CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSIONS

A General review of the subjects discussed in the foregoing chapters brings home to us several results of some interest. Perhaps the most obvious of these is the incalculable debt which Botany owes to Medicine. An overwhelming majority of the herbalists were physicians, who were led to the study of botany on account of its connection with the arts of healing. As we have already pointed out, medicine gave the original impulse, not only to Systematic Botany, but also to the study of the Anatomy of Plants.

However, as the evolution of the herbal proceeded, we have shown that botany rose from being a mere hand-maid of medicine to a position of comparative independence. This is well exemplified in the history of plant classification. When the early medical botanists attempted any arrangement of their material, it was on a purely utilitarian basis; the herbs were merely classified according to the qualities which made them of value to man. But as the science grew, the need of a more systematic classification began to make itself felt, and in some of the works published in the latter half of the period we are considering, there is a distinct, if only partially successful, attempt to group the plants according to the affinities which they present when considered in themselves, and not in relation to man. The ideal of a natural system in the Vegetable Kingdom, in which each plant should find its inevitable place, must have been clear for instance to de l’Obel, when he wrote in the ‘Adversaria,’ of “an order, than which nothing more beautiful exists in the heavens, or in the mind of a wise man[44].”

Second only to the debt of botany to medicine is its debt to certain branches of the fine arts, more especially wood-engraving. The draughtsman and engraver not only disseminated the knowledge of plants, but their work must often have revealed to the botanist features which had escaped his less highly educated and subtle eye.

As we have already pointed out, the art of plant description lagged conspicuously behind that of plant illustration. The vague and crude, but often picturesque, accounts, given by the early herbalists of the plants which they observed, contrast curiously with the technically accurate, but colourless and impersonal descriptions from the pens of modern botanists.

The rapid rise of botany, in the two centuries which we have reviewed, must have been greatly stimulated by the cosmopolitanism of the savants of the renaissance. Periods of study at a succession of different universities, and wide European travel, including visits to scientific men of various countries, seem to have formed part of the recognised equipment of the botanical student. Possibly the zeal for travel was not altogether spontaneous, but was artificially stimulated by the religious disturbances so common at the period of the Reformation and later, which often drove into exile the adherents of the Reformed Faith, among whom many botanists were numbered. This is exemplified in the cases of William Turner, Charles de l’Écluse, and the Bauhins.

It is interesting to notice that, in the works of the best herbalists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such for instance as Bock, Turner, Dodoens and Gaspard Bauhin, we find, comparatively speaking, little belief in any kind of superstition connected with plants, such as the doctrine of signatures, or astrology. A number of books dealing with such topics appeared during the period we have considered, but their writers form a class apart, and must not be confused with the herbalists proper, whose attitude was, on the whole, marked by a healthy scepticism which was in advance of their time. It would, naturally, be far from true to say that they were all quite free from superstition, but, considering the intellectual atmosphere of the period, their enlightenment was quite remarkable.

When we come to consider the origin of the herbal, we find that it is impossible to assign any date for its beginning. In manuscript form, herbals have existed from very early times, but, in the present book, those prior to the invention of printing have been scarcely touched upon. Our subject has been limited to the most active life-period of the printed herbal, which may be reckoned as beginning in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, with the ‘Book of Nature,’ the ‘Herbarium’ of Apuleius, and the Latin and German ‘Herbarius.’ When this active period ended is less easily decided, but in some senses it may fairly be taken as covering only the comparatively short space of two hundred years. There are, of course, a very large number of later herbals, belonging to the end of the seventeenth, the eighteenth, and even the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but their importance in the history of botany appears to the present writer to be relatively small, and hence, in this volume, attention has been almost entirely confined to works which appeared before 1670.

After this period, botany rapidly became more scientific; the discovery of the function of the stamens, which was first announced in 1682, marking a very definite step in advance. As time went on, the _herbal_, with its characteristic mixture of medical and botanical lore, gave way before the exclusively medical _pharmacopœia_ on the one hand, and the exclusively botanical _flora_ on the other. As the use of home-made remedies declined, and the chemist’s shop took the place of the housewife’s herb-garden and still-room, the practical value of the herbal diminished almost to vanishing point.

The best epoch in the history of the herbal, from the point of view of book-illustration, is confined within much narrower limits than the two centuries we have been considering. The suggestion has been made, and seems thoroughly justified, that the finest period should be reckoned as falling between 1530 and 1614, that is, between the wood-cuts of Hans Weiditz in Brunfels’ ‘Herbarum vivæ eicones,’ and the copper-plates of Crispian de Passe in the ‘Hortus Floridus.’ This good period thus lasted less than one hundred years, and belongs chiefly to the sixteenth century. From the artistic point of view, its zenith is perhaps reached in the wood-engravings which illustrate Fuchs’ great work, ‘De historia stirpium’ (1542), though, from a more strictly scientific standpoint, the drawings by Camerarius and Gesner, which appeared in 1586 and 1588, may be said to bear the palm.

As far as the text is concerned, the culmination of the botanical works of the period under consideration may be regarded as foreshadowed in the ‘Stirpium Adversaria Nova’ of Pena and de l’Obel (1570-71) and attained in the ‘Prodromos’ (1620) and the ‘Pinax’ (1623) of Gaspard Bauhin. In the works of the latter author, classification, nomenclature and description reach their high-water mark, though it is to de l’Obel, and to his precursor, Bock, one of the “German Fathers of Botany,” that we owe the first definite efforts after a natural system. It is pleasant to remember that Jean Bauhin, to whom his younger brother Gaspard probably owed his first botanical inspiration, was a pupil of Leonhard Fuchs at Tübingen, so that the latter has a double claim to be associated with the results of the “herbal period” at its best. We began this book with a portrait of Leonhard Fuchs, and we may well conclude with his name—that of the greatest and most typical of sixteenth-century herbalists.

APPENDIX I

A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL HERBALS AND RELATED BOTANICAL WORKS PUBLISHED BETWEEN +1470+ AND +1670+.

This list, which is intended for the botanist rather than the bibliographer, is far from being exhaustive, especially as regards works published in the seventeenth century. In most cases reference is made to first editions only. Subsequent editions and translations, though often numerous and important, are usually not cited unless special mention has been made of them in the text. In cases where such editions are quoted, their titles are placed beneath that of the first edition (i.e. under the date of the first edition). Independent works by the same author are, however, arranged chronologically, so that, in this list, all the works of any given author are not placed together, but must be looked for under their respective dates. These dates can generally be ascertained by reference to the text. The author’s name, or, in the case of anonymous works, the title most commonly used, is printed in heavy type. All the works enumerated have been examined personally by the author, except those of which the dates are marked with an asterisk.

? 1470

+Bartholomæus Anglicus+ [Glanville, Bartholomew de]. Liber de proprietatibus rerum. _Begins_: Incipit prohemium de proprietatibus rerum fratris bartholomei anglici de ordine fratrum minorum. [? Cologne, ? 1470.] [_A general work containing one section dealing with plants._]

—— (_Another Edition_). Liber de proprietatibus rerum. [? Westminster, ? 1495.] [_A translation by Trevisa printed by Wynkyn de Worde._]

1475

+Konrad von Megenberg+ [Cůnrat]. _Begins_: Hye nach volget das půch der natur.... Hanns Bämler. Augsburg, -75 [= 1475]. [_A general work containing a section dealing with plants._]

1478

+Albertus Magnus+ [erroneously attributed to]. Liber aggregations seu liber secretorum Alberti magni de virtutibus herbarum ... (_Colophon_:) per Johannem de Annunciata de Augusta. 1478.

—— (_Another Edition_). De virtutibus herbarum. De virtutibus lapidum. De virtutibus animalium et mirabilibus mundi. Thomas Laisne, Rouen. [? 1500.]

—— (_Another Edition_). The boke of secretes of Albartus Magnus, of the vertues of Herbes, stones and certaine beastes. Also a boke of the same author, of the marvaylous thinges of the world.... London. Wyllyam Copland. [? 1560.]

? 1484

+Apuleius Platonicus.+ _Begins_: Incipit Herbarium Apulei Platonici ad Marcum Agrippam. [J. P. de Lignamine. Rome, ? 1484.]

1484

+The Latin Herbarius+ [referred to by various authors as Herbarius in Latino, Aggregator de Simplicibus, Herbarius Moguntinus, Herbarius Patavinus, etc.]. Herbarius Maguntiæ impressus. [Peter Schöffer. Mainz.] 1484.

—— (_Another Edition_). _Begins_: Dye prologhe de oversetters uyt den latyn in dyetsche. [Veldener, Kuilenborg.] 1484. [_A Flemish translation._]

—— (_Another Edition_). _Begins_: Incipit Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum. (_Colophon_:) Impressum Venetiis per Simonem Papiensem dictum Bivilaquam.... 1499. [Sometimes called ‘Herbarius Arnoldi de nova villa Avicenna.’]

1485

+The German Herbarius+ [referred to by various authors as the Herbarius zu Teutsch, the German Ortus Sanitatis, the smaller Ortus, Johann von Cube’s Herbal, etc.]. _Begins_: Offt und vil habe ich. [Peter Schöffer.] Mencz, 1485.

—— (_Another Edition_). _Begins_: Offt und vil hab ich. [Sorg.] Augspurg, 1485.

1491

+Ortus Sanitatis+ [+Hortus Sanitatis.+] _Prohemium begins_: Omnipotentis eternique dei.... (_Colophon_:) Jacobus Meydenbach. Moguntia, 1491.

—— (_Another Edition_). (_Colophon_:) Impressum Venetiis per Bernardinum Benalium: Et Joannem de Cereto de Tridino alias Tacuinum. 1511.

—— (_Another Edition_). Ortus sanitatis translate de latin en francois. Anthoine Vérard. Paris, n.d. [? 1501].

—— (_Another Edition_). Le jardin de sante translate de latin en francoys nouvellement Imprimé a Paris. On les vend a Paris en la rue sainct Jacques a lenseigne de la Rose blanche couronnee. (_Colophon_:) Imprimé a Paris par Philippe le noir. [? 1539.]

? 1500

+Macer, Æmilius+ [Odo]. Macer floridus De viribus herbarum. [? Paris, ? 1500 circa.]

—— (_Another Edition_). Herbarum varias qui vis cognoscere vires Macer adest: disce quo duce doct’ eris. (_Colophon_:) Impressus Parisius per Magistrum Johannem Seurre. Pro Magistro Petro Bacquelier. 1506.

—— (_Another Edition_). Les fleurs du livre des vertus des herbes, composé jadis en vers Latins par Macer Floride:... Le tout mis en François par M. Lucas Tremblay, Parisien.... Rouen. Martin et Honoré Mallard. 1588.

