Harvey's Views on the Use of the Circulation of the Blood
chapter 10. The treatise entitled "On the Universe: To Alexander,
is not a genuine work of Aristotle. See V. Rose: De Aristotelis Librorum Ordine et Auctoritate, 90-100. Besides the foregoing Aristotelian texts, see Prantl's note, number 37, on pages 303-307 of his edition of Aristotle's treatise On Heaven and On Generation and Corruption, and the references to other writers contained in the said note.
[329] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 5-7.
[330] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 25-26.
[331] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_a_, 30-32.
[332] Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 15-17.
[333] Aristotle: On Heaven, 270_b_, 1-5 and 20-24. Aristotle accepts the derivation of αἱθέρα from ἀεὶ θεῖν. Modern philology rejects this.
[334] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_b_, 17-19.
[335] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 13-16.
[336] Milton: Paradise Lost, III, l. 716-721.
[337] See pp. 119-121.
[338] Aristotle: Physics, 194_b_, 13.
[339] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 731_b_, 35 to 732_a_, 1. This is a small part of a passage of which the whole should be read, viz.: 731_b_, 24 to 732_a_, 6. Compare On Generation and Corruption, 337_a_, 34 to 338_b_, 19.
[340] Aristotle: History of Animals, 511_b_, 1-4.
[341] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 652_b_, 23-26. On the Generation of Animals, 742_b_, 35 to 743_a_, 1.
[342] Compare Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to 645_b_, 14.
[343] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, Book II, chapter 3--Harvey's own reference.
[344] Harvey: On Generation, XXVIII, Syd. 285, l. 22-36; Op. Omn. 300, l. 9-21.
[345] Compare Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 502, l. 25-37; Op. Omn. 523, l. 24 to 524, l. 7.
[346] _E.g._ Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.
[347] See pp. 119-121.
[348] Cicero _et al._
[349] See Aristotle: On Heaven, 269_b_, 18 to 270_a_, 12. Compare J. B. Meyer: Aristoteles' Thierkunde, II Abschnitt, § 2, 407, l. 20 to 413, l. 27.
[350] Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 645_a_, 26 to _b_, 14; especially 645_b_, 6-10. See also Poetics, 1457_b_, 16-19.
[351] See p. 120.
[352] See pp. 119-121.
[353] See p. 120.
[354] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 37 to 508, l. 13; Op. Omn. 529, l. 6-16.
[355] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 513, l. 1-24 and 516, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 534, l. 12 to 535, l. 6 and 537, l. 26-28.
[356] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 19-22; Op. Omn. 539, l. 3-5. For the views of Empedocles and Democritus, see Zeller: Philosophie der Griechen, 1 Theil, 2 Hälfte, 5 Auflage, 750-777 and 837-898. For the views of the chemists, see Roscoe and Schorlemmer: A Treatise on Chemistry, Vol. I, 1878, 3-11.
[357] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 517, l. 27-32; Op. Omn. 539, l. 9-14. The words at the end of the quotation read, in Harvey's text: "_aut principia esse corporum similarium_." The "_corpora similaria_" or "_partes similares_" are the ὁμοιομερῆ of Aristotle, which in anatomy answer, nearly, to the "tissues" of modern parlance. See Aristotle: On the Parts of Animals, 646_a_, 12-24.
[358] See p. 105.
[359] See p. 116.
[360] See p. 117.
[361] See pp. 119-121 and notes 321-324.
[362] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 529, l. 2-5.
[363] _Sanguinis calor est animalis, quatenus scilicet in operationibus suis ab anima gubernatur_; etc.
[364] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 14-17; Op. Omn. 529, l. 17-20.
[365] Compare Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 11-32.
[366] κόσμος means both "order" and "ornament."
[367] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 508, l. 22-29; Op. Omn. 529, l. 24-30.
[368] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 737_a_, 16 to _b_, 7, especially _a_, 30-34; 741_a_, 3-32; 750_b_, 3-26; 757_b_, 14-19, and _b_, 23-27.
[369] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 20-25; Op. Omn. 397, l. 27-30. Compare the same, LIV, Syd. 402, l. 10-27; Op. Omn. 419, l. 23 to 420, l. 8.
[370] See p. 121.
[371] _Fateatur._
[372] Harvey: On Generation, XLVII, Syd. 350, l. 2-16; Op. Omn. 365, l. 31 to 366, l. 11.
