Chapter 2

Soon after her exciting chase the _Constitution_ sailed from Boston in search of the British frigate _Guerrière_, whose Captain (Dacres) had boastfully enjoined the Americans to remember that she was not the _Little Belt_. On the 19th of August, 1812, the _Constitution_ fell in with her, and Hull skillfully managed to lay his vessel alongside the British frigate, to have a battle at close quarters. The _Guerrière_ opened fire at once; the _Constitution_ kept silent for a while. As the shot from the English frigate began to make havoc on the _Constitution_, Hull's second in command (Lieutenant Morris) asked permission to open fire. "Not yet," quietly said Hull. The request was soon repeated. "Not yet," was the calm reply. A moment afterward, Hull, filled with intense excitement, shouted, "Now, boys, pour it into them!"

This command was obeyed with terrible effect. The guns of the _Constitution_ were double-shotted and did fearful work. The frigates were only half-pistol-shot distance from each other. The excitement on both sides was intense. "Hull her! hull her!" shouted Lieutenant Morris. "Hull her! hull her!" shouted the crew in response, for they instantly comprehended the pun. Very soon the _Guerrière_ was a shivered, shorn, and helpless wreck, rolling like a log in the trough of the sea. Hull sent an officer on board to inquire of Dacres whether he had struck his flag. Looking up and down, Dacres coolly replied, "Well, I don't know: our mizzenmast is gone, our mainmast is gone, and, upon the whole, you may say we _have_ struck our flag."

This victory greatly inspirited the Americans, and astonished the English. Hull was highly honored by the citizens and Congress, from which he received valuable tokens of regard. The London _Times_ said, "The new enemy, unaccustomed to such triumphs, is likely to be rendered insolent and confident by them."

At mid-autumn, 1812, Captain Jacob Jones, in the fast-sailing sloop of war _Wasp_, achieved a notable victory over the British war schooner _Frolic_, convoying six merchantmen, four of which were well armed. They fought at close quarters, under very little sail, and soon became entangled, when the crew of the _Wasp_ made their way to the deck of the _Frolic_ just after it was swept by a raking broadside. They found no one to oppose them. A few surviving officers stood on the quarter-deck, most of them wounded. Lieutenant Biddle, who led the boarding party, hauled down the British flag. When the vessels separated both masts of the _Frolic_, with the tattered rigging, fell upon the deck, which was covered with the dead. Two hours after the victory the British ship of war _Poictiers_ appeared, and captured the crippled _Wasp_ with the more crippled _Frolic_. Nevertheless, the news of the victory was received with great joy in the United States, and Jones was the recipient of many honors.

Precisely a month after this victory a more important one was achieved by Decatur with the frigate _United States_. On October 26, near the island of Madeira, he gave chase to a British vessel of war, and overtook her. An action was immediately begun at long range, but soon afterward they engaged at close quarters. When the battle had lasted half an hour, the shot of the _United States_ carried away her antagonist's mizzenmast. Then her main and foretop masts fell, and she was dreadfully bruised in her hull. The _United States_ was yet unhurt. Perceiving longer resistance to be vain, the British commander struck his colors and surrendered.

"What is the name of your ship?" shouted Decatur.

"His Majesty's frigate _Macedonian_," replied her commander.

This victory produced a profound sensation in England and the United States. In the former it created astonishment and gloomy forebodings, for it appeared as if the Republic of the West was about to snatch the sceptre from the acknowledged "Mistress of the Seas," and that they might no longer sing, as they had for a century,

"Rule, Britannia! Britannia rules the waves."

Hull generously retired from the _Constitution_, after his victory, to give some brother officer a chance to win fame on the "lucky" vessel. Bainbridge succeeded him in command, and was put in charge of a small squadron. With the _Constitution_ and _Hornet_ he sailed from Boston late in October, 1812, and at the close of December encountered the British frigate _Java_ off the coast of South America, not far from Bahia. They had a most desperate battle, which lasted about two hours, when the _Java_, which had lost her three masts and her bowsprit in the fight, and was leaking badly, was surrendered to Bainbridge. She was one of the finest frigates in the Royal Navy, and was conveying the Governor-General of Bombay and his staff, with more than a hundred officers and soldiers, to the East Indies. Like Hull, Jones, and Decatur, Bainbridge received unstinted honors from his countrymen.