—— (_Another Edition_). De viribus herbarum ... secundum codices manuscriptos ... recensuit ... Ludovicus Choulant.... Lipsiae, 1832.

1500

+Braunschweig, Hieronymus+ [Jerome of Brunswick]. Liber de arte distillandi. de Simplicibus. Johannes Grüeninger. Strassburg, 1500.

—— (_Another Edition_). The vertuose boke of Distyllacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes ... Laurens Andrewe. London, 1427 [=1527].

1516

+Ruellius, Johannes+ [Ruel, Jean]. Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medicinali materia libri quinque.... Impressum est in ... Parrhisiorum Gymnasio ... in officina Henrici Stephani. 1516.

1517

+Czerny, Johann+ [Johannes Niger de Praga]. Knieha lekarska kteraz slowe herbarz (= Arzneibuch, welches heisst Herbarium) Hieronymus Höltzel. Nürnberg, 1517*.

1525

+Herball.+ Here begynneth a newe mater, the whiche sheweth and treateth of ye vertues and proprytes of herbes, the whiche is called an Herball. Rycharde Banckes. London, 1525.

—— (_Another Edition_). Macers Herbal. Practysyd by Docter Lynacro. Robert Wyer. n.d. [London, ? 1530.]

—— (_Another Edition_). A new Herball of Macer, Translated out of Laten in to Englysshe. Robert Wyer. in saint Martyns paryshe ... besyde Charynge Crosse. n.d. London. [? 1535.]

—— (_Another Edition_). A boke of the propreties of Herbes called an herball, wherunto is added the tyme ye herbes, Floures and Sedes shoulde be gathered ... by W. C.[45] Wyllyam Copland. n.d. London. [1550.]

—— (_Another Edition_). A litle Herball of the properties of Herbes ... wyth certayne Additions at the ende of the boke, declaring what Herbes hath influence of certain Sterres.... Anthony Askham, Physycyon. Jhon Kynge. London, 1550.

Before 1526

+Grand Herbier.+ Le grand Herbier en Francoys: contenant les qualites, vertus et propriétés des herbes, arbres, gommes.... Pierre Sergent. Paris, n.d.

—— (_Another Edition_). The grete herball whiche geveth parfyt knowlege and understandyng of all maner of herbes and there gracyous vertues.... (_Colophon_:) Peter Treveris. London, 1526.

—— (_Another Edition_). The grete herball ... (_Colophon_:) Imprynted at London ... by me Peter Treveris.... 1529.

1529

+Theophrastus.+ Theophrasti de historia, et causis plantarum, Libri Quindecim. Theodoro Gaza interprete ... (_Colophon_:) Excussum Luteciæ, in ædibus Christiani Wechel.... 1529.

1530

+Brunfelsius, Otho+ [Brunfels, Otto von]. Herbarum vivæ eicones... Argentorati apud Joannem Schottum. 1530, 1531, 1536.

—— (_Another Edition_). Contrafayt Kreüterbůch ... zů Strasszburg bey Hans Schotten. 1532, 1537.

1533

+Rhodion, D. Eucharius.+ Kreutterbůch ... Anfenglich von Doctor Johan Cuba zusamen bracht, jetzt widerum new Corrigirt ... Mit warer Abconterfeitung aller Kreuter. Zu Franckfurt am Meyn, Bei Christian Egenolph. 1533. [_A large number of editions of this work appeared, edited by Dorstenius, Lonicer and others._]

1536

+Amatus Lusitanus+ [Castello Branco, J. R. de]. Index Dioscoridis ... Excudebat Antverpiæ Vidua Martini Cæsaris. 1536.

+Ruellius, Johannes+ [Ruel, Jean]. De Natura stirpium libri tres. Parisiis. 1536.

1538

+Turner, William.+ Libellus de re herbaria novus, in quo herbarum aliquot nomina greca, latina, et Anglica habes, una cum nominibus officinarum.... Londini apud Joannem Byddellum. 1538.

—— (_Another Edition_). Libellus de re herbaria novus ... reprinted in facsimile, with notes, modern names, and a life of the author, by Benjamin Daydon Jackson. London, 1877.

1539

+Tragus, Hieronymus+ [Bock, Hieronymus]. New Kreutterbuch von underscheydt, würckung und namen der kreutter, ... gedruckt zu Strassburg, durch Wendel Rihel. 1539*.

—— (_Another Edition_). Kreuter Bůch. Wendel Rihel. Strasburg, 1546.

—— (_Another Edition_). De stirpium, maxime earum, quæ in Germania nostra nascuntur ... nunc in Latinam conversi, Interprete Davide Kybero ... (_Colophon_:) Argentorati Excudebat Wendelinus Rihelius ... 1552.

1542

+Fuchsius, Leonhardus+ [Fuchs, Leonhard]. De historia stirpium... Basileæ, in officina Isingriniana.... 1542.

—— (_Another Edition_). New Kreüterbůch. Michael Isingrin. Basell, 1543.

——- (_Another Edition_). Leonharti Fuchsii medici, primi de stirpium historia commentariorum tomi vivæ imagines, in exiguam ... formam contractæ.... Isingrin. Basileæ, 1545.

+Gesnerus, Conradus+ [Gesner, Konrad]. Catalogus plantarum Latinè, graecè, Germanicè, et Gallicè.... Tiguri apud Christoph. Froschouerum, 1542.

1544

+Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas+ [Mattioli, Pierandrea]. Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque della historia et materia medicinale tradotta in lingua volgare italiana.... Venetia, per Nicolo de Bascarina da Pavone di Brescia, 1544*.

—— Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia.... Venetiis ... apud Vincentium Valgrisium. 1554.

—— (_Another Edition_). Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica materia, ... Venetiis, Ex Officina Valgrisiana. 1565.

1548

+Turner, William.+ The names of herbes in Greke, Latin, Englishe Duche and Frenche wyth the commune names that Herbaries and Apotecaries use. John Day and Wyllyam Setes. London, 1548.

—— (_Another Edition_). The Names of Herbes, A.D. 1548. Edited by James Britten. London, 1881.

1551

+Turner, William.+ A new Herball. Steven Mierdman. London, 1551.

—— The seconde parte of Vuilliam Turners herball. Arnold Birckman. Collen, 1562.

—— The first and seconde partes of the Herbal of William Turner ... with the Third parte, lately gathered.... Arnold Birckman. Collen. 1568.

1553

+Amatus, Lusitanus+ [Castello Branco, J. R. de]. In Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia libros quinque enarrationes ... Venetiis, 1553. (_Colophon_:) apud Gualterum scotum.

+Bellonius, Petrus+ [Belon, Pierre]. De arboribus coniferis, resiniferis, aliis quoque nonnullis sempiterna fronde virentibus, ... Parisiis Apud Gulielmum Cavellat, ... 1553.

—— Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estrades, ... (_Colophon_:) Imprimé à Paris par Benoist Prévost.... 1553.

1554

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Crǔ deboeck. (_Colophon_:) Ghedruckt Tantwerpen by Jan vander Loe.... 1554.

—— (_Another Edition_). Histoire des plantes,... Nouvellement traduite ... en François par Charles de Éscluse. Jean Loë. Anvers. 1557. [_In the British Museum there is a copy of this book, annotated in manuscript by Henry Lyte._]

—— (_Another Edition_). A Nievve Herball, or Historie of Plantes:... nowe first translated out of French into English, by Henry Lyte Esquyer. At London by me Gerard Dewes.... 1578.

1559

+Maranta, Bartholomæus.+ Methodi cognoscendorum simplicium libri tres. Venetiis, Ex officina Erasmiana Vincentii. Valgrisii, 1559.

1561

+Cordus, Valerius.+ In hoc volumine continentur Valerii Cordi ... Annotationes in Pedacii Dioscoridis ... de Medica materia ... eiusdem Val. Cordi historiæ stirpium lib. IIII.... Omnia ... Conr. Gesneri ... collecta, et præfationibus illustrata. (_Colophon_:) Argentorati excudebat Josias Rihelius. 1561.

1565

+Mizaldus, Antonius+ [Mizauld, Antoine]. Alexikepus, seu auxiliaris hortus, ... Lutetiæ, Apud Federicum Morellum.... 1565.

—— (_Another Edition_). Artztgarten. ... neuwlich verteutschet durch Georgen Benisch von Bartfeld ... zu Basel bey Peter Perna. 1575.

1566

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Frumentorum, leguminum, palustrium et aquatilium herbarum ... historia. Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1566[46].

1568

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Florum, et coronariarum odoratarumque nonnullarum herbarum historia, Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1568.

1569

+Monardes, Nicolas+. Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales ... Impressos en Sevilla en casa de Hernando Diaz.... 1569.

—— Segunda parte del libro, de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales.... En Sevilla En casa Alonso Escrivano. 1571.

—— (_Another Edition_). Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde, wherein is declared the rare and singuler vertues of diverse ... Hearbes.... Englished by John Frampton. London, W. Norton, 1577.

1570

+Bombast von Hohenheim+ (Paracelsus). Ettliche Tractatus des hocherfarnen unnd berümbtesten Philippi Theophrasti Paracelsi.... I. Von Natürlichen dingen. II. Beschreibung etilcher kreütter. III. Von Metallen. IV. Von Mineralen. V. Von Edlen Gesteinen. Strassburg. Christian Müllers Erben. 1570.

1570-1571

+Lobelius, Mathias+ [de l’Obel or de Lobel, Mathias] and +Pena, Petrus+ [Pena, Pierre]. Stirpium adversaria nova. Londini. 1570. (_Colophon_:) Londini, 1571. ... excudebat prelum Thomæ Purfœtii.

—— (_Another Edition_). Nova stirpium adversaria, ... Antverpiæ Apud Christophorum Plantinum. 1576. (_Colophon_:) Londini, excudebat prelum Thomæ Purfœtii.

—— (_Another Edition_). Plantarum seu stirpium historia, ... Cui annexum est Adversariorum volumen. Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1576.

—— (_Another Edition_). Kruydtbœck. T’Antwerpen. By Christoffel Plantyn. 1581.

1571

+Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas+ [Mattioli, Pierandrea]. Compendium De Plantis omnibus, ... de quibus scripsit suis in commentariis in Dioscoridem editis.... Accessit præterea ad calcem Opusculum de itinere, quo è Verona in Baldum montem Plantarum refertissimum itur ... Francisco Calceolario ... Venetiis, In Officina Valgrisiana. 1571.

+Winckler, Nicolaus.+ Chronica herbarum, florum, seminum, ... Augustæ Vindelicorum in officina Typographica Michaëlis Mangeri. 1571.

