Part 59

=échappement=, _n.m._, (horl.) escape, escapement. _— à recul_; recoil-escapement. _— à repos_; dead-beat escapement. _— à ancre_; anchor _or_ lever escapement. _— de la vapeur_; (mec.) puff.

=échapper=, _v.n._, to escape, to make one’s escape, to get away, to get out of, to avoid, to shun, to fly, to break out. _Laisser —_; to overlook, to pass over, to let pass. _Faire — un prisonnier_; to favor a prisoner’s escape. _— au naufrage_; to escape shipwreck. _— du naufrage_; to escape from the wreck. _Cela m’est échappé_; that has slipped my memory. _Cela m’a échappé_; it escaped me (_i.e._ I did not know of it), _or_ I said it inadvertently. _Laisser — l’occasion_; to let slip an opportunity. _Laisser — un mot_; to drop a word. [When _échapper_ means _to avoid_, _to be preserved_, it requires the preposition _à_: _On échappe ~à~ l’orage_. When it means _to steal away_, _to leave a place_, it requires the preposition _de_: _On échappe ~de~ prison_.]

=échapper=, _v.a._, to escape, to avoid; (man.) to put to the greatest speed. _L’— belle_; to have a narrow escape. _— le danger_; to avoid danger. _— la côte_; to escape stranding.

_s’_=échapper=, _v.r._, to get loose, to get away, to escape, to steal away, to slip out; to vanish, to disappear; to forget one’s self. _Il s’est échappé jusqu’à dire_; he forgot himself so far as to say.

=écharbot=, _n.m._, (bot.) water-chestnut, water-caltrop.

=écharde=, _n.f._, prick, prickle (of a thistle); splinter; (piscat.) stickleback.

=échardonnage=, _n.m._, clearing of thistles.

=échardonner=, _v.a._, to clear of thistles.

=échardonnoir=, _n.m._, weed-hook.

=écharner=, _v.a._, to excarnate; to flesh.

=écharnoir=, _n.m._, fleshing-knife.

=écharnure=, _n.f._, scrapings or parings of hides.

=écharpe=, _n.f._, scarf; sash; arm-sling; (nav.) shell of a pulley _or_ block; (engineering) surface-table; water-table; (her.) scarp. _Changer d’—_; to be a turncoat, to change sides, to rat. _Avoir le bras en —_; to have one’s arm in a sling. _Le canon tire en —_; the cannon fires slanting. _Coup d’épée en —_; slanting cut. _Avoir l’esprit en —_; to be heedless, absent, inattentive. _En —_; over the shoulder.

=écharper=, _v.a._, to slash, to cut; to cut to pieces, to hack. _Il lui a écharpé le visage_; he gave him a slash across the face. _— un régiment_; to cut a regiment to pieces.

=échars=, =-e=, _adj._, (coins) light; below the legal standard. _Vents —_; (nav.) shifting winds, light and variable winds.

=écharser=, _v.n._, (nav.) to veer, to shift about, to change often. ☉_v.a._, to lower the standard of coins.

=échasse=, _n.f._, (orni.) stilt-bird. _— à manteau noir_; long-legged plover.

=échasse=, _n.f._, stilt; tressel, trussel (of stages); upher. _— d’échafaud_; upher, scaffolding-pole. _Il est toujours monté sur des —s_; he is always on stilts, in buckram.

=échassier=, _n.m._, (orni.) long-legged wading bird; _—s_, grallae.

=échauboulé=, =-e=, _adj._, (med.) full of pimples.

=échauboulure=, _n.f._, (med.) pimple, blotch, rash, pustule.

=échaudage=, _n.m._, lime-wash; lime-washing.

=échaudé=, _n.m._, simnel, cracknel. _— au beurre_; simnel with butter.

=échaudé=, =-e=, _part._, scalded. _Chat — craint l’eau froide_; a burnt child dreads the fire.

=échauder=, _v.a._, to scald.

_s’_=échauder=, _v.r._, to burn one’s self; to burn one’s fingers. _Il s’y est échaudé_; he burnt his fingers in that business.