[373] See pp. 122-123.
[374] See p. 119. See also Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 30.
[ 375] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 26-29; Op. Omn. 527, l. 28-31. Compare Aristotle: On Generation and Corruption, 330_b_, 1-3, and elsewhere.
[376] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 17 to 507, l. 15; Op. Omn. 527, l. 21 to 528, l. 20. Do., Syd. 508, l. 30 to 509, l. 24; Op. Omn. 530, l. 5-27.
[377] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 506, l. 29-30; Op. Omn. 527, l. 32.
[378] _Participare._
[379] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 6-15; Op. Omn. 528, l. 13-20.
[380] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 24 to 737_b_, 7. Gaza's Latin translation of this chapter may be found on page 350 of the third volume of the Prussian Academy's edition of Aristotle's Works.
[381] Compare p. 120.
[382] Aristotle: Meteorology, 382_a_, 6-7.
[383] Aristotle: Meteorology, 340_b_, 22-23.
[384] Harvey: On Generation, LXXII, Syd. 518, l. 15-36; Op. Omn. 540, l. 1-17.
[385] Harvey: Prelectiones, 98 left.
[386] Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods, Mül. 60, l. 23 to 61, l. 2.
[387] Aristotle: On Youth and Old Age and on Life and Death, 469_b_, 15-16.
[388] Aristotle: On Respiration, 474_a_, 26-28.
[389] συναίτιον.
[390] τῶν δὲ φύσει συνισταμένων σάντων.
[391] λόγος.
[392] Aristotle: On Soul, 416_a_, 9-18.
[393] See pp. 119 and 140.
[394] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_a_, 15-25; 550_b_, 30 to 551_a_, 13: On the Generation of Animals, 761_a_, 12 to 763_b_, 16.
[395] κινοῦσα.
[396] Aristotle: Meteorology, 364_b_, 20-23.
[397] κινοῦντα.
[398] Aristotle: Metaphysics, 1071_a_, 11-17. Compare Physics, 194_b_, 29-32 and On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 4-7.
[399] τὸ δημιουργοῦν. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738_b_, 20-21.
[400] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_b_, 2-4.
[401] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 738_b_, 25-26; Compare 716_a_, 4-7.
[402] Aristotle: On Respiration, 479_a_, 29-30.
[403] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 741_a_, 3-32, 757_b_, 14-27.
[404] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 716_a_, 13-17.
[405] Strictly speaking, it is left uncertain by the Greek text whether the verb translated by the words "when ... inclusion ... has taken place" refers to "heat," or to "soul," or to both. This uncertainty, however, does not affect the sense, as both the expression "psychical heat," and the words which follow it, imply the association of heat and soul with one another. A line or two beyond this quoted passage, Aristotle speaks of "the inclusion of the psychical principle."
[406] Owing to the vagueness of the word συνιστάται this must be translated here by a periphrasis such as "an individual is formed." The verb συνιστάναι is used by Aristotle to express not only the immediate result of spontaneous generation, or the production of the embryo in sexual generation, but also the curdling of milk, the condensation of vapor into water, and even the constitution of the universe.
[407] θερμαινομένων τῶν σωματικῶν ὑγρῶν.
[408] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 18-24.
[409] ἡ δὲ θάλαττα ... σωματώδης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῦ ποτίμου ... ἐστί. Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 761_b_, 8-12. Compare 761_a_, 33 to _b_, 2.
[410] περίττωμα.
[411] _I.e._, the female animal.
[412] _I.e._, in the higher animals.
[413] συνίστησιν.
[414] κίνησιν ἐντίθησιν.
[415] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 762_a_, 35 to _b_, 19.
[416] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 729_a_, 34 to _b_, 21; and the passages cited on p. 145.
[417] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 743_a_, 26 to _b_, 5.
[418] φρόνησισ Hippocrates: On the Sacred Disease, Lit. Vol. VI, 390, l. 10 to 394, l. 8.
[419] Genesis: II, 7.
[420] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 27 to 411_a_, 2.
[421] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 22 to 737_b_, 7.
[422] Aristotle: On Soul, 410_b_, 16 to 411_a_, 22.
[423] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_b_, 21-32.
[424] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 728_a_, 9-11.
[425] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 763_a_, 24 to _b_, 4.