1574

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Purgantium aliarumque eo facientum, tum et Radicum, Convolvulorum ac deleteriarum herbarum historiæ libri iiii. Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini, 1574.

1575

+Carrichter, Bartholomæus.+ Kreutterbůch ... Gedruckt zů Strassburg ... bey Christian Müller. 1575.

1576

+Clusus, Carolus+ [l’Écluse or l’Escluse, Charles de]. Caroli Clusii atrebat. Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum Historia,... Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini, ... 1576.

1578

+Thurneisserus, Leonhardus+ [Thurneisser zum Thum, Leonhardt]. Historia sive descriptio plantarum.... (_Colophon_:) Berlini Excudebat Michael Hentzske. 1578.

—— (_Another Edition_). Historia unnd Beschreibung Influentischer, Elementischer und Natürlicher Wirckungen, Aller fremden unnd Heimischen Erdgewechssen.... (Colophon:) Gedruckt zu Berlin, bey Michael Hentzsken. 1578.

—— (_Another Edition_). Historia sive descriptio plantarum.... Coloniæ Agrippinæ, apud Joannem Gymnicum,... 1587.

1580

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Historia vitis vinique: et stirpium nonnullarum aliarum. Coloniæ Apud Maternum Cholinum. 1580.

1581

+Lobelius, Mathias+ [de l’Obel or de Lobel, Mathias]. Plantarum seu stirpium icones. Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1581. [_The figures of Clusus, Lobelius and Dodonæus arranged according to the scheme of Lobelius._]

1582-1583

+Rauwolff, Leonhard.+ Leonharti Rauwolfen,... Aigentliche beschreibung der Raiss, so er vor diser zeit gegen Auffgang inn die Morgenländer,... (_Colophon_:) Getruckt zů Laugingen, durch Leonhart Reinmichel. 1582, 1583. [_This is a book of travel, but the fourth part, which has a separate title-page, dated 1583, contains a number of wood-cuts of foreign plants._]

1583

+Cæsalpinus, Andreas+ [Cesalpino, Andrea]. De plantis libri xvi.... Florentiæ, Apud Georgium Marescottum. 1583.

+Clusius, Carolus+ [l’Écluse or l’Escluse, Charles de]. Car. Clusii atrebatis Rariorum aliquot Stirpium, per Pannoniam, Austriam, et vicinas ... Historia ... Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1583.

+Dodonæus, Rembertus+ [Dodoens, Rembert]. Stirpium historiæ pemptades sex sive libri XXX. Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini. 1583.

1584

+Linocier, Geofroy+. L’histoire des plantes, traduicte de latin en françois: ... à Paris, Chez Charles Macé.... 1584.

1585

+Durante, Castor+. Herbario Nuovo.... Roma, Per Iacomo Bericchia, e Iacomo Turnierii, 1585.

1586

+Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas+ [Mattioli, Pierandrea]. De plantis Epitome utilissima ... aucta et locupletata, à D. Joachimo Camerario, ... accessit, ... liber singularis de itinere ... in Baldum montem ... auctore Francisco Calceolario Francofurti ad Moenum. 1586.

1586-1587

+Dalechampius, Jacobus+ [d’Aléchamps or Daléchamps, Jacques]. Historia generalis plantarum,... Lugduni, apud Gulielmum Rovillium. 1586, 1587.

1588

+Camerarius, Joachim.+ Hortus medicus et philosophicus: ... Francofurti ad Mœnum. 1588.

—— Icones accurate ... delineatæ præcipuarum stirpium, quarum descriptiones tam in Horto.... Impressum Francofurti ad Mœnum. 1588. [_These figures are generally bound up with the ‘Hortus medicus.’_]

+Porta, Johannes Baptista+ [Porta, Giambattista]. Phytognomonica.... Neapoli, Apud Horatium Saluianum. 1588.

1588-1591

+Theodorus, Jacobus+ [Theodor, Jacob, or Tabernæmontanus, Jacobus Theodorus]. Neuw Kreuterbuch, ... [Nicolaus Bassæus] Franckfurt am Mayn. 1588, 1591.

—— (_Another Edition_). Eicones plantarum seu stirpium. Nicolaus Bassæus, Francofurti ad Moenum, 1590. [_This edition contains the figures only._]

—— (_Another Edition_). Neuw vollkommentlich Kreuterbuch,... gemehret, Durch Casparum Bauhinum.... Franckfurt am Mayn, Durch Nicolaum Hoffman, In verlegung Johannis Bassæi und Johann Dreutels. 1613.

1590

+Matthiolus, Petrus Andreas+ [Mattioli, Pierandrea]. Kreuterbuch ... gemehrt und gefertigt durch Joachimum Camerarium, ... Frankfurt a/M., gedruckt bei Johann Feyerabend. 1590*.

—— (_Another Edition_). Kreutterbuch ... gemehret, unnd verfertigt, Durch Joachimum Camerarium ... Gedruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn. 1600.

1592

+Alpinus, Prosper+ [Alpino, Prospero]. De plantis Ægypti.... Venetiis ... Apud Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem. 1592.

+Columna, Fabius+ [Colonna, Fabio]. ΦΥΤΟΒΑΣΑΝΟΣ sive plantarum aliquot historia ... Ex Officina Horatii Saluiani. Neapoli, 1592. Apud Io. Jacobum Carlinum, et Antonium Pacem.

+Zaluzian, Adam Zaluziansky von.+ Methodi herbariæ, libri tres. Pragæ, in officina Georgii Dacziceni. 1592.

1596

+Bauhinus, Caspar+ [Bauhin, Gaspard]. ΦΥΤΟΠΙΝΑΞ seu enumeratio plantarum.... Basileæ, per Sebastianum Henricpetri. 1596.

1597

+Gerard, John+ [Gerarde, John]. The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes.... Imprinted at London by John Norton. 1597.

—— (_Another Edition_). The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes.... Very much Enlarged and Amended by Thomas Johnson Citizen and Apothecarye of London. London, Printed by Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers. 1633. [_Reprinted 1636._]

1601

+Bauhinus, Caspar+ [Bauhin, Gaspard]. Animadversiones in historiam generalem plantarum Lugduni editam.... Francoforti, Excudebat Melchior Hartmann, Impensis Nicolai Bassæi ... 1601.

+Clusius, Carolus+ [l’Écluse or l’Escluse, Charles de]. Caroli Clusii atrebatis, ... rariorum plantarum historia.... Antverpiæ Ex officina Plantiniana Apud Joannem Moretum. 1601.

1606

+Columna, Fabius+ [Colonna, Fabio]. Minus cognitarum stirpium aliquot, ΕΚΦΡΑΣΙϹ.... Romæ. Apud Guilielmum Facciottum. 1606.

Pars altera. Romæ. Apud Jacobum Mascardum. 1616.

+Spigelius, Adrianus.+ Isagoges in rem herbariam Libri Duo.... Patavii, Apud Paulum Meiettum. Ex Typographia Laurentii Pasquati. 1606.

1609

+Durante, Castor.+ Hortulus Sanitatis, Das ist, Ein ... Gährtlin der Gesundtheit ... in unsere hoch Teutsche Sprach versetzt, Durch Petrum Uffenbachium, ... Getruckt zu Franckfort am Mäyn, durch Nicolaum Hoffmann.... 1609.

1611

+Renealmus, Paulus+ [Reneaulme, Paul]. Specimen Historiæ Plantarum. Parisiis, Apud Hadrianum Beys ... 1611.

1613

+Beslerus, Basilius+ [Besler, Basil]. Hortus Eystettensis ... [Eichstadt]. 1613.

1614

+Passæus, Crispian+ [Passe, Crispin de or Crispian de]. Hortus floridus ... Extant Arnhemii Apud Ioannem Ianssonium ... 1614.

—— (_Another Edition_). A Garden of Flowers.... Printed at Utrecht By Salomon de Roy. 1615.

1616

+Olorinus, Johannes+ [Sommer, Johann, aus Zwickau]. Centuria Herbarum Mirabilium Das ist: Hundert Wunderkräuter.... Magdeburgk, Bey Levin Braunss.... 1616.

—— Centuria Arborum Mirabilium Das ist: Hundert Wunderbäume.... Magdeburgk, Bey Levin Braunss.... 1616.

1619

+Bauhinus, Joannes+ [Bauhin, Jean] and +Cherlerus, J. H.+ [Cherler, J. H.]. J. B. ... et J. H. C. ... historiæ plantarum generalis ... prodromus.... Ebroduni, Ex Typographia Societatis Caldorianæ. 1619.

—— (_Another Edition_). Historia plantarum universalis ... Quam recensuit et auxit ... Chabræus ... publici fecit, Fr. Lud. a Graffenried.... Ebroduni, 1650, 51.

1620

+Bauhinus, Caspar+ [Bauhin, Gaspard]. ΠΡΟΔΡΟΜΟΣ Theatri botanici.... Francofurti ad Mœnum, Typis Pauli Jacobi, impensis Joannis Treudelii. 1620.

1623

+Bauhinus, Caspar+ [Bauhin, Gaspard]. ΠΙΝΑΞ theatri botanici.... Basileæ Helvet. Sumptibus et typis Ludovici Regis. 1623.

1625

+Popp, Johann+ [Poppe, Johann]. Kräuter Buch ... nach rechter art der Signaturen der himlischen Einfliessung nicht allein beschrieben, ... Leipzig, In Verlegung Zachariæ Schürers, und Matthiæ Götzen ... 1625.

1628

+Brosse, Guy de la.+ De la nature, vertu, et utilité des plantes.... A Paris, Chez Rollin Baragnes ... 1628.

1629

+Johnson, Thomas.+ Descriptio itineris plantarum investigationis ... in agrum Cantianum.... (London, 1629.)*

—— (_Another Edition_). Descriptio Itineris Plantarum ... in Agrum Cantianum ... et Enumeratio Plantarum in Ericeto Hampstediano locisque vicinis Crescentium.... Excudebat, Tho. Cotes. [London] 1632.

+Parkinson, John.+ Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our English ayre will permitt to be noursed up:... (_Colophon_:) London, Printed by Humfrey Lownes and Robert Young at the signe of the Starre on Bread-street hill. 1629.

—— (_Another Edition_). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris... Faithfully Reprinted from the Edition of 1629. Methuen & Co. London, 1904.

1631

+Donati, Antonio.+ Trattato de semplici, ... in Venetia, ... Appresso Pietro Maria Bertano. 1631.

1634

+Johnson, Thomas.+ Mercurius Botanicus: ... Londini, Excudebat Thom. Cotes. 1634.

