolled in the number of young men, mainly Normans or Flemings, who were seeking to perfect themselves in chivalry before taking knighthood. He soon showed himself a brave warrior, an unequalled wrestler, and a wary fighter, and soon no one cared to meddle with the young Mercian, who outdid them all in manly sports. The envy of the young Normans was held in check by Gilbert, and by a wholesome dread of Hereward's strong arm; until, in Gilbert's absence, an incident occurred which placed the young exile on a pinnacle so far above them that only by his death could they hope to rid themselves of their feeling of inferiority.

The Fairy Bear

Gilbert kept in his castle court an immense white Polar bear, dreaded by all for its enormous strength, and called the Fairy Bear. It was even believed that the huge beast had some kinship to old Earl Siward, who bore a bear upon his crest, and was reputed to have had something of bear-like ferocity in his youth. This white bear was so much dreaded that he was kept chained up in a strong cage. One morning as Hereward was returning with Martin from his morning ride he heard shouts and shrieks from the castle yard, and, reaching the great gate, entered lightly and closed it behind him rapidly, for there outside the shattered cage, with broken chain dangling, stood the Fairy Bear, glaring savagely round the courtyard. But one human figure was in sight, that of a girl of about twelve years of age.

Hereward Slays the Bear

There were sounds of men's voices and women's shrieks from within the castle, but the doors were fast barred, while the maid, in her terror, beat on the portal with her palms, and begged them, for the love of God, to let her in. The cowards, refused, and in the meantime the great bear, irritated by the dangling chain, made a rush towards the child. Hereward dashed forward, shouting to distract the bear, and just managed to stop his charge at the girl. The savage animal turned on the new-comer, who needed all his agility to escape the monster's terrible onset. Seizing his battle-axe, the youth swung it around his head and split the skull of the furious beast, which fell dead. It was a blow so mighty that even Hereward himself was surprised at its deadly effect, and approached cautiously to examine his victim. In the meantime the little girl, who proved to be no other than the king's ward, Alftruda, had watched with fascinated eyes first the approach of the monster, and then, as she crouched in terror, its sudden slaughter; and now she summoned up courage to run to Hereward, who had always been kind to the pretty child, and to fling herself into his arms. "Kind Hereward," she whispered, "you have saved me and killed the bear. I love you for it, and I must give you a kiss, for my dame says so do all ladies that choose good knights to be their champions. Will you be mine?" As she spoke she kissed Hereward again and again.

Hereward's Trick on the Knights

"Where have they all gone, little one?" asked the young noble; and Alftruda replied: "We were all out here in the courtyard watching the young men at their exercises, when we heard a crash and a roar, and the cage burst open, and we saw the dreadful Fairy Bear. They all ran, the ladies and knights, but I was the last, and they were so frightened that they shut themselves in and left me outside; and when I beat at the door and prayed them to let me in they would not, and I thought the bear would eat me, till you came."

"The cowards!" cried Hereward. "And they think themselves worthy of knighthood when they will save their own lives and leave a child in danger! They must be taught a lesson. Martin, come hither and aid me." When Martin came, the two, with infinite trouble, raised the carcase of the monstrous beast, and placed it just where the bower door, opening, would show it at once. Then Hereward bade Alftruda call to the knights in the bower that all was safe and they could come out, for the bear would not hurt them. He and Martin, listening, heard with great glee the bitter debate within the bower as to who should risk his life to open the door, the many excuses given for refusal, the mischievous fun in Alftruda's voice as she begged some one to open to her, and, best of all, the cry of horror with which the knight who had ventured to draw the bolt shut the door again on seeing the Fairy Bear waiting to enter. Hereward even carried his trick so far as to thrust the bear heavily against the bower door, making all the people within shriek and implore the protection of the saints. Finally, when he was tired of the jest, he convinced the valiant knights that they might emerge safely from their retirement, and showed how he, a stripling of seventeen, had slain the monster at one blow. From that time Hereward was the darling of the whole castle, petted, praised, beloved by all its inmates, except his jealous rivals.

Hereward Leaves Northumbria

The foreign knights grew so jealous of the Saxon youth, and so restive under his shafts of sarcastic ridicule, that they planned several times to kill him, and once or twice nearly succeeded. This insecurity, and a feeling that perhaps Earl Siward had some kinship with the Fairy Bear, and would wish to avenge his death, made Hereward decide to quit Gilbert's castle. The spirit of adventure was strong upon him, the sea seemed to call him; now that he had been acknowledged superior to the other noble youths in Gilbert's household, the castle no longer afforded a field for his ambition. Accordingly he took a sad leave of Alftruda, an affectionate one of Sir Gilbert, who wished to knight him for his brave deed, and a mocking one of his angry and unsuccessful foes.

Hereward in Cornwall

Entering into a merchant-ship, he sailed for Cornwall, and there was taken to the court of King Alef, a petty British chief, who, on true patriarchal lines, disposed of his children as he would, and had betrothed his fair daughter to a terrible Pictish giant, breaking off, in order to do it, her troth-plight with Prince Sigtryg of Waterford, son of a Danish king in Ireland. Hereward was ever chivalrous, and little Alftruda had made him feel pitiful to all maidens. Seeing speedily how the princess loathed her new betrothed, a hideous, misshapen wretch, nearly eight feet high, he determined to slay him. With great deliberation he picked a quarrel with the giant, and killed him the next day in fair fight; but King Alef was driven by the threats of the vengeful Pictish tribe to throw Hereward and his man Martin into prison, promising trial and punishment on the morrow.

Hereward Released from Prison

To the young Saxon's surprise, the released princess appeared to be as grieved and as revengeful as any follower of the Pictish giant, and she not only advocated prison and death the next day, but herself superintended the tying of the thongs that bound the two strangers. When they were left to their lonely confinement Hereward began to blame the princess for hypocrisy, and to protest the impossibility of a man's ever knowing what a woman wants. "Who would have thought," he cried, "that that beautiful maiden loved a giant so hideous as this Pict? Had I known, I would never have fought him, but her eyes said to me, 'Kill him,' and I have done so; this is how she rewards me!" "No," replied Martin, "this is how"; and he cut Hereward's bonds, laughing silently to himself. "Master, you were so indignant with the lady that you could not make allowances for her. I knew that she must pretend to grieve, for her father's sake, and when she came to test our bonds I was sure of it, for as she fingered a knot she slipped a knife into my hands, and bade me use it. Now we are free from our bonds, and must try to escape from our prison."

The Princess Visits the Captives

In vain, however, the master and man ranged round the room in which they were confined; it was a tiny chapel, with walls and doors of great thickness, and violently as Hereward exerted himself, he could make no impression on either walls or door, and, sitting sullenly down on the altar steps, he asked Martin what good was freedom from bonds in a secure prison. "Much, every way," replied the servant; "at least we die with free hands; and I, for my part, am content to trust that the princess has some good plan, if we will only be ready." While he was speaking they heard footsteps just outside the door, and the sound of a key being inserted into the lock. Hereward beckoned silently to Martin, and the two stood ready, one at each side of the door, to make a dash for freedom, and Martin was prepared to slay any who should hinder. To their great surprise, the princess entered, accompanied by an old priest bearing a lantern, which he set down on the altar step, and then the princess turned to Hereward, crying, "Pardon me, my deliverer!" The Saxon was still aggrieved and bewildered, and replied: "Do you now say 'deliverer'? This afternoon it was 'murderer, villain, cut-throat.' How shall I know which is your real mind?" The princess almost laughed as she said: "How stupid men are! What could I do but pretend to hate you, since otherwise the Picts would have slain you then and us all afterwards, but I claimed you as my victims, and you have been given to me. How else could I have come here to-night? Now tell me, if I set you free will you swear to carry a message for me?"

Sigtryg Ranaldsson of Waterford

"Whither shall I go, lady, and what shall I say?" asked Hereward. "Take this ring, my ring of betrothal, and go to Prince Sigtryg, son of King Ranald of Waterford. Say to him that I am beset on every side, and beg him to come and claim me as his bride; otherwise I fear I may be forced to marry some man of my father's choosing, as I was being driven to wed the Pictish giant. From him you have rescued me, and I thank you; but if my betrothed delays his coming it may be too late, for there are other hateful suitors who would make my father bestow my hand upon one of them. Beg him to come with all speed." "Lady, I will go now," said Hereward, "if you will set me free from this vault."

Hereward Binds the Princess

"Go quickly, and safely," said the princess; "but ere you go you have one duty to fulfil: you must bind me hand and foot, and fling me, with this old priest, on the ground." "Never," said Hereward, "will I bind a woman; it were foul disgrace to me for ever." But Martin only laughed, and the maiden said again: "How stupid men are! I must pretend to have been overpowered by you, or I shall be accused of having freed you, but I will say that I came hither to question you, and you and your man set on me and the priest, bound us, took the key, and so escaped. So shall you be free, and I shall have no blame, and my father no danger; and may Heaven forgive the lie."

Hereward reluctantly agreed, and, with Martin's help, bound the two hand and foot and laid them before the altar; then, kissing the maiden's hand, and swearing loyalty and truth, he turned to depart. But the princess had one question to ask. "Who are you, noble stranger, so gallant and strong? I would fain know for whom to pray." "I am Hereward Leofricsson, and my father is the Earl of Mercia." "Are you that Hereward who slew the Fairy Bear? Little wonder is it that you have slain my monster and set me free." Then master and man left the chapel, after carefully turning the key in the lock. Making their way to the shore, they succeeded in getting a ship to carry them to Ireland, and in course of time reached Waterford.

Prince Sigtryg

The Danish kingdom of Waterford was ruled by King Ranald, whose only son, Sigtryg, was about Hereward's age, and was as noble-looking a youth as the Saxon hero. The king was at a feast, and Hereward, entering the hall with the captain of the vessel, sat down at one of the lower tables; but he was not one of those who can pass unnoticed. The prince saw him, distinguished at once his noble bearing, and asked him to come to the king's own table. He gladly obeyed, and as he drank to the prince and their goblets touched together he contrived to drop the ring from the Cornish princess into Sigtryg's cup. The prince saw and recognised it as he drained his cup, and, watching his opportunity, left the hall, and was soon followed by his guest.

Hereward and Sigtryg

Outside in the darkness Sigtryg turned hurriedly to Hereward, saying, "You bring me a message from my betrothed?" "Yes, if you are that Prince Sigtryg to whom the Princess of Cornwall was affianced." "Was affianced! What do you mean? She is still my lady and my love." "Yet you leave her there unaided, while her father gives her in marriage to a hideous giant of a Pict, breaking her betrothal, and driving the hapless maiden to despair. What kind of love is yours?" Hereward said nothing yet about his own slaying of the giant, because he wished to test Prince Sigtryg's sincerity, and he was satisfied, for the prince burst out: "Would to God that I had gone to her before! but my father needed my help against foreign invaders and native rebels. I will go immediately and save my lady or die with her!" "No need of that, for I killed that giant," said Hereward coolly, and Sigtryg embraced him in joy and they swore blood-brotherhood together. Then he asked: "What message do you bring me, and what means her ring?" The other replied by repeating the Cornish maiden's words, and urging him to start at once if he would save his betrothed from some other hateful marriage.