[426] Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_b_, 35-37. Gaza translates the foregoing as follows: _spiritus qui in semine spumosoque corpore continetur_. Aristotle: Op. Ed. Acad. Reg. Boruss. Vol. III, 360_b_, l. 4.
[427] Hesiod: Theogony, l. 188-200. Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 736_a_, 18-21, and see note 320. The same myth is referred to by Harvey in his turn: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 1-7; Op. Omn. 383, l. 18-22.
[428] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 11-19. The derivation now accepted of the word "ether," αἰθήρ, is from ἄθω, "I kindle"; which substantiates Aristotle's account of the view which he combats. Indeed, Aristotle himself says: "Anaxagoras, however, has not employed this word correctly; for he uses the word 'ether' in place of 'fire.'" On Heaven, 270_b_, 24-25.
[429] The ether.
[430] Aristotle: On Heaven, 289_a_, 19-22 and 26-35.
[431] Aristotle: Meteorology, 341_a_, 35-36.
[432] See pp. 119 and 140.
[433] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 368, l. 12-25; Op. Omn. 383, l. 26 to 384, l. 4.
[434] _Quod sponte nascentibus fæcunditatem affert._
[435] Harvey: On Generation, L, Syd. 370, l. 27-34; Op. Omn. 386, l. 14-20. See note 439.
[436] _In sponte nascentibus vermis._
[437] _Conclusae humiditatis._
[438] Harvey: On Generation, LVI, Syd. 414, l. 32 to 415, l. 9; Op. Omn. 433, l. 5-11.
[439] Compare Aristotle: History of Animals, 539_b_, 17-25. Harvey: On the Motion, etc., XVII, Syd. 75, l. 23-29; Op. Omn. 77, l. 1-6. Harvey: On Generation, I, Syd. 170, l. 32-36; Op. Omn. 182, l. 20-23; Do. L, Syd. 367, l. 30-36; Op. Omn. 383, l. 10-15; Do. LXII, Syd. 457, l. 18-27; Op. Omn. 477, l. 4-12. Harvey: On Parturition, Syd. 524, l. 31-39; Op. Omn. 544, l. 13-19. T. H. Huxley: Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VIII, Article on "Evolution," 746, especially 746_a_, 43 to _b_, 2. W. K. Brooks: William Harvey as an Embryologist, Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Vol. VIII, 1897, 169_a_, 7 to 170_b_, 26.
[440] Compare Aristotle: On the Generation of Animals, 724_a_, 14 to 727_b_, 33.
[441] Harvey: On Generation, LII, Syd. 381, l. 36 to 383, l. 7; Op. Omn. 398, l. 9-16.
[442] _Intellectu._
[443] _Ratiocinio._
[444] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 507, l. 16-26; Op. Omn. 528, l. 21-29.
[445] Aristotle: Meteorology, 339_a_, 21-24.
[446] Aristotle: Physics, 223_b_, 24-26.
[447] Milton: Paradise Lost, Book VIII, l. 15-178.
[448] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 132, l. 9-11; Op. Omn. 132, l. 2-3.
[449] Harvey: Exercise to Riolanus, II, Syd. 123, l. 21-33; Op. Omn. 123, l. 15-17.
[450] _Aërem_; _i.e._, aëriform vapor.
[451] Compare Aristotle: On Sleep and Waking, 457_b_, 29 to 458_a_, 5.
[452] Harvey: On the Motion, etc., VIII, Syd. 46, l. 25-33; Op. Omn. 48, l. 28 to 49, l. 2.
[453] _Quatenus est elementaris._
[454] The goddess of the domestic fire.
[455] Compare Plato: Timæus, 48_e_ to 50_a_; 54_c_ to 62_c_, and 76_c_ to 80_d_; Plato: Philebus, 28_e_ to 30_a_.
[456] Harvey: On Generation, LXXI, Syd. 510, l. 5-40; Op. Omn. 531, l. 12 to 532, l. 9.
[457] Æschylus: Agamemnon, l. 5-6.
INDEX
Air, and fire, 14; and respiration, 15, 23, 31, 40; and spirits, Harvey on, 29; soul in, 147.
Alcmæon, 111.
Ancients, Harvey and, 2, 3.
_Anima_, 23, 103, 147. See also Soul.
Animal spirits, 22, 25, 127.
Animals, Aristotle on, 105.
Aorta, 62.
Aphrodite, 149.