The hulk of the _Java_ was not worth saving; and after transferring the passengers and surviving crew to the _Constitution_, she was fired and blown up. From that time the _Constitution_ was called "Old Ironsides."

This fourth brilliant naval victory in the course of a few months caused much exultation in the United States. Meanwhile there had been minor victories, and some defeats. Privateers were numerous, and very active. During six months the American public and private cruisers had captured about three hundred prizes from the British. These successes dispelled the gloom occasioned by misfortunes to the land forces; the friends of the navy were justified and strengthened, and thenceforward no one ventured to speak in disparagement of it. Congress, perceiving the necessity of an increase in the force of the navy, authorized the President to have four 74-gun ships, six frigates, and six sloops of war built.

Bainbridge had left the _Hornet_, Captain Lawrence, blockading the harbor of Bahia, in which was sheltered a British treasure ship. A British 74 came up from the Brazilian capital, and drove the _Hornet_ into the harbor. She escaped under cover of darkness, and on the 24th of February, 1813, fell in with, fought, and vanquished the British brig of war _Peacock_. The brig had borne down upon the _Hornet_, and as they passed each other each delivered a broadside. Then, by a quick movement, the _Hornet_ closed upon the _Peacock_, and poured round-shot into her for about fifteen minutes. The _Peacock_ struck her colors, and at the same time raised a signal of distress. Her mainmast soon fell overboard, and she was in a sinking condition. The removal of the wounded to the _Hornet_ was at once begun. At twilight she went down, carrying with her thirteen of her own crew and several of those of the _Hornet_. Nine of the former and three of the latter were drowned. The _Hornet_ had only one man killed in the engagement; she lost more in trying to save her enemies than in conquering them.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

BY R. K. MUNKITTRICK.

A quagga stood under a palm In evening's violet calm. When a lion passed by, With a hungerful eye, The quagga ran off in alarm.

ADRIFT.

BY MRS. M. E. SANGSTER.

Adrift upon a silver tide, With banks of green on either side, And, far above, a smiling sky, A tiny craft goes floating by.

Queer little boat, this woven nest, Where birdies three had tranquil rest Until a rough wind shook the tree, And sent them sailing off to sea.

Oh, father-bird and mother-bird, In you what trouble will be stirred When, home returned from weary flight, You learn your babies' hapless plight!

HYGROMETERS, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM

Do not let any one who sees this somewhat out-of-the-way name imagine it is anything very dreadful. It is merely that of an instrument for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere.

Nearly every boy and girl has seen the chalet-like "weather-house," where one might suppose the clerk of the unreliable elements to reside, and which is certainly tenanted by a gay old lady, who comes out when the sun shines, and a military gentleman, who, disregarding catarrh, parades in front of the cottage whenever there is a rain-cloud in the sky. In this case the figures are held on a kind of lever sustained by catgut: this, being very sensitive to moisture, twists and shortens on damp days, and untwists and lengthens as the air becomes dry and light.

A simple hygrometer can be made by a piece of catgut and a straw. The catgut, twisted, is put through a hole in a dial, in which a straw is also placed. In dry weather the catgut curls up; in damp, it relaxes; and so the straw is turned either to the one side or the other. Straws do something more than "show which way the wind blows," you see.

Another simple weather-gauge may be made by stretching whip-cord or catgut over five pulleys. To the lower end of the string a small weight is attached, and this rises and falls by the side of a graduated scale as the moisture or dryness of the air shortens or lengthens the string.

Again, whip-cord, well-dried, may be hung against a wainscot, a small plummet affixed to it, and a line drawn at the precise spot it falls to. The plummet will be found to rise before rain, and fall when the prospect brightens.

Another device is to take a clean, unpainted strip of pine--say, twenty inches long, one wide, and a quarter of an inch thick--cut _across the grain_; then have a piece of cedar of the same size, but cut _along the grain_. Let these be glued together and set upright in a stand.

Before a rain-fall the pores of the pine will absorb moisture, and swell until the whole forms a bow; this will gradually straighten on the approach of fine weather.