Return to Cornwall

The prince went at once to his father, told him the whole story, and obtained a ship and men to journey to Cornwall and rescue the princess; then, with Hereward by his side, he set sail, and soon landed in Cornwall, hoping to obtain his bride peaceably. To his grief he learnt that the princess had just been betrothed to a wild Cornish leader, Haco, and the wedding feast was to be held that very day. Sigtryg was greatly enraged, and sent a troop of forty Danes to King Alef demanding the fulfilment of the troth-plight between himself and his daughter, and threatening vengeance if it were broken. To this threat the king returned no answer, and no Dane came back to tell of their reception.

Hereward in the Enemy's Hall

Sigtryg would have waited till morning, trusting in the honour of the king, but Hereward disguised himself as a minstrel and obtained admission to the bridal feast, where he soon won applause by his beautiful singing. The bridegroom, Haco, in a rapture offered him any boon he liked to ask, but he demanded only a cup of wine from the hands of the bride. When she brought it to him he flung into the empty cup the betrothal ring, the token she had sent to Sigtryg, and said: "I thank thee, lady, and would reward thee for thy gentleness to a wandering minstrel; I give back the cup, richer than before by the kind thoughts of which it bears the token." The princess looked at him, gazed into the goblet, and saw her ring; then, looking again, she recognised her deliverer and knew that rescue was at hand.

Haco's Plan

While men feasted Hereward listened and talked, and found out that the forty Danes were prisoners, to be released on the morrow when Haco was sure of his bride, but released useless and miserable, since they would be turned adrift blinded. Haco was taking his lovely bride back to his own land, and Hereward saw that any rescue, to be successful, must be attempted on the march. Yet he knew not the way the bridal company would go, and he lay down to sleep in the hall, hoping that he might hear something more. When all men slept a dark shape came gliding through the hall and touched Hereward on the shoulder; he slept lightly, and awoke at once to recognise the old nurse of the princess. "Come to her now," the old woman whispered, and Hereward went, though he knew not that the princess was still true to her lover. In her bower, which she was soon to leave, Haco's sorrowful bride awaited the messenger.

Rescue for Haco's Bride

Sadly she smiled on the young Saxon as she said: "I knew your face again in spite of the disguise, but you come too late. Bear my farewell to Sigtryg, and say that my father's will, not mine, makes me false to my troth-plight." "Have you not been told, lady, that he is here?" asked Hereward. "Here?" the princess cried. "I have not heard. He loves me still and has not forsaken me?" "No, lady, he is too true a lover for falsehood. He sent forty Danes yesterday to demand you of your father and threaten his wrath if he refused." "And I knew not of it," said the princess softly; "yet I had heard that Haco had taken some prisoners, whom he means to blind." "Those are our messengers, and your future subjects," said Hereward. "Help me to save them and you. Do you know Haco's plans?" "Only this, that he will march to-morrow along the river, and where the ravine is darkest and forms the boundary between his kingdom and my father's the prisoners are to be blinded and released." "Is it far hence?" "Three miles to the eastward of this hall," she replied. "We will be there. Have no fear, lady, whatever you may see, but be bold and look for your lover in the fight." So saying, Hereward kissed the hand of the princess, and passed out of the hall unperceived by any one.

The Ambush

Returning to Sigtryg, the young Saxon told all that he had learnt, and the Danes planned an ambush in the ravine where Haco had decided to blind and set free his captives. All was in readiness, and side by side Hereward and Sigtryg were watching the pathway from their covert, when the sound of horses' hoofs heard on the rocks reduced them to silence. The bridal procession came in strange array: first the Danish prisoners bound each between two Cornishmen, then Haco and his unhappy bride, and last a great throng of Cornishmen. Hereward had taken command, that Sigtryg might look to the safety of his lady, and his plan was simplicity itself. The Danes were to wait till their comrades, with their guards, had passed through the ravine; then while the leader engaged Haco, and Sigtryg looked to the safety of the princess, the Danes would release the prisoners and slay every Cornishman, and the two parties of Danes, uniting their forces, would restore order to the land and destroy the followers of Haco.

Success

The whole was carried out exactly as Hereward had planned. The Cornishmen, with Danish captives, passed first without attack; next came Haco, riding grim and ferocious beside his silent bride, he exulting in his success, she looking eagerly for any signs of rescue. As they passed Hereward sprang from his shelter, crying, "Upon them, Danes, and set your brethren free!" and himself struck down Haco and smote off his head. There was a short struggle, but soon the rescued Danes were able to aid their deliverers, and the Cornish guards were all slain; the men of King Alef, never very zealous for the cause of Haco, fled, and the Danes were left masters of the field. Sigtryg had in the meantime seen to the safety of the princess, and now placing her between himself and Hereward, he escorted her to the ship, which soon brought them to Waterford and a happy bridal. The Prince and Princess of Waterford always recognised in Hereward their deliverer and best friend, and in their gratitude wished him to dwell with them always; but he knew "how hard a thing it is to look into happiness through another man's eyes," and would not stay. His roving and daring temper drove him to deeds of arms in other lands, where he won a renown second to none, but he always felt glad in his own heart, even in later days, when unfaithfulness to a woman was the one great sin of his life, that his first feats of arms had been wrought to rescue two maidens from their hapless fate, and that he was rightly known as Hereward the Saxon, the Champion of Women.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX

In the following Index no attempt is made to indicate the exact pronunciation of foreign names; but in the case of those from the Anglo-Saxon a rough approximation is given, as being often essential to the reading of the metrical versions. In these indications the letters have their ordinary English values; [)e] indicates the very light, obscure sound heard in the indefinite article in such a phrase as "with a rush."

A

ABLOEC. See Anlaf

ACHILLES. His sulks, 184; Cuchulain, "the Irish," 184

ADEON. Son of Eudav; grandson of Caradoc, 49

AGE. See Golden Age

AILILL. King of Connaught, husband of Queen Meave; to decide claims to title of Chief Champion, 189; seeks aid of Fairy People of the Hills, 193

AILMAR. King of Westernesse, 290; welcomes and adopts Childe Horn, 291; Princess Rymenhild, daughter of, 292; dubs Horn knight, 297; hears of Horn's first exploit, 299; Fikenhild betrays Horn and Rymenhild to, 300; Horn returns to, 304; reluctantly gives his daughter to Horn, 308; Horn leaves Rymenhild to his care, 308, 309

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. Wondrous springs of, 125; Charlemagne at, 155

ALEF. King of Cornwall; Hereward at court of, 343; casts Hereward into prison, 343; his daughter releases Hereward, 344, 345; Sigtryg sends forty Danes to, 348

ALFTRUDA. Ward of Edward the Confessor, 339; Hereward's first meeting with, 339; rescues from Fairy Bear, 340, 341; Hereward takes farewell of, 342

ALICE OF CLOUDESLEE. Wife of William of Cloudeslee, 227; outlaw husband visits, 227, 228; rescued from burning house, 232; thanks Adam Bell and Clym for delivering her husband, 240; appointed chief woman of bedchamber to the royal children, 246

ALL-FATHER. Praised for Beowulf's victory over Grendel, 18

ALTO-BIS-CA´R. Song of (a forgery), 120

ANGLESEY. Same as Mona, 47

ANGLO-SAXON NOBILITY. Hereward the ideal of, 334, 335

ANGLO-SAXON TIMES. Legends regarding Constantine during, 42

ÆNGUS THE EVER-YOUNG. Irish people and wrath of, 158

ANLAF. Same as Olaf, or Sihtricson; known to Welsh as Abloec or Habloc; romantic stories concerning, 73

ANSEIS, DUKE OF. Mortally wounded, 143

ARABIA. Physicians from, with remedies for Constantine's leprosy, 65

ARMAGH. Capital of Ulster; Cuchulain and Emer dwell at, 186; King Conor and heroes return to, 190; heroes return to, 195

ARNOLDIN, SIR. Cousin of Athulf; helps to save Rymenhild, 312; King Ailmar nominates as his heir, 313

ARTHUR, KING. Uncle of Sir Gawayne, 265; Christmas kept at Carlisle by, 266; Guenever, queen of, 266; uncle of Sir Gareth and Sir Mordred, 266; damsel requests a boon of, 267; his journey to Tarn Wathelan, and fight with giant, 269; humiliated by the giant and released on certain conditions, 270; his search for the answer to the giant's question, 270-272; learns it from the loathly lady, 272; the ransom paid to giant, 273; the loathly lady demands a young and handsome knight for husband for helping, 274; Sir Gawayne offers to pay ransom for, 275; summons court to hunt in greenwood near Tarn Wathelan, 276; rebukes Sir Kay, 277; his joy over his nephew's wedding with the supposed loathly lady, 284, 285

ARTHURIAN LEGEND. Preserved by mediæval Wales, 265

ARVON. Fertile land of, searched by ambassadors of Maxen Wledig, 47-49

ASBRAND. Brother of Biargey, 113; helps Howard against Thorbiorn, 115

ASCHERE (ask-her[)e]). One of King Hrothgar's thanes, carried off by Grendel's mother, 21

ATHELBRUS. King Ailmar's steward, to train Childe Horn to be a knight, 291, 292; induces Athulf to personate Horn, 293; sends Horn to Princess Rymenhild, 294; land of King Modi committed to care of, 313

ATHELSTAN. King of England; kinship of Anlaf with, 73

ATHELWOLD. King of England, father of Goldborough, 80; his death and burial, 81

ATHULF. Horn's favourite companion, 287; personates Horn before Rymenhild, 293; writes to Horn on behalf of Rymenhild, 303; plans with Horn the rescue of Rymenhild, 308; his father found at Suddene, 309, 310; weds Reynild, 313

AUDE THE FAIR. Sister of Oliver, betrothed bride of Roland, 155; Charlemagne promises his son Louis to, 155; dies of grief for Roland's loss, 155

AUGUSTUS. Constantine's elevation to rank of, 64

AWE, LOCH. Black Colin, Knight of, 249, 250; Black Colin dwells at, with wife, 250; Lady of, 251; Black Colin far away from, 254; Black Colin's return to, 258

B

BABYLON, EMIR OF. Marsile's vassal; defeated by Charlemagne, 154

BALTIC SEA. Forefathers who dwelt on shores of, 1

BANIER, SIR. A Knight of the Round Table, 266

BARNESDALE. Forest in South Yorkshire, once dwelling-place of Robin Hood, 314, 315; Sir Richard of the Lea sets out for, to repay loan, 328

BARTON, SIR ANDREW. Scottish hero, 248

BASQUES. Attack Charlemagne, 119

BATHSTEAD. Place on shores of Icefirth near where Thorbiorn lived, 97-118

BEAN-STAN. Father of Breca, 12

BEDIVERE, SIR. A Knight of the Round Table, 266

BELI. Son of Manogan; Britain conquered by Maxen Wledig from, 48

BELL, ADAM. Outlaw leader in forest of Englewood, 226; declared powerless to deliver William of Cloudeslee, 233; rescues William from death, 237, 238; visit to London to see the king, 241; the king pardons, 243

