Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution: A Chapter in the History of Botany 1470-1670
Book 241
INDEX 247
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FRONTISPIECE
Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566) [Engraving by Speckle in _De historia stirpium_, 1542]
PLATES
PLATE _Face page_
I. “Sonchos” [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D. 500]. _Reduced_ 4
II. “Stratiotes” [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D. 500]. _Reduced_ 8
III. Wood-cut of Plants [Konrad von Megenberg. Das půch der natur. 1475]. _Reduced_ 10
IV. “Orbicularis” [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (_The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary_) 12
V. “Mandragora” = Mandrake [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (_The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary_) 34
VI. Joachim Camerarius, the younger (1534-1598) [Engraving by Bartholomæus Kilian. Probably between 1650 and 1700. Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum] 68
VII. Charles de l’Écluse (1526-1609) [Print in the Botany School, Cambridge] 74
VIII. Mathias de l’Obel (1538-1616) [Engraving by François Dellarame. 1615. Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum] 78
IX. Fabio Colonna (1567-1650) [Ekphrasis. 1606] 88
X. Konrad Gesner (1516-1565) [Print in the Botany School, Cambridge] 92
XI. Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624) [Theatrum Anatomicum. 1605] 94
XII. John Gerard (1545-1607) [The Herball. 1636] 108
XIII. John Parkinson (1567-1650) [Theatrum botanicum. 1640] 114
XIV. Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603) [Drawn by G. Zocchi and engraved by F. Allegrini, 1765, after an old portrait in the Museum of the Botanic Garden at Pisa. Print in the Botany School, Cambridge] 116
XV. “Phasiolos” = Bean [Dioscorides. Codex Aniciæ Julianæ. circa A.D. 500]. _Reduced_ 154
XVI. “Dracontea” [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici. ? 1484]. (_The tint represents colouring, which was probably contemporary_) 156
XVII. Study of _Aquilegia vulgaris_ L., Columbine [Albrecht Dürer, 1526. Drawing in the Albertina, Vienna]. _Reduced_ 168
XVIII. Study of _Ornithogalum umbellatum_ L., Star of Bethlehem, and other plants [Leonardo da Vinci. 1452-1519. Drawing in the Royal Library, Windsor]. _Reduced_ 170
XIX. “Crocus Byzantinus” and “Crocus Montanus hispan.” [Part of a plate from Crispian de Passe. Hortus Floridus. 1614] 202
XX. “Cervaria fœmina” [Thurneisser. Historia sive Descriptio Plantarum. 1587] 216
XXI. Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) [A Physicall Directory. 1649. Engraving by Cross] 218
FIGURES IN THE TEXT[1]
[The initial letters, which will be found at the beginning of each chapter, are taken from Pierre Belon’s ‘Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables, trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges, ... Imprimé à Paris par Benoist Prévost.’ 1553.]
TEXT-FIG. PAGE
1. “Plantago” = Plantain [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici, ? 1484] 12
2. “Artemisia” [Herbarium Apuleii Platonici, ? 1484] 13
3. “Lilium” [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484] 14
4. “Aristolochia longa” [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484] 15
5. “Serpentaria” [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484] 16
6. “Brionia” [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 17
7. “Acorus” = Iris [Herbarius zu Teutsch, Mainz, 1485] 23
8. “Leopardus” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 25
9. “Daucus” = Carrot [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 26
10. “Passer” = Sparrow [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 27
11. “Pavo” = Peacock [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 27
12. “Arbor vel lignum vite paradisi” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 28
13. “Narcissus” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 29
14. “Bauser vel Bausor” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 30
15. “Panis” = Bread [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 31
16. “Ambra” = Amber [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 32
17. “Unicornus” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 33
18. A Herbalist’s Garden [Le Jardin de Santé, ? 1539] 34