There are two forms in which a balance is used that are interesting from the natural laws that govern their motions. In one a dry sponge that has been saturated in salt and water is nicely balanced against a small weight at the opposite end. The sponge becomes heavier or lighter according to the presence or absence of moisture, and any variation in this respect may be noted on the gauge above, to which the index finger on a dial points.

The simplest plan of all, and as good as any, is to place in an accurate pair of scales on one side a one-pound weight; on the other, one pound of well-dried salt. This swells and grows heavier on the approach of rain; when brighter skies return, the one-pound weight asserts itself once more.

So many of our correspondents are collecting birds' eggs and nests that we wish to call their attention to some important points. Never take all the eggs in a nest, because if you do you will leave the poor mother bird very desolate. You can always take some from each nest, and still leave enough to make a pretty little brood of young birdlings. In some nests you will find eight or ten eggs, and then you may take three or four. But if there are but three eggs, you must take only one. Always be sure to leave more than half. Be careful to gather them before the mother bird begins to set, because when her brooding-time has begun she is very jealous of her nest, and is easily frightened away; and then if the eggs have begun to harden and form young birds, they are useless to you, for you can not blow them, and they will soon change color and become worthless.

Never take a nest until the mother has flown away with her little ones and left it empty; for to disturb the pretty home the bird has built with so much care for her babies is a wanton cruelty we trust no reader of YOUNG PEOPLE would be guilty of.

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MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA.

I like YOUNG PEOPLE ever so much. I always read the letters in Our Post-office Box the first thing--they seem so sociable, as if all the children knew each other well. I enjoy "The Moral Pirates" and the Information Cards. My home is in San Francisco, but at present I am visiting in Monterey, a small town on the coast. Monterey is the oldest town in California. It was first settled by the Spanish, and the greater part of the inhabitants now are Spaniards. On a little knoll near the beach, and within a stone's-throw of the water's edge, there is a large wooden cross; it is the spot where the Spanish fathers first landed, and the date on the cross is June 3, 1770.

I think this is the queerest old town imaginable. Almost all the houses are "adobe" houses, that is, made of a kind of black mud, then whitewashed, and they have tiled roofs. And around the gardens are high adobe walls. Nearly all of these adobe houses are fifty years old, and some of them are said to have been built one hundred years ago. I am gathering some abalone and other kinds of shells, and some fine sea-mosses, and when I get home I expect to make lots of pretty things. I love to play on the beach, and pick up pretty little things, and run out after the waves, then turn and let them chase me back; sometimes they catch me, and give my feet a good soaking; but I don't care, for I like it, only I look like a fright by the time I get back to the hotel.

I have been sailing on the Pacific Ocean, and was not a bit seasick, but I was never on the Atlantic. I wish some of the readers of YOUNG PEOPLE that live on the Atlantic coast would tell me if they find pretty shells, and if they get abalone shells and sea-moss on the Atlantic coast as we do here on this coast.

IDA B. D.

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RUSSELL, KANSAS.

When I read the good stories about little folks which come every week in YOUNG PEOPLE, it makes me want to tell all the little friends about something that happened last summer while we were living in Denver, near the Rocky Mountains. One day mamma put some lunch in a pail, and said brother Lolie and I could go up on the bluffs along the Platte River to gather wild flowers and cactus plants, and have a good day's sport. When the whistles at the workshops in the city blew for noon, we sat down on the bluffs to eat our dinner. We could see over to the big high mountains, which reached almost up to the clouds. They looked as though they were only a mile or two away, though papa told us afterward that they were nearly fourteen miles off; but the air is so clear that it made them look much nearer. It seemed as if we could go over to them and back before night. We put our shoes and stockings under a pile of railroad ties, and started up the track toward Morrison, which is at the foot of the mountains. As often as we got tired we stopped to rest and talk about what we could do when we were men. Brother was almost ten years old, and I was eleven. The sun went down out of sight behind the mountain-tops, which were covered with ice and snow, and as it grew dark we walked faster, and when it got so dark we could hardly see only to follow the track, we were in the middle of a large prairie. We began to think of snakes and wolves and bears, which we had heard were in such places, so we did not stop any more to rest. We finally saw a light away off in a field, and we went toward it as fast as ever we could. When we got to the house, it was after eleven o'clock, and we were very tired and hungry. Grandma says if I tell all about our journey the next day--how we got to the mountains and home again, and how frightened mamma and papa and little sister were about us--your waste basket would not hold it all; so good-by.