BEO´WA. Stories of, crystallised in stories of Beowulf, 1

BEO´WULF. 1. The poem of, 1. 2. Thane of Hygelac, King of Geats, 1; son of Ecgtheow, 6; nephew of King Hygelac, 6; grandson of Hrethel, 6; brought up at Geatish court, 6; famous swimming match with Breca, 6; his mighty hand-grip, 6; sails for Denmark to attack Grendel, 6; challenged by Warden of Denmark, 6; declares his mission to Hrothgar, 10; disparaged by Hunferth, 12; honoured by Queen Wealhtheow, 14, 20; struggles with Grendel, 16; mortally wounds Grendel, 17; vows to slay mother of Grendel, 23; does so, 26; carries off sword-hilt and Grendel's head, 26; sails to Geatland, 29; welcomed by King Hygelac and Queen Hygd, 29, 30; chief champion of Hygelac, 30; refuses the throne in favour of Heardred, and becomes guardian of, 31; again chosen King of Geatland, 31; encounters with fire-dragon, 31-39; recites slaying of Frankish warrior, Daghrefn, 35; forsaken by Geats in his encounter with the fire-dragon, 36; slays the dragon, 37; his death and funeral, 39-41

BERILD. Son of King Thurston, 301; slain by the Saracens, 302

BERNARD BROWN. Danish magistrate; protects Havelok and Goldborough, 88-89

BER-NA´R-DO DEL CA´R-PIO. Hero in Spanish legend who defeats Roland, 121

BERTRAM. Earl's cook who befriended Havelok, 82-83; marries one of Grim's daughters and becomes Earl of Cornwall, 94

BIARGEY. Wife of Howard the Halt, 97; urges Howard to claim wergild for Olaf, 106, 107, 108; Howard returns to, 111; visits her brothers, Valbrand, Thorbrand, and Asbrand, 112, 113; hails Thorbiorn while out fishing, 112; urges Howard to seek vengeance, 113, 114

BIRKABEYN. Rule of, as king over Denmark, 74; Swanborow and Elfleda, daughters of, and Havelok, son of, 74; commits Havelok to care of Jarl Godard, 75; death and funeral of, 75; Jarl Ubbe, an old friend of, 87

BLACK COLIN OF LOCH AWE, 249; son of Sir Nigel Campbell, 249; Patterson, name of foster-parents, 250; messenger tells of new crusade, 250; decides to go on crusade, 251; his wife's grief, 251; touches at Edinburgh and ships at Leith, _en route_ to Holy Land, 253; his desire to see Holy Land and Holy Sepulchre, 253; reaches Rome, 253; sees Pope, 253; regards Pope as Vicar of Christ, 253; journeys to Rhodes, 253; takes service with Knights of St. John, 253; a pilgrim at Jerusalem, 253; letter in name of, forged by Baron MacCorquodale, 255; falsely reported wounded by Saracens, 255; hears news of wife's impending second marriage, 257; returns home, 258; welcomed by foster-mother, 259; disguised as a beggar, hands token to his wife, 262; recognised and welcomed by his wife, 262

BLACK DOUGLAS. Scottish hero, 248

BLACK MONK, THE. Captured by Robin Hood's followers, 330; high cellarer in Abbey of St. Mary, 331; Robin Hood confiscates his gold as repayment of loan to Sir Richard of the Lea, 331, 332; departs from greenwood, 332

BLACK SAINGLAIN. One of Cuchulain's magic steeds, 191

BLANCANDRIN. Vassal of King Marsile, 123; overtaken by Ganelon, 130; Ganelon and, plot Roland's destruction, 131

BLAYE. Bodies of Roland, Oliver, and Turpin buried in cathedral of, 155

BLUEMIRE. Dwelling-place of Howard the Halt, 97

BOG OF ALLEN. Cathleen's messenger declared to be sick in, 177

BORS, SIR. A Knight of the Round Table, 266

BOURNE, HALL OF. Home of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 336

BRAND. Trusted serving-man of Thorbiorn, 97, 102

BRECA. Famous swimming champion, beaten by Beowulf, 6; son of Beanstan, 12

BRICRIU OF THE BITTER TONGUE. Compared with Thersites, 186; invites King Conor and Red Branch heroes to a feast, 186; stirs up strife among heroes of Ulster, 187, 188; flatters the wives of the heroes, 189, 190

BRIGIT. 1. Of the Holy Fire; wrath of, and Irish people, 158. 2. Cathleen's old servant, 173

BRISEIS. Achilles and his sulks concerning, 184

BRITAIN. Legend of "The Dream of Maxen Wledig" shows importance of Constantine to, 42; ambassadors of Maxen Wledig carried to, 47; conquered by Maxen Wledig from Beli, son of Manogan, 48; given by Maxen Wledig to Eudav, 49; Elene summoned from, is baptized, and seeks the sacred Cross, 54-62; Constantine sent to, 63; Constantine proclaimed emperor of, 63

BRITONS, EARLY, Greeks of Homer, and Irish Celts, racial affinity between, 184

BRITTANY. Roland, prefect of marches of, 120

BRUCE, ROBERT. Scottish hero, 248; Sir Nigel Campbell, adherent of, 249

C

CAERLLEON. See Caernarvon, 49

CAERMARTHEN. See Caernarvon, 49

CAERNARVON. Castle in land of Arvon in which Princess Helena dwelt, 48; given with castles Caerlleon and Caermarthen to Princess Helena as dowry, 49

CAIN. Grendel, offspring of, 4

CALEDONIANS. Defeated by Constantius, 63

CALIDORE, SIR. Mediæval Wales had a knight of courtesy equal to, 265

CALVARY. The hill of, 58, 59, 61

CAMPBELL, SIR NIGEL. Leader in Scottish Independence, 249; father of Black Colin, 249; his death, 250; clansmen of, accompany Black Colin to Holy Land, 252

CARADOC. Father of Eudav; grandfather of Princess Helena, and of Princes Kynon and Adeon, 49

CARLISLE. Outlaw band near town of, in Englewood Forest, 226; reference to sheriff of, 227; William of Cloudeslee goes to, 227; sheriff informed of William's presence at, 229; outlaws Adam Bell and Clym go to, 234; the outlaws escape from, 239; King Arthur keeps Christmas at, 266; Sir Gawayne and loathly lady wedded at, 280

CATHBAD. Druid; Cuchulain's tutor, 185

CATHLEEN. Irish countess; legend concerning, 156; antiquity of the legend, 156; the story, 156-183; her grief because of her people's famine, 161; prays to Virgin Mary, 163; Fergus, steward of, 163; value of her wealth, 164; commands Fergus to provide food for sufferers from famine, 165; her goodness extolled by the demons, 169; hears of demon traders, 172; tries to check traffic in souls, 174; visits demons, 176; Oona, foster-mother to, 178; revisits demons, 179; sells her soul, 179, 180; her death, 182

CATHOLIC CHURCH. Pope, head of, 119

CELION. Constantine to send to, for Bishop Sylvester, 71

CELTIC LITERATURE. Spirit of mysticism in all, 156

CELTS. Gospel preached to, by St. Patrick, 157; Irish, early Britons, and Greeks of Homer, racial affinity between, 184

CHAMPION. 1. Of Erin: compared with Achilles, 184; Cuchulain the, his fame at age of seventeen, 185; Bricriu urges Laegaire to claim title of, 187; title to go to warrior who obtains Champion's Bit, 187; tests to decide claims to title of, 193, 194, 196-203; Uath the Stranger challenges the heroes to a test to decide claims to title, 199-203. 2. Of Women: Hereward known as, 351

CHAMPION OF IRELAND. See Champion of Erin.

CHAMPION'S BIT, THE, 187, 188; claimed by chariot-drivers of Laegaire, Conall, and Cuchulain, 188, 189; awarded by Queen Meave to Laegaire, 195; heroes severally claim, 195, 196; tests to decide claims to, 196-203

CHANSON DE ROLAND. Roland and, 121; late version of Anglo-Norman poem, 122; Thorold, author of, 122

CHARLEMAGNE. World-famed equivalent, 119; head of Roman Empire, 119; Roland, nephew of, 119; expedition into Spain, 119; receives an embassage from Marsile, 124; calls his Twelve Peers to council, 125; sends Ganelon to Saragossa, 128-130; receives through Ganelon the keys of Saragossa, 134; his evil dream, 134, 137; hears Roland's horn, 145, 146; hastens to the rescue, 146; avenges death of Roland and the Peers, 153, 154; his return to Aix, 155; his son, Louis, promised to Aude the Fair, 155

CHARLES THE GREAT. King of the Franks, world-famed as Charlemagne, 119. See Charlemagne

CHILDE HORN. See Horn

CHOSEN PEOPLE. The Jews the, 56

CHRIST. The Cross the sign of, 53; the Resurrection of, preached to Constantine, 53; Constantine's desire to find the sacred Cross, 54; inhabitants of Suddene who believe on, threatened with death, 287

CHRISTENDOM. Enriched by treasures of the True Cross and Holy Nails, 62

CHRISTIAN-S. Preach the way of life to Constantine, 53; the Lord of, 57; faith, in Iceland, 96, 97; law, to be driven out of Suddene by law of Mahomet, 287

CHURCH OF ROME. Constantine's generosity to, 42

CHURCHMEN. Beaten and battered by Gamelyn, 217

CINDERELLA. Root idea of, similar to "Gamelyn," 204

CLYM OF THE CLEUGH. Outlaw leader in forest of Englewood, 226; declared powerless to deliver William of Cloudeslee, 233; his stratagem to save William of Cloudeslee, 234; rescues William from death, 238; visits London to see the king, 241; the king pardons, 243

COLIN, BLACK. See Black Colin, 249

COMALA. Hero in Gaelic Highland poems, 248

CONALL CEARNACH. Cuchulain's cousin, a Red Branch chief, 187; urged to claim title of Chief Champion, 187; awarded Champion's Portion, 195; claim tested by Curoi, 196-203; disgraced by Uath, 201

CONFESSIO AMANTIS. Early English poem, by "the moral Gower," 42; story told in, of Constantine's true charity, 64

CONNAUGHT. Ailill, King of, 189; heroes sent to Cruachan in, 190

CONOR. King of Ulster, 185; Cuchulain, nephew of, 185; Dechtire, sister of, 185; invited with the heroes of Red Branch to a feast by Bricriu, 186; received with court at Dundrum by Bricriu, 188

CONQUEROR, WILLIAM THE. Cause of England being laid at feet of, 338

CONSTANTINE III. King of Scotland; marriage of Anlaf with daughter of, 73

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. Emperor of Rome; renown in mediæval England, 42; Cynewulf's poem, "Elene," written on the subject of his conversion, 42; his vision of the Holy Cross, 42, 50, 51; generosity to Church of Rome and Bishop Sylvester, 42; legends concerning, 42; the only British-born Roman emperor, 49; his greatness provokes a confederation to overthrow him by Huns, Goths, Franks, and Hugas, 50; conquers Huns by Cross standard, 52; Christians preach the way of life to, 53; is baptized into the Christian faith, 53; his desire to find the sacred Cross, 54; sends for Elene, 54; ordains "Holy Cross Day," 62; eldest son of Constantius, 63; sent to Britain, 63; proclaimed emperor, 63; granted title of "Cæsar," 64; marriage with Fausta, 64; elevation to rank of Augustus, 64; Emperor of Rome, 64; attacked by leprosy, 64; the remedies suggested, 65-72; his noble resolve, 68; his vision, 69-70; his healing, 71-72