1640

+Parkinson, John.+ Theatrum botanicum: The Theater of Plants. Or, an Herball of a Large Extent.... London, Printed by Tho. Cotes. 1640.

1649

+Culpeper, Nicholas.+ A Physicall Directory or A translation of the London Dispensatory Made by the Colledge of Physicians in London ... with many hundred additions.... London, Printed for Peter Cole ... 1649.

—— (_Another Edition_). The English Physitian enlarged.... London, Printed by Peter Cole ... 1653.

1650

+How, William.+ Phytologia Britannica, natales exhibens Indigenarum Stirpium sponte Emergentium. Londoni, Typis Ric. Cotes, Impensis, Octaviani Pulleyn. 1650.

1656

+Bombast von Hohenheim+ [Paracelsus]. Paracelsus his Dispensatory and Chirurgery.... Faithfully Englished, by W. D., London: Printed by T. M. for Philip Chetwind.... 1656.

+Cole, William+ [Coles, William]. The Art of Simpling. London, Printed by J. G. for Nath: Brook. 1656.

1657

+Cole, William+ [Coles, William]. Adam in Eden: or, Natures Paradise.... London, Printed by J. Streater, for Nathaniel Brooke.... 1657.

1658

+Bauhinus, Caspar+ [Bauhin, Gaspard]. Caspari Bauhini ... Theatri botanici sive historiæ plantarum ... liber primus editus opera et cura Io. Casp. Bauhini. Basileæ. Apud Joannem König. 1658.

1659

+Lovell, Robert.+ ΠΑΜΒΟΤΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ, sive Enchiridion botanicum, or a compleat Herball.... Oxford, Printed by William Hall, for Ric. Davis.... 1659.

1662

+Jonstonus, Johannes+ [Jonston or Johnstone, John]. Dendrographias Sive Historiæ Naturalis de Arboribus et Fruticibus ... libri decem.... Francofurti ad Moenum. Typis Hieronymi Polichii. Sumptibus Hæredum Matthæi Meriani. 1662.

1664

+Turner, Robert+. ΒΟΤΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ. The Brittish Physician: or, The Nature and Vertues of English Plants. London, Printed by R. Wood for Nath. Brook. 1664.

1666

+Chabræus, Dominicus.+ Stirpium icones et sciagraphia.... Genevæ, Typis Phil. Gamoneti et Iac. de la Pierre. 1666.

1667

+Aldrovandus, Ulysses+ [Aldrovandi, Ulisse]. Ulyssis Aldrovandi ... Dendrologiæ naturalis scilicet arborum historiæ libri duo.... Bononiæ typis Jo. Baptistae Ferronii. 1667.

1670

+Nylandt, Petrus.+ De Nederlandtse Herbarius of Kruydt-Boeck, ... t’Amsterdam, voor Marcus Doornick, ... 1670.

APPENDIX II

A LIST, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, OF THE PRINCIPAL CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL WORKS DEALING WITH THE SUBJECTS DISCUSSED IN THIS BOOK.

Albertus Magnus. See Fellner, S.; Meyer, E. and Jessen, C.; Pouchet, F. A.

Alcock, Randal H. Botanical Names for English Readers. London, 1876.

Amherst, the Hon. Alicia [The Hon. Mrs Evelyn Cecil]. Bibliography of Works on Gardening. Reprinted from the Second Edition of ‘A History of Gardening in England.’ London, 1897.

Apuleius Platonicus. See Cockayne, O.; Payne, J. F. (1903).

Arber, A. See Robertson, A.

Avoine, P. J. d’. See Morren, C.

Bauhin, Gaspard. See Hess, J. W.

Blades, W. The Plantin Museum. Macmillan’s Magazine. Vol. 38, p. 282. London and New York, 1878.

Breitkopf, J. G. I. Versuch den Ursprung der Spielkarten,... und den Anfang der Holzschneidekunst in Europa zu erforschen. Vol. II. Leipzig, 1801.

Britten, James. The Names of Herbes, by William Turner, A.D. 1548. Edited by James Britten. London, 1881.

Busbecq, A.-G. See Kickx, J.

Camerarius, J. See Irmisch, T. H.

Camus, Giulio. L’Opera Salernitana ‘Circa Instans’ ed il testo primitivo del ‘Grant Herbier en Francoys.’ Memorie della Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Modena. Ser. II. Vol. IV. Mem. della Sezione di Lettere, p. 49. 1886.

Choulant, Ludwig. Botanische und anatomische Abbildungen des Mittelalters. Archiv für die zeichnenden] Künste. Jahrg. III. p. 188. Leipzig, 1857.

Choulant, Ludwig. Handbuch der Bücherkunde für die aeltere Medicin. Leipzig, 1828.

Choulant, Ludwig. Macer Floridus de viribus herbarum ... secundum codices manuscriptos ... recensuit ... Ludovicus Choulant.... Lipsiae, 1832.

Clusius, Carolus. See Istvánffi, Gy. de; Legré, Ludovic; Roze, E.; Morren, E.

Cockayne, O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages. Rolls Series, Vol. I. 1864. [_Translation of Herbarium of Apuleius Platonicus._]

Colvin, Sir Sidney. Early Engraving and Engravers in England [1545-1695]. London, 1905.

Conrad von Megenberg. See Pfeiffer, Fr.

Copinger, W. A. Supplement to Hain’s Repertorium Bibliographicum. London, 1895, 1898, 1902.

Cordus, V. See Irmisch, T. H.

Czerny, J. See Maiwald, V.

Daubeny, Charles. Lectures on Roman Husbandry. Oxford, 1857.

Degeorge, Léon. La Maison Plantin à Anvers. Deuxième édition. Bruxelles, 1878.

Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ picturis illustratus, nunc Vindobonensis Med. Gr. I. phototypice editus. Moderante Josepho de Karabacek. Lugduni Batavorum, 1906.

Dodoens, Rembert. See Dodonæus, Rembertus.

Dodonæus, Rembertus. See Meerbeck, P. J. van; Morren, C. and d’Avoine, P. J.

Duff, E. Gordon. Early Printed Books. [Books about Books, edited by A. W. Pollard.] London, 1893.

Fellner, Stephan. Albertus Magnus als Botaniker. Jahres-Ber. des kais. kön. Ober-Gymnasiums zu den Schotten in Wien. Wien, 1881.

Gerard, J. See Jackson, B. D.

Gesner, Konrad. See Jardine, Sir W.; Simler, Josias; Trew, C. J.

Giacosa, Piero. Magistri Salernitani nondum editi. Catalogo ragionato della esposizione di storia della medicina aperta in Torino nel 1898. Torino, 1901. [_In 2 parts, text and atlas._]

Green, E. L. Landmarks of Botanical History. A study of Certain Epochs in the Development of the science of Botany. Pt. I. Prior to 1562 A.D. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. No. 1870. Pt. of Vol. 54, Washington, 1909.

Hain, Ludwig. Repertorium Bibliographicum. Stuttgart, Tübingen and Paris, 1826, 1827, 1831, 1838.

Haller, Albertus von [Haller, Albrecht von]. Bibliotheca botanica. Tiguri, 1771, 1772.

Hartmann, Franz. The Life of Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim known by the name of Paracelsus. 2nd ed. London, 1896.

Hatton, Richard G. The Craftsman’s Plant-Book. London, 1909.

Henslow, G. Medical Works of the Fourteenth Century together with a List of Plants Recorded in Contemporary Writings, with their Identifications. London, 1899.

Hess, J. W. Kaspar Bauhin’s, ... Leben und Charakter. Basel, 1860.

Irmisch, T. H. Ueber einige Botaniker des 16. Jahrhunderts. Öff. Prüfung des f. Schwartzburg. Gymnasiums zu Sondershausen. Sondershausen, 1862. [_This memoir includes an account of Valerius Cordus and Joachim Camerarius the younger._]

Istvánffi, Gy. de. Caroli Clusii Atrebatis Icones Fungorum in Pannonis Observatorum sive Codex Clusii Lugduno Batavensis ... cura et sumptibus Dr^{is} Gy. de Istvánffi. Budapestini, 1898-1900. [_The part issued in 1900 includes a biography._]

Jackson, B. Daydon. A Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the Garden of John Gerard, in the years 1596-1599. Edited ... by B. D. Jackson. London, 1876. [_This work includes a life of Gerard._]

Jackson, B. Daydon. Guide to the Literature of Botany. London, 1881.

Jackson, B. Daydon. Libellus de re herbaria novus, by William Turner, originally published in 1538, reprinted in facsimile, with notes, modern names, and a life of the author by B. D. J. London, 1877.

Jackson, B. Daydon. The History of Botanic Illustration. Trans. Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. XII. p. 145, 1906 (for 1903-1905).

Jackson, J., and Chatto, W. A. A treatise on Wood Engraving, 2nd ed. London, 1861.

Jardine, Sir W. The Naturalist’s Library. Edited by Sir William Jardine. Vol. XII. Memoir of Gesner. Edinburgh, 1843.

Kickx, J. Esquisses sur les ouvrages de quelques anciens naturalistes belges. Bull, de l’acad. royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Bruxelles. Vol. V. p. 202, 1838. [_This memoir deals with Auger-Gislain Busbecq._]

Killermann, Seb. Zur ersten Einführung amerikanischer Pflanzen im 16. Jahrhundert. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift. Neue Folge, Bd. VIII. p. 193, 1909.

Killermann, Seb. A. Dürers Pflanzen- und Tierzeichnungen und ihre Bedeutung für die Naturgeschichte. Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte. 119. Heft. Strassburg, 1910.

Konrad von Megenberg. See Pfeiffer, Fr.

l’Écluse or l’Escluse, Charles de. See Clusius, Carolus.

Legré, Ludovic. La Botanique en Provence au XVI^e siècle. Pierre Pena et Mathias de Lobel. Marseille, 1899. Louis Anguillara, Pierre Belon, Charles de l’Escluse, Antoine Constantin. Marseille, 1901.

L’Obel or Lobel, Mathias de. See Lobelius, Mathias.

Lobelius, Mathias. See Morren, E.

Macer Floridus. See Choulant, Ludwig.

Macfarlane, John. Antoine Vérard. Bibliographical Society. Illustrated Monographs, No. 7. London, 1900 [for 1899].

Maiwald, V. Geschichte der Botanik in Böhmen. Wien und Leipzig, 1904. [_This book contains an account of the work of Czerny and Zaluziansky._]

Meerbeeck, P. J. van. Recherches historiques et critiques sur la vie et les ouvrages de Rembert Dodoens (Dodonæus). Malines, 1841.

