Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany,

except by action of the Congress of the United States.

4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children, and in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions, are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to the consideration of the Council or of the Assembly of the League of Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of any other power.

5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to its long-established policy, commonly known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.

6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158, and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy which may arise under said articles between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.

7. The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the appointment of the representatives of the United States in the Assembly and the Council of the League of Nations, and may in its discretion provide for the participation of the United States in any commission, committee, tribunal, court, council, or conference, or in the selection of any members thereof and for the appointment of members of said commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences, or any other representatives under the Treaty of Peace, or in carrying out its provisions, and until such participation and appointment have been so provided for and the powers and duties of such representatives have been defined by law, no person shall represent the United States under either said League of Nations or the Treaty of Peace with Germany, or be authorized to perform any act for or on behalf of the United States thereunder, and no citizen of the United States shall be selected or appointed as a member of said commissions, committees, tribunals, courts, councils, or conferences except with the approval of the Senate of the United States.

8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.

9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any expenses of the League of Nations, or of the secretariat, or of any commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress of the United States.

10. If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the limitation of armaments proposed by the Council of the League of Nations, under the provisions of Article 8, it reserves the right to increase such armaments without the consent of the Council whenever the United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.

11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion, the nationals of a covenant-breaking State, as defined in Article 16 of the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States or in countries other than that violating said Article 16, to continue their commercial, financial, and personal relations with the nationals of the United States.

12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany shall, as against citizens of the United States, be taken to mean any confirmation, ratification, or approval of any act otherwise illegal or in contravention of the right of citizens of the United States.

13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 387 to 427, inclusive) unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall hereafter make provision for representation in the organization established by said Part XIII, and in such event the participation of the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of such act or joint resolution.

14. The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any election, decision, report, or finding of the council, or assembly in which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one vote, and assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of the council or assembly arising out of any dispute between the United States and any member of the League if such member, or any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with it politically has voted.

Ratification of the above resolution required a two-thirds vote. The resolution was lost 55 to 39, the votes of 13 Republican "irreconcilables" being cast against the resolution. On a motion to reconsider, the resolution was again voted on, this time the vote being 51 to 41. Senator Underwood's motion for unconditional ratification of the Treaty without reservation was then lost 53 to 38.

The crux of the opposition to the Treaty was Article X. In President Wilson's view, the Lodge reservation to this article cut the heart out of the League of Nations, and nullified its whole structure and practical operation. For a time it looked as if the Peace Treaty was dead. Public opinion, however, insisted that the Treaty must not be allowed to die and that the United States was morally obligated to the rest of the world to take its place in the family of nations as a signatory to the Treaty with such interpretative reservations as would protect America's interests, and at the same time not antagonize other nations.

Early in January, 1920, the President in a letter to Senator Hitchcock declared against "strong" reservations, and on January 15th, with a view to reaching a compromise, there began a series of bi-partisan conferences among Senators at which were discussed the various reservations that had been a stumbling block, but no agreement could be reached. As before, the phraseology and intent of Article X was the principal bone of contention.

THE TREATY AGAIN BEFORE THE SENATE

On February 10th Senator Lodge reported the Treaty a second time to the Senate, and with the original set of reservations. After another month of debate and of organized efforts on the part of public spirited citizens to exert pressure on the Senators to settle their differences and give the nation what it demanded--a Treaty of Peace--the lines were again drawn preparatory to another vote. The Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, took up the Lodge reservations, one after another, accepting some virtually without change, modifying or amplifying others, until all but Article X had been agreed upon.

Various new drafts of this reservation were suggested, both by Senators and by private citizens; some of these were voted on, but none could muster the votes necessary for adoption.

Early in March a compromise reservation was worked out by Republicans and Democrats, and this was made the occasion of an effort to induce the President to give his views on Article X. For convenience in comparison, Article X of the League of Nations, the original Lodge reservation, and the proposed compromise reservation, are reproduced herewith:

ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE

The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members of the League. In case of any such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

THE ORIGINAL LODGE RESERVATION

The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country or to interfere in controversies between nations--whether members of the League or not--under the provision of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall by act or joint resolution so provide.

THE PROPOSED COMPROMISE RESERVATION

The United States assumes no obligation to employ its military or naval forces, its resources, or the economic boycott to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any other article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war, shall, by act or joint resolution, so provide.

ARTICLE X, SAYS WILSON, NULLIFIES A SACRED OBLIGATION

The President expressed his views on Article X and the proposed reservations to it in a letter to Senator Hitchcock under date of March 8th, in which he said:

"There is no escaping the moral obligations which are expressed in positive terms in this article of the covenant. We won a moral victory over Germany, far greater even than the military victory won on the field of battle, because the opinion of the whole world swung to our support and the support of the nations associated with us in the great struggle. It did so because of our common profession and promise that we meant to establish 'an organization of peace which should make it certain that the combined power of free nations would check every invasion of right, and serve to make peace and justice the more secure by affording a definite tribunal of opinion to which all must submit and by which every international readjustment that cannot be amicably agreed upon by the peoples directly concerned shall be sanctioned.'