=échaudis=, _n.m._, (nav.) triangular shape.

=échaudoir=, _n.m._, scalding-house; scalding-tub.

=échauffaison=, _n.f._, (med.) overheating, eruption, rash.

=échauffant=, =-e=, _adj._, heating, binding.

=échauffe=, _n.f._, heap. _Mettre les peaux en —_; to heap the hides.

=échauffé=, _n.m._, odor (caused by excessive heat). _Sentir l’—_; to have or exhale a hot smell.

=échauffée=, _n.f._, first operation of salt-makers in warming their oven.

=échauffement= (é-shôf-mān), _n.m._, heating; over-excitement.

=échauffer=, _v.a._, to warm, to beat, to overheat; to excite, to inflame, to irritate, to anger; to vex. _Échauffez la chambre_; warm the room. _Les épices échauffent le sang_; spices heat the blood. _Cela lui échauffe la bile_; that provokes him.

_s’_=échauffer=, _v.r._, to grow warm, to overheat one’s self; to grow angry, to fly into a passion, to chafe, to fume. _La chambre s’échauffe_; the room is getting warm. _Il s’est échauffé à marcher_; walking has made him warm. _La querelle s’échauffe_; the quarrel is running high. _Le jeu s’échauffe_; they are playing deep. _S’— sur la voie_; (hunt.) to follow the chase eagerly.

=échauffourée=, _n.f._, a rash, headlong, _or_ blundering enterprise; skirmish, affray; blunder.

=échauffure=, _n.f._, red pimple, rash.

=échauguette= (-ghèt), _n.f._, (milit.) watch-box, watch-tower.

=échauler=, _v.a._ _V._ =chauler=.

=échaux=, _n.m.pl._, channels, furrows, water-course, drains.

=échéable=, _adj._, falling due, payable.

=échéance=, _n.f._, falling due, expiration, maturity. _— commune_; average maturity. _— prochaine_; nearly due. _À courte —_; at a short date, short-dated. _À longue —_; at a long date; long-dated. _Jusqu’à l’—_; until maturity, till due. _Payer une lettre de change à l’—_; to pay a bill of exchange at maturity.

=échéant=, _part._, falling due. _Le cas —_; if such should be the case; in that case.

=échec=, _n.m._, check, repulse, defeat; blow; loss. _Donner —_; to check. _— et mat_; check-mate. _Être — et mat_; to be checkmated. _Il a souffert un grand —_; he has suffered a dreadful blow. _Tenir un homme en —_; to have a man under one’s thumb. _Tenir une armée en —_; to keep an army at bay.

=échecs= (é-shè), _n.m.pl._, chess; board and set of chess-men; chess-men. _Jouer aux —_; to play at chess.

=échelette=, _n.f._, rack (for pack-saddles, carts); (orni.) wall-creeper.

=échelier=, _n.m._, peg-ladder.

=échelle=, _n.f._, ladder; ladder-staircase; scale; degree; (nav.) quarter-deck ladder. _— brisée_; folding-ladder. _— de siège_; scaling-ladder. _— de corde_; rope-ladder. _— de meunier_; trap-ladder. _— à incendie_; fire-ladder, fire-escape. _— de jardin_ ou _de tapissier_; pair of steps. _— de dunette_; poop-ladder. _— de commandement_; accommodation-ladder. _— campanaire_; bell-founder’s diapason. _—s du Levant_; sea-ports in the Levant. _Faire la courte —_; to mount upon one another’s shoulders. _Faire à quelqu’un la courte —_; to give a lift to any one; to help any one through. _Sentir l’—_; to deserve hanging. _Après lui il faut tirer l’—_; he has left nothing to be done, _or_ you cannot go one better.

=échelon= (ésh-lon), _n.m._, round, rung, step (of a ladder); step, stepping-stone; (milit.) echelon. _Descendre d’un —_; to come down a step. _Marcher en —s_; to march in echelons.

=échelonner=, _v.a._, to draw up in echelons; to arrange according to gradation. _— un corps d’infanterie_; to draw up a body of infantry in echelons.