Meyer, E. H. F. Geschichte der Botanik. Königsberg, 1854-1857. [_The standard work on the history of botany to the end of the 16th century._]

Meyer, E. H. F., and Jessen, C. Alberti Magni ex ordine prædicatorum de vegetabilibus libri VII, ... editionem criticam ab Ernesto Meyero coeptam absolvit Carolus Jessen. Berolini, 1867.

Morren, E. Charles de l’Escluse, sa vie et ses œuvres, 1526-1609. Liége, 1875. [_There are some original notes in a review of this work by B. D. Jackson, Journal of Botany, Vol._ XIII. (_New Series, Vol._ IV.) 1875, _p._ 345.]

Morren, E. Matthias de l’Obel, sa vie et ses œuvres, 1538-1616. Extrait du Bull. de la Féd. des Soc. d’hort. de Belgique. Liége, 1875.

Morren, C., et d’Avoine, P. J. Éloge de Rembert Dodoens, ... suivi de la Concordance des espèces végétales décrites et figurées par Rembert Dodoens avec les noms que Linné et les auteurs modernes leur ont donnés. Malines, 1850.

Muther, Richard. Die deutsche Bücherillustration der Gothik und Frührenaissance (1460-1530). München und Leipzig, 1884.

Netter, William. See Peters, Hermann.

Paracelsus. See Hartmann, Franz; Strunz, Franz; Weber, F. P.

Payne, J. F. English Herbals. Trans. Bibl. Soc. Vol. IX. p. 120, 1908 (for 1906-1908) [_summary of a paper_].

Payne, J. F. English Herbals. Trans. Bibl. Soc. Vol. XI. p. 299, 1912 (for 1910-1911). [_This article is a reprint of the earlier paper of the same title, with figures._]

Payne, J. F. Old Herbals: German and Italian. The Magazine of Art. Vol. VIII. p. 362, 1885.

Payne, J. F. On the ‘Herbarius’ and ‘Hortus Sanitatis.’ Trans. Bibl. Soc. Vol. VI. p. 63, 1903 (for 1900-1902).

Peters, Hermann. Pictorial History of Ancient Pharmacy ... Translated by Dr William Netter. Chicago, 1889.

Pfeiffer, Franz. Das Buch der Natur von Konrad von Megenberg ... herausgegeben von Dr Franz Pfeiffer. Stuttgart, 1861.

Pitton Tournefort, Josephus. Institutiones rei herbariæ. Ed. altera. Tomus primus. Parisiis, 1700. [_Pp. 1-75 of this work are concerned with the history of botany._]

Plantin, C. See Blades, W.; Degeorge, L.; Rooses, M.

Pouchet, F. A. Histoire des sciences naturelles au moyen âge ou Albert le Grand et son époque, considérés comme point de départ de l’école expérimentale. Paris, 1853.

Pritzel, G. A. Thesaurus literaturæ botanicæ ... editionem novam reformatam.... Lipsiae, 1872.

Pulteney, Richard. Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England, from its Origin to the Introduction of the Linnean System. London, 1790.

Robertson, A. [Arber, A.]. English Herbals. Popular Science Monthly. Vol. LXV. p. 65, 1904.

Rooses, Max. Christophe Plantin imprimeur anversois. [2nd ed.] Anvers, 1890.

Roth, F. W. E. Jacob Theodor aus Bergzabern, genannt Tabernæmontanus. Botanische Zeitung. Jahrg. 57, Abth I. p. 105, 1899.

Roze, Ernest. Charles de l’Escluse d’Arras le propagateur de la pomme de terre au xvi^e siècle. Sa biographie et sa correspondance. Paris, 1899.

Sachs, Julius von. History of Botany [1530-1860]. Transl. by H. E. F. Garnsey. Oxford, 1890.

Schelenz, Hermann. Geschichte der Pharmazie. Berlin, 1904.

Simler, Josias. Vita ... Conradi Gesneri ... Tiguri excudebat Froschouerus. 1566.

Sprengel, K. P. J. Geschichte der Botanik. Altenburg und Leipzig. 1817, 18.

Sprengel, K. P. J. Theophrast’s Naturgeschichte der Gewächse. Uebersetzt und erläutert von K. Sprengel. Altona, 1822.

Strunz, Franz. Theophrastus Paracelsus. Das Buch Paragranum. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von D. phil. Franz Strunz. Leipzig, 1903.

Tabernæmontanus, Jacobus Theodorus. See Theodor, Jacob.

Theodor, Jacob. See Roth, F. W. E.

Theophrastus. See Sprengel, K. P. J.

Treviranus, L. C. Die Anwendung des Holzschnittes zur bildlichen Darstellung von Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1855.

Trew, C. J. Librorum botanicorum catalogi duo.... Norimbergæ Stanno Fleischmanniano. 1752.

Trew, C. J. Opera botanica per duo saecula desiderata ... ex bibliotheca D. Christophori Jacobi Trew. Norimbergæ impensis Jo. Mich. Seligmanni. Typis Jo. Josephi Fleischmanni, 1751.

Turner, William. See Britten, James; Jackson, B. D.

Vérard, A. See Macfarlane, J.

Weber, F. P. A Portrait Medal of Paracelsus on his Death in 1541. Reprinted from the Numismatic Chronicle. Vol. XIII. 3rd ser., pp. 60-71. London, 1893.

Winckler, Emil. Geschichte der Botanik. Frankfurt a. M. 1854.

Wootton, A. C. Chronicles of Pharmacy. London, 1910.

Zaluziansky, A. See Maiwald, V.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The dates refer, in each case, to the particular edition from which the figures have been copied, which is not always the first. For fuller titles and dates of first editions, see Appendix I.

[2] ῥιζοτόμοι = root-diggers.

[3] φαρμακοπῶλαι = drug-sellers.

[4] Lucian, ‘Dialogues of the Gods,’ XIII.

[5] Translated from the second (Augsburg) edition of 1485.

[6] Garden of health.

[7] “The individual herbs of the earth, called simples.”

[8] The expression in the French original is, “homme ne femme ne pourra nuire en ceste maison.”

[9] Various dates are given by different authors for the first edition of the ‘Dispensatorium,’ but 1546 seems to be the best attested. I have not seen any edition prior to 1598.

[10] The name _Kammermeister_ or _Camerarius_ was adopted by Joachim Camerarius the elder, in place of the family name of _Liebhard_.

[11] There has been some uncertainty about this date, but Meerbeck (see Appendix II) seems to have proved that 1517 is correct.

[12] The fullest and most correct form of his name is probably “Jules-Charles de l’Escluse.”

[13] University Library, Leyden, Department of Manuscripts, Codex No. 303.

[14] According to Legré, the word “Adversaria” is equivalent to “livre-journal,” i.e. day-book in the commercial sense.

[15] “quem ego emptum cupivissem, sed me deterruit pretium: nam centum ducatis indicabatur, summa cæsarei non mei marsupii. Ego instare non desinam donec cæsarem impulero ut tam præclarum autorem ex illâ servitute redimat.” _Epist._ IV. p. 392. [Quoted by Kickx, _Bull. Acad. roy. Bruxelles_, Vol. v. p. 202, 1838.]

[16] ‘Ekphrasis,’ 1616, pp. 245 etc.

[17] πίναξ = a chart or register.

[18] The n is inverted in the original, no doubt a misprint.

[19] The spelling “Gerarde” on the title-page of ‘The Herball’ is believed to be an error. See ‘A Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the garden of John Gerard,’ edited by B. D. Jackson, London, 1876.

[20] Orkney Islands.

[21] p. xlv.

[22] Hector Boethius, ‘Heir beginnis the hystory and croniklis of Scotland.... Translatit laitly in our vulgar and commoun langage, be maister Johne Bellenden.... And Imprentit in Edinburgh, be me Thomas Davidson’ [1536] (Cap. XIV. of the ‘Cosmographie’).

[23] ‘Turner on Birds: ... first published by Doctor William Turner, 1544.’ Edited by A. H. Evans, Cambridge, p. 27, 1903. [The original passage will be found in Avium præcipuarum.... Per Dn. Guilielmum Turnerum, ... Coloniæ excudebat Ioan. Gymnicus, 1544.]

[24] Quoted from Dr O. Cockayne’s translation of an Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the eleventh century. See Appendix II.

[25] The descriptions here quoted are from the edition of 1529.

[26] The expression “yelowe flowre” is an indication of the Continental origin of the Grete Herball. The plant intended is obviously not our British _Oxalis acetosella_ L.; it may possibly be _O. corniculata_ L.

[27] _Hypericum androsæmum_ L.

[28] Stamen = warp or thread.

[29] ‘Minus cognitarum stirpium ... ΕΚΦΡΑΣΙϹ.’ 1616. Pars altera, Cap. XXVII. p. 62 “tam in hac, quam in aliis plantis, non enim ex foliis, sed ex flore, seminisque, conceptaculo, et ipso potius semine, plantarum affinitatem dijudicamus.”

[30] “plerisque nomen imposuimus, perspicuitatis gratia, cuius nomine communiter nota aliqua quæ à quolibet in planta observari potest, nomini addita.”

[31] “Transit etiam in arborem in quibusdam regionibus Ricinus, alibi annua stirps.”

[32] “uti à D. Mathia Lobelio...singulæ videlicet congeneres ac sibi mutuo affines, digestæ sunt.” Dedication to ‘Plantarum seu stirpium icones,’ 1581.

[33] Codex Vossianus Latinus in Quarto No. 9.

[34] “wan die figuren nit anders synd dann ein ougenweid und ein an zeigung geben ist die weder schriben noch lesen kündent.”

[35] Pierre Belon, Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables.... Paris, 1553.

[36] “Ich wirdt Monarcha, unnd mein wird die Monarchey sein.” Vorrede in dem Buch Paragranum. [Theophrastus Paracelsus, ‘Das Buch Paragranum,’ Herausgegeben ... von Dr phil. Fr. Strunz, Leipzig, 1903.]

[37] The name of this botanist is spelt “Coles” on the title-pages of his works, but the spelling “Cole” appears to be more correct.

[38] “Doctrina verò de signaturis stirpium, à nullo alicuius æstimationis veterum testimonium accepit: deinde tam fluxa et incerta est, ut pro scientia aut doctrina nullatenus habenda videatur.” ‘Pemptades,’ Book I. Cap. XI. 1583.

[39] ‘De la nature, vertu, et utilité des plantes,’ p. 278, 1628.

[40] Maclagan, T. J. ‘Influenza and Salicin,’ The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XXXI. p. 337, 1892.

[41] See article on ‘Astrology,’ The Encyclopædia Britannica, eleventh edn. Cambridge, 1910.