19. Wood-cut of Plants [Bartholomæus Anglicus, Liber de proprietatibus rerum, Wynkyn de Worde, ? 1495]. _Reduced_ 37
20. “Yvery” = Ivory [The Grete Herball, 1529] 42
21. “Nenufar” = Waterlily [The Grete Herball, 1529] 44
22. “Walwurtz männlin” = _Symphytum_, Comfrey [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. I. 1530]. _Reduced_ 48
23. “Helleborus Niger” = _Helleborus viridis_ L., Green Hellebore [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. I. 1530]. _Reduced_ 49
24. “Synnaw” = _Alchemilla_, Ladies’ Mantle [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. ii. 1531]. _Reduced_ 51
25. “Caryophyllata” = _Geum_, Avens [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. iii. 1540]. _Reduced_ 52
26. Hieronymus Bock or Tragus (1498-1554) [Kreuter Bůch, 1551] 53
27. “Erdberen” = _Fragaria_, Strawberry [Bock, Kreuter Bůch, 1546] 54
28. “Pimpernuss” = _Pistacia_, Pistachio-nut [Bock, Kreuter Bůch, 1546] 56
29. “Tribulus aquaticus” = _Trapa natans_ L., Bull-nut [Bock, De stirpium, 1552] 57
30. “Brassicæ quartum genus” = Cabbage [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 59
31. “Polygonatum latifolium” = Solomon’s Seal [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 61
32. “Cucumis turcicus” = _Cucurbita maxima_ Duch., Giant Pumpkin [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 63
33. “Erdöpffel” = _Ranunculus ficaria_ L., Lesser Celandine [Rhodion, Kreutterbůch, 1533] 65
34. “Ocimoides fruticosum” = _Silene fruticosa_ L. [Camerarius, Hortus medicus, 1588] 67
35. “Palma” = Seedlings of _Phœnix dactylifera_ L., Date Palm [Camerarius, Hortus medicus, 1588] 69
36. Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585) [A Niewe Herball. Translated by Lyte, 1578] 71
37. “Capparis” = _Capparis ovata_ L. [Dodoens, Pemptades, 1583] 73
38. “Anemone trifolia” [Dodoens, Pemptades, 1583] 75
39. “Lacryma Iob” = _Coix lachryma-Jobi_ L., Job’s Tears [de l’Écluse, Rariorum ... per Hispanias, 1576] 77
40. Pierandrea Mattioli (1501-1577) [Engraving by Philippe Galle, Virorum Doctorum Effigies, Antwerp, 1572] 80
41. “Pyra” = _Pyrus communis_ L., Pear [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1560] 81
42. “Avena” = Oats [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1560] 82
43. “Trifolium acetosum” = _Oxalis_ [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1565]. _Reduced_ 83
44. “Malus” = _Pyrus malus_ L., Apple [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1565]. _Reduced_ 84
45. “Arbor Malenconico” or “Arbor tristis” = Tree of Sorrow [Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585] 86
46. “Apocynum” [Colonna, Phytobasanos, 1592] 87
47. “Kalli” = _Salicornia_, Glasswort [Prospero Alpino, De plantis Ægypti, 1592] 89
48. “Lachryma Iob” = _Coix lachryma-Jobi_ L., Job’s Tears [Simler, Vita Conradi Gesneri, 1566] 91
49. “Solanum tuberosum esculentum” = Potato [Bauhin, Prodromos, 1620] 95
50. Jacques d’Aléchamps (1513-1588) [Wood-cut, circa 1600, Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum]. _Enlarged_ 97
51. “Ornithogalum magnum” [d’Aléchamps, Historia generalis plantarum, 1586] 99
52. “Tabaco” = _Nicotiana_, Tobacco [Monardes, Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde, 1580] 105
53. “Reubarbe” = _Centaurea rhaponticum_ L. [Lyte, A Niewe Herball, 1578] 107
54. “The breede of Barnakles” [Gerard, The Herball, 1597] 111
55. “Barberry” = _Berberis_ [Part of a large wood-cut from Parkinson, Paradisus Terrestris, 1629] 114
56. “Cardamomum” = (?) _Solanum dulcamara_ L., Bittersweet [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 121
57. “Pionia” = Peony [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 123
58. “Petasites” = Butterbur [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 126
59. “Sedum majus” [de l’Écluse, Rariorum per Hispanias, 1576] 128
60. “Battata Virginiana” = _Solanum tuberosum_ L., Potato [Gerard, The Herball, 1597] 129
61. “Rose Ribwoorte” = an abnormal Plantain [Gerard, The Herball, 1597] 131
62. “Beta Cretica semine aculeato” [Bauhin, Prodromos, 1620] 132
63. “Carui” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 135
64. “Buglossa” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 137
65. “Nenufar” = Waterlily [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 139