"This promise and assurance were written into the preliminaries of the armistice and into the preliminaries of the peace itself and constitute one of the most sacred obligations ever assumed by any nation or body of nations. It is unthinkable that America should set the example of ignoring such a solemn moral engagement.

"For myself, I feel that I could not look the soldiers of our gallant armies in the face again if I did not do everything in my power to remove every obstacle that lies in the way of the adoption of this particular article of the covenant, because we made these pledges to them as well as to the rest of the world, and it was to this cause they deemed themselves devoted in a spirit of crusaders. I should be forever unfaithful to them if I did not do my utmost to fulfill the high purpose for which they fought."

"A NEW DOCTRINE IN THE WORLD'S AFFAIRS"

The President said he regarded the stipulations as to constitutional methods required by the proposed compromise reservation as superfluous, because it was understood at Paris that whatever duties any nation undertook under the Treaty would as a matter of course "have to be fulfilled by its usual and established constitutional methods of action." He said further:

"Any reservation which seeks to deprive the League of Nations of the force of Article X. cuts at the very heart and life of the covenant itself. Any League of Nations which does not guarantee as a matter of incontestable right the political independence and integrity of each of its members might be hardly more than a futile scrap of paper, as ineffective in operation as the agreement between Belgium and Germany which the Germans violated in 1914.

"Article X. as written into the Treaty of Versailles represents the renunciation by Great Britain and Japan, which before the war had begun to find so many interests in common in the Pacific; by France, by Italy, by all the great fighting powers of the world, of the old pretensions of political conquest and territorial aggrandisement. It is a new doctrine in the world's affairs and must be recognized or there is no secure basis for the peace which the whole world so desperately needs.

"If Article X. is not adopted and acted upon, the Governments which reject it will, I think, be guilty of bad faith to their people, whom they induced to make the infinite sacrifices of the war by the pledge that they would be fighting to redeem the world from the old order of force and aggression. They will be acting also in bad faith to the opinion of the world at large, to which they appealed for support in a concerted stand against the aggressions and pretensions of Germany.

"If we were to reject Article X. or so to weaken it as to take its full force out of it, it would mark us as desiring to return to the old world of jealous rivalry and misunderstandings from which our gallant soldiers have rescued us and would leave us without any vision or new conception of justice and peace. We would have learned no lesson from the war, but gained only the regret that it had involved us in its maelstrom of suffering. If America has awakened, as the rest of the world has, to the vision of a new day in which the mistakes of the past are to be corrected, it will welcome the opportunity to share the responsibilities of Article X.

"It must not be forgotten, Senator, that the article constitutes a renunciation of all ambition on the part of powerful nations with whom we were associated in the war. It is by no means certain that without this article any such renunciation will take place. Militaristic ambitions and imperialistic policies are by no means dead, even in counsels of the nations whom we most trust and with whom we most desire to be associated in the tasks of peace.

DEMOCRACY VERSUS IMPERIALISM

"The choice is between two ideals; on the one hand, the ideal of democracy, which represents the rights of free peoples everywhere to govern themselves, and on the other hand the ideal of imperialism which seeks to dominate by force and unjust power, an ideal which is by no means dead and which is earnestly held in many quarters still.

"Every imperialistic influence in Europe was hostile to the embodiment of Article X. in the covenant of the League of Nations, and its defeat now would mark the complete consummation of their efforts to nullify the Treaty. I hold the doctrine of Article X. as the essence of Americanism. We cannot repudiate it or weaken it without at the same time repudiating our own principles.

"The imperialist wants no League of Nations, but if, in response to the universal cry of the masses everywhere, there is to be one, he is interested to secure one suited to his own purposes, one that will permit him to continue the historic game of pawns and peoples--the juggling of provinces, the old balances of power, and the inevitable wars attendant upon these things.

"The reservation proposed would perpetuate the old order. Does any one really want to see the old game played again? Can any one really venture to take part in reviving the old order? The enemies of a League of Nations have by every true instinct centered their efforts against Article X., for it is undoubtedly the foundation of the whole structure. It is the bulwark, and the only bulwark, of the rising democracy of the world against the forces of imperialism and reaction.

"Either we should enter the League fearlessly, accepting the responsibility and not fearing the rôle of leadership, which we now enjoy, contributing our efforts toward establishing a just and permanent peace, or we should retire as gracefully as possible from the great concert of powers, by which the world was saved. For my own part, I am not willing to trust to the counsel of diplomats the working out of any salvation of the world from the things which it has suffered."

ARTICLE X AS FINALLY ADOPTED

The Article X reservation was again rewritten and when finally adopted on March 15 by a vote of 56 to 26, read as follows:

The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States, under any article of the Treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the Constitution, has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so provide.

THE TREATY AGAIN REJECTED

All of the 14 reservations having been debated and adopted in the Senate, sitting in Committee of the Whole, a fifteenth reservation expressing sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people having been added, the resolution of ratification was introduced by Senator Lodge on March 19th. The vote stood: in favor of ratification, 49; against, 35. By this vote, the Treaty of Versailles was for the second time rejected. The resolution was supported by 28 Republicans and 21 Democrats, and opposed by 23 Democrats and 12 Republicans. The resolution lacked seven votes of the necessary two-thirds, and although it was a Republican measure, the opposition of the Republican "irreconcilables" or "bitter-enders" was sufficient to defeat it.