[42] The edition of 1587 was used in making this translation.

[43] Printed “hoth” in the edition of 1653 from which these quotations are taken.

[44] “Sic enim ordine, quo nihil pulchrius in cœlo, aut in Sapientis animo,...”

[45] The initials “W. C.” may refer either to William Copland or to Walter Cary.

[46] E. H. F. Meyer (Geschichte der Botanik, Vol. 4, 1857, p. 344) refers to an edition of this work published in 1565, but I have not been able to verify this date.

INDEX

_Achillea_, 144

_Adam in Eden_ of Cole, 210

Adder’s-tongue Fern, 210, 211

“Adversaria,” Definition of the word, 78

Æmilius Macer, 40

Æsculapius, 7, 36

_Aggregator de Simplicibus_, see _Herbarius, The Latin_

Albartus Magnus, see Albertus Magnus

Albert, Bishop of Ratisbon, see Albertus Magnus

Albert of Bollstadt, see Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus, 3-5, 7, 116, 119, 120, 134-136

Albertus Magnus, Work erroneously attributed to, 5, 215

Aldrovandi, U., 198

Aléchamps, J. d’, 74, 93, +97-99+, 112, 143, 145, 151, 196

Alfred, King, 35

Algæ, 151

“Alleluya”, 45

_Aloe_, 146, 177

Alpino, Prospero, +88-90+, 196, 197

Alpinus, P., see Alpino, P.

Amatus Lusitanus, 9, 62

Amber, 30, 31

American plants, described by Monardes, 104-106

American plants, figured by Fuchs, 62

Anatomy of Plants, 7, 116, 221

Andrew, L., 45, 46

Andrewe, L., see Andrew, L.

_Anemone hepatica_, 146

Angiosperms, 151

_Annotationes ... Dioscoridis_ of Cordus, 66

Antony (Marcus Antonius), 8

Antwerp, Printing at, 70-72

Apollo, 36

Apothecaries’ Company, A botanical excursion of the, 113

Apuleius Platonicus, +11-12+

Apuleius Platonicus, The _Herbarium_ of, +11-15+, 16, 28, +35-37+, 155-157, 159, 204, 223

_Aquilegia_, 120

Arab physicians, 3

_Arbolayre_, 24

“_Arbor tristis_”, 85, 86

_Arboribus, De_ of Belon, 196

_Argemone_, 148

_Aristolochia_, 43

Aristotelian botany, 2-5, 116-118

Aristotle, +2-4+, 6, 19, 116, 119

Arnaldus, see Arnold de Nova Villa

Arnold de Nova Villa, 17, 18

_Art of Simpling, The_ of Cole, 211, 219

_Artemisia_ (Wormwood or Mugwort), 36, 43, 45, 57, 58, 219

_Arum_, 146, 157, 180

Askham, Anthony, 39

_Askham’s Herbal_, 39, 40

_Asparagus_, 175

Aspen, 5

_Astragalus tragacantha_, 144

Astrology, 214

Astrology, Botanical, 39, 212-220

Augsburg, Books printed at, 11, 14, 19, 157, 165

“_Auricula muris_”, 175

Avicenna, 21, 206, 207

Bämler, H., 11

Banckes, R., 38, 40

_Banckes’ Herbal_, +38-40+, 122

Barberry, 197

“Barnakle Tree”, 109-113

Bartholomæus Anglicus, 10, 11, 38, 158

Bartholomew de Glanville, see Bartholomæus Anglicus

Basilisk, 32

Basing House, Siege of, 113

Basle, Books printed at, 60, 110

Basle, University of, 90, 93, 94

Bassæus, N., 68

Batthyány, Baron Boldizsár de, 77, 78

Bauhin, Caspar, see Bauhin, Gaspard

Bauhin, Gaspard, 80, 88, 93, +94-96+, 98, 115, 130-132, 136, 139, 140, 148, 150, 151, 152, 222, 224, 226

Bauhin, Jean, 74, +93+, +94+, 96, 98, 99, 192, 222, 226

Bauhinus, see Bauhin

“Bausor”, 29

Bay Tree, 215

Bean, 3, 154

Beech, 5

Bellonius, P., see Belon, P.

Belon, P., 196

“Bernicles,” Gyraldus and Octavian on, 112

Besler, B., 200

“_Beta Cretica semine aculeato_”, 130

“_Beta nigra_”, 130

Bird’s-nest Orchid, 148

Blankaart, S., 202

Boccone, P., 202

Bock, H. (Tragus, H.), 35, 47, +50-58+, 60, 64, 67, 68, 103, 124, 125, 138, 175, 184, 185, 222, 226

Bodleian Library, Oxford, 35

Boece, H., see Boethius, H.

Boethius, H., 111, 112

_Boke of Secretes of Albartus Magnus, The_, 215

Bologna, University of, 68, 101

Bombastus von Hohenheim, see Paracelsus

_Book of Nature, The_, of Konrad von Megenberg, +10+, +11+, 157, 158, 167, 223

Borage, 120

Braunschweig, Hieronymus, 24, 45, 46, 168

Bredwell, S., 109

Brimen, Marie de, 78

British Museum, The, 33, 65, 106

Broomrape, 104, 148

Brosse, G. de la, +117+, +118+, 212

Brunfels, O., 22, +47-50+, 60, 64, 67, 122, 124, 138, 162, +168-174+, 175, 177, 180, 185, 189, 199

Brunfelsius, O., see Brunfels, O.

Bugloss, 43

Bull-nut, 185

Burleigh, Lord, 108

Busbecq, A. G., 84, 85

Butterbur, 125

Buttercup, Meadow, 158

Cabbage, 180

Cæsalpinus, A., see Cesalpino, A.

_Caltha_, 146

Camerarius, J., the younger, 68, 69, 88, 92, 192-196, 199, 224

Camus, G., 24

Candolle, A. P. de, 140

“_Capillus Veneris_”, 38, 161

Carrichter, B., 215

Carrot, 122

Cary, W., 39

_Cary’s Herbal_, 39

Celandine, The Greater, 170

Celandine, The Lesser, 175

_Centaurea rhaponticum_, 107

Centaurs, 45

Cesalpino, A., 5, 68, 101, +116-117+, 136, 151, 152, 153

Chabræus, D., 192

Cherler, J. H., 93

Chestnut Tree, 185

Chicory, 122, 165

Chimay, Princesse de, 78

Chiron, 36

Choulant, Dr L., 15, 24

_Chronica herbarum_ of Winckler, 215

_Circa instans_, 24, 140

_Clematis_, 191

Cleopatra, 8

Clover, 146

Clusius, C., see l’Écluse, C. de

Cockayne, Dr O., 35

_Codex Aniciæ Julianæ_, see Dioscorides

_Codex Vossianus_, Leyden Library, 154

Coffee plant, 90

Cole, W., 210-211, 219, 220

Coles, W., see Cole, W.

Cologne, Books printed at, 102

Colonna, F., +86-88+, 112, 113, 138, 139, 199

Columbine, 170

Columna, F., see Colonna, F.

Comfrey, 165

_Commentarii ... Dioscoridis_ of Mattioli, +81-85+, 94, 186-190

Composites (Compositæ), 144, 145, 151

Compton, H., Bishop of London, 202

_Convallaria majalis_ (Lily-of-the-Valley), 36, 158

Copland, W., 39

_Copland’s Herbal_, 39, 40

Coral, 43, 151

Cordus, E., 65

Cordus, V., 47, 65-67, 130

_Cosmographia_ of Sebastian Muenster, 110

_Craftsman’s Plant-Book, The_, of Hatton, 195

“Crowfoote”, 127

Cruciferæ, 145

_Crůÿdeboeck_ of Dodoens, 62, 72, 106, 190

Cryptogams, 135, 151

Cuba, Dr J. von, see Cube, Dr J. von

Cube, Dr J. von, 18

_Cube’s Herbal_, see Herbarius, _The German_

Cuckoo-pint, 45

_Cucurbita maxima_, 62

“Cukowes Meate”, 45

Culpeper, N., +218-220+

_Cuscuta_ (Dodder), 22, 125, 162

Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D., 76

Cuyp, A., 200

Dalechampius, J., see Aléchamps, J. d’

Daléchamps, J., see Aléchamps, J. d’

Date seedling, 196

Dead Nettle, 125

_Dendrologia_ of Aldrovandi, 198

Desmoulins, J., 98, 99

“Devylles Bytte”, 45

Diana, 36, 45

Dicotyledons, 79, 135, 136, 145, 146, 153

Dioscorides, +8-9+, 11, 21, 50, 62, 64, 66, +74+, 82, 85, 88, 98, 104, 120, 136

Dioscorides, the Vienna manuscript of (_Codex Aniciæ Julianæ_), 8, 85, 154, 155, 190

_Dispensatorium, The Nuremberg_, 66

_Distillation Book_ of Hieronymus Braunschweig, 45, 46, 168

Dodder, 22, 125, 162

Dodoens, R., 64, 68, +72-74+, 76, 79, 103, 106, 108, 109, 125, 127, 133, 143, 145, 146, 190, 196, 199, 211, 222

Dodonæus, R., see Dodoens, R.

“_Dracontea_”, 157

Dragon Tree, 190

Drake, Sir Francis, 76

_Drosera_ (Sundew), 146, 151

Duckweed, 45

Durante, C., +85+, +86+, 196

Dürer, A., 169, 170, 180

Earth-nut Pea, 177

Edward VI, King, 100, 101

Egenolph, C., 62, +64-65+, 70, 174, 175

_Eicones plantarum_ of Theodor (Tabernæmontanus), 68, 109

_Ekphrasis_ of Colonna, 88, 138, 139, 199

“Elebore,”, see Hellebore

“Elements,” The four, 19, 20, 41

Elizabeth, Queen, 78, 100, 102

Emo, G., 90

_Encyclopædia_ of Bartholomæus Anglicus, 10, 11, 38, 158, 159

_English Physician enlarged, The_, of Culpeper, 218

_Epitome ... Matthioli_ of Camerarius, 68, 193

Erasmus, D., 93

Erfurt, University of, 58

_Erodium_, 127

“Everfern”, 120

Fantin-Latour, H., 180

“Father of British Botany, The”, 100

Ferdinand, Archduke, 81

Fern, 38, 55, 146, 151

Fern, Royal, 55

Ferrara, Books printed at, 24

Ferrara, University of, 101

Flavius Anicius, The Emperor, 8

“Flower, The,” Dodoens’ definition of, 127

Frankfort, Books published at, 64, 68

Frederick III, Count Palatine, 68

Frogbit, 148

“Frogges Fote”, 45

Fuchs, L., 47, 55, +58-64+, 66, 68, 72, 80, 92, 93, 94, 98, 101, 102, 103, 106, 124, 125, 133, 138, +175-185+, 186, 189, 190, 196, 199, 224, 226

Fuchsius, L., see Fuchs, L.

