Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895
CHAPTER V.
Tommy and the ex-Pirate and the Gopher remained quietly perched on the rafter for some minutes after the big Ark had begun to move; but when they found that none of the animals noticed them, since all seemed so busy attending to their own affairs, they slid along the beam until they could look out into the main room and see what was going on. That is, Tommy and the ex-Pirate slid along, but the Gopher remained where he was, apparently sound asleep.
"What do you suppose they will do next?" asked the little boy.
"Fight or eat, I guess," answered the ex-Pirate. "All animals fight or eat."
"I don't think I should like to see them fight," continued Tommy. And then he added. "Don't you think it is getting dark in here?"
"Very much so," said the ex-Pirate, looking about. "I suppose they will light up pretty soon. It's always dark on a rainy day, you know."
"What kind of lights do you suppose they will have?"
"Ark-lights, of course," said the ex-Pirate. "What other kind would you expect on a boat of this kind? Did you suppose the two Tapirs would be bright enough? If you had ever had any dealings with a Tapir you would know what a stupid beast he is. Don't you remember my classic about him:
"Said the Monkey to the Tapir, One Sunday afternoon, 'Won't you let me have some paper, etc., etc, ...
"The Tapir sold writing-paper, you see. But he was too stupid to get along in the business. That's why it is called a stationary business."
Tommy was about to answer--he hardly knew what--when a bump and a squeal interrupted the conversation. The sleeping Gopher had fallen off the rafter. This accident might have caused a good deal of trouble if a great hubbub had not started at the other end of the room at the same moment. There were squeals and howls and yelps, as if one was being killed. In the rush and confusion the Gopher mixed with the crowd, and Tommy could only occasionally catch a glimpse of his pink sun-bonnet bobbing up now and then in the swarm that was struggling in the distance.
"I wonder what has happened?" said the little boy, leaning as far forward as he dared.
"First fight, I guess," muttered the ex-Pirate, "But I think we had better stay up here and wait till it's all over."
"I guess we had," assented Tommy. But they did not have to wait very long, for the Gopher soon came scurrying back and climbed quickly up beside them.
"Goodness! Goodness me!" he cried.
"What's the matter?" asked the ex-Pirate, eagerly.
"The Dachshund was playing tag with a Chinese Pug, and he fell through the trap-door."
"Oh, my!" exclaimed Tommy.
"You ought to see him," pursued the Gopher. "He fell all the way down to the hold, and his legs are jammed away up into his body and twisted all out of shape. They're only about three inches long now, and even the Elephant could not pull them out straight. He is disfigured for all time."
"Can't any one help him?" asked the ex-Pirate.
"He won't let any one. The Duck, who was educated in divers practices, offered his services as doctor, but the Dachshund would not have him. Said he was a quack." There was a brief silence; then the Gopher added: "They are trying to find out who opened the trap-door, and so I ran away. I came in that way; but I'm sure I shut the trap after me."
"We came in that way too," said the ex-Pirate.
"Yes, and I came up first," put in Tommy. "You were last up. Did you shut the door?"
"I guess I did not," admitted the ex-Pirate. "But it was the Sheep's fault; he put it out of my mind."
By this time the excitement had abated, and the animals were scattered in groups again. The Dachshund went waddling about the floor on his short crooked legs, to the great amusement of the Storks and Cranes, who still had long straight legs, and Tommy said,
"Well, I never knew before how it happened that those dogs had such funny legs." But the Gopher said nothing, and still trembled for fear some one would find out he had come in through the trap.
The wind was blowing fiercely outside, and as it howled around the corners and under the eaves of the Ark it sounded notes like those of an AEolian harp.
"Music, isn't it?" remarked Tommy. "It sounds like a fiddle."
The ex-Pirate almost jumped off the rafter.
"Fiddle!" he exclaimed. "Who said fiddle? Is there a fiddle on board? If there is, I'm going to jump!"
"I did not say there was a fiddle on board," remonstrated Tommy. "I said it _sounded_ like a fiddle."
"Oh!"
"What are you so afraid of a fiddler for?"
"If I tell you you will easily understand," answered the ex-Pirate, with a deep sigh.
"Well, tell us. Is it interesting?"
"Yes, and I can give it to you in rhyme. Will you have it in four verses or in six?"
"I guess four will do," answered the little boy, and he leaned over and pulled the Gopher up closer. "Come and hear the poetry," he said.
The ex-Pirate turned toward his audience on the rafter, and recited:
"There once was a fiddler whose name was McPhee, And he fiddled, he fiddled, did he. He fiddled so loud and he fiddled so long That the neighbors all thought there must be something wrong With this fearful old fellow, this fiddler McPhee, For he fiddled, he fiddled, did he.
"So one day the neighbors all went up to see What the cause of this unceasing fiddling could be. They appointed committees to go in and speak In behalf of them all to this fiddling freak, Who had fiddled all day and all night for a week; But their efforts all failed with this frightful McPhee, Who fiddled for fun, he fiddled, did he.
"The first man to face the fiddler McPhee Was a fat little fellow, who said, 'Sir,' said he, 'You fiddle all night and you fiddle all day, You fiddle and fiddle your whole time away; Won't you tell us the reason why all this should be?' But the fiddler still fiddled, he fiddled, did he.
"But finally, while fiddling, he said, 'Sir,' said he, 'You will greatly oblige me by letting me be; All your fussing and fretting and fuming,' said he, 'Is nothing at all--it's fiddledidee!' So he kept on a fiddling, this fellow McPhee, And he fiddled, and fiddled, and fiddled, did he.
"And I was one of the neighbors," added the ex-Pirate.
"And did not Mr. McPhee stop?" asked Tommy.
"No. We all had to move. He had a ninety-nine years' lease."
"I don't blame you," said the Gopher.
The ex-Pirate was about to propose reciting four more verses when there occurred another commotion, and the Hippopotamus stood up on his awkward hind legs and shouted:
"Let's organize! We ought to organize! What is life without organization? I move we elect a president--"
But before he could express his views any further the Lion walked up to him and buffeted him with his paw, and growled:
"Sit down! If there is any organizing to be done, _I_ will do it. I want you to understand that I am the King of Beasts, and we won't have any presidents this trip."