From your little reader, ARTIE R. H.

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VERGENNES, VERMONT.

My home is in Madison, Wisconsin, but I am visiting my grandmother in Vermont, near Lake Champlain. Next week we are going to the mountains for a ride, and to enjoy the grand view.

The Reform School is located here. It is for boys and girls. They are well taken care of, but I'd rather be a good girl than a reform girl.

My mamma and I are going back to Wisconsin in September. I shall be very glad to see my little cousin Harry and my dog Gip.

I like YOUNG PEOPLE very much, and all the boys and girls that write letters for Our Post-office Box. I am seven years old. My name is Helen, but they call me

PUSSY K.

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NYACK, NEW YORK.

I am a little girl nine years old. I have read all the numbers of YOUNG PEOPLE, and like them very much. I have two pet kittens and a big Newfoundland dog. We call the dog Beppo. I have three brothers, and one sister, whose name is Edna, but she is not the one who sent an answer to Wiggle No. 12.

KATIE M. G.

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SEA GIRT, NEW JERSEY.

This is a splendid place to find land and water turtles. I have several, which I feed on mushrooms, meat, and insects. Soft-shell crabs are liked very much by water turtles, if they are very fresh.

I would be very glad to send some pressed arbutus to Carrie Harding, but it has done blooming for this year. I would like to exchange other kinds of pressed flowers with her.

I tried the recipe for doll's cup-cake sent by Bessie L. S., and liked it very much.

DAISY VIOLET M.

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I noticed Sidney B. P.'s question about feeding and caring for young mocking-birds. Blackberries are good food for them when they are about three weeks old. The yolk of an egg boiled hard and mashed fine with a boiled Irish potato is also good. Feed the birds about every hour, and after they are through eating give them about a tea-spoonful of fresh water, which you will have to pour down their throats.

When the birds are very young they must not be put in a wire cage, as they will injure themselves fluttering against the bars. Put them in a small box, with a piece of mosquito netting fastened over the top. Do not take them from the nest too young--never until they are eight or ten days old--as they will die.

I have already asked to exchange stamps with the readers of YOUNG PEOPLE, and I would like the following stamp, if any one can send it to me: United States War Department, ninety cents, red.

HARRY S. KEALHOFER, 121 Adams Street, Memphis, Tennessee.

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Fannie T. D., of Atlanta, Georgia, sends the following additional directions for the care of full-grown mocking birds:

Fruits and minced raw beef are good food for them. The cage, which should be large, must be thoroughly cleaned every day, and supplied with fresh water and sand. A little bag of sulphur fastened in the top of the cage tends to keep the birds healthy. And they will always sing better if confined in separate cages. Mocking-birds require much attention, especially when they are moulting.

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Frank K., of Norfolk, Virginia, writes that mocking-birds are fond of the yolk of a hard-boiled egg mixed with Indian meal, made fresh every morning. They will like the food still better if it is moistened with a little milk, and minced raw beef mixed with it now and then. The cage should be hung in a dry, airy place.

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MERCED CITY, COLORADO.

When I read in YOUNG PEOPLE what T. H. said of his early morning-glories, I thought I would tell about my vines. I have two play houses covered with them. The first thing in the morning I run to see if I have any new colors blossomed. The flower I like best is white with blue spots. One side of my play house is covered with dwarf vines. Mamma calls them convolvulus. I am seven years old.

ELIZA A. A.

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So many of our young readers are studying French that we do not give a translation of the following letter:

MILLDALE, KENTUCKY.

Je suis une petite fille de douze ans. Je demeure à la campagne dans une jolie petite maison sur une côte. En bas de la côte il y a une rivière dans l'aquelle mon gros chien va se baigner. Il s'appelle Moka. Je joue à la cache avec lui. Quand je lui met un morceae du pain sur son nez, je compte un, deux, trois, alors il le jette en l'air et le rattrape quand il redescend. II y a tant de choses qu'il fait que je ne puis pas vous dire tout.