Aretæus, 55.
Aristotle, 2; on air and fire, 14; on animals, 105; and "artery," 49; on causes of man, 144; on cosmos, 121; on chick's heart, 48; on ether, 123, 125; on faculties, 104; on fire and soul, 143; onmfunction of heart, 48, 113; on heart as psychological center, 50; on heart as seat of motion, 52; ignorant of function of muscle, 53, 84; on innate heat, 14, 44, 139; as leader of Harvey, 48, 53, 67; on life, 104; on movement of blood, 53; on pulsation of heart, 82; on respiration, 15, 30; on semen, 120, 128; on sexes, 145; on soul, 51, 104, 114; on spirits, 21; on spontaneous generation, 143, 145; on sun and fire, 150; on sun and generation, 151.
Arterial vein, 57.
Artery, Aristotle's use of word, 49; bronchial, 38; flow in, 99; Galen's demonstration of blood in, 3; venous, 30, 57.
Aselli, Gasparo, 10.
Aubrey, John, 2, 12.
Auricles, action of, 75, 87; fibrillar contractions of, 75.
Automatic generation, 143.
Avicenna, 2.
Blood, as arising in liver, 56, 60; Aristotle on movement of, 53; arterial and venous, 35; color of, 35; as constructor, 153; as divine, 156; as the first to live, 68, 69, 75, 109; Galen on movement of, 56; Harvey on arterial and venous, 35; as innate heat, 116; as the last to die, 73, 109; life in, 76; palpitation of, 75; primacy of, 64, 81; the seat of soul, 103, 105, 156; as source of heat, 80, 109; and spirits, 117, 120, 127.
Bloodletting, Harvey on, 110.
Blood pressure, Hales on, 96; Harvey on, 97.
Bronchial arteries, 38.
Capillaries, circulation of blood in, 98.
Chemistry, Harvey on, 12.
Chick, development of, 47, 71.
Chyle, 9.
Cicero, 2, 141.
Circulation of blood, in capillaries, 98; and circulation of heavens, 154; according to Columbus, 58; and feeding of tissues, 7; first announcement of, 4, 42; Harvey on use of, 1, 43; opposition to, 5, 62; and primacy of blood, 64; and primacy of heart, 42; pulmonary, 27, 38, 58, 101; physicians and philosophers on, 55, 60; and respiration, 11; use of, 1, 5, 8, 43.
Circulation of heavens, 154.
Cleanthes, 141.
Columbus, Realdus, on pores of septum, 27; and pulmonary circulation, 27, 38, 58; on spirits, 27, 30.
Copernicus, 118, 155.
Cosmos, 121, 154.
Critias, 112.
Cruor, 76, 117, 156.
Democritus, 132.
Descartes, 85.
Diastole as caused by heat, 80.
Diogenes, 111.
Empedocles, 20, 112, 132.
Empyema, 29.
Erasistratus, and valves of heart, 55; and Galen, 61; on spirits, 21.
Ether, 123, 125, 129.
Fabricius ab Aquapendente, 1.
Faculty, intellectual, 105; motor, 105; nutritive, 104; sensory, 105.
Female, function of, 145.
Fernel, Jean, 118; on innate heat, 117.
Fever, Harvey's view of, 46.
Fire, and air, 14; not the source of innate heat, 119, 139; and soul, 143; and sun, 150.
Galen, 2, 3; circulation opposed by followers of, 62; demonstration of blood in arteries by, 3; and Erasistratus, 61; on function of muscle, 84; and Harvey, 61; on innate heat, 17, 44; on mitral valve, 58; on movement of blood, 56; on net-like plexus, 24; on respiration, 16, 22, 27; on spirits, 22, 27.
Galileo, 96, 155.
Generation, automatic, 143; causes in human, 144; eternity in, 126; spontaneous, 143, 145, 152; and sun, 145, 151.
Hales, Stephen, 96.
Hamlet, 103.