THE RESERVATIONS WHICH FAILED

Text of the Preamble and Fifteen Reservations as Adopted by the Senate Before the Final Vote on Ratification

Resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of the Treaty of Peace with Germany concluded at Versailles on the 28th day of June, 1919, subject to the following reservations and understandings, which are hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification, which ratification is not to take effect or bind the United States until the said reservations and understandings adopted by the Senate have been accepted as a part and a condition of this resolution of ratification by the Allied and Associated Powers, and a failure on the part of the Allied and Associated Powers to make objection to said reservations and understandings prior to the deposit of ratification by the United States shall be taken as a full and final acceptance of such reservations and understandings by said powers:

1. The United States so understands and construes Article I. that in case of notice of withdrawal from the League of Nations, as provided in said article, the United States shall be the sole judge as to whether all its international obligations and all its obligations under the said covenant have been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal by the United States may be given by a concurrent resolution of the Congress of the United States.

2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial integrity or political independence of any other country by the employment of its military or naval forces, its resources, or any form of economic discrimination, or to interfere in any way in controversies between nations, including all controversies relating to territorial integrity or political independence, whether members of the League or not, under the provisions of Article X., or to employ the military or naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty for any purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which under the Constitution has the sole power to declare war or authorize the employment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall, in the exercise of full liberty of action, by act or joint resolution so provide.

3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under Article XXII., Part 1, or any other provision of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, except by action of the Congress of the United States.

4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction and declares that all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, the tariff, commerce, the suppression of traffic in women and children and in opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions, are solely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under this Treaty to be submitted in any way either to arbitration or to the consideration of the council or of the Assembly of the League of Nations, or any agency thereof, or to the decision or recommendation of any other power.

5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by the Assembly or by the Council of the League of Nations, provided for in said Treaty of Peace, any questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or relate to its long established policy, commonly known as the Monroe Doctrine; said doctrine is to be interpreted by the United States alone and is hereby declared to be wholly outside the jurisdiction of said League of Nations and entirely unaffected by any provision contained in the said Treaty of Peace with Germany.

6. The United States withholds its assent to Articles 156, 157, and 158, and reserves full liberty of action with respect to any controversy which may arise under said articles.

7. No person is or shall be authorized to represent the United States, nor shall any citizen of the United States be eligible, as a member of any body or agency established or authorized by said Treaty of Peace with Germany except pursuant to an act of the Congress of the United States providing for his appointment and defining his powers and duties.

8. The United States understands that the Reparation Commission will regulate or interfere with exports from the United States to Germany, or from Germany to the United States, only when the United States by act or joint resolution of Congress approves such regulation or interference.

9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any expenses of the League of Nations, or of the Secretariat or of any commission, or committee, or conference, or other agency, organized under the League of Nations or under the Treaty or for the purpose of carrying out the Treaty provisions, unless and until an appropriation of funds available for such expenses shall have been made by the Congress of the United States; provided, that the foregoing limitation shall not apply to the United States' proportionate share of the expense of the office force and salary of the Secretary General.

10. No plan for the limitation of armaments as reported by the Council of the League of Nations under the provisions of Article 8 shall be held as binding the United States until the same shall have been accepted by Congress, and the United States reserves the right to increase its armament without the consent of the Council whenever the United States is threatened with invasion or engaged in war.

11. The United States reserves the right to permit, in its discretion, the nationals of a covenant-breaking state as defined in Article XVI. of the covenant of the League of Nations, residing within the United States or in countries other than such covenant-breaking state, to continue their commercial, financial and personal relations with the nationals of the United States.

12. Nothing in Articles 296, 297, or in any of the annexes thereto or in any other article, section, or annex of the Treaty of Peace with Germany shall, as against citizens of the United States be taken to mean any confirmation, ratification or approval of any act otherwise illegal or in contravention of the rights of citizens of the United States.

13. The United States withholds its assent to Part XIII. (Articles 337 to 427 inclusive), unless Congress by act or joint resolution shall hereafter make provision for representation in the organization established by said Part XIII., and in such event the participation of the United States will be governed and conditioned by the provisions of such act or joint resolution.

14. Until Part 1, being the covenant of the League of Nations, shall be so amended as to provide that the United States shall be entitled to cast a number of votes equal to that which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies or parts of empire, in the aggregate, shall be entitled to cast, the United States assumes no obligation to be bound, except in cases where Congress has previously given its consent, by any election, decision, report, or finding of the Council or Assembly in which any member of the League and its self-governing dominions, colonies, or parts of empire, in the aggregate, have cast more than one vote.

The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any decision, report, or finding of the Council or Assembly arising out of any dispute between the United States and any member of the League if such member or any self-governing dominion, colony, empire, or part of empire united with it politically has voted.