_s’_=échelonner=, _v.r._, to be graduated; to rise gradually; to be arranged _or_ drawn up in echelons.

=échenal= _or_ =écheneau=, _n.m._, gutter, basin.

*=échenillage=, _n.m._, clearing, ridding of caterpillars.

*=écheniller= (ésh-ni-), _v.a._, to rid plants of caterpillars.

*=échenilleur=, _n.m._, caterpillar-destroyer; (ornith.) caterpillar-eater.

*=échenilloir=, _n.m._, averruncator.

=écheno=. _V._ =échenal=.

=écheoir=. _V._ =échoir=.

=écheveau= (ésh-vo), _n.m._, hank, skein. _Dévider un —_; to reel, to wind off, a skein.

=échevelé=, =-e= (é-shĕv-lé), _adj._, disheveled; whose hair hangs loose; disordered; romantic, extravagant.

=échevette=, _n.f._, small skein.

=échevin= (ésh-vin), _n.m._, sheriff, alderman.

=échevinage=, _n.m._, shrievalty, sheriffdom, sheriffship.

=échidné= (é-kid-), _n.m._, (zoöl.) echidna.

=échi-f=, =-ve=, _adj._, (hunt.) voracious, greedy.

=échiffe= _or_ =échiffre=, _n.m._, (arch.) partition-wall (of a staircase).

*=échignole=, _n.f._, (tech.) button-maker’s spindle.

*=échillon=, _n.m._, waterspout.

=échimose=, _n.f._ _V._ =ecchymose=.

=échine=, _n.f._, spine, backbone, chine; (arch.) echinus, ovolo. _Une maigre —_; a thin, lank person. _Crotté jusqu’à l’—_; bespattered, _or_ splashed, up to the neck (with mud).

=échiné=, _part._, _adj._, broken-backed; belabored; beaten to death; tired out.

=échinée=, _n.f._, (cook.) chine, chine-piece.

=échiner=, _v.a._, to break the back, to kill, to murder; to beat unmercifully; to knock up, to tire out.

_s’_=échiner=, _v.r._, to knock one’s self up with work; to work one’s self to death; (of things) to get used up.

=échinite= (é-ki-), _n.m._, (foss.) petrified sea-hedgehog, echinite.

=échinope= (é-ki-), _n.m._, (bot.) echinops, globe-thistle.

=échinophore= (é-ki-), _n.f._ and _adj._, (bot.) prickly samphire; echinophora; (conch.) univalvular shell.

=échioïde= (é-ki-), _n.m._ (bot.). _V._ =vipérine=.

=échiqueté=, =-e= (é-shik-té), _adj._, checkered; (her.) checky.

=échiquier=, _n.m._, chess-board; exchequer; square net. _Ouvrage fait en —_; checkerwork. _En —_; in squares; (nav.) in bow and quarter line.

=écho= (é-ko), _n.m._, echo. _Le jeu des —s_; echo-stop (in organs). _—s de lumière_; (paint.) reverberations of light.

=échoir= (échéant, échu), _v.n._, to expire, to fall due, to be out, to lapse, to devolve; to chance, to happen, to fall, to fall out; to fall to. _Le premier payement doit — à Noël_; the first payment falls due at Christmas. _Cette lettre de change est échue_; that bill of exchange is due. _À —_; (of bills) running, not due. _Cela lui est échu en partage_; that fell to his lot. _Si le cas y échoit_, _s’il y échet_, _le cas échéant_; the case occurring; in such a case.

=échomètre= (é-ko-), _n.m._, echometer.

=échométrie= (é-ko-), _n.f._, echometry.

=échoppage=, _n.m._, edging, scorping.

=échoppe=, _n.f._, booth, stall; round _or_ flat graver; scalper; scorper, burin.

=échopper=, _v.a._, to scorp, to edge.

=échoppi-er=, =-ère=, _n.m._ and _f._, stall-keeper.

=échouage=, _n.m._, (nav.) beaching, stranding. _Lieu d’—_; place proper for running a vessel aground.