Harvey, William, and ancients, 2, 3; on arterial and venous blood, 35; on blood-letting, 110; on blood pressure, 97; on cause of heart-beat, 79, 81, 86, 90; on chemistry, 12; on development of chick, 47, 71; on eternity in generation, 126; on fever, 46; first announcement of circulation by, 4, 42; on flow in arteries, 99; on flow in veins, 95, 100; as follower of Aristotle, 48, 53, 67; on functions of blood, 114; on function of heart, 45; on function of muscle, 84; and Galen, 61; and "heart," 56, 92; on heart as seat of sensation, 107; on innate heat, 19, 33, 39, 44, 116; Lecture Notes of, 4, 18; on mechanism of heart-beat, 86; on moderns, 2; on nerve impulse, 32; as observer, 6, 70, 78; at Padua, 1, 155; publications of, 3, 4, 18, 66, 67; on pulmonary circulation, 38, 101; on respiration, 12, 18, 26, 28, 31, 39; on soul, 103, 106; as speculator, 6, 7; on spirits, 28, 31, 33, 127, 133; on spontaneous generation, 152; on sun and generation, 151; on use of circulation, 1, 5, 8, 43; on venous return, 95.
Heart, action of excised, 92; action of heat on, 76; Aristotle on function of, 48, 113; Aristotle on pulsation of, 82; Aristotelian primacy of, 42; of chick, 47, 71; as common sense-organ, 51; as the first to live, 47; Harvey's use of word, 56, 92; as origin of life, 45; pores of septum of, 27, 57; primacy of, 42; as psychological center, 50; the seat of motion, 52, 107; the seat of sensation, 107; the seat of soul, 51, 114; the source of innate heat, 43, 49, 113; valves of, 15, 16, 55, 58, 62.
Heart-beat, cause of, 79, 81, 90; mechanism of, 81, 86, 89.
Heat, action of, on heart, 76; in semen, 119, 124, 128, 140, 143.
Heat, innate, Aristotle on, 14, 44; blood as, 116; blood as source of, 80, 109; as cause of diastole, 80; as cause of pulse, 81, 93; Fernelius on, 117; Galen on, 17, 44; Harvey on, 19, 33, 39, 44, 116; heart as source of, 43, 49, 113; not from fire, 119, 139; and respiration, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 39; Scaliger on, 117; and spirits, 126, 129.
Heavens, 121, 149; circulation of, and circulation of blood, 154.
Heraclitus, 111.
Hibernating animals, 77.
Hippocrates, on respiration, 15, 20; on spirits, 20; works of, 15.
Hofmann, Caspar, 5.
Intellectual faculty, 105.
Intellectual soul, 105.
Lacteals, discovery of, 10.
Laurentius, 29.
Life, Aristotle on, 104; in blood, 76.
Ligature, 42.
Liver as source of veins and blood, 56, 60.
Male, function of, 145.
Milton, 70, 124, 155.
Mitral valve, 58.
Moderns, Harvey on, 2.
Motor faculty, 105.
Motor soul, 105.
Muscle, function of, 84; function of, unknown to Aristotle, 53, 84.
Natural spirits, 25, 27.
Nerve impulse, 26, 32.
Nervous system and spirits, 31.
Net-like plexus, 22, 24.
Nutritive faculty, 104.
Nutritive soul, 50, 105, 145.
Oxyhæmoglobin, 26.
Paracelsus, 118.
Pascal, Blaise, 96.
Philosophers _versus_ physicians, 55, 60, 65.
Physicians _versus_ philosophers, 55, 60, 65.
Planets, 122.
Plato, 23, 51, 112.
_Pneuma_, 20, 23, 127, 147, 148. See also Spirits.
Pores of septum, 27, 57.
Porosities of tissues, 98, 100.
Portal vein, 8.
Powers of the elements, 130.
Primitive moisture, 131.
_Psyche_, 23, 104, 147.
Psychical spirits, 23.
Pulmonary circulation, 27, 38, 58, 101.
Pulse, as caused by heat, 81; as dependent on heart, 83.
Quintessence, 124.
Respiration, and air, 15, 23, 31, 40; Aristotle on, 15, 30; and circulation, 11; Galen on, 16, 22, 27; Harvey on, 12, 18, 26, 28, 31, 39; Hippocrates on, 15, 20; and innate heat, 14, 15, 16, 18, 33, 39.
_Rete mirabile_, 24.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, 118; on innate heat, 117.
Semen, Aristotle's view, of, 120, 128; heat in, 119, 124, 128, 140, 143; spirits in, 119, 128, 140, 148.
Semilunar valves, 15, 16, 55, 62.
Sensory faculty, 105.
Sensory soul, 51, 105, 145.
Sexes, Aristotle on, 145.
Socrates, 112.