15. In consenting to the ratification of the Treaty with Germany the United States adheres to the principle of self-determination and to the resolution of sympathy with the aspirations of the Irish people for a government of their own choice adopted by the Senate June 6, 1919, and declares that when such government is attained by Ireland, a consummation which it is hoped is at hand, it should promptly be admitted as a member of the League of Nations.

The First Meeting of the Council of the League of Nations

Representatives of France, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Japan and Brazil, members of the Council of the League of Nations, met on January 16, 1920, in the "cloak room" of the French Foreign Office for the first meeting in the history of the League.

The Council organized by electing Leon Bourgeois Chairman and confirming the choice of Sir Eric Drummond of Great Britain as General Secretary. The first official act of the League Council was the appointment of a commission to trace upon the spot the frontiers of the territory of the Saar Basin.

All the members of the Council called for by the covenant of the League, with the exception of the representative of the United States, were present. Beside M. Bourgeois, the members were Earl Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, for Great Britain; Premier Venizelos, for Greece; Carlo Ferraris, Italian Minister of Industry, Commerce, Labor and Food, for Italy; Paul Hymans, the Belgian Foreign Minister, for Belgium; Baron Matsui, Ambassador to France, for Japan; Dr. Gastoa da Cunha, Ambassador to France, for Brazil; Count Quinones de Leon, Ambassador to France, for Spain.

PEACE BY CONGRESSIONAL ENACTMENT FAILS

President Wilson Vetoes Knox Resolution Declaring State of War Ended

The failure of the Peace Treaty of ratification for the second time on March 19, 1920, with the Lodge reservations attached, and the determined refusal of the Republican majority to ratify it in the form desired by President Wilson, showed quite conclusively that under existing political alignment no peace might be expected for the country through the Treaty of Versailles. The Republicans, therefore, turned their efforts in a new direction to bring about peace without yielding to the President.

On April 1st the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives reported favorably a joint resolution declaring the state of war between Germany and the United States at an end and terminating the operation of all Congressional acts and Presidential proclamations dependent for their duration on the termination of the war or of the "present or existing emergency." It gave Germany forty-five days in which similarly to declare the ending of the war with the United States, and to waive all claims against this country, which she would not have had the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles. For failure to comply with this provision, all commercial intercourse and the furnishing of loans and other financial assistance by this country to Germany were prohibited, except by license of the President. In answer to Democratic criticisms that the resolution was not only insincere, but also unconstitutional in arrogating to Congress the treaty-making power of the President, the Republican leaders conceded that, while the negotiation of peace terms rested with the President, the declaration of a status of peace was quite within the proper functions of Congress.

TEXT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION

The original resolution, as introduced in the House, read as follows:

WHEREAS the President of the United States, in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has ended;

_Resolved_, by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war declared to exist between the Imperial German Government and the people of the United States by a joint resolution of Congress, approved April 6, 1917, is hereby declared at an end.

Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the present war, or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of determination of the date of the termination of the war, or of the present or existing emergency.

Section 3--That, with a view to securing reciprocal trade with the German Government and its nationals, and for this purpose, it is hereby provided that unless within forty-five days from the date when this resolution becomes effective the German Government shall duly notify the President of the United States that it has declared a termination of the war with the United States and that it waives and renounces on behalf of itself and its nationals any claim, demand, right or benefit against the United States, or its nationals, that it or they would not have the right to assert had the United States ratified the Treaty of Versailles, the President of the United States shall have the power, and it shall be his duty, to proclaim the fact that the German Government has not given the notification hereinbefore mentioned, and thereupon, and until the President shall have proclaimed the receipt of such notification, commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany and the making of loans or credits, and the furnishing of financial assistance or supplies to the German Government or the inhabitants of Germany, directly or indirectly, by the Government or the inhabitants of the United States, shall, except with the license of the President, be prohibited.

Section 4--That whoever shall willfully violate the foregoing prohibition, whenever the same shall be in force, shall upon conviction be fined not more than $10,000, or, if a natural person, imprisoned for not more than two years, or both; and the officer, director or agent of any corporation who knowingly participates in such violation shall be punished by a like fine, imprisonment, or both, and any property, funds, securities, papers, or other articles or documents, or any vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, furniture, and equipment, concerned in such violation, shall be forfeited to the United States.

Section 5--That nothing herein contained shall be construed as a waiver by the United States of its rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages to which the United States has become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or which were acquired by or are in the possession of the United States by reason of its participation in the war or otherwise; and all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States are hereby ratified, confirmed, and maintained.

MINORITY OPPOSITION

The Democratic members of the Foreign Affairs Committee presented a minority report severely arraigning the Republican majority both for the spirit and the provisions of the resolution, which, the report contended, "outrageously surrendered" American rights and, by the spirit in which it was conceived, laid open its authors to the charge of "sharp practice." The chief points made in the minority report were:

"The preamble states that the President of the United States, in the performance of his constitutional duty to give to Congress information of the state of the Union, has advised Congress that the war with the Imperial German Government has ended. At no time and under no circumstances has the President made any such assertion.