CONSTANTIUS. Emperor Maxentius hero of the Welsh saga instead of, 42; father of Constantine the Great, 63; proclaimed Emperor of Britain, 63

CORNISH PRINCESS, THE. Daughter of King Alef, affianced to Prince Sigtryg, 343, 344, 345, 346; Haco betrothed to, 347, 348; receives token from Hereward, 348; reveals Haco's plans to Hereward, 349; rescued from Haco, 350; guards, all slain, 351; wedded by Sigtryg, 351

CORNWALL. Godrich, Earl of, 80; Bertram made Earl of, 94; Hereward sails for, 343; Alef, King of, 343; Sigtryg and Hereward sail for, 347

COVENTRY. Lady Godiva's ride through, 335

CRESCENT. Cross exalted above the, 253

CROSS. The Holy, Constantine's vision of, 42, 50, 51; Romans conquer Huns by, 52; the people awed by the standard of the, 53; Constantine's desire to find the sacred, 54; Elene's quest after, 54-62; secret place of, revealed by Judas, 61; "Holy Cross Day" ordained, 62

CRUACHAN. Conor sends heroes to Ailill at, 190; Good People's Hill at, 193; heroes bid farewell to court at, 195

CRUSADE-S. Reference to, 249; Black Colin receives tidings of one about to be set on foot, 250; Black Colin decides to go on, 251; story of Horn typical of romance of the, 286

CUCHULAIN. Reference to Connla and, 95; Irish hero, 156; often called "the Irish Achilles," 184; nephew of King Conor and son of Dechtire, 185; god Lugh, reputed father of, 185; champion in Ulster and all Ireland, 185; bride sought for, 186; wooes and weds Emer, daughter of Forgall the Wily, 186; Conall Cearnach, cousin of, 187; urged to claim title of Chief Champion, 188; Grey of Macha and Black Sainglain, magic steeds of, 191; awarded golden cup and Champion's Portion, 195; claim tested by Curoi, 196-203; answers Uath's tests, 202; acclaimed Champion of Heroes of all Ireland, 203

CUROI OF MUNSTER. Failing a judgment from Ailill, to be asked to decide claims to title of Chief Champion, 190; heroes go to, to hear his judgment, 196; puts heroes to certain tests in order to decide claims, 196-203; assumes form of giant under name of Uath, the Stranger, 199-203

CURTIUS. Reference to, 156

CUTHBERT. Name under which Childe Horn serves King Thurston in Ireland, 301, 302

CYNEWULF (ki´n[)e]-wulf). Early English religious poet; "Elene," his poem on the subject of conversion of Constantine the Great, 42

CYRIACUS. Baptismal name of Judas, 61; Bishop of Jerusalem, 61

D

DAGDA. Irish people and wrath of, 158

DA´G-HREFN. Frankish warrior who slays Hygelac; killed by Beowulf's deadly hand-grip, 35

DANES. Corpse of Scyld sorrowfully placed in vessel by, 2; feasting of, in Heorot, 4; slain in Heorot by Grendel, 4; desert Heorot, 5; welcome Geats and Beowulf, 10; rejoice over Beowulf's victory, 18-29; friendship with Geats, 30; Gospel preached to, 157; Prince Sigtryg sends forty to King Alef, 348; plan ambush for Haco, 350; rescue Cornish princess, 350, 351

DANISH. 1. Occupation of England and its influence on language, &c., 73. 2. Invasions, hero-legends which have come down from times of, 286

DANUBE. Huns overwhelmed in, 52

DECHTIRE. Sister of King Conor, 185

DECIUS. Reference to, 156

DEMONS. Appear in Erin to buy souls, 168; visited by Cathleen, 176; revisited by her, 179; Cathleen sells her soul to, to ransom her people, 179; cheated of Cathleen's soul, 182

DENMARK. Under sway of Scyld Scefing, 2; Scyld Scefing mysteriously comes to, as babe, 2; Beowulf sails to deliver King of, from Grendel, 6; Warden of, challenges Beowulf, 6; King Birkabeyn's rule over, 74; Godard made regent of, on behalf of Havelok, 75; Havelok sails from, with Grim, 80; Havelok's dream concerning, 86; Havelok's return to, and recognition as King of, 87-92

DIARMUIT. Irish hero, 156

DIOCLETIAN. Emperor; Constantine evades jealousy of, 63

DODDERER. Horse offered as wergild by Thorbiorn to Howard, 107

DOVER. Princess Goldborough imprisoned in castle of, 81; Hereward sails from, to Whitby, 339

DUBLIN. Demons arrive at village near, 168

DUNDRUM. Bricriu receives King Conor and court at, 188

DUNSTAN. Monk; his saintly reputation, 335

DURENDALA. Roland's famous sword, 136; Roland tries in vain to break, 152

E

ECGTHEOW (eg´theow). Father of Beowulf, 10; shielded by Hrothgar against Wilfings, 11

EDINBURGH. Black Colin at, _en route_ to Holy Land, 253

EDWARD. 1. The First: reference to war between England and Scotland during reign of, 249; 2. The Second: reference, _ibid._, 249. 3. The Confessor: division of England under, 335; Hereward at court of, 337, 338; banishes Hereward, 338, 339; Alftruda, ward of, 339

EGYPT. Constantine's valour in wars in, 64; philosophers from, with remedies for Constantine's leprosy, 65

ELECTRA. Reference to Orestes and, 95

ELENA. Same as Elene and Helena, 63

"ELENE" (el[=a]´n[)e]). Cynewulf's poem of, on the subject of Constantine's conversion, 42; summoned from Britain by Constantine, is baptized, and seeks the sacred Cross, 54-62. Same as Helena (Elena), 63

ELFLEDA THE FAIR. Daughter of King Birkabeyn, 74; slain by Godard, 76

ELY. Hereward's defence of, 334

EMER. Daughter of Forgall the Wily; wooed and wedded by Cuchulain, 186; flattered by Bricriu, 189; flattered by Queen Meave, 195; adjudged by Uath to have first place among all the women of Ulster, 203

ENGELIER THE GASCON. Mortally wounded, 143

ENGLAND. Mediæval, and Constantine the Great, 42; influence on language by Danish occupation, 73; Athelstan, King of, 73; Athelwold, King of, 80; Grim sails from Denmark to, 80; arrives at, in Humber (Grimsby), 81; Havelok's dream concerning, 86; Fergus journeys to, 165; the outlaw of mediæval, 225; King of, pardons outlaws, William of Cloudeslee, &c., 243; war between Scotland and, 249; government of, during twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, 314; division of, under Edward the Confessor, 335; cause of being laid at Conqueror's feet, 338

ENGLEWOOD. Outlaws in forest of, under Adam Bell, William of Cloudeslee, and Clym of the Cleugh, 226; outlaw band broken up, 247

ERCOL. Ailill's foster-father; heroes sent to, 194

ERIN. See Ireland, 157; demons appear in, 168; Champion of, compared with Achilles, 184; land of, searched for bride for Cuchulain, 186

EUDAV. Son of Caradoc, father of Princess Helena, 49; Kynon and Adeon, sons of, 49

EUROPE. Ruled from City of Seven Hills (Rome) by Emperor Maxen Wledig, 43; Constantine granted rule over Western, 64; relation between Greek and Irish literature among literatures of, 184

EVIL ONE. Tales relating dealings with, reference to, 157; demons buy souls for, 168-182

EXCALIBUR. King Arthur's sword, 269

F

FAIRY BEAR, THE. A white Polar bear owned by Gilbert of Ghent, 340; reputed kinship of, to Earl Siward, 340, 342; slain by Hereward, 341; Hereward's trick on Norman knights with, 341, 342

FAIRY PEOPLE OF THE HILLS. King Ailill seeks aid of, 193

FAITH. Bishop Sylvester preaches the Christian, to Constantine, 71; Charlemagne fights for, 119; Marsile to embrace the Christian, 131; the true, English knowledge of, 165; Irish sufferers tempted to revolt from, 167

FALL, THE, OF MAN, 71

FAUST. Legends, trend of, 157

FAUSTA. Daughter of Emperor Maximian and wife of Constantine, 64

FEDELM. Wife of Laegaire, 189

FEN COUNTRY. Hereward, the terror of the, 336

FENIANS. Champions of the, identical with Highland Gaelic heroes, 248

FERGUS THE WHITE. Cathleen's steward, 163; foster-brother to Cathleen's grandfather, 164; declares value of Cathleen's wealth, 164; sends servant to buy food at Ulster, 165; journeys to England, 165; returns with help, 182

FIKENHILD. Horn's companion next in favour to Athulf, 287; spies on Horn and Rymenhild, 299, 300; demands Rymenhild in marriage, 311; slain by Horn, 313

FINGAL. Hero in Gaelic Highland poems, 248; Scotch embodiment of Finn, 248

FINN. Fingal Scotch embodiment, 248

FINN OF THE FRISIANS. Victory of Danes over, chanted in Heorot, 19

FINNSBURG. Fight in, sung of in Heorot, 19

FITELA. Son of Sigmund; glory of, chanted by Danish bard, 18

FLEMINGS. Or Normans; Hereward enrolled among, to qualify for knighthood, 339; Hereward's trick on, with Fairy Bear, 341, 342

FOREFATHERS. Feelings of our, embodied in "Beowulf," 1

FORGALL THE WILY. Cuchulain wooes Emer, daughter of, 186

FRANCE. Victories of Charlemagne for, 119; Charlemagne sets out for, 134

FRANKISH. 1. Warrior, Daghrefn, slays Hygelac, and is slain by Beowulf, 35. 2. Army marches towards Pyrenees, 134; arrives too late to rescue Roland, 146

FRANKS. Charles the Great (Charlemagne), King of, 119; Saracen host encamps near, 134; and Moors meet in battle, 140; defeat the Saracens, 141; attacked by second Saracen army, 142; defeat the heathens once more, 143; attacked by third Saracen army, 144

FRENCH LITERATURE, developing "Roland Saga," 121

FRIAR TUCK. See Tuck

G

GALERIUS. Constantine evades hatred of, 63; grants Constantine title of "Cæsar," 63

GAMELYN. Tale of, a variant of fairy-tale "Wicked Elder Brothers," 204; ultimate source, through Lodge's "Euphues' Golden Legacy," of _As You Like It_, 204; literary ancestor of "Robin Hood," 204; Sir John of the Marshes, father of, 205; left in charge of eldest brother, John, 206; resists him, 207, 208; victorious at wrestling match, 210, 211; overcomes his brother's servants, 212; allows himself to be chained, 213; released by Adam Spencer, 214, 215; batters the Churchmen, 217; puts his brother John in chains, 217; puts sheriff's men to flight, 218; goes to the greenwood, 219; joins the outlaws, 220; proclaimed a wolf's-head, 220; arrested, 221; Otho offers himself as surety, 221; fails to appear at court, 222, 223; releases Otho, 223; sits on judge's seat and condemns Sir John, 224; made chief forester by King Edward, 224; made Otho's heir, 224