Soul, in air, 147; Aristotle on, 51, 104, 114; in the blood, 103, 105, 156; as cause of vital activity, 143; and fire, 143; Harvey's view of, 103, 106; in the heart, 51, 114; intellectual, 105; motor, 105; nutritive, 50, 105, 145; sensory, 51, 105, 145.
Spirits, 20, 23, 127, 147, 148; and air, Harvey, on, 29; animal, 22, 25, 127; Aristotle's view of, 21; and blood, 117, 120, 127, 133; Columbus on, 27, 30; Erasistratus's view of, 21; Galen's view of, 22, 27; Harvey's view of, 28, 31, 33, 127; Hippocrates's view of, 20; and innate heat, 126, 129; natural, 25, 27; and nervous system, 31; psychical, 23; in semen, 119, 128, 140, 148; vital, 22, 24, 27.
_Spiritus_, 20, 147.
Spontaneous generation, 143, 145, 152.
Sun and fire, 150.
Sun and generation, 145, 151.
_Taenia_, 42.
Thales, 111.
Tissues, feeding of, and circulation, 7.
Torricelli, Evangelista, 96.
Tricuspid valve, 55.
Universe of Aristotle, 121.
Uranus, 149.
Valves of heart, 15, 16, 55, 58, 62.
Veins, arising in liver, 56, 60; flow in, 9, 95, 100.
Vena cava, as distributer of blood, 55; Galen's view of, 56.
Venous artery, 30, 57.
Vesalius, 118; on pores of septum, 27.
Vital spirits, 22, 24, 27.
Wind-egg, 135, 145, 151.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Columbia University in the City of New York
The Press was incorporated June 8, 1893, to promote the publication of the results of original research. It is a private corporation, related directly to Columbia University by the provisions that its Trustees shall be officers of the University and that the President of Columbia University shall be President of the Press.
The publications of the Columbia University Press include works on Biography, History, Economics, Education, Philosophy, Linguistics, and Literature, and the following series:
Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology. Columbia University Biological Series. Columbia University Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects. Columbia University Studies in Classical Philology. Columbia University Studies in Comparative Literature. Columbia University Studies in English. Columbia University Geological Series. Columbia University Germanic Studies. Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series. Columbia University Contributions to Oriental History and Philology. Columbia University Oriental Studies. Columbia University Studies in Romance Philology and Literature. Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies.
Adams Lectures. Julius Beer Lectures. Blumenthal Lectures. Carpentier Lectures. Hewitt Lectures. Jesup Lectures.
Catalogues will be sent free on application.
LEMCKE & BUECHNER, AGENTS
30-32 WEST 27TH ST., NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Columbia University in the City of New York
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LECTURES
ADAMS LECTURES
GRAPHICAL METHODS. By CARL RUNGE, Ph.D., Professor of Applied Mathematics in the University of Göttingen; Kaiser Wilhelm Professor of German History and Institutions for the year 1909-1910. 8vo, cloth, pp. ix + 148. Price, $1.50 _net_.
JULIUS BEER LECTURES
SOCIAL EVOLUTION AND POLITICAL THEORY. By LEONARD T. HOBHOUSE, Professor of Sociology in the University of London. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 218. Price, $1.50 _net_.
BLUMENTHAL LECTURES
POLITICAL PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT. By ALBERT SHAW, LL.D., Editor of the _Review of Reviews_. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 268. Price, $1.50 _net_.
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. By WOODROW WILSON, LL.D., sometime President of Princeton University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 236. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE AMERICAN CITIZEN. By JEREMIAH W. JENKS, LL.D., Professor of Government and Public Administration in New York University. 12mo, cloth, pp. xviii + 187. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THE COST OF OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. By HENRY JONES FORD, Professor of Politics in Princeton University. 12mo, cloth, pp. xv + 147. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THE BUSINESS OF CONGRESS. By HON. SAMUEL W. MCCALL, Member of Congress for Massachusetts. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 215. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THOMAS JEFFERSON: HIS PERMANENT INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS. By HON. JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS, United States Senator from Mississippi. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 330. Price, $1.50 _net_.
LEMCKE & BUECHNER, AGENTS
30-32 WEST 27th ST., NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Columbia University in the City of New York
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LECTURES
FOUR STAGES OF GREEK RELIGION. By GILBERT MURRAY, Regius Professor of Greek, in the University of Oxford. 8vo, cloth, pp. 223. Price, $1.50 _net_.