Whereupon the poor old Hippopotamus rubbed his sore jowls, and waddled slowly off to another part of the room. Then the Lion got up on a big chair, with the Lioness at his side, and made a speech. Tommy and the ex-Pirate could not hear what he said, because they were so far away; but the animals all seemed very attentive and much pleased, for they continually nodded their heads, and at the close of the oration the Gopher, who in some manner had managed to catch every word, waved his sun-bonnet in the air and cried:
"Hooray! We're going to eat!"
"I told you so," whispered the ex-Pirate; and then he suggested to Tommy that they go down to the floor and mingle with the animals, and try to find the Sheep, so as to have a chance at the meal, if that were possible.
[TO BE CONTINUED.]
The lawn-tennis tournament for the Interscholastic championship of the United States was finished at Newport last week, first honors being carried off by Leonard E. Ware, of the Roxbury Latin School, Boston, Mass. Ware is, beyond doubt, the best man of the four players who came to represent the schools, and he proved, both by his play in the two interscholastic matches and by the work he has done on various courts this summer, that he has unquestionably the strongest claim to the title of interscholastic champion. He defeated both Beaman and Sheldon without any trouble, the latter being the stronger rival, and standing for the full five sets. In the first match Beaman took the first set from Ware, but after that the latter warmed up and had everything his own way. Sheldon's contest with Waltz was a walk-over for the Hotchkiss School player, as the score will show. The summaries follow:
L. E. Ware } M. G. Beaman } Ware, 3-6, 6-2, 6-4, 6-3. } } Ware, 6-4, 2-6, 7-5, J. P. Sheldon, Jun. } Sheldon, 6-1, 6-2, 6-1. } 6-8, 6-1. C. F. Waltz }
The best playing Ware did during the entire period of the tournament at Newport was in his match with Foote of Yale, whom he met in the third round. Foote won--4-6, 6-4, 6-0, 8-10, 8-6--but it was a hard-earned victory, and gave the spectators some of the best tennis to watch that the tournament afforded. Ware will undoubtedly rank as one of the leading players of the country next year, and I count on him to hold the national championship before he gets out of college. His strongest quality seems to be steadiness, and in addition to this he possesses determination and sand.
Ware won his first set against Foote by good lobbing and clever side-line strokes. His back-hand strokes along the side-lines were especially fine. In the first game of the second set deuce was called three times before Foote got the score, and several times afterwards there were equally exciting moments. The third set was a love one for the Yale man. He defeated Ware by playing a lobbing game whenever he could. The latter was especially weak in placing his smashes, most of them being returned within Foote's easy reach. This is, no doubt, Ware's weak point, for it was mainly by this that he lost the set.
The fourth set was the most sensational of the five, and it was here that the scholastic player showed the pluck that was in him. In the first game he placed prettily, winning at fifteen, and he scored again in the second by the same tactics, and in the third by wonderful side-line work. Exciting rallies were the features of the next two games, in the latter Ware bringing the score from love forty up to deuce; but after deuce was called four times Foote scored, mainly through his persistent lobbing. Perhaps the best tennis of all was shown in the tenth game, when applause by the spectators was almost continuous. Ware won it, although Foote had him 40-15, and was within one point of the match. Losing that point gave him another set to play. Eighteen games were required to decide this set, which was the longest and, beyond a doubt, one of the most exciting of the tournament.
The fifth set consumed one solid hour of play, and went to Foote--8-6. As in the former sets, Ware gave a great exhibition of pluck, and with the score 2-4 against him, tied the figures. It was then nip and tuck until each man had secured five games. At a critical point, however, and one which probably would have altered the result considerably, Ware was unfortunate in getting an obviously poor decision from one of the linesmen. The whole set was largely a question of endurance rather than of proficiency, and in this the older and stronger player naturally excelled.
This Department has been questioned a number of times as to how the racing length of a yacht is determined. As the International Cup races are interesting every sportsman just now, and as the ROUND TABLE this week gives on another page an article descriptive of cat-boat-racing, this seems a particularly apt time to devote a few paragraphs to this very complicated feature of yachting. We all know, of course, that upon the difference between the racing lengths of two yachts depends the time allowance which one boat must allow the other in a contest of speed. This length is obtained by adding the square root of the sail area to the length of the load water-line, and dividing the result by two. The quotient is the racing length.
The load water-line, which is the distance between the points of the bow and stern, exclusive of the rudder-post, is ascertained as follows: Strip the yacht of everything except what she will carry in the race, and assemble amidships the crew which is to man her. Then drop a plumb-line from her bow to the water, and measure accurately the distance between the point where the line strikes the water and the intersection of the forefoot with the water. Repeat the same operation at the stern. Then mark off these distances on the deck, the first being measured back from the bow, and the second forward from the stern. The distance between these two points is the length of the load water-line of the yacht. It is measured on the deck, because the rounding of the hull, of course, makes it impossible to get a straight line from bow to stern on the water.
To get the correct sail area requires more labor. It is determined by the dimensions of the spars and those of the jib-topsail stay. If it were not for the length of the gaff a triangle would be formed by the base-line, the stay and the leach of the topsail and mainsail. Then the area could be easily calculated. But the projection of the gaff spoils the triangle, and so the first thing to do is to measure the distance from the end of the boom to the forward side of the mast. From that point measure to a point on the bowsprit half-way between the jib-stay and the jib-topsail stay. These, added together, give the actual base-line. Then take the height of the mast and the height of the topmast. The length of the gaff is next ascertained, and from this is subtracted eight-tenths of the height of the topmast. The difference between these is added to the actual base-line, the result giving the corrected base-line.
Experience shows that this addition offsets very accurately the number of square feet of sail lying between a straight line drawn from the end of the boom to the sheave of the topsail halyards, and--considering that line as a base--the two legs of the triangle extending from the end of the boom to the peak of the gaff, and from the peak of the gaff to the topmast. Then the length of the corrected base-line is multiplied by the height of the mast, taken from the deck to the sheave on the topmast, and the result is divided by two. After obtaining these measurements, proceed as stated above--that is, add the square root of the sail area to the length of the load water-line, and divide by two. Then you have the yacht's racing length. There is no doubt that it is a complicated problem.
But this method is for sloop measurement. To get the area of a cat-boat sail there is a simpler way, although it is not so absolutely exact. Draw a line from the throat to the leach parallel to the foot of the sail, and let fall from the point of intersection of this line with the leach another line parallel to the luff. The sail is then divided into a rectangle formed by these two lines, the luff, and part of the foot, and two triangles, one of which is bounded by the head of the sail, a part of the leach, and your first line; the second, by a part of the leach, a part of the foot, and your second line. To compute the areas of these two triangles and the rectangle, and to add them, is a matter of simple mathematics. And then you have the area of your sail.