"It is true that, on the signing of the armistice, the President, in the course of an address to Congress, used the words, 'the war thus comes to an end.' But he spoke of actual hostilities, as every one knew, and not of the technical state of war.

"It takes a treaty to end a war. Hostilities had ceased, but the war had not ended, and will not end until it is terminated in a constitutional manner. The drafters of the resolution and the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs who voted for it knew that this was the case.

"By quoting this statement of the President as the basis for this resolution the authors of the resolution lay themselves open to the charge of insincerity and sharp practice. The President never declared that the technical state of war which this resolution undertakes to declare at an end had come to an end, and the Supreme Court of the United States has recently declared that what the President had done did not announce the termination of the war.[32]

[32] The reference is to the Supreme Court decision on the question of war-time prohibition in the Kentucky distilleries case.

"This resolution contains some provisions that are within the power of Congress, and others that are not. So far as it seeks to declare peace, and so far as it seeks to direct the President to issue a proclamation to the German Government, it trenches upon the treaty-making powers and is not within the power of Congress.

"So far as it prohibits the United States citizens and residents from commercial intercourse with Germany or its nationals, and provides penalties for the violation of such restriction, it is valid. So far as it attempts to repeal war legislation, it is, of course, within the power of Congress."

With regard to Section 2, which fixed the date of the termination of the war as the date when the resolution shall become effective, the report said:

"There is much war and emergency legislation that should be repealed. This section does not repeal this legislation, however, and it gives no relief from the burdens, inconveniences, extravagances and losses which come from the existence of this legislation. Much of this legislation is burdensome, and oppressive in time of peace.

"Congress has the power to repeal it, and it should address itself to this task instead of frittering away its time in attempting to pass unconstitutional legislation for the purpose of embarrassing the executive department of the Government, or for some other political purpose."

Objection was raised against Section 3 for not adequately protecting American rights. The report, which was presented by Representative Flood, observed on this subject:

"The first thought which comes to one's mind in connection with this section is that it gives to Germany and her nationals all the rights they would have had if the United States had ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Without the provisions of the treaty great uncertainty prevails as to the title to and right to use German ships. The Versailles Treaty contains Germany's assent to the use of the property seized by the Alien Property Custodian, amounting to more than $500,000,000, to pay claims of the United States against Germany. This resolution does not pretend to accomplish this result.

"If we are dependent for a status of peace upon this resolution, I fail to see how we could be able to demand reimbursement for the cost of our army of occupation.

"Under the treaty Germany can become a League of Nations member, and, having under this resolution all the rights it would have had under the treaty when it became a member of the League, it would be entitled to assert against the United States the same rights which any other nation could assert, had our country ratified the treaty. We would thus be in the position of being compelled to protect the independence and territorial integrity of Germany against the aggressions of any or all of our allies.

"Section 5 is an attempt to preserve something out of the wreck of American rights which have been so outrageously surrendered in former sections of the resolution."

RESOLUTION PASSES HOUSE, 242 TO 150

The first test of strength between the supporters and the opponents of the resolution came on April 8th, when a rule limiting debate was adopted by a nearly strict party vote of 214 to 155, the Republicans, as were to be expected, supporting, and the Democrats opposing the rule. The vote on the resolution itself came next day, April 9th, when, after a flow of oratory characterized chiefly by bitterly partisan attacks from both sides of the House, the resolution was adopted by a vote of 242 to 150. Twenty-two Democrats joined the Republicans in voting for it, and two Republicans broke party lines in opposing it. Despite the comfortable majority, however, the result showed that without the President's approval efforts to declare peace by Congressional action would prove futile, since the vote lacked twenty of the two-thirds majority necessary to override a veto.

SENATE TAKES UP FIGHT TO FORCE PEACE

The scene now shifted to the Senate. Here the fortunes of the resolution were placed in the hands of Senator Philander C. Knox, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of State in President Taft's cabinet and a recognized authority on international law. Senator Knox redrafted the House resolution so as to repeal specifically the joint resolutions of war against Germany on April 6, 1917, and against Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, and thus, by annulling Congressional action declaring a state of war, to re-establish _status quo ante bellum_.

Such a solution of the problem, it was felt, did not encroach at all upon the President's right of making treaties. In fact, the resolution specifically requested the President to open negotiations for the purpose of establishing friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany, and the United States and the successors of the Austro-Hungarian government. The resolution also provided for the retention by the United States government of all enemy property seized during the war until all American claims against enemy governments had been settled, and declared further that, although the United States had not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nevertheless it did not waive any of the "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages" stipulated for its benefit in the terms of that document.

TEXT OF ORIGINAL KNOX RESOLUTION

The text of the Knox resolution, as favorably reported to the Senate on April 30th by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, read:

Joint resolution repealing the joint resolution of April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and Germany, and the joint resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Government.

_Resolved_ by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the joint resolution of Congress passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby declared at an end.

Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government or its successor or successors, and of all German nationalists which was on April 6, 1917, in or has since that date come into the possession or under control of the Government of the United States or of any of its officers, agents, or employees, from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German Government has by treaty with the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage or injury to persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations, or otherwise, and until the German Government has given further undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation, commerce, and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in respect to the property of the German government or German nationalists, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.