=échouement=, _n.m._, running aground, stranding.

=échouer=, _v.n._, to run aground _or_ on shore, to cast away, to run against, to hit, to strand, to be stranded; to miscarry, to fail, to be disappointed. _La frégate échoua contre un rocher_; the frigate struck upon a rock. _— dans un examen_; to fail, to be plowed.

=échouer=, _v.n._, (nav.) to strand, to run aground.

=écimer=, _v.a._, to top, to pollard (trees).

=éclaboussement=, _n.m._, splashing, bespattering.

=éclabousser=, _v.a._, to splash, to bespatter.

=éclaboussure=, _n.f._, splash; (nav.) spoondrift.

=éclair=, _n.m._, lightning, flash of lightning, sort of chocolate cake; (chem.) shine. _—s de chaleur_; heat-lightning. _Il a passé comme un —_; he shot by like lightning. _Faire des —s_; to lighten.

=éclairage=, _n.m._, lighting, illumination. _— au gaz_; gas-lighting, gas-light. _Gaz d’—_; illuminating gas, ethylene.

=éclaircie=, _n.f._, glade, vista; opening, rift (in clouds, etc.).

=éclaircir=, _v.a._, to clear, to brighten; to clarify; to thin, to make thin; to clear up, to elucidate, to illustrate, to explain, to throw a light on. _Cet auteur éclaircit bien des vérités_; that author illustrates many truths. _— une difficulté_; to clear up a difficulty. _Le temps éclaircit la vérité_; time brings truth to light. _— quelqu’un_; to enlighten any one, to instruct, to inform, any one. _Il faut l’en —_; he must be informed of it. _— une peau_; to gloss a skin.

_s’_=éclaircir=, _v.r._, to clear, to brighten, to become clear or bright, to grow light; to be solved, to be explained, to be elucidated. _Le temps s’éclaircit_; the weather is clearing up. _Son teint commence à s’—_; her complexion is becoming clearer. _S’— d’une chose_; to inquire about or into a business, to inform one’s self about anything, to clear up a matter. _Il faut s’— sur cette affaire_; that affair must be cleared up.

=éclaircissement= (-sis-mān), _n.m._, clearing up, explanation, illustration, elucidation, solution; hint, light, discovery, insight. _Avoir un —_, _en venir à un — avec quelqu’un_; to have an explanation, to come to an explanation, with any one.

=éclaire=, _n.f._, (bot.) celandine. _La grande —_; swallow-wort, tetter-wort. _La petite —_; crowfoot, pilewort.

=éclairé=, =-e=, _adj._ and _part._, lighted; enlightened; judicious; intelligent, clear-sighted.

=éclairer=, _v.a._, to light, to give light to; to illuminate; to carry a light before, to show a light to; to enlighten, to instruct; to observe, to watch; (milit.) to reconnoiter; (paint.) to throw light in, to put light in. _Eclairez monsieur_; show a light to the gentleman. _Les bonnes lectures éclairent l’esprit_; the reading of good books enlightens the mind. _Il faut l’— de près_; he must be watched closely. _— une question_; to throw light upon a question.

_s’_=éclairer=, _v.r._, to become enlightened; to instruct, enlighten, one another.

=éclairer=, _v.n._, to sparkle, to shine, to brighten, to glitter. _v.imp._, to lighten. _Il éclaire_; it lightens.

=éclaireur=, _n.m._, (milit.) scout. _Aller en —_; (milit.) to scout.

=éclamé=, _adj._, broken-legged; broken-winged.

=éclanche=, _n.f._, shoulder of mutton.

=éclancher=, _v.a._, to unrumple (stuffs).