GANELON. Romance version of Danilo or Nanilo, 121; compared with Judas, 121; one of Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, 125; his hostility to Roland, 126; plots with Blancandrin the destruction of Roland, 131; delivers to Marsile the message of Charlemagne, 131, 132; swears on sacred relics the treacherous death of Roland, 134; delivers keys of Saragossa to Charlemagne, 134; deceives Charlemagne concerning sound of Roland's horn, 145, 146; arrested for treason, 146; his death as a traitor, 155; his name a byword in France for treachery, 155

GARETH, SIR. One of King Arthur's nephews, 266

GASCONS. Attack Charlemagne, 119

GAUTIER, COUNT. Roland's vassal, 136

GAWAYNE, SIR. King Arthur's nephew, the true Knight of Courtesy, 265; learns of King Arthur's adventure with the giant, 274; learns the price to be paid for the loathly lady's secret, 275; offers to pay it by marrying the loathly lady, 275; betroths the loathly lady, 279, 280; weds the loathly lady, 280; his choice frees the loathly lady from magic spells, 281, 283; the beauty of his bride, 281-285

GEATISH COURT. Beowulf brought up at, 6

GEATLAND. Same as Götaland; news of Grendel's ravages reaches, 6; Beowulf sails to, 29; welcomed to shores of, 29, 30

GEATS. Hygelac, King of, 1; Götaland, realm of, 5; arrival with Beowulf at Danish shores, 7; friendship with Danes, 30; forsake Beowulf in his encounter with the fire-dragon, 36; their sorrow over Beowulf's death, 40-41

GERIER. Peer of Charlemagne; mortally wounded, 143

GERIN. Peer of Charlemagne; mortally wounded, 143

GERMANY. Forefathers who dwelt in North, 1; Hygelac seeks conquest of his neighbours on mainland of, 5

GHENT. See Gilbert

GILBERT OF GHENT. Hereward's godfather, 339; Hereward received by, 339; his Fairy Bear, slain by Hereward, 340, 341; Hereward quits his castle, 342; Hereward takes farewell of, 343

GLENURCHY. Glen belonging to MacGregors, given to Sir Nigel Campbell, 249; Black Colin inherits, 250; Lady of, grieves over her husband's departure on crusade, 251; Baron MacCorquodale's land borders, 256; Black Colin's return to, 258; new castle built with rents of, 264

GOD. The Unknown, reverenced by Constantine, 51; the people awed by the token of the Unknown, 53; worship of the True, 157; famine cools love for, 167

GODARD, JARL. Counsellor and friend of King Birkabeyn, 75; Havelok committed to care of, 75; regency over Denmark, 75; his cruelty, 76-78; his treachery disclosed and punished by death, 91-92

GODHILD. Queen of Suddene, King Murry's consort, the mother of Horn, 286; hears of husband's death and flees, 288

GODIVA, LADY. Wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 335; her famous ride through Coventry, 335; Hereward, second son of, 336

GODRICH. Earl of Cornwall, regent for Princess Goldborough, 80; his rule, 81; imprisons Princess Goldborough out of jealousy, 81; attends sports at Lincoln, 83; hears of Havelok's skill and strength, 83; enforces a marriage between Havelok and Goldborough, 84; captured, tried as a traitor, and burnt at the stake, 93-94

GODWIN. Earl of Kent, 335; Lady Gytha, wife of, 335; intercedes on behalf of Hereward, 338; Hereward bids farewell to, 339

GOLDBOROUGH. English princess, daughter of King Athelwold; orphaned, 80; Earl Godrich regent for, 80; imprisoned in Dover Castle, 81; forced to wed Havelok, 84; learns in a dream of Havelok's royal birth, 86; crowned Queen of England, 94

GOLDEN AGE. Forefathers cherished lifetime of ancestors as, 1

GÖTALAND. Realm of Geats, in south of Sweden, 5. See Geatland, 7

GOTHS. Form a confederation with the Huns, Franks, and Hugas to overthrow Constantine, 50

GOWER, "THE MORAL." Early English poet; his poem "Confessio Amantis" and Constantine's conversion, 42; story told in "Confessio Amantis" of Constantine's true charity, 64

GREECE. Philosophers from, with remedies for Constantine's leprosy, 65

GREEK-S. Elene touches at land of, 56; literature, relation of, to Irish literature, 184; of Homer, early Britons, and Irish Celts, racial affinity between, 184

GRENDEL. A loathsome fen-monster, 3; enmity aroused by the feasting at Heorot, 4; slays and devours Danes in Heorot, 4; master of Heorot, 5; Beowulf determines to attack, 6; struggles with Beowulf in Heorot, 16; worsted by Beowulf, 17; mother of, avenges his death, 21

GREY OF MACHA. Cuchulain's best-beloved horse, 191

GRIM. Legendary hero whose loyalty secured privileges to Grimsby, 74; Godard's thrall, 77; ordered to drown Havelok, 77; saves and maintains Havelok, 79-82; sails from Denmark to England, 80; sends Havelok to Lincoln, 82; his death, 85; his three sons, Robert the Red, William Wendut, and Hugh the Raven, 87

GRIMSBY. The town of Grim, 74; Havelok at fish-market of, 82; battle near, between Havelok and Godrich, 93

GUDRUN. Reference to Siegfried and, 95

GUENEVER, QUEEN. Wife of King Arthur, 266; dreads magic arts during husband's absence, 274; learns of King Arthur's adventure with the giant, 274; welcomes the loathly lady at court, 280

GUEST, THE WISE. Sister of, marries Thorbiorn, 103; Howard seeks at the Thing, 108, 109, 110; his judgment against Thorbiorn, 110, 111; removes his sister from Thorbiorn, 111; gives judgment at Thing against Howard, 118

GYTHA, LADY. Wife of Godwin, Earl of Kent, 335

H

HABLOC. Welsh name for Havelok, 73

HACO. Cornish leader; betrothed to the Cornish princess, 347; Cornish princess reveals plans of, to Hereward, 349; ambush planned for, 350; slain by Hereward, 350

HAROLD. Son of King Thurston, 301; slain by the Saracens, 302

HART, THE. See Heorot, 3

HASTINGS. Battle of, and "Song of Roland," 122

HATHCYN. Son of King Hrethel, brought up with Beowulf; slays his brother, Herebeald, 34; slain himself by Swedes, 35

HAUTECLAIRE. Oliver's sword, 141

HAVELOK THE DANE. Legend of, 73; Anlaf, equivalent, 73; hero of the strong arm, in mediæval England, 74; son of King Birkabeyn of Denmark, 74; committed to care of Jarl Godard, 75; imprisoned by Godard, 76-77; saved and maintained by Grim, 78-82; brought by Grim to England, 80; his feats of strength, 82-84; Goldborough forced to wed, 84-85; Grim's three sons accompany to Denmark, 87; aided by Jarl Ubbe, 88-93; Ubbe recognises as heir to throne of Denmark, and renders homage to, 90-91; acknowledged King of Denmark, 92; and of England, 94

HEALFDENE (ha´lf-d[=a]n[)e]). Father of King Hrothgar, 9

HEARDRED (ha´rd-red). Son of Hygelac and Hygd; succeeds his father, 31; his death, 31

HECTOR. Reference to death of, 95

HELENA. British princess; marriage with Constantine glorified in "Mabinogion," 42; hailed as Empress of Rome, 48, 49; receives three castles as dowry, Caernarvon, Caerlleon, and Caermarthen, 49; mother of Constantine the Great, 63

HELL. The purchase of souls for, 170-183; Cathleen sells her soul to, 179

HENGEST. Deeds of, chanted in Heorot, 19

HEOROT (hyo´r-[)o]t). Hall built by Hrothgar, 3; same as "The Hart," 3; enmity of Grendel to, 4; feasting of Danes in, 4; Danes slaughtered in, by Grendel, 4; deserted by Danes, 5; Grendel master of, 5; Geats proceed to, 9; feast in, to welcome Beowulf, 12; Grendel and Beowulf struggle in, 16; Grendel's mother enters and carries off Aschere, 21

HEREBEALD (he´r[)e]-bald). Son of King Hrethel, brought up with Beowulf, 34

HEREWARD. One of the famous outlaws, 225; the Saxon, personality real, yet surrounded by cloud of romance, 334; the ideal of Anglo-Saxon chivalry, as Roland of Norman, 334; second son of Leofric and Godiva, 336; terror of Fen Country, 336; at court, and his conduct there, 337; banished as an outlaw, 338, 339; his farewell, 338, 339; his first meeting with Alftruda, 339; goes to his godfather, Gilbert of Ghent, 339; enrolled among Flemings to qualify for knighthood, 339; his encounter with the Fairy Bear, 340, 341; rescues Alftruda, 341; his trick on the Norman knights, 341, 342; leaves Northumbria, 342; takes farewell of Alftruda, 342; takes farewell of Gilbert of Ghent, 343; sails for Cornwall, 343; at court of King Alef, 343; kills the Pictish giant, 343; imprisoned by King Alef, 343; released by King Alef's daughter, 344, 345; sails for Ireland, 346; sails for Cornwall with Prince Sigtryg, 347; obtains admission to Haco's bridal feast, 348; learns Haco's plans, 349; slays Haco and helps to rescue Cornish princess, 350, 351; known as Hereward the Saxon, the Champion of Women, 351

HEROD. Constantine declared more cruel than, 67

HET-WARE, THE. Expedition against, 31, 34

HIGHLANDS. Gaelic, old ballads, heroes in, 248; ballads, merely versions of Irish Gaelic hero-legends, 248; Irish Gaelic hero-legends carried from Erin to, 248

HILDEBURH, QUEEN. Deeds of, chanted in Heorot, 19

HNÆF (n[)a]f). Deeds of, chanted in Heorot, 19

HOLY CROSS. Constantine's vision of, 42, 50, 51; his desire to find, 54; Elene's quest after, 54-62; Judas confesses to knowledge of sacred truth of, 57; Judas refuses to reveal place of, at first, but is prevailed upon by starvation, 58, 59; the "Day" of, ordained, 62

HOLY INNOCENTS. Constantine declared more cruel than Herod, who killed the, 67

HOLY LAND. Black Colin receives tidings of fresh crusade in, 250; sets out for, 252; Black Colin's desire to see, 253

HOLY NAILS. Obtained by Elene, 61; given to Constantine, 62

HOLY ROOD. King Arthur vows by, 268; giant forces him to swear by, 270

HOLY SEPULCHRE. Black Colin's desire to see, 253

HOLY TREE. See Holy Cross

HOMER. Greeks of, early Britons, and Irish Celts, racial affinity between, 184

HOOD, ROBIN. See Robin Hood

HORN. His story originally a story of Viking raids, 286; son of King Murry and Queen Godhild, 286, 308; Athulf, and next Fikenhild, his favourite companions, 287; captured by Saracens, 288; cast adrift upon the sea, 288, 289; lands on shore of Westernesse, 289; questioned by King of Westernesse, 290; adopted by King Ailmar, 291; Athelbrus trains as a knight, 291, 292; loved by Princess Rymenhild, 292; Athulf personates before Princess Rymenhild, 293; welcomed to Rymenhild's bower, and hears her declaration of love, 294, 295; dubbed knight, 297; his first exploit, 298; spied on by Fikenhild, 299, 300; banished by King Ailmar, 300; sails for Ireland, 301; serves King Thurston under name of Cuthbert, 301; slays the giant emir, 301, 302; King Thurston offers his kingdom and daughter to, 302; receives letter from Rymenhild, 304; reveals his identity to King Thurston and implores his help, 304; returns to Westernesse, accompanied by Irish knights, 304; in disguise, visits Rymenhild's wedding feast, 305; his stratagem to test Rymenhild's love, 306, 307; the fictitious death of, 307; reveals his identity to Rymenhild, 307; arranges with Athulf to deliver Rymenhild, 308; weds Rymenhild, 308; reconquers Suddene, 310; finds his mother, 310, 311; crowned King of Suddene, 311; warned in dream of Rymenhild's danger, 311; his return to Westernesse, 311, 312; slays Fikenhild, 313; dwells at Suddene with Rymenhild, 313