Between now and the time of the opening of the football season I want to say something each week about the game, more especially about the early training for it, and the elementary principles of play which so many enthusiasts overlook at first, and consequently go in and fail. Nobody was ever born a football player. To become proficient in the game you must devote many months to practice, and several years to actual study of the game. Football is a science, just as chess is a science--and there are very few great chess-players. There are very few great football players. My advice to the young man who wants to excel on the gridiron is first to find out, if he can, what position he is best suited for (not what position he likes best), and then to study and play that position steadily and for all he is worth. Go to as many big games as possible, and watch the men who play your chosen position. See wherein they excel, and note your own short-comings. In addition, read everything you can get hold of about the science and strategy of the game. There are a number of books on the subject. And after you have read pretty thoroughly, think. No man can be a good football player unless he can think out football problems for himself.
But more of that later. The important question now is that of preliminary training, and by far the most important thing about preliminary training is to do not too much at first. It is not only unwise to work hard at first, but it is dangerous. Most of the men have been away on long vacations, and very few, if any, of them have been taking any regular or systematic exercise. Consequently their muscles are not prepared to endure the sudden strains and wrenches to which they are being subjected. It is a matter of record that more sprains and bruises occur during the first few weeks of practice than at any other time of the season.
For the first week or so the careful Captain will see that his men perform only very light work. He will put them through easy exercises, he will have them pass and kick the ball and practise falling on it. Then he will have his men take short runs across country, and do such general light work for wind and muscle as will enable them to take up hard practice without danger. Every man should have a heavy sweater or an overcoat at hand to put on as soon as play is stopped, for every precaution should be taken to avoid catching cold. Every football team should, if possible, have hot and cold water shower-baths convenient to their dressing-rooms--for cleanliness is as important a matter to the welfare of the players as fresh air. Long hot baths are weakening and should be avoided, except when a cold has settled in the muscles, and then hot water is of value.
Football players should be regular in their daily habits. They should rise, take their meals, and retire to bed at the same hours every day; and it is likewise a good thing to have the practice at the same hour each afternoon, and, if possible, at that hour of the day when matches will most probably be played later in the season. The men should have plenty of sleep, say from ten at night until seven in the morning, and on rising they should, if possible, take a short walk before breakfast. And now that the word breakfast has fallen into the discussion let us look at the commissariat side of the football question.
There was a time when a football player was supposed to make a martyr of himself, as far as the good things of the kitchen were concerned. His bill of fare was made up chiefly of raw beef, and he was permitted to drink only so many glasses of water a day. This barbarous custom, however, has now been done away with, and from personal experience I can vouch for the delicious fare of the training-table of the present day. A football player's diet must be restricted, of course, but there is an ample list left that he may choose from. Roast beef, beefsteak, lamb chops, roast lamb, broiled chicken, oatmeal, rice, mush, and all kinds of cereal food, potatoes cooked in any style except fried, vegetables, eggs, apple sauce, baked apples (never any raw apples), prunes, oranges, grapes, figs, dates, and all fruit in season; rice and bread pudding, stale bread, and dry toast--all these can go on the bill of fare. The forbidden dishes are pie, cake, salad, pork, veal, rich dressings, anything fried, ice-cream, candy, soda-water, and any kinds of drinks, alcoholic, malt, or soft. No tea, no coffee, no chocolate, and--but this should go without saying--no tobacco.
Another important thing for the Captain of a football team to give his closest attention to is the condition of his men. He should watch them continually, and note the slightest tendency toward overtraining, for overtraining is much easier to prevent than to remedy. As soon as a player gets into this condition he should take absolute rest for several days, and thereafter he should only play for a short time each day. A change of diet is a good thing, too. Remove all restrictions from the diet of the overtrained man, and let him eat what he chooses for a few days. Overtraining shows itself in various ways, but the most common is for a player to feel worn and tired and disinclined to work hard on the field. This is simply an evidence that his muscles have been worked too hard, and have become so fatigued that they cannot recuperate their full vitality between one day's practice and the next.
While speaking of diet I omitted saying that ice-water should be shunned almost as if it were an alcoholic beverage. Never have ice water on the training-table. Drink cold water, but do not have it iced. It is a bad thing, too, to allow players to drink anything during practice or until an hour after practice has been stopped. This will prove a hardship at first, as the mouth gets dry and parched. Have a pail of water near the field and a tin cup, and let the men rinse their mouths, but do not permit them to drink. After a week or so they will become accustomed to the abstinence, and their saliva glands will act more freely. Gum-chewing is a bad practice, too. Constant mastication stimulates the glands; but it is injurious in the end, just as all artificial methods are in whatever sphere they may be practised.
The football team should work on the field every day, rain or shine. Practice on a wet and muddy ground is necessary, because it frequently happens that the most important game of the year (usually played at the end of the season) has to be contested on a rainy day. Thus practising in the rain will accustom the players to running and dodging in the mud, and to holding a wet and slippery ball. If the storm is such, however, that work in the open air is out of the question, the team should practise in-doors. Rehearsing signals is good occupation for such occasions, and practice in passing the ball and in tackling can also be had. But unless in-door work is unavoidable it should never be indulged in during the active season. The work on the field demands all the energy of the players.
THE GRADUATE.
This Department is conducted in the interest of stamp and coin collectors, and the Editor will be pleased to answer any question on these subjects so far as possible. Correspondents should address Editor Stamp Department.
The American Philatelic Association has just been holding its annual convention at Clayton, New York. Two sessions were held each day August 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th. This should be a very powerful society, but is not on account of poor management. For 1895-96 the following officers were elected: J. K. Tiffany, president; Alvah Davison, vice-president; N. W. Chandler, treasurer; C. W. Kissinger, secretary. The next annual meeting will probably be held in Wisconsin or Minnesota.
The year 1888 the Belgium government withdrew the 5-franc stamp from use. During its life about 45,000 were used, most of which were probably saved by collectors. A short time ago 2400 of these stamps, unused, were found in the Brussels post-office, and these have just been sold by auction to one man, who paid 36,000 francs for the lot, more than three times their face value.