=éclat=, _n.m._, shiver; splinter (of wood, stone, brick); brightness, refulgence, radiancy, resplendency, glitter, effulgence; clap, crash, noise; luster, pomp, richness, magnificence, glory, gaudiness (of colors); rumor, uproar. _Un — de pierre_; a fragment of stone. _Un — de bombe_; a splinter of a shell. _On ne saurait soutenir l’— du soleil_; there is no bearing the glare of the sun. _L’— des yeux_; the brilliancy of the eyes. _L’— et la pompe de son style_; the splendor and pomp of his style. _Un — de rire_; a burst of laughter. _Un grand — de voix_; a loud shout. _Action d’—_; splendid achievement; brilliant action. _Des personnes d’—_; eminent persons. _Cette action a fait —_; that action has made a great deal of noise. _Voler en —s_; to be shivered, to fly into a thousand pieces.

=éclatant=, =-e=, _adj._, bright, sparkling, glittering, brilliant, radiant, dazzling, striking, gorgeous, effulgent, shining, signal, glorious; piercing, loud, shrill. _Tout — de lumière_; all radiant with light. _Son —_; shrill sound. _Bruit —_; crash. _Actions —es_; brilliant exploits. _Vengeance —e_; signal vengeance.

=éclater=, _v.n._, to split, to shiver, to break in pieces, to burst; to crack, to clap; to cry out, to exclaim against, to fly into, to break out _or_ forth; to blaze out; to shine, to sparkle, to glitter, to flash, to irradiate. _Une bombe éclate en tombant_; a bomb bursts on falling. _Le tonnerre vient d’—_; there has just been a clap of thunder. _— de rire_; to burst out laughing. _— en injures_; to burst forth into abuse. _L’incendie éclata pendant la nuit_; the fire broke out during the night. _Faire —_; to shiver, to shatter; to splinter; to snap, to burst, to cause to explode; to vent, to give vent to; to brighten, to blaze forth; to show, to discover, to make appear.

_s’_=éclater=, _v.r._, to split, to shiver, to fly into fragments, to burst.

=éclectique=, _n.m._ and _adj._, eclectic.

=éclectisme=, _n.m._, eclecticism.

=écli=, _n.m._, (nav.) splinter.

=éclié=, =-e=, _adj._, splintered, sprung (of masts, etc.).

=éclipse=, _n.f._, eclipse, disappearance; absence. _Faire une —_; to vanish, to disappear.

=éclipser=, _v.a._, to eclipse; to throw into the shade.

_s’_=éclipser=, _v.r._, to be eclipsed _or_ darkened, to disappear, to vanish. _Il s’éclipsa tout d’un coup_; he suddenly disappeared.

=écliptique=, _n.f._ and _adj._, (astron.) ecliptic.

=éclisse=, _n.f._, (surg.) splint; splinter; cheese-wattle; stand; rib, side-piece (of violins, pails, tubs, casks, etc.)

=éclisser=, _v.a._, (surg.) to splint.

=éclogue=, _n.f._ _V._ =églogue=.

=éclopé=, =-e=, _n._ and _adj._, cripple, halt; footsore, lame, badly hurt. _Il est tout —_; he is quite lame.

=écloper=, _v.a._, to lame; to make lame; footsore. _S’—_, _v.r._, to become lame, footsore.

=éclore=, _v.n._, to hatch; to blow, to open; to break, to dawn. _Les poulets commencent à —_; the chickens are beginning to pierce the shell. _Faire — des oiseaux_; to hatch birds; (fig.) to bring to light, to usher in; to give birth to, to produce, to bring out; to blow, open.

=éclosion=, _n.f._, hatching; blowing, opening.

=écluse=, _n.f._, lock, guard-lock, sluice, dam, mill-dam, wear, weir, flood-gate. _— de moulin_; mill-gate. _— à sas_; lift-lock. _— à vannes_; sliding flood-gate. _Déversoir à —_; weir. _— à marée montante_; tide-gate.

=éclusée=, _n.f._, sluice-full of water; lockage.

=écluser=, _v.a._, to build locks; to take a boat through a lock.

=éclusier=, _n.m._, sluice-man, lock-keeper.

=écobuage=, _n.m._, (agri.) weeding, burning of weeds.

=écobue=, _n.f._, weeder, turfing iron.

=écobuer=, _v.a._, to weed a field and burn the weeds.

=écœurement=, _n.m._, disgust; sickening; anguish of heart.