To these ends, and for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and Germany, the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the Government of Germany.

Section 2--That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the present war or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective, shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution providing any other mode of determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency.

Section 3--That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations, or advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which, under the Treaty of Versailles, have been stipulated for its benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which it is entitled.

Section 4--That the joint resolution of Congress, approved December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be and the same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.

A DEMOCRAT PAYS HIS RESPECTS TO REPUBLICANS

The attitude of leaders of the Democratic party on Republican maneuvers to force peace by Congressional action was indicated by a statement issued by Homer S. Cummings, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, in which the Knox resolution was characterized as "renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the Republican party," and which, according to Mr. Cummings, proposed dishonor in the name of peace. As reported in the press, the statement said:

"The so-called Knox peace resolution, which has just been reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is renewed evidence of the moral leprosy which is eating out the heart of the Republican party. In the name of peace it proposes dishonor.

"An analysis of the resolution discloses that:

"First, it recognizes the defect in the recent House resolution, which attempted to make a separate treaty with Germany by act of Congress.

"Second, as an alternative proposition, it requests the President to commence negotiations for a separate peace with Germany.

"Third, it seeks to terminate, by a paper resolution, a state of war without protecting American rights.

"Fourth, it attempts to take advantage of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles without becoming a party to that treaty and,

"Fifth, it requests the President to negotiate a separate peace with Austria.

"These are the outstanding features of the resolution. If any group of leaders a year ago had dared to suggest that we should abandon our allies and negotiate a separate treaty of peace, they would have found themselves isolated and discredited. Republican leaders have lost their moral sense in their mad lust for power.

"There has not been one moment since November, 1918, during which America has not suffered in honor, prestige, and power, as the result of the elections of that year. Since that time everything has been in confusion, and the frantic attempt of Republican leaders to find a legal method in which to do the dishonorable thing merely adds to the confusion. There is but one clear path of duty. It is likewise the path of honor and of peace and of permanent security.

"The path lies straight before us, and consists simply in ratifying the treaty of peace which our companions in arms have already ratified. The more the matter is debated the more it will become apparent that there are no substitutes for the requirements of plain duty and American honor."

KNOX URGES SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY

On May 5th the debate on the resolution was opened in the Senate with a carefully prepared speech by Senator Knox, which outlined in detail arguments not only for the propriety and validity of the resolution, but for the absolute necessity of its adoption. Senator Knox contended that the war had ended, in fact and in law; that the objects for which the United States had entered the struggle had been achieved; that a "power-maddened administration" was continuing the technical state of war solely for the purpose of coercing the Senate into ratifying the Versailles Treaty, which had been universally discredited in all its parts; and that, since there was no hope of co-operation from the President, Congress must find means of ending the technical state of war independently of him. Said Senator Knox:

"The welfare and safety of the nation imperatively demands that we know we have peace. The whole world seethes with revolution. Our own nation is in ferment and turmoil. Force and strife are rampant and threaten the destruction not only of our property, but of our free institutions and even of our very lives. And yet we stand, and have stood for months, as a rudderless ship foundering in the trough of tremendous seas. We must not dare longer to delay a return to the ordered government of peace. As a preliminary step, the Executive must be returned to his peace-time powers and prerogatives. Need, propriety, wisdom, cannot question this. The resolution before us is designed to bring us to this.

WILSON TO BLAME

"The course of the President ever since he cruised to Europe to participate in the Peace Conference leaves no chance for doubt that he will continue hereafter as heretofore to thwart, so far as he is able, every attempt on the part of the Senate, the Congress, or the people, to take any action immediately or remotely affecting, in however slight a degree, through change or modification, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as it came to us fresh from his signature. He preferred to keep the country in an alleged state of war for now almost a year rather than abate one jot or tittle of the full measure his isolated will had set for the nation. Constitutional order, lawful functions, rights and duties of position, oaths of office as affecting the members of this body, he has noticed only to bring into contempt. He has conjured up every power within the whole vast executive domain in his efforts to compel this Senate to surrender its will and judgment to him, to become mere automatons to register his mandate--to approve this treaty in its last minutiæ of detail as he sent it to us.

"Now, in the face of this situation, it will be idle for us to pass any resolution looking to the immediate establishment of peace that does not contemplate the unqualified acceptance of the treaty, if that resolution requires from the President the performance of any act or duty in order to secure peace, because if we do, he will, if the statements of his representatives are accepted, so delay or ignore that act or duty as to defeat the end and purpose of our action, for in his opinion wisdom lies only in following the behests of his will. Therefore, if the resolution is to be effective, it must be self-operative. Nothing necessary to the bringing of peace must be left for his accomplishment.

WHY UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR

"Our purposes, as stated by the President, were three-fold:

"First, the defeat and elimination of the Imperial German Government and Prussian autocracy;

"Next, the liberation from their yoke of despotism of the Germans themselves--for whom we had nothing but sympathy and friendship--to the end that they might be masters of their own fates and fortunes; and

"Lastly, the establishment, as sincere friends of the German people, of intimate relations of mutual advantage between them and us.