The making of new issues of postage-stamps primarily to sell to collectors has not been stopped. Peru intends to issue one commemorative stamp on September 10, 1895. Uruguay will issue three stamps in commemoration of Joaquin Suarez on October 8, 1895. The pious Belgium postmaster proposes to make two series of local stamps for use in Liege and Brussels in commemoration of St. Lambert, the first bishop of Belgium. France has surcharged her own 15, 25, 30, 50 centimes, and 1 franc stamps D. S. for use in the colony of Diego Suarez. I advise collectors to leave all the above out of their collections. Any money spent for them is simply thrown away.
The new 3, 5, 30, and 50 cent postage-due stamps have been reported as issued; but no copies have yet reached the New York post-office.
It is rumored in stamp circles that the U. S. government is going to use paper water-marked with an eagle for use in printing stamps. I hope the postal authorities will see that the water-mark will be made sufficiently clear to be seen distinctly on every stamp. The present system is simply laughable. In 99 instances out of every 100 the present water-mark can be seen only on the margins of the sheets, and one stamp may contain the water-mark of a portion of one letter only, while others have parts of two letters. Other governments seem to have no difficulty in making clear and artistic designs for use as water-marks. See, for instance, the numerous Great Britain water-marks illustrated in HARPER'S ROUND TABLE No. 821.
Still there's more to follow. Another batch of the St. Louis stamps has turned up, and philatelists are wondering how many there were in that Louisville find (not Kansas City as stated in last week's issue). Perhaps some one has the plate. About a year ago a New York dealer was approached by a man who claimed to have the plate in his possession and offered to print a lot, but the dealer was shy, and declined to make any bargain until after a sample sheet had been shown to him for examination. As this was not done, negotiations ceased.
R. T. K.--The token inscribed on the reverse, "Not one cent for tribute, millions for defence," issued 1841, is very interesting. It is one of the "hard-money tokens" issued between 1837 and 1842, and are very common. They have no money value. The 1871 U. S. dollar is worth face only.
E. PATTISON.--The coins mentioned are quite common, and are worth face only.
W. GOFF.--There is no way of cleaning cancelled postage-stamps, hence the high value of most unused compared with used specimens. For instance, the U. S. 3c. 1857, with outer line, used sells for 25c., but unused commands $15.
K. F. KURTZ.--The K die U. S. envelope 1853 issue on buff can be bought for $3 and less, whether the stamp shows cancellation mark or not. If the entire envelope is unused and clean it is worth $10 and upward. On white paper the prices are much higher.
C. C. B.--The dealers pay $1.15 each for the U. S. gold dollars dated 1850 to 1855, and sell them for about $1.50. These are the common dates. The valuable gold dollars are those of which a few copies only were coined within the past twenty years.
B. MAGELSEN.--There are not two varieties of any Columbian stamp, but almost every denomination can be found in two or more distinct shades. Purple is a very difficult ink to compound, so are certain reds. For instance, there are over 100 different shades of the current 2c.-stamp, all printed within the past year, and all nominally the same color.
J. SMYTHE.--There are not many collectors of U. S. envelopes bearing express names, such as Wells, Fargo, & Co., etc. Hence the envelopes are rarely worth more than the regular issues.
SAN ANTONIO.--The San Antonio of Padua jubilee issue now current in Portugal and the Azores, although good for postage in those countries, is frowned upon by collectors, as their postal use is a mere side issue, the chief reason why they were made being for sale to collectors. There are fifteen varieties, viz., 2-1/2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500, and 1000 reis, also one 10-reis postal-card. The same stamps are surcharged Acores for use in that colony.
A. LEWKAWSKY.--There are no reprints of U. S. stamps issued after 1870. If you can buy the $1 and $2 Columbian issue do so by all means. They are going up in value rapidly. The present $1 stamp it is said will be printed in some other color. If so, the chances are that the black ones will advance in price materially.
PHILATUS.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Highest of all in Leavening Strength.--Latest U. S. Gov't Report.
HARPER'S NEW CATALOGUE,
Thoroughly revised, classified, and indexed, will be sent by mail to any address on receipt of ten cents.
This Department is conducted in the interest of Bicyclers, and the Editor will be pleased to answer any question on the subject. Our maps and tours contain much valuable data kindly supplied from the official maps and road-books of the League of American Wheelmen. Recognizing the value of the work being done by the L. A. W., The Editor will be pleased to furnish subscribers with membership blanks and information so far as possible.
Another pleasant ride out of Philadelphia into New Jersey is to the town of Vineland by way of Salem. The entire distance is sixty-two miles, and the run can, of course, be made in one day, with a stop at Salem for dinner. It is pleasanter, however, to make a two-days trip out of it. If the weather is good and you still want to ride, a run can be made from Vineland to Philadelphia direct on the third day, though the roads are not in either good condition or well made originally over the direct route. The first stage will carry us to Salem, thirty-two miles from Philadelphia. Leaving the city at Market Street, cross to Camden and run down to Gloucester, or cross at the South Street Ferry, if you choose, direct to Gloucester. Thence turning to the right at the end of the Ferry Street, follow a direct road to Westville, which you enter just after crossing the track. The road is macadamized, is very level, and in pretty fair condition. From this point to Woodbury is direct by the same macadamized road, the track being again crossed a little over half-way to the latter place. The distance from Gloucester to Woodbury is about four miles.
On leaving Woodbury, take the right fork at the break in the roads just outside of the village and run direct to Berkley, which is to the westward of you, passing through Clarksboro, where the end of the macadam is readied and a gravel road begins. The road is not uncertain anywhere along the route, but from Clarksboro to Swedesboro it is as nearly straight as a road could well be. The railroad runs along on the western side half a mile or more away, passing through Mickletown and Wolferts. Just after crossing the road which runs into Wolferts station you will come to a hill which is somewhat difficult, owing partly to the condition of the roadbed and partly to the steepness of the hill itself. It is best to keep on the main road, even if you dismount and walk over the hill itself.
At Swedesboro a stop can be made for dinner or lunch at Ford's Hotel. You have now ridden fifteen miles and covered about half the distance. Leaving Ford's after a rest, keep to the left instead of crossing the track, and run along close by the rails seven miles to Woodstown. A number of roads come together as you enter, and to reach the centre of the village itself you should keep to the left fork and run along into the central square. If you do not mean to stop, keep to the right fork after crossing the railroad, and run direct to Salem, ten miles away. A rider can keep always to the left forks if he chooses on leaving Woodstown until he has gone about two miles out, when he should turn to the right at a fork and meet the main bicycle road five or six miles from Woodstown. On the whole, it is better to keep to the straight turnpike. The whole route to Salem is remarkably level as country roads go, and while the bed is gravel beyond Clarksboro, it is nevertheless in reasonably good condition all the way. At Salem the Nelson House is a good place to stop for the night.