=écœurer=, _v.a._, to disgust; to sicken; (fig.) to shock; to dishearten.

=écofrai= _or_ =écofroi=, _n.m._, (tech.) cutting-board.

=écoinçon= _or_ =écoinson=, _n.m._, (mas., carp.) diagonal, angle-tie; angle stuff-bead; (carp.) jamb (of doors); (carp.) reveal (of windows).

=écolage=, _n.m._, schooling.

=écolâtre=, _n.m._, (theol.) doctor, teacher.

=école=, _n.f._, school; college; scholastic philosophy; sect; training, practice; blunder. _Petite —_; day-school. _Maître d’—_; schoolmaster. _Camarade d’—_; schoolfellow. _— de droit_; law-school. _— de marine_; naval school. _— d’équitation_, _— de natation_; riding-school, swimming-school. _— communale_; parish-school. _Cela sent l’—_; that savors of pedantry. _Faire —_; to be at the head of a school _or_ sect; _or_ to be fundamental (of a doctrine); to found a school (of art, literature). _Dire les nouvelles de l’—_; to tell tales out of school. _Faire l’— buissonnière_; to play truant. _Faire une —_; (backgammon) to blunder in pegging one’s points. _Envoyer à l’—_; to peg. _Faire une —_; to commit a stupid blunder. _Basse —_; ordinary horsemanship. _Haute —_; high horsemanship.

=écoli-er=, _n.m._, =-ère=, _n.f._, schoolboy, schoolgirl, pupil, scholar, learner, a tyro. _En —_; boy-like. _Prendre le chemin des —s_; to go a roundabout way; to loiter. _Ce n’est qu’un —_; he is but a novice. _Tour d’—_; schoolboy trick. _Papier —_; exercise-paper.

=écolleter=, _v.a._, to cut off, to round off.

=éconduire=, _v.a._, to show out; to bow out; to dismiss; to put off, to refuse, to deny. _Il nous éconduit poliment_; he gives us a polite refusal.

=économat=, _n.m._, stewardship; bursarship; bursary; steward’s _or_ bursar’s office.

=économe=, _adj._, economical, saving, thrifty. _C’est une femme —_; she is a thrifty woman. _Être — de louanges_; to be sparing of praise.

=économe=, _n.m.f._, steward, housekeeper, manager, economist, purser, bursar, treasurer (of colleges, hospitals).

=économie=, _n.f._, economy; thrift. _Vivre avec —_; to live economically. _Faire des —s_; to put by money, to save money. _L’— de l’univers_; the disposition of the universe. _L’— du corps humain_; the harmony of the human body. _L’— d’un discours_; the management _or_ disposition of a speech. _Il n’y a pas de petites —s_; a penny saved is a penny earned, _or_ take care of the pence, etc.

=économique=, _adj._, economic, economical, cheap. _Ménage —_; economical housekeeping. [_Economique_ is applied to things only: as, _fourneau —_; fuel-saving stove.]

=économique=, _n.f._, economics.

=économiquement= (-mik-mān), _adv._, economically.

=économiser=, _v.a._, to economize, to save, to put by, to husband. _— ses forces_; to husband one’s strength.

=économiste=, _n.m._, economist.

=écope=, _n.f._, (nav.) scoop, skeet, ladle.

=écorce=, _n.f._, bark, rind; peel; shell; outside, surface. _Oter l’—_; to peel. _Cet homme n’a que l’—_; he is but a superficial, a shallow man. _Juger du bois par l’—_; to judge of the inside by the outside. _Entre l’arbre et l’— il ne faut pas mettre le doigt_; you should not interfere in other people’s quarrels.

=écorcement= _or_ =écorçage=, _n.m._, barking, stripping (of trees).

=écorcer=, _v.a._, to bark, to strip, to peel.

=écorché=, _n.m._, (paint.) figure without skin (for the study of the muscles).

_à_ =écorche-cul=, _adv._, (l.ex.) sliding on the ground; against the grain, unwillingly. _V._ _à_ =rebrousse-poil=.