HOWARD THE HALT. Popular Icelandic saga, 96; famous Viking, 97; Biargey, wife of, 97; Olaf, son of, 97; upbraids Olaf, 100; removes from Bathstead, 103; mourns Olaf's death, 106; claims wergild for Olaf, 106-111; sheltered by Steinthor, 108, 109; urged by Biargey to seek vengeance, 106, 107, 113; seeks help of Valbrand, 114; slays Thorbiorn, 116; sheltered by Steinthor, 117; judgment of Thing against, 118; his nephews exiled, 118

HRETHEL (rethel). Father of Hygelac and grandfather of Beowulf, 6; Beowulf and the king's sons, Herebeald, Hathcyn, and Hygelac, 34; Beowulf recites his death, 35

HRETHRIC (re´th-ric). Son of Hrothgar; succeeds his father, 31

HROTHGAR (roth´g[=a]r). Great-grandson of Scyld, 2; builds the hall Heorot, or "The Hart," 3; grief of, over Grendel's fierce ravages, 4; champions offer aid to, 5; Geats conducted to, 8; son of Healfdene, 9; Wealhtheow, wife of, 14; rejoices over Beowulf's victory, 18-29; Aschere, thane of, carried off by Grendel's mother, 21; grief of, over loss of Aschere, 22; succeeded by his son Hrethric, 31

HRUNTING (runting). Hunferth's sword, lent Beowulf for the purpose of attacking Grendel's mother, 23-25

HUGAS. See Huns, 50

HUGH THE RAVEN. Youngest son of Grim; accompanies Havelok to Denmark, 87

HUMBER. Grim arrives in, 81

HUNFERTH. Hrothgar's orator, jealous of Beowulf, 12; lends Beowulf his sword, Hrunting, 23, 24

HUNS. Form a confederation with the Goths, Franks, and Hugas to overthrow Constantine, 50; Romans conquer by Cross standard, 52

HYGD. Wife of King Hygelac; hails Beowulf's return to Geatland, 29, 30; offers crown to Beowulf, 31

HYGELAC (h[=e]´g[)e]-lac). King of Geats, 1; son of King Hrethel, 5, 34; brother-in-law of Ecgtheow, 6; uncle of Beowulf, 6; hails Beowulf's return to Geatland, 29, 30; Beowulf chief champion of, 30; slain in expedition against the Hetware, 31; succeeded by his son, Heardred, 31; brought up with brothers, Herebeald and Hathcyn, and Beowulf, 34

I

ICEFIRTH. Thorbiorn in, 97

ICELAND. Christian faith in, 96, 97

ICELANDIC. 1. Saga, "Howard the Halt," 96. 2. Ghosts, reference to, 96

INNIS EOALAN. The Lady of Loch Awe builds a castle on ruins of White House on, 257

INNOCENTS, HOLY. Constantine declared more cruel than Herod, who killed the, 67

IRELAND. Characteristics common to people of, 156; known in olden Europe as "Isle of Saints," 157; Gospel preached to people of, 157; High King of, convinced of truth of Trinity, 157; strife in, 158; famine in, 159-183; famine tempts people to revolt from the True Faith, 167; demons arrive in, 168; Cuchulain without fear among the champions of, 185; Horn at, 301-304; Horn touches at, on way to Suddene, 313; Sigtryg, son of a Danish king, in, 343; Hereward sails for, 346

IRISH. Relation of literature, to Greek literature, 184; Celts, early Britons, and Greeks of Homer, one stock, 184; heroes, and legends concerning, 248

ISLE OF SAINTS. See Ireland, 157

ITALY. Claims Roland in guise of Orlando, Orlando Furioso, Orlando Innamorato, 121

J

JERUSALEM. The place where Christ suffered, 54; Elene's quest in, to find the sacred Cross, 54-62; Constantine and Elene build a glorious church in, 61; Cyriacus (Judas) Bishop of, 61; messenger to Black Colin familiar with all holy places in, 250; Black Colin as a pilgrim at, 253

JESUS CHRIST. The Cross the sign of, 53; the Resurrection and Ascension of, preached to Constantine, 53

JEWS. Elene's quest to land of, to find sacred Cross, 55-58; the Chosen People, 56; summoned, but dismissed in peace, by Elene, 58

JOHN. 1. Son of Sir John of the Marshes, 205; Gamelyn left in charge of, 206; Gamelyn resists, 207, 208; his great feast, 216; put in chains by Gamelyn, 217; proclaims Gamelyn a wolf's-head, 220; his death by hanging, 224. 2. Little. See Little John

JOSEPH and his brethren, "Gamelyn," a version of story of, 204

JUDÆA. See Jerusalem

JUDAS. Grandson of Zacchæus; confesses to knowledge of secret truth of Holy Tree, 57; refuses at first to disclose the secret place of the Holy Cross, but is prevailed upon by starvation, 58, 59; baptismal name Cyriacus, 61; Ganelon compared with, 121

JUDGMENT, DAY OF, 71

JULIUS CÆSAR and early Britons, 184

K

KAY, SIR. Steward of King Arthur's household, 266; jeers at loathly lady, 277

KENT. Earldom of, held by Godwin, 335

KERRY. Champions drive to, 196

KILCHURN CASTLE. New castle built with rents of Glenurchy, 264

KNIGHT OF COURTESY. The true, is Sir Gawayne, King Arthur's nephew, 265

KNIGHT OF LOCH AWE. Equivalent, Black Colin Campbell, 249

KYNON. Son of Eudav, grandson of Caradoc, 49

L

LADY OF GLENURCHY. Grief of, 251; the gold ring token, 252; wooed by Baron MacCorquodale, 254-257; receives forged letter, 255; her stratagem to delay her marriage, 256; builds a castle on ruins of White House on Innis Eoalan, 256, 257; recognises and welcomes her husband, 262

LADY OF LOCH AWE. Same as Lady of Glenurchy, 251

LAE-GAI´RE. Bricriu urged to claim title of, 187; Fedelm, wife of, 189; awarded Champion's Portion by Queen Meave, 195; claim tested by Curoi, 196-203; disgraced by Uath, 201

LANCELOT, SIR. A Knight of the Round Table, 266

LEA, SIR RICHARD OF THE. Stranger guest of Robin Hood's, 323

LEITH. Black Colin takes ship at, for Holy Land, 253

LENDABAIR. Conall's wife, 189

LEOFRIC. Earl of Mercia, 335; Lady Godiva, wife of, 335; Hereward, second son of, 336; Hall of Bourne, home of, 336; his wrath kindled against Hereward, 337; asks for writ of outlawry against Hereward, 338; Hereward bids farewell to, 339

LEOFRICSSON, HEREWARD. See Hereward

LEVE (l[=a]v[)e]). Wife of Grim the fisherman, 78

LIGHTFOOT, MARTIN. Hereward's follower who accompanied him into exile, 339; assists Hereward in his trick on Norman knights, 341, 342; cast into prison by King Alef, 343; released by King Alef's daughter, 344, 345

LINCOLN. Grim carries fish to, 81; Havelok goes to, 82; Havelok becomes porter, 82; Havelok's fame in, 83; Godrich summons his army to, against Havelok, 93; Godrich's trial and death at, 94

LITTLE JOHN. One of Robin Hood's followers, 315; searches the stranger knight's coffer, 319; counts out four hundred pounds to stranger guest, 322, 323; acts as squire to Sir Richard of the Lea, 323-327

LOATHLY LADY, THE, and King Arthur, 271-274; demands of King Arthur a young and handsome knight for husband, as price of her help, 274; Sir Gawayne offers to wed, 275; Sir Kay jeers at, 277; her betrothal to Sir Gawayne, 279; her marriage with Sir Gawayne, 280; set free from magic spells, 281-285

LOCH AWE. See Awe, Loch

LONDON. Visit to, of William of Cloudeslee and fellow outlaws, 241

LOUIS. Charlemagne's son, Count of the Marshes, promised to Aude the Fair, 155

LUGH OF THE LONG HAND. Great god, reputed father of Cuchulain, 185

M

MABINOGION. A series of Welsh legends; glorifies marriage of British princess Helena and Constantine, 42

MACCORQUODALE, BARON. Wooes the Lady of Loch Awe, 254-257; his stratagem of a forged letter, 255; hears of Black Colin's return, 263

MACGREGORS. Expelled from Glenurchy, 249

MAHOMET. Saracens declare determination to win land of Suddene according to law of, 287; faith of, thrown off by Saracens for the true faith, 310

MAIRI. Old widow in whose house the demon traders lived, 173

MARSILE. King of Moors; defies Charlemagne, 122; idols of, 122; Blancandrin's advice to, 123; sends an embassage to Charlemagne, 124; offers to become a Christian, 124-126; Ganelon sent to, with Charlemagne's terms, 130; Ganelon's reception by, 131, 132; takes counsel with leaders, 132; swears on the book of Law of Mahomet the treacherous death of Roland, 134; pursues the Frankish army, 137; Roland slays only son of, 147; mortally wounded, he returns to Saragossa, 147; his death, 154

MARTIN. See Lightfoot

MASSES. Of the Father, of the Holy Spirit, of Our Lady, heard daily by Robin Hood, 315

MAXEN WLEDIG. "The Dream of," preserved in the "Mabinogion," 42-49; Emperor of Rome, 43; expedition down the Tiber, 43; his vision near Rome, 43; his vision declared, 44-47; ambassadors sent out to find the maiden of his dream, 47, 48; journeys himself to land of Arvon, 48, 49; conquers Britain from Beli, son of Manogan, 48; weds Helena, daughter of Eudav, 49; Constantine, son of, the only British-born Emperor of Rome, 49

MAXENTIUS. Emperor; hero of Welsh saga "Mabinogion," 42

MAXIMIAN. The Emperor; father of Fausta, who became Constantine's wife, 64

MEAD. Dwelling-place of Guest the Wise, 103

MEAVE. Queen of Connaught, wife of King Ailill; to decide claims to title of Chief Champion, 189; pronounces judgment, 195

MERCIA. Earldom of, held by Leofric, 335

MODI. King of Reynes; wooes Rymenhild, 303; slain by Horn, 308; land of, committed to care of Sir Athelbrus, 313