NOTE.--Map of New York city asphalted streets in No. 809. Map of route from New York to Tarrytown in No. 810. New York to Stamford, Connecticut, in No. 811. New York to Staten Island in No. 812. New Jersey from Hoboken to Pine Brook in No. 813. Brooklyn in No. 814. Brooklyn to Babylon in No. 815. Brooklyn to Northport in No. 816. Tarrytown to Poughkeepsie in No. 817. Poughkeepsie to Hudson in No. 818. Hudson to Albany in No. 819. Tottenville to Trenton in 820. Trenton to Philadelphia in 821. Philadelphia in No. 822. Philadelphia-Wissahickon Route in No. 823. Philadelphia to West Chester in No. 824. Philadelphia to Atlantic City--First Stage in No. 825; Second Stage in No. 826.
Any questions in regard to photograph matters will be willingly answered by the Editor of this column, and we should be glad to hear from any of our club who can make helpful suggestions.
WATERSCAPES.
The amateur who lives inland, and has made a success of landscapes, is usually quite disappointed with his pictures of waterscapes when he takes his summer outing at the sea or lake shore. The photographs are for the most part thin and flat, and, while detail is not lacking, there is no contrast between light and shadow.
The reason is that one is not prepared for the intense light with which the whole scene is flooded, and consequently the plate is exposed too long. The reflection from the water almost doubles the intensity of the light. This may be noticed when focussing the image. Every part of the scene reflected on the ground-glass is so well illuminated that there are none of those dark masses of shadows which appear on inland pictures. This the amateur at first thinks is an advantage. In one respect it is, for it enables one to get a sharp focus much more easily. This seeming advantage is really a great disadvantage. The strong light on every object renders the developed negative flat and without contrast.
One way to bring out the contrast is to use a small diaphragm. Focus with a larger diaphragm and then put in a small one. The change in the image on the ground-glass will be at once noticed. Instead of being evenly lighted, the shadows are softened, and if a quick exposure is made, and the negative carefully developed, a picture will be obtained with as artistic gradations between the lights and shadows as in those of a landscape.
In developing instantaneous pictures taken at the sea-shore a great deal of judgment must be exercised. In the first place, as the light to which the plate has been exposed is very strong, the picture must be put in the developer in a very dim light, not allowing any of the direct rays from the red light to strike the plate. As soon as the plate is covered with the developer put a cover over the tray, and do not expose to the light till time for the picture to begin to appear. If it comes up too quickly, take it at once from the tray and put it in a dish of clear water. Mix a fresh weak developer, or dilute the same developer and add a few drops of bromide of potassium.
A weak solution of developer should be used to start the development. Let the picture come up rather slowly, and after detail is well out take the plate from the developer, rinse in clear water, and put it in a stronger solution of developer till it has attained the right density. Examine by holding to the light, and do not depend on the image on the back of the plate as a guide to density. If the picture lacks in detail, add a few drops of bicarbonate of soda to the developer; if lacking in density, a few drops of solution of bromide of potassium should be used.
Fog, which one would naturally suppose would obscure or deaden the light, has instead great illuminating power. Instantaneous pictures taken on a foggy day are often the most beautiful of waterscapes.
A good rule when taking pictures at the sea-shore is to use a small stop, and the quickest exposure of the shutter provided with the hand camera.
Remember that the light is more than double the strength on the sea than on the land, and that the water reflects the light instead of absorbing it.
SIR KNIGHT RAYMOND J. SPOONER would like to know how to mount prints on paper so that they will lie smooth. He intends to use drawing-paper 8 x 10 for 4 x 5 prints and then have them bound. Make a rather thin paste of laundry starch. Soak the prints in water for a few minutes, and then lay them one by one face down on some hard smooth surface, like a pane of glass or the bottom of a porcelain toning-tray. Blot each one as it is taken out of the water, removing all the superfluous moisture. Have the sheet of drawing-paper ready, and moisten the place where the print is to be placed very slightly with a damp sponge. Paste the back of the print, using only enough paste to cover it, lift the corner with the point of a knife, and lay it pasted side down on the mount. Lay a piece of tissue-paper over the face of the mount and roll the print smooth with a squeegee. A smooth glass bottle can be used if one has no squeegee, or a new wooden rolling-pin answers every purpose. Lay the print when mounted between two pieces of clean blotting-paper and put a weight on it; as the prints are mounted they can be laid one on top of the other with blotting-paper between. Be very careful that no paste is on the face of the print. The object in moistening the mount is that the print may not make it shrink; drawing-paper, being lighter weight than a card-mount, is apt to do this unless it is first moistened as directed.
ANSWERS TO QUERIES.--SIR KNIGHT A. SMITH wishes to know what will keep films from curling when in the developer The films should be soaked in water till they become limp before they are placed in the developer. To keep them from curling after development they should be placed before drying in a solution of glycerine and water, composed of glycerine 1/4 oz., water 8 oz.
* * * * *
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Postage Stamps, &c.
=1000= Mixed Foreign Postage Stamps, including Fiji Islands, Samoa, Hawaii, Hong Kong, for 34c. in stamps; 10 varieties U. S. Columbian stamps, 25c.; entire unused 5c. and 10c. Columbian Envelopes, 25c. the pair. Only a limited number were issued by U. S. Government. E. F. GAMBS, Box 2631, San Francisco, Cal. Established, 1872.
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Good Music
Franklin Square Song Collection.
GOOD MUSIC arouses a spirit of good-will, creates a harmonious atmosphere, and where harmony and good-will prevail, the disobedient, turbulent, unruly spirit finds no resting-place. Herbert Spencer puts his final test of any plan of culture in the form of a question. "Does it create a pleasurable excitement in the pupils?" Judged by this criterion, Music deserves the first rank, for no work done in the school room is so surely creative of pleasure as singing. Do we not all agree, then, that Vocal Music has power to benefit every side of the child nature? And in these days, when we seek to make our schools the arenas where children may grow into symmetrical, substantial, noble characters, can we afford to neglect so powerful an aid as Music? Let us as rather encourage it in every way possible.
_Nowhere can you find for Home or School a better Selection of Songs and Hymns than in the Franklin Square Song Collection._
Sold Everywhere. Price, 50 cents; Cloth, $1.00. Full contents of the Several Numbers, with Specimen Pages of favorite Songs and Hymns, sent by Harper & Brothers, New York, to any address.