Füllmaurer, H., 180

Fungi, 31, 77, 134, 140, 148

Gaius Plinius Secundus, see Pliny, the Elder

Galen, 21, 42, 206, 207

Garden, Botanical, at Padua, 90

Garden at Hackney, Lord Zouche’s, 78

Garden at Nuremberg, Camerarius’, 68

Garden in Holborn, Gerard’s, 108, 113

Garden in Long Acre, Parkinson’s, 113

Garden on Snow Hill, Johnson’s, 113

Gardens, Lord Burleigh’s, 108

_Gardyn of helth_, 33

_Gart der Gesuntheit_, 32

_Gart d’gesuntheyt_, 21

Gentian, 138

“Genus,” meaning of the term, 138-140

Geraniaceæ, 145

“Geranion”, 127

Gerard, J., 64, 68, 103, +108-110+, 113, 116, 130, 192, 199

Gerarde, J., see Gerard, J.

German Fathers of Botany, The, +47+, 58, 65, 67, 122, 204

Gesner, K., 68, 80, 88, +90-93+, 101, 104, 138, 192, 193, 199, 224

Ghini, L., 84, 101

Glasswort, 90, 197

“Goose Tree”, 109-113

_Grant Herbier, Le_, 24, 40

Grasses, 151

Green, T., 212

_Grete Herball, The_, 24, 34, 38, +40-45+, 103, 121, 122, 140, 168, 196

Grew, N., 7, 100, 116, 132

Guiditius, H., see Weiditz, II.

Gyraldus on “Bernicles”, 112

Hackney, Lord Zouche’s garden at, 78

Harpy, 32

Hart’s-tongue Fern, 175

Hatton, R. G., 174, 194

“Heart Trefoyle”, 211

Hellebore (“Elebore”), 8, 44

Henbane (_Hyoscyamus_), 45, 148

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 114

Henry VII, King, 33, 65

Henry VIII, King, 100, 106

“Herbal,” Definition of the term, 11

_Herball, The Grete_, 24, 34, 38, +40-45+, 103, 121, 122, 140, 168, 196

_Herball, The_, of Gerard, 64, 68, +108-110+, 113, 130

_Herbario Nuovo_ of Durante, 85, 196

_Herbarium_ of Apuleius Platonicus, +11-13+, 14, 16, 28, +35-37+, 120, +155-157+, 159, 204, 223

_Herbarius in Latino_, see _Herbarius, The Latin_

_Herbarius Moguntinus_, see _Herbarius, The Latin_

_Herbarius Patavinus_, see _Herbarius, The Latin_

_Herbarius, The German_, 13, 14, 15, +18-23+, 24, 25, 28, 40, 41, 64, 120, 138, 157, +162-165+, 166, 168, 175, 202, 214, 223

_Herbarius, The Latin_, 13, 14, 15, +16-18+, 22, 120, 138, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 223

_Herbarius, The Latin_, Venetian edition called _Arnold de Villa Nova’s herbal_, +17+, +18+, 161, 162, 172, 196

_Herbarius zu Teutsch_, see _Herbarius, The German_

_Herbarum vivæ eicones_ of Brunfels, 22, +50+, 122, +168-172+, 196, 224

_Herbier, Le Grant_, 24, +40+

Hercules, 7

_Here begynneth a newe mater_, see _Banckes’ Herbal_

Hermann, P., 202

Heron, J., 33

_Histoire des plantes, L’_, of Linocier, 98

_Histoire des plantes_ of Dodoens and de l’Écluse, 72, 127

_Histoire universelle des plantes_ of Jean Bauhin, 93

_Historia animalium_ of Gesner, 91, 104

_Historia ... Erdgewechssen_ of Thurneisser, 216

_Historia generalis plantarum_ of d’Aléchamps, 62, 94, +98-99+, 143, 196

_Historia naturalis_ of Jonston, 110

_Historia plantarum Lugdunensis_, see _Historia generalis plantarum_ of d’Aléchamps

_Historia ... plantarum_ of Thurneisser, 216-218

_Historia plantarum universalis_ of Jean Bauhin and Cherler, 62, 93

_Historia stirpium, De_, of Fuchs, 55, +58-64+, 124, 125, +175-183+, 185, 224

_Historia stirpium_ of Cordus, 66

_History of Plants_ of Theophrastus, 2

Hohenheim, von, see Paracelsus

Holborn, Gerard’s garden in, 108, 113

_Hortulus Sanitatis_ of Durante, 85

_Hortus Eystettensis_ of Besler, 200

_Hortus Floridus_ of de Passe, 200, 202, 224

_Hortus medicus et philosophicus_ of Camerarius, 68, 69, 194

_Hortus Sanitatis_, see _Ortus Sanitatis_

Hydra, 31

_Hydrocharis_, 148

_Hyoscyamus_ (Henbane), 45, 148

_Hypecoum_, 148

Hypericaceæ, 145

_Hystory & croniklis of Scotland_ of Boethius, 111, 112

_Icones et Descriptions_ of Boccone, 202

“Incunabula”, 10

Indian Corn, 62

Inflorescences, Theophrastus on, 2

Ingolstadt, University of, 58

_Iris_, 161, 165

_Iris fœtidissima_, 8

Isaac Judæus, 42

Isengrin, M., see Isingrin, M.

Isidor of Seville, 3

Isingrin, M., 60

Ivy, 5

Jackson, Dr B. Daydon, 191

James I, 78

_Jardin de Santé, Le_, 33

Jerome of Brunswick, see Braunschweig, Hieronymus

Job’s Tears, 190

Johnson, T., 113, 192

Jonston, J., 110

_Joyfull newes_ of Monardes, 105-106

Juliana Anicia, 8

Juliana Anicia’s Manuscript of Dioscorides, see Dioscorides

Jung, J., 133

Jussieu, A. L. de, 140

Justinian, 8

Kammermeister, see Camerarius

Kandel, D., 55, 185, 186

Killermann, Prof. S., 170

Konrad von Megenberg, 10, 157

_Kreuterbuch, Neuw_, of Tabernæmontanus, see _Kreuterbuch, Neuw_, of Theodor

_Kreuterbuch, Neuw_, of Theodor, 62, +68+

_Kreuter Bůch_ of Bock, +55-58+, 62, 138, +184-186+, 204

_Kreutterbuch, New_, of Bock, 55

_Kreutterbůch_ of Carrichter, 215

_Kreutterbůch_ of Rhodion, 64, 174

_Kruydtbœck_ of de l’Obel, 79, 146, 196

Kynge, J., 39, 40

Labiates, 136

Lambeth, Tradescant’s garden at, 113

_Lamium_, 120, 125

_Lathræa_ (Toothwort), 148, 209

Latimer, H., 100

Laurel, 138, 215

l’Écluse, C., de 68, 72, +74-78+, 79, 88, 93, 95, 106, 115, 125, 127, 146, 190, 192, 199, 222

Legré, L., 78

Leguminosæ, 151

le Noir, Philippe, 33

“Lentylles of the water”, 45

l’Escluse, C. de, see l’Écluse, C. de

Leyden, University of, 72, 74, 76, 77, 154

_Libellus de re herbaria_ of Turner, 101, 102

_Liber de arte distillandi_ of Hieronymus Braunschweig, 24, 45, 46, 168

_Liber de proprietatibus rerum_ of Bartholomæus Anglicus, 10, 11, 38

Liebhard, see Camerarius

Lignamine, J. P. de, 11

Lily, 120, 159

Lily-of-the-Valley, 36, 158

_Limnanthemum_, 146, 147

Linnæus, 133, 140

Linocier, G., 98

_Listera_, 146

_Litle Herball of the properties of Herbes, A_ 39

l’Obel, M. de 68, 74, +78-79+, 106, 109, 112, 115, 125, 136, 145, 146, 151, 190, 192, 199, 222, 226

Lobel, M. de, see l’Obel, M. de

Lobelius, M., see l’Obel, M. de

Lodestone, 43, 44

Loë, J., see Vanderloe, J.

London, Books published at, 46, 102

Long Acre, Parkinson’s garden in, 113

Lonicer, A., 64

Louvain, University of, 72, +74+

Love-in-a-Mist, 145

Lucian, 7

Ludwig, Count Palatine, 50

Luther, Martin, 58

Lyte, H., 72, 73, +106-108+, 125, 127

_Macer, A newe Herball of_, 40

Macer, Æmilius, 40

Macer Floridus, 40

Maclagan, Dr T. J., 212

_Maianthemum_, 146

Maidenhair Fern, 38, 161

Mainz, Books printed at, 13, 14, 16, 18, 25, 159, 165

Maison Plantin, 70-72

“Mala Aurantia Chinensia”, 198

“Mallowes”, 127

Malpighi, M., 116

Manardus, J., 50

“Mandrag,” see Mandrake

_Mandragora_, see Mandrake

Mandrake (_Mandragora_), 24, 34, 36, 37, 38, 103, 148, 156, 204

Marburg, University of, 65

Marsh Marigold, 146

Mary, Duchess of Suffolk, 65

Mary, Queen, 100, 102

_Materia Medica_ of Dioscorides, 8, 120, 136

Matthiolus, P. A., see Mattioli, P. A.

Mattioli, P. A., 9, 68, +79-85+, 92, 98, 103, 104, +186-190+, 196, 199

Maximilian II, The Emperor, 72, 81

May Lily, 146

“Mayden heere”, 38

Melanchthon, P., 68, 75

Mesua, J., 196

_Methodi herbariæ_ of Zaluziansky, 117

Meydenbach, J., 25

Meyer, A., 180

Millington, Sir T., 132

Mistletoe, 46, 124, 214

Modena Library, 24

Molinäus, J., see Desmoulins, J.