MONA. Sacred isle of; same as Anglesey; ambassadors of Maxen Wledig view, 47

"MONTJOIE! MONTJOIE!" Battle cry of Franks, under Roland, 140, 142, 148

MOORS. Rulers of, and Charlemagne, 119; and Franks meet in battle, 140

MORDRED, SIR. One of King Arthur's nephews, 266

MOST HIGH. Grendel outcast from mercy of, 4

MUCH. One of Robin Hood's followers, 315; assists to count out gold for stranger guest, 323

MURRY. King of Suddene, 286; Queen Godhild consort of, 286; Horn, son of, 286; attacked and slain by Saracens, 287, 288

N

NAESI. Irish hero, 156

NAILS, THE HOLY. Obtained by Elene, 61; given to Constantine, 62

NAIMES, DUKE. One of Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, 126, 136, 137; urges Charlemagne to hasten to rescue of Roland, 146

NORMAN ENGLAND. Royal authority in, how asserted, 314

NORMANS. Or Flemings; Hereward enrolled among, to qualify for knighthood, 339; Hereward's trick on, with Fairy Bear, 341, 342

NORSE influence in connection with story of "King Horn," 286

NORSEMEN. Firm hold of blood-feud on imagination of, 96

NORTH COUNTRY. Equivalent, Ulster, 165

NORTH SEA. Forefathers who dwelt on shores of, 1; ambassadors of Maxen Wledig reach, 47

NORTHUMBRIA. Inheritance of Anlaf, 73; writ of outlawry against Hereward only of nominal weight in, 339; Earl Siward ruler in, 339; Hereward leaves, 342

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. The Sheriff of, and Robin Hood, 315

O

ODIN. The raven, the bird of, 115

OISIN. Scotch embodiment of Ossian, 248

OLAF. 1. Same as Anlaf, &c., 73. 2. Son of famous Viking, Howard the Halt, 97; finds Thorbiorn's lost sheep, 98-100; kills a wizard, 101; second fight with the wizard's ghost, 102; wooes Sigrid, 99, 103; meets Thorbiorn, 103-106; his death, 106; Howard claims wergild for, 106-111; wergild awarded for, 118

OLIFANT. Roland's horn, 138; blown by Roland, 145, 146; Roland's dying blast on, 149

OLIVER. One of Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, 125, 136; descries the Saracens and proclaims Ganelon's treason, 138; appeals to Roland to blow his horn, 138; Hauteclaire, sword of, 141; objects to Roland blowing his horn, 144; mortally wounded by Marsile's uncle, 148; under misapprehension, strikes Roland with Hauteclaire, 148; his death, 148, 149; avenged by Charlemagne, 153, 154

OONA. Cathleen's foster-mother, 178; her vision, 182

ORCHY. River, running through Glenurchy, 249

ORESTES. Reference to Electra and, 95

ORLANDO, ETC. Italy claims Roland in guise of, 121

OSSIAN. Hero in Gaelic Highland poems, 248; Scotch embodiment of Oisin, 248

OTHO. Son of Sir John of the Marshes, 205; becomes surety for Gamelyn, 221; arrested owing to failure of Gamelyn to appear at court, 223; released by Gamelyn, 223; sits on judge's seat with Gamelyn and condemns Sir John, 224; appointed sheriff by King Edward I., 224; makes Gamelyn his heir, 224

OUR LADY. Robin Hood accepts her surety for four hundred pounds lent to stranger guest, 322; the Black Monk and the suretyship, 331-333

OUTLAWS. Famous: Hereward, Robin Hood, William of Cloudeslee, 226; pardoned by king, 243; rules of, in case of Robin Hood, 316; their feast, 317, 318, 330

P

PAMPELUNA. Taken by Charlemagne, 119

PARADISE. Cathleen's soul in, 182

PATTERSON. Name of foster-parents of Black Colin, 250

PEERS. Of France, 125, 136; the champions of the Moors challenge the Twelve, of France, 137; of Charlemagne, triumph over Marsile's twelve champions, 141; their death, 143-153; avenged by Charlemagne, 153, 154

PENELOPE. Lady of Loch Awe turns to guile, as did, 256

PEOPLE OF THE HILLS. Cuchulain's friends among, 198, 199

PERSIA. Constantine's valour in wars in, 64; physicians from, with remedies for Constantine's leprosy, 65

PETER AND PAUL. The Apostles; appear in a vision to Constantine, 70, 71

PICTISH GIANT. King Alef's daughter betrothed to, 343; slain by Hereward, 343

PLANTAGENETS. England under, 314

POPE. Head of Holy Catholic Church, 119; proclaims Holy War at Rome, 251; sees Black Colin, 253; regarded by Black Colin as Vicar of Christ on earth, 253

PRIAM. Reference to lament of, 95

PYRENEES. Charlemagne's march through passes of, 119; Frankish army marches toward, 134

R

RANALD. King of Waterford, 345, 346; Prince Sigtryg, son of, 345; Hereward at feast of, 346, 347

RANALDSSON, SIGTRYG. See Sigtryg

RED BRANCH. Heroes of, invited to feast by Bricriu, 186; heroes return to, 199; Uath, the Stranger, comes to, 199; heroes of, and Uath, the Stranger, 199-203; champions of, identical with Highland Gaelic heroes, 248

REYNES. Modi, King of, 303; wooes Rymenhild, 303, 304

REYNILD. Daughter of King Thurston; offered to Horn, 302; weds Sir Athulf, 313

RHINE. Black Colin's journey up, 253

RHODES. Black Colin journeys to, 253; supposed news from, by man of Black Colin's band, 255

RICHARD, SIR, OF THE LEA, Robin Hood's stranger-guest, 317-324; Robin Hood's loan to, 322-324; his land in Uterysdale, 323; redeems his land from Abbot of St. Mary's, 324-327; sets out to repay loan, 328; defends the right at a wrestling contest, 328; arrives before Robin Hood to repay loan, but is exempt, 333; returns to Uterysdale, 333; his power used to protect the outlaws, 333

ROBERT THE RED. Eldest son of Grim; accompanies Havelok to Denmark, 87

ROBIN HOOD. Romantic sympathy with, 225; one of the famous outlaws, 226; the original, 314; forest of Barnesdale at one time his dwelling-place, 314, 315; Sherwood Forest, headquarters of, 315; Little John, Will Scarlet, and Much, his three most loyal followers, 315; three Masses heard by, 315; sends his followers to Watling Street, 316; his outlaw rules, 316; stranger guest brought to, 317; lends stranger guest four hundred pounds, 322; sends his followers again to Watling Street, 329; his followers capture and bring to greenwood, as guest, the Black Monk, 330; appropriates gold of the Black Monk as payment of loan to Sir Richard of the Lea, 331, 332; exempts Sir Richard from repayment of four hundred pounds, 333; dwells securely in the greenwood under Sir Richard's protection, 333

ROLAND. Charlemagne's nephew; fame of, in romance, 119; historical basis of legend of, 120; in Spanish legend, 121; "Saga" in French literature, 121; "Chanson de Roland" and, 121; one of the Twelve Peers, 125; destruction plotted by Blancandrin and Ganelon, 131, 134; plants his banner on topmost summit of Pyrenees, 134; appointed to command rearguard, 135; appealed to by Oliver to blow his horn, 138; his army defeats Saracens, 141; defeats second Saracen army, 143; attacked by third Saracen army, 144; willing to blow horn, but Oliver objects, 144; blows Olifant, 145, 146; Charlemagne hastens to rescue of, but arrives too late, 146; slays only son of Marsile, 147; smitten by Oliver in mistake, 148; set upon by four hundred Saracens, 150; realising death near, he tries to destroy sword Durendala, 152; his death, 153; avenged by Charlemagne, 153, 154

ROMAN EMPIRE. Charlemagne head of, 119

ROMANS. Conquer Huns by the Cross standard, 52

ROME. Church of, Constantine's generosity to, 42; Maxen Wledig seeks rest near, 43, 46; Princess Helena hailed Empress of, 48, 49; Constantine calls a council of all wisest men in, 53; Black Colin's messenger just home from, 251; Holy War proclaimed by Pope at, 251; Black Colin reaches, 253; Black Colin's supposed letter from, 255

RONCESVALLES. Roland's glory from, 119; celebrated in "Song of Altobiscar," 120; Spain claims part of honour of, 120; the battle of, 140-153

RONCEVAUX. Same as Roncesvalles, 122

ROUND TABLE. Knights of, 266

RYMENHILD. Princess, daughter of King Ailmar; loves Horn, 292; Athulf personates Horn before, 293; welcomes Horn in her bower and declares her love, 294; wishes Horn good success as knight, 298; gives token to Horn, 298; spied on by Fikenhild, 299, 300; wooed by King Modi, 303; writes to Horn through Athulf, 303; Horn at wedding-feast of, 305; Horn's stratagem to test her love, 306, 307; her knight and lover, Horn, restored, 307; wedded to Horn, 308; left to her father's care, 309; demanded in marriage by traitor, Fikenhild, 311; delivered by Horn, 313; dwells at Suddene as queen, 313

S

SAMSON. Peer of Charlemagne; mortally wounded, 143

SARACEN-S. Host, encamps near Franks, 134; pursue the Frankish army, 137; chiefs vow to slay Roland, 137; defeat of, by Roland's army, 141; second army attacks Roland, 142; defeated once more, 143; third army attacks Roland, 144; their rule in the Holy Land, 251; Horn's hatred of, typical of romance of Crusades, 286; attack and slay King Murry, 287, 288; Horn's victory over, 298; Suddene purged of, by Horn, 310

SARAGOSSA. Charlemagne repulsed at, 119; decided to send Ganelon to, as ambassador, 128; Charlemagne's threat to take, 132; Charlemagne receives through Ganelon the keys of, 134; captured by Charlemagne, 154

"SARN HELEN." Roman roads in Wales connecting Helena's three castles known as, 49

SAXON ENGLAND. The maintenance of justice in, 314

SAXON-S. Hereward the, 334; the darling hero of the, 334; Anglo-, chivalry, Hereward the ideal of, 334, 335; Hereward the, known as the Champion of Women, 351

SCARLET, WILL. Cousin to and one of Robin Hood's followers, 315

SCOTLAND. Hero-myths of, 248; national heroes of Lowland, actual, not mythical, 248; war between England and, 249

SCOTTISH INDEPENDENCE. Sir Nigel Campbell one of leaders in cause of, 249

SCYLD SCEFING (skild ske´f-ing). Founder of Scyldings dynasty, 2; coming to and passing from Denmark, 2; Hrothgar, great-grandson of, 2

SEVEN HILLS. Rome, the City of, 43; Maxen Wledig, emperor, rules Europe from, 43

SHERWOOD, FOREST OF. Headquarters of Robin Hood, 315

SIEGFRIED. Gudrun and, in "Nibelungenlied," 95

SIGMUND. Father of Fitela; glory of, chanted by Danish bard, 18

SIGRID. Thorbiorn's housekeeper, 97; loved by Olaf, 99; quits Thorbiorn's service, 103; disappearance of, 106

SIGT-RYG RANALDSSON. Prince of Waterford; his troth-plight with King Alef's daughter, 343; son of King Ranald, 345; Hereward's mission to, 345-347; sails for Cornwall to rescue his love, 347; sends forty Danes to demand fulfilment of troth-plight, 348; Sigtryg and Danes plan ambush for Haco, 350; rescues, and marries, Cornish princess, 350, 351