Mangoes and Bilberries in Jamaica.
All the mangoes are ripe now, and we get plenty of them. There are about six kinds: the Number Eleven, the Black, the Yam, the Kidney, and the East Indian. I like the Black best, though the Number Eleven is considered the choicest. The Black mangoes are gray with black spots on them; the Number Eleven are a bright orange color; and the Yam mangoes are yellow and red, and might be taken by strangers for huge peaches as they lie on the ground. The East Indian variety is big and green, with black spots.
We also have bilberries. They are about the color, shape, and size of our huckleberries, and they taste about the same. We have them in the morning for breakfast. We also have cocoanuts on our place. When they are young the milk is good to drink, and is very refreshing. Our cook often makes soup of them, which is very rich in flavor. At one time I saw our cook with her dinner on her head. It consisted of baked plantain and yam, and was smoking hot. She was walking around the yard, taking off a bit of her dinner now and then to eat it.
Coffee does not seem to grow well in this place, judging from that which is here. It grows better in higher regions. There is to be a "Sky Meeting" at Up-Park-Camp on the 20th of July, given by the English officers. It includes horse-racing, etc. This place in which we are now living is called "Garden House." The first mangoes in the island were planted here, and all the others came from them. There are sixteen acres of coffee. The people prune their coffee after it has begun bearing. I would like a few correspondents.
FRED HAWTHORNE. GARDEN HOUSE, KINGSTON, JAMAICA.
Gold and Silver from Ores.
I visited a huge smeltery not long ago, and saw how gold and silver were separated from their ores. The lead ore, or galena, which contains also gold, silver, and copper, is brought from Utah. The average yield of silver of the ore used here is about one hundred ounces to the ton. The amount of gold and silver in the ore is determined in the assaying room in this manner:
A piece of the silver-bearing lead is carefully weighed in a very delicate balance, and is then placed in a little cup of bone ash, called a cupel. Then the cupel is put into a very hot furnace so arranged that a current of air passes over it. The air oxidizes the melted base metals, but the gold and silver are not affected. The cupel has the remarkable power of absorbing the oxides of metal, and so in an hour or so there is nothing left in it save a little bead of silver and gold. This bead is then weighed, and in this way it is known what proportion of gold and silver there is in the ore.
To extract the metals, the ore is mixed with limestone and coal, and is thrown into a blast-furnace, which resembles an inverted cone. A fire is started in the bottom and a blast of air is forced through the pipes into the furnace. When the metal has been melted from the ore the furnace is tapped at the bottom, and the metal, consisting of gold, silver, copper, and lead, runs out into large pots. It is then run into moulds. This metal is called "bullion."
The next process is to separate the lead from the other metals. The bullion is melted in a large deep basin and molten zinc is added. The zinc forms an alloy with the gold, silver, and copper, which is lighter than the lead, and therefore floats on the surface. Then this alloy is skimmed off and taken to another part of the works, where it is placed in furnaces and the zinc burned out. After all the zinc has been gotten rid of the metal is taken to a large room which contains a row of small furnaces. Inside of these furnaces are shallow cupels over which a current of air passes. After the metal has been melted in these cupels it is run out into moulds, which shape the metal into plates about twenty inches long and ten in width.
The metal of these plates consists of gold and silver, which still have to be separated. The plates are hung in gauze bags and put in strong nitric acid. This acid dissolves the silver, but does not affect the gold, which drops down into the bags and is caught there. About three inches distant from the sack containing the gold and silver plate is a very thin plate of silver. This plate and the one in the sack are connected to a dynamo. The current of electricity causes the dissolved silver to deposit itself on the plate. After all the silver has been collected it is cast into blocks weighing one thousand ounces each. The gold is likewise cast into blocks.
I saw about $100,000 worth of silver in the vaults and in the works. There are other methods of separating these metals, but I think this is the most common way. Some ores are more easily worked than others.
HOMER L. STEWART, R.T.F. PITTSBURG, PA.
The Lyre-Bird.
The lyre-bird is a very beautiful bird, and is to be found in the eastern part of Australia. The form and structure of the tail resemble an ancient Grecian lyre, hence its name. The size of this bird is about that of the common hen, the eyes are dark hazel, large, mild in expression, and very beautiful. The wings are short and hollow, rendering great assistance when running, but of little use in flying.
The bird's running powers are extraordinary, and it is not easily overtaken. The legs are rather long, the color of the body is reddish-brown, and its general appearance is very graceful. It is of a gentle disposition and altogether harmless. The lyre-bird will soon be lost to us forever. The tail feathers were formerly sold in Sydney at a low price, but now that the beautiful creatures are nearly exterminated the price has risen exceedingly.
CARRIE WELLENBROCK, R.T.L.
Prizes for Poems.
Three prizes of $5, $4, $3 each are offered by HARPER'S ROUND TABLE for the best short poems. Any subject allowed. Limited to five stanzas; the best to be printed in the ROUND TABLE. Competition open to all members of the Order. Forward not later than December 1, 1895.
A Special Offer.
Teachers, students, superintendents of Sunday-schools, ladies, members of the Round Table, and others willing to distribute ten to seventy-five Prospectuses and personally commend HARPER'S ROUND TABLE, will receive, according to number of Prospectuses distributed, bound volumes of HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE for 1893, gold badges of the Round Table Order, packet of fifty engraved visiting-cards, bearing their name, with copper plate for future use, rubber stamp bearing their name and address, nickel pencil resembling a common nail, or silver badge of the Round Table Order. This offer is restricted to one person in a town or neighborhood. In applying, state how many circulars you can place in the hands of those sure to be interested in them, what are your facilities for distributing them, and what prize you seek.
In Aid of the Fund.
At "Pine Top," on the afternoon and evening of September 21st, there is to be a lawn festival and sale in aid of the Good Will School Fund. Pine Top is at 162d Street and Edgecombe Road, in the upper part of New York city, and the festival is under the auspices of the Misses Schrenkeisen, Dey, and Hubert. The admission is ten and five cents, and all are invited.
Saving on Age.
Thrift is an admirable trait. The way to acquire it is to cultivate it. The way to cultivate it is to deny yourself, and faithfully lay by the money you were tempted to spend. Of course you do not lay the money by for the sake of having it to spend later on. People save money for the money, it is true. This is right because it is provident. One might fall ill, and if he had no money saved up he might become a burden upon those illy able to support him.