=écorchée=, _n.f._, (conch.) conus (striated cone). _À l’—_; in lots _or_ small parcels.

=écorchement=, _n.m._, excoriation; flaying, skinning.

=écorcher=, _v.a._, to flay, to skin; to gall, to peel off, to rub off the bark; to take off the skin; to fleece. _— l’anguille par la queue_; to begin at the wrong end. _Cela écorche les oreilles_; that grates on one’s ears. _Ce procureur écorchait ses clients_; that attorney fleeced his clients. _— le français_; to speak broken French, to murder the French language. _Jamais beau parler n’écorcha la langue_; civility costs nothing. _Il crie avant qu’on l’écorche_; he cries out before he is hurt.

_s’_=écorcher=, _v.r._, to tear off one’s skin, to get skinned, to gall _or_ be galled; (fig.) to speak ill of _or_ disparage one’s self.

=écorcherie=, _n.f._, knacker’s yard; inn in which travelers are fleeced; expensive place; fleecing.

=écorcheur=, _n.m._, knacker; flayer; fleecer.

=écorchure=, _n.f._, scratch, excoriation; slight wound.

=écorner=, _v.a._, to break the horns, the corners, of; to dog’s ear; to curtail, to impair, to lessen, to diminish. _Il fait un vent à — un bœuf_; it is blowing great guns.

=écornifler=, _v.a._, to sponge upon, to hang on.

=écorniflerie=, _n.f._, sponging, hanging on.

=écornifleu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, sponger, hanger-on.

=écornure=, _n.f._, corner broken off, breaking at the edges, chipping.

=écossais=, =-e=, _n._ and _adj._, Scotsman, Scotswoman; Scottish.

=écossaise=, _n.f._, Scotch plaid, plaid-stuff.

=écosser=, _v.a._, to shell, to husk (peas or beans).

=écosseu-r=, _n.m._, =-se=, _n.f._, sheller.

=écot=, _n.m._, share (of a reckoning); reckoning; score; quota; company; stump (of a tree). _Payez votre —_; pay your share. _Parlez à votre —_; speak to your own company; mind your own business. _De tous —s_; meddling with everything.

=écôtage=, _n.m._, stemming (of tobacco).

=écôter=, _v.a._, to stem.

*=écouailles=, _n.f.pl._, coarsest wool, tail wool.

=écoulement= (é-kool-mān), _n.m._, flowing, running, draining; (com.) sale, output, outlet. _L’— de l’eau_; the flowing of water. _L’— de nos produits_; the sale of our commodities.

=écouler=, _v.a._, to pour away; (com.) to drain; to sell.

_s’_=écouler=, _v.r._, to run _or_ flow away; to pass away, to glide away; to slip away; (com.) to go off. _L’eau s’écoule_; water flows away. _L’argent s’écoule_; money slips away. _Le temps s’écoule_; time passes away. _Ces marchandises s’écoulent vite_; these goods sell fast, _or_ go off well, _or_ have a good sale, _or_ command a ready sale.

=écourgeon=. _V._ =escourgeon=.

=écourter=, _v.a._, to shorten, to dock, to crop; to curtail. _— un chien_; to crop a dog. _Cheval écourté_; cropped horse. _Nez écourté_; snub-nose.

=écoutant=, =-e=, _n._ and _adj._, listener, hearer; listening, attending. _Avocat —_; briefless barrister.

=écoute=, _n.f._, hiding-place for listening; (nav.) sheet, main-sheet (cordage). _Être aux —s_; to be on the watch, on the look-out; to eavesdrop. _Entre deux —s_; both sheets aft.

=écouter=, _v.a._, to listen; to hearken; to give hearing; to hear; to pay attention to; to mind. _— à la porte_; to listen at the door. _— les avis de quelqu’un_; to listen to any one’s advice. _— raison_; to listen to reason. _Ecoutez_; hark ye, look here, come! _Il n’écoute personne_; he heeds nobody. _Ne l’écoutez pas!_ never mind him! _Se faire —_; to obtain a hearing, to enforce obedience.