Monardes, N., 104-106

Monocotyledons, 79, 135, 145, 153

Montpelier, University of, 74, 78, 93, 94

Moonwort, 185

Moretus, E. J. H., 70

Moretus, J., 70

Morison, R., 96, 116

Mosses, 151

Muenster, Sebastian, 110

Mugwort, see _Artemisia_

Munich Library, The, 11

Musée Cluny, 31

Musée Plantin-Moretus, 70

“Mussherons”, 140

Myrtle, 138

Narcissus, 29

_Natura stirpium, De_, of Ruel, 98

_Natural History_ of Pliny, 9, 214

_Nature, Vertu et Utilité des Plantes, De la_, of de la Brosse, 118

“Nenufar”, 122

_Neottia_, 148

Nero, 8

_Neuw Kreuterbuch_ of Tabernæmontanus, see _Neuw Kreuterbuch_ of Theodor

_Neuw Kreuterbuch_ of Theodor, 62, 68

_New Herball, A_, of Turner, 62, +102-104+

_Neuw Kreüterbůch_ of Fuchs, 60-64, 175

_Neuw Kretterbuch_ of Bock, 55

_Newe Herball of Macer, A_, +40+

Nicolaus Damascenus, 3, 4

_Nicotiana_ (Tobacco), 105, 106, 148

_Niewe Herball, A_, of Lyte, 62, 64, 72, 73, 106-108, 125, 126

_Nigella_, 145

Norton, J., 68, 108, 109

_Nuphar_, 146

_Nuremberg Dispensatorium, The_, 66

Nuremberg, Garden of Camerarius at, 68

_Nymphæa_, 146

Oak, 5, 138

_Observations de plusieurs singularites, Les_, of Belon, 196

Octavian on “Bernicles”, 112

Odo, 40

“Orage”, 122

Orange, 198

Orchid, Bird’s-nest, 148

_Ornithogalum_, 196

_Orobanche_, 104, 148

_Ortus Sanitatis_, 14, 15, 18, 24, +25-33+, 40, 120, 138, 157, 158, +165-168+, 170, 175, 186

_Ortus Sanitatis, The German_, see _Herbarius, The German_

_Ortus Sanitatis, The Smaller_, see _Herbarius, The German_

_Osmunda_, 55

_Oxalis_, 121, 146

Padua, Botanical Garden at, 90

Padua, University of, 90, 94

Pandectarius, 21

_Papaver_, 148

Papaveraceæ, 148

“Pappus,” Fuchs’ definition of, 124-125

Paracelsus, +205-208+, 212, 213, 214

_Paradisus Batavus_ of Hermann, 202

_Paradisus Terrestris_ of Parkinson, +113-115+, 197, 200

Paris, Books published at, 33, 98

Paris, University of, 90, 94, 98

Parkinson, J., +113-116+, 144, 192, 197, 200

Payne, Dr J. F., 12, 15, 22, 24, 38, 155, 156, 162

Pearls, 43

Pegasus, 32

Pembroke College, Cambridge, 100, 102, 103

_Pemptades_, see _Stirpium ... pemptades sex_ of Dodoens

Pena, P., 74, 78, 79

Peony, 7, 161, 165

“Petal,” Introduction of term, 88

Petiver, J., 192

Phanerogams, 135, 151

Pharmacopœia, Culpeper’s translation of the, 218

Pharmacopœia, The first government, 67

Philip, Count of Nassau, 53

Phœnix, 31

_Physicall Directory, A_, of Culpeper, 218

_Phytobasanos_ of Colonna, 88, 113, 199

_Phytognomonica_ of Porta, 196, +208-210+

_Phytopinax_ of Gaspard Bauhin, 96, 140

_Pinax theatri botanici_ of Gaspard Bauhin, 96, 115, 148-151, 224

Pisa, University of, 58

Pitton Tournefort, J., 96

Plague, The, 58, 80, 90

Plant Anatomy, 7, 116, 221

Plantaginaceæ, 145

_Plantago_ (Plantain), 122, 146, 157

Plantain, 122, 146, 157

_Plantarum seu stirpium historia_ of de l’Obel, 79

Plantin, C., +70-74+, 79, 98, 113, 146, 190, 191, 199

_Plantis Ægypti, De_, of Alpino, 88-90, 196, 197

_Plantis, De_, of Cesalpino, 117

Platearius, 21

Plato, 2

Playing-card manufacture, 156

Pliny, the Elder, 3, +9+, 11, 137, 138, 214

Pomegranate, 209

Pope Sixtus IV, 11

Poplar, 5

Poppy, 120

Porta, J. B., 196, +208-210+, 212

Potato, 95, 109, 130, 132, 197

Potter, Paul, 200

Prague, Books published at, 117

“Prestes Hode”, 45

Priest, Dr 108, 109

Primrose, 45

“Principles,” The four, 19

“Principles,” The three, according, to Paracelsus, 207

_Prodromos theatri botanici_ of Gaspard Bauhin, 95, 130, 197, 224

_Proprietatibus rerum, Liber de_, of Bartholomæus Anglicus, 10, 11, 38, 158, 159

“Prymerolles”, 45

_Půch der natur, Das_, of Konrad von Megenberg, see _Book of Nature, The_

Pumpkin, The Great, 62

Quakelbeen, W., 84

“Radiolus”, 120

_Ranunculus acris_, 158

_Rariorum plantarum historia_ of de l’Écluse, 76

_Rariorum ... stirpium per Hispanias_ of de l’Écluse, 76

Ray, J., 96, 116

Renaulme, P., 200

Rhabanus Magnentius Maurus, 3

Rhodion, E., 64, 174

Richelieu, Cardinal, 118

_Ricinus_, 145

Ridley, N., 100

Rihel, W., 55

Rivière, J., 70

Rome, Books printed at, 11, 85

Rondelet, G. 74, 76, 78

Rose, 43, 120

Rose of Jericho, 196

Rosemary, 38, 39

Royal Fern, 55

Rudolph II, The Emperor, 72

Ruel, J., 9, 62, +98+

Ruellius, J., see Ruel, J.

_Ruscus_, 146

Sachs, J. von, 96

Saint Catherine, 21

Saint John’s Wort, 207

Saint Thomas Aquinas, 3

Salicin, 212

_Salicornia_ (Glasswort), 90, 197

Savoy and Piedmont, Duke of, 70

Saxifrage, 145

“Saynt Peterworte”, 45

Schöffer, P., 16, 18

Schott, J., 50

Schreiber, H., 66

“_Sedum majus_”, 127-130, 190

“_Sedum vulgare majus_”, 128

“_Sempervivum majus_”, 127-130

_Senecio_, 125

Serapio, 21

Shepherd’s Purse, 122, 125

“Signatures,” Doctrine of, +207-212+

Simler, J., 92, 193

“Simples”, 35, 36, 103, 104, 196, 220

_Simpling, The Art of_, of Cole, 211, 219

Sixtus IV, Pope, 11

Snow Hill, Johnson’s garden on, 113

Solanaceæ, 148

_Solanum_, 95, 148

Somerset, Duke of, 101, 102

_Sonchus_, 125

_Specimen Historiæ Plantarum_ of Renaulme, 200

Speckle, V. R., 180, 183

Specklin, V. R., see Speckle, V. R.

Sprengel, K. P. J., 47, 65

“Squamony”, 44

Stamens, Fuchs’ definition of, 124

Stamens, Function of, 132-133, 224

_Stirpium adversaria nova_ of de l’Obel, M. and Pena, P., 78, 145, 146, 222, 224

_Stirpium ... pemptades sex_ of Dodoens, 74, 127, 145, 190, 191

Storksbill, 127

Strand, Lord Burleigh’s garden in the, 108

Strasburg, Books printed at, 50, 55

Strawberry, 185

Sundew, 146, 151

Switzer, A. 197

“Tabaco,” see Tobacco

Tabernæmontanus, J. T., see Theodor, J.

_Tamus_, 146

Tendrils, Conventionalised representations of, 160

_Theatrum botanicum_ of Parkinson, 115, 144

Theobalds, Lord Burleigh’s garden at, 108

Theodor, J. (Tabernæmontanus), +67+, +68+, 109, 199

Theophrastus, +2-3+, 4, 5, 6, 9, 50, 104, 116, 119, 134, 137

Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, see Paracelsus

Thistles, 143, 151

Thurneisser zum Thurn, L., 216-218

“_Tithymalus characia_”, 129

Tobacco, Early record of use of, 105-106

Toothwort (_Lathræa_), 148, 209

Tournefort, J. Pitton, 96

Tradescant, J., 113

Tragus, H., see Bock, H.

_Trapa_, 185

“Tree bearing Geese”, 109-113

“Tree of Knowledge”, 28

“Tree of Life”, 28, 29

“Tree of Paradise”, 167

“Tree of Sorrow”, 85-86

Treveris, P., 40

Treviranus, L. C., 194

Trevisa’s translation of the Encyclopædia of Bartholomæus Anglicus, 11, 38, 158, 159

Trew, C. J., 92, 193

_Trifolium_, 146

Tübingen, University of, 58, 66, 93, 94, 226

Turner, R., 211, 212

Turner, W., 62, +100-104+, 106, 107, 112, 125, 199, 204, 222

Tutsan, 122

Twayblade, 146

Type, Movable, 16

Uffenbach, P., 85

Umbellifers, 136, 144, 145, 148, 151, 216

Unicorn, 31, 115

_Universal Herbal_ of Green, 212

Upas tree, 29

Utrecht, Books published at, 200

Valerian, 88

Vanderloe, J., 72, 190

Venice, Books published at, 83, 90, 161, 168, 188, 196

Vérard, A., 33, 65

_Verbena_ (“Vervayn”), 43, 57

_Veronica_, 62

_Vertuose boke of Distillacyon, The_, of Hieronymus Braunschweig, 45, 46

“Vervayn” (_Verbena_), 43, 57

Vespasian, 8

“_Vettonia_”, 156

Vienna Library (K. k. Hofbibliothek), 8, 11, 74, 85

Vienna Manuscript of Dioscorides, see Dioscorides

Vinci, Leonardo da, 170, 180

Vine, 4, 160

_Viola_, 120

_Viola odorata_, 158

Violet, The Sweet, 158

_Viribus herbarum, De_, of Macer Floridus, 40

_Virtutibus herbarum, De_, erroneously attributed to Albertus Magnus, 5, 215

_Vita Conradi Gesneri_ of Simler, 92, 193

Walnut, 210

Waterlily, 122, 146, 162, 172, 180, 190, 196

“Waterworte”, 38

Weiditz, H., 50, 171, 172, 174, 224

Wheat, 3

William the Silent, 78, 79

Willow, 212

Winckler, N., 215

Winter Cherry, 165, 166, 202

Wintergreen, 185

Wittenberg, University of, 66, 68

Wolf, C., 92

Wood-sorrel, 45, 121

Worde, Wynkyn de, 11, 38

Wormwood, see _Artemisia_

_Worthy practise of ... Leonerd Fuchsius, A_, 58

Wyer, R., 40

Zaluziansky von Zaluzian, A., 80, +117+, 151

_Zea mais_, 62

Zouche, Lord, 78

Zurich, University of, 90, 101

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

End of Project Gutenberg's Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution, by Agnes Arber