SI´HT-RIC-SON. Same as Anlaf, Abloec, &c., 73

SIR JOHN OF THE MARSHES. Noble gentleman who lived in Lincolnshire, in reign of Edward I., 204, 205; father of John, Otho, and Gamelyn, 205; his death, 206

SI-WARD, EARL. Ruler in Northumbria, 339; reputed kinship to Fairy Bear, 340, 342

SNOWDON. Mountainous land of, reached by ambassadors of Maxen Wledig, 47

SOCACH. Black Colin's foster-parents' dwelling-place, 250

SOULS. The traffic in, during Irish famine, 170-183; Cathleen tries to check traffic in, 174

SPAIN. Charlemagne's expedition into, 119; begins to quit, 134; returns to, to rescue Roland, 146

SPANISH LEGEND. Bernardo del Carpio and Roland in, 121

SPENCER. 1. Adam, steward in household of Sir John, releases Gamelyn, 214, 215. 2. Edmund, reference to his Red Cross Knight, 265

STEINTHOR OF ERE. Great chieftain who shelters Howard, 108, 109, 117; speaks on Howard's behalf at the Thing, 118

ST. JOHN, KNIGHTS OF. Black Colin takes service with, 253; Grand Master of, 253

ST. MARY. Abbey of, in York, lands of stranger knight in pledge to Abbot of, 321; land redeemed by Sir Richard of the Lea, 324-327; the Black Monk high cellarer in Abbey of, 331

ST. PATRICK. Preached Gospel to people of Ireland, 157

SUDDENE. King Murry and Queen Godhild, and son Horn, the royal family of, 286; Horn sails for, to wrest from Saracens, 309; Athulf's father found at, 309, 310; Horn reconquers, 310; a Christian realm once more, 311; Horn crowned king of, 311

SWANBOROW. Daughter of King Birkabeyn, 74; slain by Godard, 76

SWEDEN. Götaland, realm of Geats in south of, 5

SWEDES. Slay Hathcyn, son of King Hrethel, 35

SWITZERLAND. Black Colin and Highland clansmen pass through, 253

SYLVESTER. Bishop of Rome; and Constantine, 42; Constantine told in a vision to send for, 70; preaches the Christian faith to Constantine, 71

T

TAILLEFER. "Song of Roland" and, 122

TARA. Black stone of, 157

TARN WATHELAN. Giant in castle near, ill-treats maiden, 267; King Arthur's journey to, and fight with giant who lived in Castle of, 269, 270; King Arthur summons court to hunt near, 276; the churlish knight of, set free from magic spells, 284

TEUTONIC NORTH. Beowulf famous throughout, 5

THERSITES. Compared with Bricriu of the Bitter Tongue, 186

THING. Howard at the, 107, 108, 117, 118

THOR-BIORN. Mighty chief on shores of Icefirth, 97; Vakr, nephew of, 97; Olaf and sheep of, 98-100; whale unjustly adjudged to, 102; marries sister of Guest, 103; Sigrid leaves, 103; meets Olaf, 103-106; Warflame, magic sword of, 104-106; thrusts Olaf with Warflame, 106; Howard claims wergild from, 106-111; Guest's judgment against, 110, 111; hailed by Biargey while out fishing, 112; slain by Howard, 116

THOR-BRAND. Brother of Biargey, 113; helps Howard against Thorbiorn, 115

THOR-DIS. Mother of Vakr; sends second son to assist in fight against Olaf, 105

THOR-KEL. Lawman and arbitrator of Icefirth, 97; his false decree concerning a whale, 102

THOR-OLD. Same as Turoldus; author of "Song of Roland," 122

THURSTON. King of Ireland; served by Horn, 301; Harold and Berild, sons of, 302; offers kingdom and his daughter Reynild to Horn, 302; Horn discloses his identity to, 304

TIBER. Hunting expedition down, by Maxen Wledig, 43

TIR-NAN-OG. The land of never-dying youth, 163

TREE, THE HOLY. See Holy Cross

TRINITY. Truth of, demonstrated by shamrock-leaf, 157

TROJAN WAR. An ancient story, yet well known, 58

TUCK, FRIAR. Masses sung by, for Robin Hood, 318

TURPIN. Archbishop of Charlemagne, one of Twelve Peers, 125, 136; blesses the knights, 139, 140; mediates between Roland and Oliver, 145; mortally wounded, 149; his death, 150, 151

U

UATH, THE STRANGER. Giant who tests champions, 199-203; adjudges Cuchulain Champion of Heroes of all Ireland, 203

UBBE (ub-b[)e]). Danish jarl, friend of King Birkabeyn; befriends Havelok and Goldborough, 87-93; appointed Regent of Denmark for Havelok, 94

ULSTER. Fergus commanded to buy food at, 165; Conor, King of, 185; Cuchulain peer among champions of, 185; Armagh, capital of, 186; Red Branch heroes, royal bodyguard of, 186; Bricriu stirs up strife among champions of, 187, 188

UNKNOWN GOD. Constantine's acceptance and reverence of the, 51; the people awed by token of, 53

UTERYSDALE. Land of Sir Richard of the Lea in, 323; Sir Richard redeems the land, 324-327; Sir Richard returns to, 333

V

VAKR. Thorbiorn's nephew, 97; mocks Olaf, 100; jeers at Brand the Strong, 102, 103; accompanies Thorbiorn to meet Olaf, 103-106; Thordis, mother of, 105; his miserable end, 116

VALBRAND. Brother of Biargey, 112, 113; visited by Howard, 114

VALTIERRA. Charlemagne retires to, on way to France, 134

VEILLANTIF. Roland's steed, 136; slain by Saracens, 150

VICAR OF CHRIST on earth, Black Colin regards Pope as, 253

VIKINGS. Gospel preached to, 157

VIRGIN MARY. Cult of, 121; Cathleen invokes, 163; Cathleen's people invoke, 181

W

WALES. Old Roman roads in, that connected Helena's three castles still known as "Sarn Helen," 49; legend of Havelok the Dane thought to have originated in, 73; mediæval, Arthurian legend preserved by, 265

WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM. Scottish hero, 248; schoolfellow and comrade of Sir Nigel Campbell, 249

WARDEN. Of the coast of Denmark, welcomes Beowulf, 6; conducts Geats to Heorot, 8; Wulfgar, one of Hrothgar's nobles, greets Beowulf, 9; of Geatland, welcomes Beowulf's return, 29

WARFLAME. Magic sword, owned by Thorbiorn, and by which he himself is slain by Howard, 115, 116

WASHERS OF THE FORD. Wrath of, and Irish people, 158

WATERFORD. Prince Sigtryg of, his troth-plight with daughter of King Alef, 343; Ranald, King of, 345; Hereward reaches, 346; Prince and Princess of, Hereward the best friend of, 351

WATLING STREET. Robin Hood sends his followers to, 316; a year later sends followers once more to, 329

WEALHTHEOW (wal-thyow), QUEEN. Wife of Hrothgar; honours Beowulf, 14, 20

WELSH. 1. Legends, "Mabinogion" and "The Dream of Maxen Wledig," 42; Celtic features in, 185. 2. Saga, hero of, Emperor Maxentius, 42

WEOHSTAN (wyo-stan). Father of Wiglaf, who supported Beowulf in his fight with the fire-dragon, 36

WEST. Constantine a favourite of Roman soldiery of the, 63; Roman soldiery of the, proclaim Constantine emperor, 63; the fictitious wanderings of Horn in realms of, 307

WESTERN ISLES. Irish Gaelic hero-legends carried to, from Erin, 248

WESTERNESSE. Childe Horn lands on shore of, 289; Ailmar, King of, questions Horn, 290; Horn returns to, accompanied by Irish knights, 304; recital of the fictitious plans of Horn to reach, within seven years, 307

WHITBY. Hereward lands at, 339

WIG-LAF. Son of Weohstan; supports Beowulf in his fight with the fire-dragon, 36-41

WILF-INGS. Hrothgar shields Ecgtheow from, 11

WILLIAM OF CLOUDESLEE. One of the famous outlaws of England, 226

WILLIAM TELL. William of Cloudeslee the, of England, 226; Alice, wife of, 227; goes to Carlisle, 227; sheriff informed of his presence, 229; attacked by sheriff and his men, 231; capture of, 232; sheriff sentences to be hanged, 232; news of his sentence conveyed to the greenwood, 233; Clym's stratagem to save, 234; rescued from death, 237, 238; visits London to see king, 241; the king pardons, 243; shoots apple from son's head, 245, 246; receives royal favours from king and queen, 246

WILLIAM WENDUT. Second son of Grim; accompanies Havelok to Denmark, 87

WINCHESTER. Godrich takes Goldborough from, to Dover, 81

WLEDIG. See Maxen Wledig

WOMEN, CHAMPION OF. Hereward known as, 351

WYRD (weird). Goddess of Fate, 13, 34

Y

YORK. Archbishop of, unites in marriage Havelok and Goldborough, 85; Abbot of St. Mary's Abbey, in, 321

YORKSHIRE. Barnesdale, forest in, once dwelling-place of Robin Hood, 314, 315

YULETIDE. King Arthur's knights keep, 267

Z

ZACCHÆUS. Grandfather of Judas, 57

Transcriber's Note

Minor typographic errors in punctuation have been corrected without note. Hyphen inconsistencies have been corrected without note where there was a prevalence of one formation over another.

There is some variation in spelling, sometimes of proper names, often between the main text and quoted texts, and a number of archaic words. These remain as printed, unless they were an obvious typographic error, which were amended as follows:

Page 48--need amended to heed--"... that when their horses failed they gave no heed, but took others ..."

Page 73--crystalized amended to crystallized--"These stories finally crystallized in a form ..."

Page 84--Havelock amended to Havelok--"... and so, in great fear, Havelok agreed to the wedding."

Page 233--vension amended to venison--"... William had given the boy many a dinner of venison, ..."

Page 338--Whereever amended to Wherever--""Wherever fate and my fortune lead me," ..."

Page 355--7 amended to 74--"... and Havelok, son of, 74;"

Page 358--o amended to of--"... Daughter of King Alef, affianced to Prince Sigtryg ..."

Page 359--Alaf amended to Alef--"Prince Sigtryg sends forty to King Alef, 348;"

Page 362--Niger amended to Nigel--"Glen belonging to MacGregors, given to Sir Nigel Campbell, 249;"

Page 366--Herebald amended to Herebeald--"brought up with brothers, Herebeald and Hathcyn ..."

Page 372--missio nto amended to mission to--"Hereward's mission to, 345-347;"

Page 375--332 amended to 232--"... capture of, 232;"

There were some instances of omitted text; these were all checked against another edition of the text, and, in the case of the omitted page references, cross-checked against this edition, and repaired as follows:

Page 347--omitted word (marriage) inserted at the end of the section just prior to "Return to Cornwall"--"... he would save his betrothed from some other hateful marriage."

Page 368--the entry for London had no page number reference; 241 inserted.

Page 370--the entry for Priam had no page number reference; 95 inserted.

The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. Other illustrations have been moved so that they are near the text they refer to. Some of the illustration captions have the artist's name included, some do not; these are all reproduced as printed.