66. “Nenuphar” = _Nymphæa alba_ L., White Waterlily [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. I. 1530]. _Reduced_ 141
67. “Gele Plompen” = _Nuphar luteum_ Sm., Yellow Waterlily [de l’Obel, Kruydtbœck, 1581] 142
68. “Ninfea” = Waterlily [Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585] 144
69. “Tussilago” = _Tussilago farfara_ L., Coltsfoot [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 147
70. “Plantago major” = Plantain [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 149
71. “Althæa Thuringica” = _Lavatera thuringiaca_ L. [Camerarius, Hortus medicus, 1588] 150
72. “Pulsatilla” = _Anemone pulsatilla_ L., Pasque-flower [Camerarius, De plantis Epitome Matthioli, 1586] 152
73. “Brionia” [Herbarius Moguntinus, 1484] 158
74. “Ireos vel Iris” [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 159
75. “Capillus Veneris” = Maidenhair Fern [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 160
76. “Cuscuta” = Dodder [Arnaldus de Villa Nova, Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum, 1499] 161
77. “Cuscuta” = Dodder [Herbarius zu Teutsch, Mainz, 1485] 163
78. “Alkekengi” = _Physalis_, Winter Cherry [Herbarius zu Teutsch, Mainz, 1485] 164
79. “Alkekengi” = _Physalis_, Winter Cherry [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 165
80. “Cuscuta” = Dodder [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 166
81. “Botris” [Ortus Sanitatis, Mainz, 1491] 167
82. “Asarum” = Asarabacca [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. I. 1530]. _Reduced_ 169
83. “Kuchenschell” = _Anemone pulsatilla_ L., Pasque-flower [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. I. 1530]. Reduced 171
84. “Lappa” = _Arctium_, Burdock [Brunfels, Herbarum vivæ eicones, Vol. II. 1531]. _Reduced_ 173
85. “Scolopendria” = Hart’s-tongue Fern [Rhodion, Kreutterbůch, 1533] 174
86. “Dipsacus albus” = Teasle [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 176
87. “Apios” = _Lathyrus tuberosus_ L., Earth-nut Pea [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 178
88. “Arum” = _Arum maculatum_ L., Wild Arum [Fuchs, De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 179
89. The Draughtsmen and Engraver employed by Leonhard Fuchs [De historia stirpium, 1542]. _Reduced_ 181
90. “Wintergrün” = _Pyrola_, Wintergreen [Bock, Kreuter Bůch, 1546] 182
91. “Rautten” = _Botrychium_, Moonwort [Bock, Kreuter Bůch, 1546] 183
92. “Castanum nuss” = _Castanea_, Chestnut [Bock, Kreuter Bůch, 1546] 184
93. “Fungi” = Toadstools [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1560]. _Reduced_ 185
94. “Rosaceum” [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1560]. _Reduced_ 186
95. “Suber primus” [Mattioli, Commentarii, 1565]. _Reduced_ 187
96. “Tragorchis” = _Orchis hircina_ L., Lizard Orchis [Dodoens, Pemptades, 1583] 188
97. “Aconitum luteum minus” = _Eranthis hiemalis_ L., Winter Aconite [Dodoens, Pemptades, 1583] 189
98. “Draco arbor” = _Dracæna_, Dragon Tree [de l’Écluse, Rariorum ... per Hispanias, 1576] 191
99. “Cyclaminus” [Camerarius, De plantis Epitome ... Matthioli, 1586] 192
100. “Rosa Hierichuntica” = _Anastatica hierochuntica_ L., Rose of Jericho [Camerarius, Hortus medicus, 1588] 193
101. “Piper Nigrum” = Pepper [d’Aléchamps, Historia generalis plantarum, Vol. II. 1587] 194
102. “Cedrus” = Cedar [Belon, De arboribus, 1553] 195
103. “Lentisco del Peru” = _Pistacia lentiscus_ L., Mastic Tree [Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585] 197
104. “Mala Aurantia Chinensia” = Orange [Aldrovandi, Dendrologia, 1667]. _Reduced_ 198
105. “Chondrilla” [Colonna, Phytobasanos, 1592] 201
106. “Alkekengi” = _Physalis_, Winter Cherry [Blankaart, Neder-landschen Herbarius, 1698] 203
107. The Male Mandrake [Brunfels, Contrafayt Kreüterbuch, Ander Teyl, 1537] 205
108. Theophrastus von Hohenheim, called Paracelsus (1493-1541) [From a medal, now in the British Museum. See F. W. Weber, Appendix II] 206
109. Herbs of the Scorpion [Porta, Phytognomonica, 1591] 209
110. Lunar Herbs [Porta, Phytognomonica, 1591] 213
111. Astrological Diagram relating to the gathering of “Cervaria fœmina” [Thurneisser, Historia sive Descriptio Plantarum, 1587] 217
112. Wood-cut from the Title-page of the Grete Herball, 1526. _Reduced_ 223
113. A Herbalist’s Garden and Store-room [Das Kreüterbůch oder Herbarius. Printed by Heinrich Stayner, Augsburg, 1534] 225