J'ai aussi une chatte que j'appelle Minette. Quand elle attrape une souris, elle vient nous la montrer, et il faut que nous l'applaudissions de ce qu'elle a fait.

J'ai lu beaucoup des journaux du petit monde. Une demoiselle me les a donnè, et je vous assure que je les trouve bien intéressants.

MADELAINE.

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GREENFIELD, ILLINOIS.

One day last week we found a strange-looking insect, which I should like to know the name of. It is about three inches long. It has four long legs near the middle of its body, very bright eyes, and two horns. It is just the color of the branch of the tree where we found it. I have a collection of shells, stones, and insects, and am going to make a tree album.

JESS L. B.

This curious insect probably belongs to the _Ambulatoria_, or walking-stick family, of which several varieties are found in America.

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SCOTTSVILLE, NEW YORK.

I send a recipe for cake to Puss Hunter's cooking club: One beaten egg, one cup of sugar, one cup of sour cream, two cups of flour, one tea-spoonful of soda, a little grated nutmeg; bake in little tins.

MARY L. MCV.

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I will exchange a little of the soil of Iowa for a little soil from any other State.

If the little correspondent in Denmark would send me a specimen of Danish soil, I would be very much pleased.

CLARA SCOFIELD, P. O. Box 59, Washington, Iowa.

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I would like to exchange postmarks with any boy or girl in the United States or Canada. I have a very large assortment from nearly all the States of the Union.

CHARLES J. LIVINGOOD, Care of Dr. James C. Livingood, Womelsdorf, Pa.

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I am a reader of YOUNG PEOPLE, and like it very much. I am thirteen years old. My father is Register of Deeds for Coos County, and I help him. I can record ten deeds in a day. And I can cook and do all kinds of housework.

I would like to exchange pressed ferns or flowers with any readers of YOUNG PEOPLE. I also have about twenty-five plants, and would like to exchange slips. I have a small collection of birds' eggs, containing about twenty varieties, and would gladly increase my collection by exchange.

FRANK B. FLANDERS, P. O. Box 630, Lancaster, New Hampshire.

When our correspondents request an exchange of delicate and perishable things, like slips of plants, it would be well for them to state a safe way of forwarding them.

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I find YOUNG PEOPLE a very useful little paper.

I will exchange six specimens of Nantucket sea-weeds, mounted on paper, for six pressed wild flowers from California or Florida. Or I will exchange sea-weeds for birds' eggs or flower seeds. I am ten years old.

ETHEL M. JOHNSON, Nantucket, Massachusetts.

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I have a nice collection of beetles, and would like to exchange with some correspondent in the Eastern States.

S. B., Office of _Journal of Commerce_, 414 Clay Street, San Francisco, California.

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ALBERT M.--We have not yet published any such description.

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BESSY.--Yes, you may send the history of your dolls. If it is interesting, and not too long, we will try to print it in the Post-office Box.

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G. W. D.--Any number of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE can be obtained by sending full address, and amount in clean postage stamps, to Harper & Brothers.

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NED B.--By referring to the advertisement of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE you will see that one or more copies of the paper will be sent to any address, on receipt of the price, _postage free_.

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C. FLAGLER.--Probably the correspondent to whom you wrote for exchange has received so many letters that he has not yet had time to answer you. We know this to be the trouble with some of our correspondents who have asked for exchange. Alice I. Paine, of Georgia, has recently written to us that she has received over fifty letters, and finds it impossible to answer them all separately, or to make an exchange with every correspondent, for as nearly all asked her for the same kind of eggs, she can not procure enough to satisfy the demand. Those who have failed to receive an answer from Miss Alice will please take notice of this explanation, which we make at her request.