"In so far as my information goes, the German Government never declared war against the United States. They merely accepted the status which this declaration recognized and probably created; for it must be remembered that while we interpreted, and rightly so, that German submarine warfare, as directed against the United States, was illegal, constituting acts of war, the German Government never acquiesced in that view and, on the contrary, maintained the legality of all general measures taken.

"The Imperial German Government, against whom we declared war, did cease to exist at the time of the signing of the armistice, leaving us from thence on without any titular enemy against which to wage a war unless we were warring with the German people, and we have clearly estopped ourselves to make such a contention.

"Thus from this point of view also the armistice brought us not alone the end of hostilities, but the actual peace. There remained only the making of arrangements covering the ordinary peace-time intercourse.

WAR AT END, IN FACT AND IN LAW

"As a matter of law and of fact we are at peace with Germany; first, because of the terms of the armistice of November 11, 1918, its amendments and renewals; second, because of the 'silent ceasing' of hostilities; third, because of the disappearance, the extinction of the Government against which we declared war, and fourth, because of the negotiation by us and our allies or associates in the war with the people who were lately our enemies, and the ratification by our allies or associates and our enemies, of a treaty of peace which specifically provides both for the termination of hostilities to be followed by a resumption of diplomatic relations, and also for the status that should exist during our future peace-time intercourse; which treaty is now in force and observed everywhere except in the United States, and has in fact and in international law brought peace to the whole world, including ourselves.

"Having thus in law and in fact international peace, having nothing left but a domestic status of war created by a legislative declaration of war, with no hostilities heretofore or now existent or possible in the territory over which this paper-war status exists, it is not only legally sound, but economically, morally, and patriotically necessary and indispensable that we at once repeal the declaration of war and so immediately end the despotic war powers with which a power-maddened administration continues to misrule this great people.

VERSAILLES TREATY IMPOSSIBLE

"To what end has all this juggling with obvious facts and universally recognized principles been maintained? The answer is easy and known to all. The purpose has been to coerce the Senate to approve the Treaty of Versailles--a treaty that is almost universally discredited in all its parts. The majority of its negotiators concede this. Its economic terms are impossible; its League of Nations is an aggravated imitation of the worst features of the ill-fated and foolish Holy Alliance of a century ago. It promises little but mischief unless recast on such radical lines as will entirely obliterate its identity.

"Wisdom requires the negotiation of a separate treaty between the United States and Germany, which should provide reciprocal rights and obligations between us and that country alone."

KNOX RESOLUTION PASSES BOTH HOUSES

In the course of its consideration in the Senate, the provision of the resolution requesting the President to negotiate a separate treaty with Germany was eliminated, but the request for a treaty with the successors of the Austro-Hungarian government was retained. In its amended form the resolution was brought to a decision in the Senate on May 15th, and adopted by a vote of 43 to 38, three Democrats voting with its supporters and one Republican with the opposition.

As the text of the Knox resolution adopted by the Senate differed from the measure which had been passed by the House of Representatives on April 9th, the House, to expedite matters, dropped its own resolution, and passed, on May 21st, the Senate draft by a vote of 228 to 139, seventeen short of the two-thirds majority necessary to override the expected Presidential veto.

TEXT OF AMENDED RESOLUTION

The text of the peace resolution as passed by the Senate and later concurred in by the House of Representatives, read as follows:

The joint resolution of Congress, passed April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the Imperial German Government and the Government and people of the United States, and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed and said state of war is hereby declared at an end.

Provided, however, that all property of the Imperial German Government, or its successor or successors, and of all German nationals which was on April 6, 1917, is or has since that date come into the possession or under control of the Government of the United States or any of its officers, agents or employees from any source or by any agency whatsoever, shall be retained by the United States and no disposition thereof made, except as shall specifically be hereafter provided by Congress, until such time as the German Government has, by treaty with the United States, ratification whereof is to be made by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, made suitable provisions for the satisfaction of all claims against the German Government of all persons, wheresoever domiciled, who owe permanent allegiance to the United States, whether such persons have suffered through the acts of the German Government or its agents since July 31, 1914, loss, damage, or injury to their persons or property, directly or indirectly, through the ownership of shares of stock in German, American, or other corporations, or have suffered damage directly in consequence of hostilities or any operations of war, or otherwise, or until the German Government has given further undertakings and made provisions by treaty, to be ratified by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for granting to persons owing permanent allegiance to the United States, most favored nation treatment, whether the same be national or otherwise, in all matters affecting residence, business, profession, trade, navigation, commerce and industrial property rights, and confirming to the United States all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and seizures imposed or made by the United States during the war, whether in respect to the property of the German Government or German nationals, and waiving any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any time before the coming into force of such treaty, any existing treaty between the United States and Germany to the contrary notwithstanding.