But the best thing about the habit of saving is the habit itself. Having the habit well fixed in one's character renders one self-controllable--in other words, thrifty. Thrift applies to more things than money-saving, for the man who saves money begins to save other things. Waste is wrong--a sin.
Did you ever know one to save on his age--that is, to lay by as many dimes or dollars each year as he is years old? Suppose you are fourteen. During that year you save $14, and with it buy a certificate of deposit, a share of stock, or something that is complete in itself--a bond that represents your age that year. Next year you are fifteen, and you buy a $15 bond. Or, if you cannot save as many dollars as you are years old, try saving as many half-dollars or dimes. Keep your money in your own name, not in the name of somebody else who happens to have a bank-book when you do not, and draw it out only when you are very sure you need it. Get your age bond first, and your luxury afterward.
If you begin at fourteen, a dollar for each year, you will have at twenty-one seven bonds, representing $119. You will also have some interest money. But you will have much more, namely, the _habit_ of saving--systematic economy, which is an education of itself, and one which, if necessary to gain, you could well afford to throw away the $119 that you saved.
The Helping Hand.
Some kind friends in St Louis put a lemonade stand on Delaware Boulevard the other day, and as a result sent $1.50 to us for the School Fund. Two readers living in West Groton, Mass., took up a ten-cent collection among their acquaintances, and remitted $1. The William D. Moffat Chapter, of Oakland, Md., exhibited some rare manuscripts which a friend loaned them, and sent us $10.
The letter of Mr. Munroe was cordially received by the Order, and everybody praised the idea that _each member_ be represented, so that the building would stand as a monument to the chivalry of the _whole Order_. Since the last report the following sums have reached us: Roderick and William J. Beebe, $2. William D. Moffat Chapter, Oakland, Md., $10. Lucy L. Verrill, $1. H. E. Banning, 40 cents. Rosaline and Edith Cline, 20 cents. E. J. and F. G., 20 cents. Carrie Wellenbrock, $1. Otto Prussack, 5 cents. Dorothy and Pineo, 5 cents. M. C. Haldeman, 25 cents. Myra F. Chapin, 10 cents. Carroll D. Murphy, 10 cents. Harold W. Bynner, 10 cents. Gerard Stafford King, 10 cents. Two devoted readers, $1. Anna E. Sibley, 26 cents. Carolyn G. Thorne, 50 cents. Ernestine Pattison, $2.50. Amy, D. A., and W. H. Bowman, Maud Ringen, Marie and Morris Sadler, Jun., $1.50. Katherine A. Waller, 25 cents.
These sums come from every part of the country, showing a wide interest. The Little Women Chapter, of Upper Nyack, N. Y., Sophie Moeller, president, is to hold a fair, and wants contributions; the members of the Order residing in Washington, D. C., and in Cincinnati. O., respectively are to have entertainments; and Mr. Kirk Munroe is to give in New York city, in November, a reading from his own books. Washington members may send word to Elizabeth W. Hyde, 1418 Euclid Place, N. W., and Cincinnati members to the Robert Louis Stevenson Chapter, J. H. Bates, Jun., 502 East Third Street.
GOOD WILL MITE
* * * * *
HARPER'S ROUND TABLE
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FUND
_Amount_, $........................
............................... _Contributor._
_This money is contributed, not because it is asked for, but because I want to give it._
* * * * *
If you use this Good Will Mite, simply pin it to your letter, in order that it may be detached for filing. If the amount is given by more than one contributor, add blanks for their names, but attach the added sheet firmly to the Mite, that it may not become detached and lost. Include a given name in each case, and write plainly, to avoid errors on the Honor Roll.
Kinks.
No. 98.--ENIGMA.
38, 21, 44, 20, 7, 35, 12.--To justify. 29, 41, 5, 14, 33.--To err. 27, 31, 43, 15, 36.--A judgment. 42, 19, 47, 26, 24, 40, 11, 30.--A mechanical hold. 32, 6, 46, 26, 34.--A kind of flax. 36, 18, 28, 45, 23.--Suspense. 17, 1, 22, 24, 10, 8.--A near relative. 9, 39, 35, 2, 25, 36.--Accustomed. 3, 46, 37, 24, 13, 4, 33.--Course of life. The whole a verse of Scripture in the Old Testament.
ALBERT.
* * * * *
No. 99.--RIDDLES.
Animal, nor vegetable, Nor mineral am I; A natural product, I exist From two to six feet high. I am not she, I am not he, But just between the two; You'll often see me take my place, And sometimes hear me too. I have no breadth, I have no length, I'm neither thin nor thick, I'm used to show a faithful love, And mark a traitor's trick. I'm mentioned oft in Holy Writ, Both in the Old and New, And strongly recommended there By holy men and true.
* * * * *
No. 100
Born in the fields as free as air, Then early torn from home, And in the mansions of the great, A slave I'm forced to roam. From room to room I wander there, But never go alone, I'm always taken by the hand, Until my task is done. Although the badge of royal race, I'm found with mean and poor. And oft, with them, I hide my face Behind the kitchen door.
* * * * *
No. 101.
I'm insignificant and small, But still my power is great; Before a barrier stout and strong Both force and strength may tarry long, Until I come at call. When with a gentle touch I do What all their might could not get through.
Answers to Kinks.
No. 95.
1. Mourning-bride. 2. Weeds. 3. Bleeding-heart. 4. Sweet-William. 5. Rose. 6. Four-o'clock. 7. Phlox. 8. Stock. 9. Corn. 10. Box. 11. Lady's-slippers. 12. Hop. 13. Fox-gloves. 14. Monks-hoods. 15. Balm. 16 Hearts-ease. 17. Thyme. 18. Old-man. 19 Sage. 20. Sweet-pease. 21 Eye-bright. 22 Pink. 23 Tulips. 24. None-so-pretty. 25. Matrimony.
* * * * *
No. 96.
1.--1. L. 2. Dab. 3. Dared. 4. Lannier. 5. Being. 6. Deg. 7. R. 2.--1. T. 2. Tub. 3. Tames. 4. Rumbles. 5. Below. 6. Sew. 7. S. 3.--1. R. 2. Tab. 3. Toned. 4. Ranters. 5. Beery. 6. Dry. 7. S. 4.--1. S. 2. Raw. 3. Roted. 4. Satanic. 5. Wends. 6. Dis. 7. C.