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Favors are acknowledged from E. E. Wolford, Bertha T. Thompson, L. C., Frank Graves, Sallie Whitaker, Charles N., George G. Seitz, Bessy M. Flagler, Emily K. Jeffries, Florence V. M., Mamie B. Cozzens, Frank and Ida Reveley, Duff Pancoast, Paul De Moll, Margaret Louise, Adolph C. Hungarland, Jessie E. Turner, Federal E. Whittlesey, Mark Manley, A. J. D., Nettie Hereford, Gussie M., Mary A. P., M. E. B., Porter Stansell, Allie Lawson, Mina S. Chase, Willard R. Drake, Edward L. Todd, Julia B. Smith.

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Correct answers to puzzles are received from W. H. W., Daisie Balch, Altia R. Austin, Harry I. Furlong, Alward Tobey, Nena Crommelin, E. R. Hall, Bessy Guyton, Effie K. Talboys, Lizzie J. B., Eddie A. Leet, Daisy Violet, "North Star," Lulu A. Sacchi, Sarah R. D., George H. Kirchner, Harry Phillips, G. W. Davis, Annie D. Jones, Ada Vouté, Frank Lomas, "Lone Star," Eddie S. Hequembourg, A. V., Edith Bidwell.

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PUZZLES FROM YOUNG CONTRIBUTORS.

No. 1.

WORD SQUARE.

First, what no one wishes to be. Second, a metal. Third, to approach. Fourth, a part of the body.

BIRDIE.

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No. 2.

DOUBLE ACROSTIC.

At the present time. A girl's name. A guide. A lyric poem. A celebrated English painter. A title. A Shakspearean character. A Roman Emperor. Answer--Primals form the name of a celebrated general, and finals the battle in which he was defeated.

S. F. W.

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No. 3.

ENIGMA.

My first is in good, but not in bad. My second is in sane, but not in mad. My third is in rooster, not in fowl. My fourth is in hawk, but not in owl. My fifth is in plant, but not in flower. My sixth is in rain, but not in shower. My seventh is in bluster, not in rant. My eighth is in emmet, not in ant. My whole is the name of a lovely plant.

HELEN E. H.

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No. 4.

EASY NUMERICAL CHARADES.

1. I am a Spanish city. My 1, 2, 3 is angry. My 4, 5, 6 is to drive away. 2. I am a Russian city. My 1, 2, 3 is a combat. My 4, 5, 6 is a tool. 3. I am a city in Europe. My 1, 2 is a preposition. My 3, 4, 5, 6 are fowls. 4. I am one of the United States. My 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7 is to join. My 8 is a pronoun. My 9, 10, 11 is to sever.

T. H. V. T.

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No. 5.

PREFIXES.

I am a part of the body. By prefixing different letters of the alphabet I may be changed into a fruit, a period of time, an animal, a term of affection, wearing apparel, a sign of emotion, anxiety, or verbs signifying to approach, to attend, to raise up, to wither, and to waste gradually. What am I? and what are my changes?

GEORGE E.

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ANSWERS TO PUZZLES IN NO. 39.

No. 1.

Cloudesley Shovel.

No. 2.

H O U R O L G A U G L Y R A Y S

No. 3.

1. Venice. 2. Siam. 3. Rome. 4. Salem. 5. Oxford. 6. London. 7. Denmark. 8. Persia. 9. Sweden. 10. Leith.

No. 4.

Orange.

No. 5.

O O R E O R G A N E A T N

No. 6.

M omen T A cr E I be X N iagar A E xpres S

Maine, Texas.

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OUR CHILDREN'S SONGS.

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Our Children's Songs. Illustrated. 8vo, Ornamental Cover, $1.00.

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This is a large collection of songs for the nursery, for childhood, for boys and for girls, and sacred songs for all. The range of subjects is a wide one, and the book is handsomely illustrated.--_Philadelphia Ledger._

Songs for the nursery, songs for childhood, for girlhood, boyhood, and sacred songs--the whole melody of childhood and youth bound in one cover. Full of lovely pictures; sweet mother and baby faces; charming bits of scenery, and the dear old Bible story-telling pictures.--_Churchman_, N. Y.

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Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.

HARPER & BROTHERS _will send the above work by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, on receipt of the price_.

The Child's Book of Nature.

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The Child's Book of Nature, for the Use of Families and Schools: intended to aid Mothers and Teachers in Training Children in the Observation of Nature. In Three Parts. Part I. Plants. Part II. Animals.