LECTURES ON SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY AND ART. A series of twenty-one lectures descriptive in non-technical language of the achievements in Science, Philosophy and Art. 8vo, cloth. Price, $5.00 _net_.
LECTURES ON LITERATURE. A series of eighteen lectures by instructors of the University on literary art and on the great literatures of the world, ancient and modern. 8vo, cloth, pp. viii + 404. Price, $2.00 _net_.
GREEK LITERATURE. A series of ten lectures delivered at Columbia University by scholars from various universities. 8vo, cloth, pp. vii + 306. Price, $2.00 _net_. The lectures are:
THE STUDY OF GREEK LITERATURE. By PAUL SHOREY, Ph.D., Professor of Greek, University of Chicago.
EPIC POETRY. By HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Ph.D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature, Harvard University.
LYRIC POETRY. By EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Ph.D., Jay Professor of Greek, Columbia University.
TRAGEDY. By JAMES RIGNALL WHEELER, Ph.D., Professor of Greek Archæology and Art, Columbia University.
COMEDY. By EDWARD CAPPS, Ph.D., Professor of Classics, Princeton University.
HISTORY. By BERNADOTTE PERRIN, Ph.D., Lampson Professor of Greek Literature and History, Yale University.
ORATORY. By CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, Ph.D., Professor of Greek and Classical Philology, University of Wisconsin.
PHILOSOPHY. By FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE, Ph.D., Johnsonian Professor of Philosophy, Columbia University.
HELLENISTIC LITERATURE. By HENRY W. PRESCOTT, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology, University of Chicago.
GREEK INFLUENCE ON ROMAN LITERATURE. By GONZALEZ LODGE, Ph.D., Professor of Latin and Greek, Columbia University.
LEMCKE & BUECHNER, AGENTS
30-32 WEST 27th ST., NEW YORK
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
Columbia University in the City of New York
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LECTURES
CARPENTIER LECTURES
THE NATURE AND SOURCES OF THE LAW. By JOHN CHIPMAN GRAY, LL.D., Royall Professor of Law in Harvard University. 12mo, cloth, pp. xii + 332. Price, $1.50 _net_.
WORLD ORGANIZATION AS AFFECTED BY THE NATURE OF THE MODERN STATE. By HON. DAVID JAYNE HILL, sometime American Ambassador to Germany. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 214. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THE GENIUS OF THE COMMON LAW. By the RT. HON. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D., Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 141. Price, $1.50 _net_.
THE MECHANICS OF LAW MAKING. By COURTENAY ILBERT, G.C.B., Clerk of the House of Commons. 12mo, cloth, pp. viii + 209. Price, $1.50 _net_.
HEWITT LECTURES
THE PROBLEM OF MONOPOLY. By JOHN BATES CLARK, LL.D., Professor of Political Economy, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vi + 128. Price, $1.50 _net_.
POWER. By CHARLES EDWARD LUCKE, Ph.D., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 316. Illustrated. Price, $2.00 _net_.
THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION. Its Basis and its Scope. By HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON, Ph.D., Professor of Zoölogy, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 311. Price, $1.50 _net_.
MEDIEVAL STORY AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SOCIAL IDEALS OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLE. By WILLIAM WITHERLE LAWRENCE, Ph.D., Associate Professor of English, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. xiv + 236. Price, $1.50 _net_.
LAW AND ITS ADMINISTRATION. By HARLAN F. STONE, LL.D., Dean of the School of Law, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 232. Price, $1.50 _net_.
JESUP LECTURES
LIGHT. By RICHARD C. MACLAURIN, LL.D., Sc.D., President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 12mo, cloth, pp. ix + 251. Portrait and figures. Price, $1.50 _net_.
SCIENTIFIC FEATURES OF MODERN MEDICINE. By FREDERIC S. LEE, Ph.D., Dalton Professor of Physiology, Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 183. Price, $1.50 _net_.
HEREDITY AND SEX. By THOMAS HUNT MORGAN, Ph.D., Professor of Experimental Zoölogy in Columbia University. 12mo, cloth, pp. vii + 284. Illustrated. Price, $1.75 _net_.
LEMCKE & BUECHNER, AGENTS
30-32 WEST 27th ST., NEW YORK
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.