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No. 97.
Longfellow--1. Melba. 2. Hanover. 3. Trenton. 4. Niagara. 5. Buffalo. 6. Cleveland. 7. Holland. 8. Willard. 9. Scott. 10. Lewis.
One can be genteel and neat, and still indulge a love of out-door sports.
A fall with nothing worse than mud stains is not serious; Ivory Soap will remove troublesome spots and restore the original freshness to a good piece of cloth.
Copyright 1895, The Procter & Gamble Co.
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$100 PRIZE
For best 500-Word Essay. Open to girls under 17. Second prize, $25. Subject "Silk," but essays must contain some reference to Cutter's Little Spool Sewing Silk, and statement of points of superiority. Circular of full particulars upon application to =JOHN D. CUTTER & CO.=, makers of Cutter's "Little Spool" Sewing Silk, Union Square, New York City.
WONDER CABINET =FREE=. Missing Link Puzzle, Devil's Bottle, Pocket Camera, Latest Wire Puzzle, Spook Photos, Book of Sleight of Hand, Total Value 60c. Sent free with immense catalogue of 1000 Bargains for 10c. for postage.
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=DEAFNESS & HEAD NOISES CURED= by my =INVISIBLE= Tubular Cushions. Have helped more to good =HEAR=ing than all other devices combined. Whispers =HEAR=d. Help ears as glasses do eyes. =F. Hiscox=, 853 B'dway, N.Y. Book of proofs =FREE=
HARPER'S NEW CATALOGUE,
Thoroughly revised, classified, and indexed, will be sent by mail to any address on receipt of ten cents.
Harper's Young People Series
_Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25 each:_
=The Mystery of Abel Forefinger.= By WILLIAM DRYSDALE.
=Raftmates.--Canoemates.--Campmates.= By KIRK MUNROE.
=Young Lucretia, and Other Stories.= By MARY E. WILKINS.
=A Boy's Town.= By W. D. HOWELLS.
=Diego Pinzon.= By J. R. CORYELL.
=The Moon Prince, and Other Nabobs.= By R. K. MUNKITTRICK.
=The Midnight Warning, and Other Stories.= By E. H. HOUSE.
Phil and the Baby, and False Witness. By Lucy C. Lillie.
=Flying Hill Farm.--The Mate of the "Mary Anne."= By SOPHIE SWETT.
_Illustrated. Square 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.00 each:_
=Wakulla.--The Flamingo Feather.--Derrick Sterling.--Chrystal, Jack & Co., and Delta Bixby.--Dorymates.= By KIRK MUNROE.
=The Talking Leaves.--Two Arrows--The Red Mustang.= By W. O. STODDARD.
=Prince Lazybones, and Other Stories.= By Mrs. W. J. HAYS.
=The Ice Queen.= By ERNEST INGERSOLL.
=Uncle Peter's Trust.= By GEORGE B. PERRY.
=The Adventures of Jimmy Brown.--The Cruise of the Canoe Club.--The Cruise of the "Ghost."--The Moral Pirates.--The New Robinson Crusoe.= By W. L. ALDEN.
=Toby Tyler.--Mr. Stubbs's Brother.--Tim and Tip.--Left Behind.--Raising the "Pearl."--Silent Pete.= By JAMES OTIS.
=The Four Macnicols.= By WILLIAM BLACK.
=The Lost City.--Into Unknown Seas.= By DAVID KER.
=The Story of Music and Musicians.--Jo's Opportunity.--Rolf House.--Mildred's Bargain, and Other Stories.--Nan.--The Colonel's Money.--The Household of Glen Holly.= By LUCY C. LILLIE.
=Who Was Paul Grayson?= By JOHN HABBERTON.
=Captain Polly.= By SOPHIE SWETT.
=Strange Stories from History.= By GEORGE CARY EGGLESTON.
* * * * *
Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York
_The above works are for sale by all booksellers, or will be mailed by the publishers, postage prepaid, on receipt of the price._
Poor Jimmie lisped, and his teacher entirely misunderstood his meaning when he said, in answer to her command to conjugate the verb sink, "think, thank, thinking, thunk."
BOBBY. "I don't like a bicycle built for two."
JACK. "You don't! why?"
BOBBY. "Because it encourages back talk."
THE OBLIGING BEAR.
A Honey-loving grizzly-bear, In a great bee-tree made his lair; "There is a law," he told the bees, "That honey sha'n't be kept in trees.
"I'll take it out for you," said he. "Nay, nay, sir," cries the old queen bee, "Take yourself off!" and then and there The stinging bees fell on the bear.
HE WANTS TO KNOW.
TOMMY TRADDLES. "Papa, you call that little bit of a tiny wee engine a donkey-engine, don't you?"
MR. TRADDLES. "Yes, my boy."
TOMMY. "Well, papa, won't that donkey-engine have to grow a great deal bigger before it can have any horse-power?"
"Papa, I've got some mending for you to do. My roller-skates are broken."
"Well, put them away till morning. It's too late to mend anything now."
"Why! you said this morning that it was never too late to mend."
BECKY WOOD.
Barefoot, pit-a-pat, pious, poor, and good, Walking to the Meeting-House was little Becky Wood. Up rode great William Penn--"Little girl," quoth he, "Jump upon my palfrey here and ride along with me." Trot, trot, canter, canter, all along the street, William Penn took Becky Wood with her bare brown feet, Trot, trot, canter, canter, to the very door. Never was a barefoot girl quite so proud before.
A BLUNDER AND NO MISTAKE.
JABEZ (_slapping Ichabod on the back_). "Hello Tony!"
ICHABOD (_wincing_). "But I'm not Tony."
JABEZ (_discovering his error_). "Oh, I beg pardon. I thought you were another fellow."
ICHABOD. "And so I am."
IT SEEMS SO.
"Papa," said Harry, "when a boy keeps on doing something wrong of his own accord he's wilful, isn't he?"
"Yes," said Mr. Rigid.
"Then if he doesn't do nothing of nobody else's accord, he's wontful, isn't he?"
The following extracts are from examination papers recently handed in at a public school in Connecticut:
1. From what animals do we get milk? From the camel and the milkman.
2. The hen is covered with feathers. With what is the cat covered? The cat is covered with fleas.
3. Name an animal that has four legs and a long tail. A mosquito.
4. Name two kinds of nuts. Peanuts and for-get-me-nuts.
End of Project Gutenberg's Harper's Round Table, September 3, 1895, by Various