That in the interpretation of any provision relating to the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency in any acts of Congress, joint resolutions or proclamations of the President containing provisions contingent upon the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, the date when this resolution becomes effective shall be construed and treated as the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency, notwithstanding any provision in any act of Congress or joint resolution, providing any other mode of determining the date of the termination of the war or of the present or existing emergency.

That until by treaty or act or joint resolution of Congress it shall be determined otherwise, the United States, although it has not ratified the Treaty of Versailles, does not waive any of the rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages to which it and its nationals have become entitled under the terms of the armistice signed November 11, 1918, or any extensions or modifications thereof or which under the Treaty of Versailles have been stipulated for its benefit as one of the principal allied and associated powers and to which it is entitled.

That the joint resolution of Congress approved December 7, 1917, declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same, be, and the same is hereby repealed, and said state of war is hereby declared at an end, and the President is hereby requested immediately to open negotiations with the successor or successors of said Government for the purpose of establishing fully friendly relations and commercial intercourse between the United States and the Governments and peoples of Austria and Hungary.

PRESIDENT'S VETO

The resolution now came before the President for his signature. On May 27th he returned it to the House without his approval, and in an accompanying message explained the reasons for his veto. The President did not touch upon the question of constitutionality which had been raised frequently during the debates, but gave as his chief reason refusal to become party to an action which, he felt, would place "ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States."

Following is the text of President Wilson's message vetoing the peace resolution:

"_To the House of Representatives:_

"I return herewith, without my signature, House Joint Resolution 327, intended to repeal the Joint Resolution of April 6, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and Germany, and the Joint Resolution of December 7, 1917, declaring a state of war to exist between the United States and the Austro-Hungarian Government, and to declare a state of peace. I have not felt at liberty to sign this resolution because I cannot bring myself to become party to an action which would place ineffaceable stain upon the gallantry and honor of the United States.

"The resolution seeks to establish peace with the German Empire without exacting from the German Government any action by way of setting right the infinite wrongs which it did to the peoples whom it attacked and whom we professed it our purpose to assist when we entered the war. Have we sacrificed the lives of more than one hundred thousand Americans and ruined the lives of thousands of others and brought upon thousands of American families an unhappiness that can never end for purposes which we do not now care to state or take further steps to attain?

"The attainment of these purposes is provided for in the Treaty of Versailles by terms deemed adequate by the leading statesmen and experts of all the great peoples who were associated in the war against Germany. Do we now not care to join in the effort to secure them?

"We entered the war most reluctantly. Our people were profoundly disinclined to take part in a European war, and at last did so, only because they became convinced that it could not in truth be regarded as only a European war, but must be regarded as a war in which civilization itself was involved and human rights of every kind as against a belligerent Government. Moreover, when we entered the war we set forth very definitely the purposes for which we entered, partly because we did not wish to be considered as merely taking part in a European contest. This Joint Resolution which I return does not seek to accomplish any of these objects, but in effect makes a complete surrender of the rights of the United States so far as the German Government is concerned.

"A treaty of peace was signed at Versailles on the twenty-eighth of June last which did seek to accomplish the objects which we had declared to be in our minds, because all the great Governments and peoples which united against Germany had adopted our declarations of purpose as their own and had in solemn form embodied them in communications to the German Government preliminary to the armistice of November 11, 1918. But the treaty, as signed at Versailles, has been rejected by the Senate of the United States, though it has been ratified by Germany. By that rejection and by its methods we had in effect declared that we wish to draw apart and pursue objects and interests of our own, unhampered by any connections of interest or of purpose with other Governments and peoples.

"Notwithstanding the fact that upon our entrance into the war we professed to be seeking to assist in the maintenance of common interests, nothing is said in this resolution about the freedom of navigation upon the seas, or the reduction of armaments, or the vindication of the rights of Belgium, or the rectification of wrongs done to France, or the release of the Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire from the intolerable subjugation which they have had for so many generations to endure, or the establishment of an independent Polish State, or the continued maintenance of any kind of understanding among the great powers of the world which would be calculated to prevent in the future such outrages as Germany attempted and in part consummated.

"We have now, in effect, declared that we do not care to take any further risks or to assume any further responsibilities with regard to the freedom of nations or the sacredness of international obligations or the safety of independent peoples. Such a peace with Germany--a peace in which none of the essential interests which we had at heart when we entered the war is safeguarded--_is_, or ought to be, inconceivable, as inconsistent with the dignity of the United States, with the rights and liberties of her citizens, and with the very fundamental conditions of civilization.

"I hope that in these statements I have sufficiently set forth the reasons why I have felt it incumbent upon me to withhold my signature.

WOODROW WILSON. THE WHITE HOUSE, _May 27, 1920._"

Next day, May 28th, the resolution was brought before the House in an attempt to repass it over the veto, but the vote, 219 to 152, lacked twenty-nine of the necessary two-thirds majority. On the original House resolution, passed April 9th, the vote had been 242 to 150, and on the Knox resolution, passed by the House on May 21st, 228 to 139. A few days later Congress adjourned until the winter session in December.

THE MAP OF EUROPE REMADE

Proposed Form of Government, Countries from Which Formed and Ethnic or Racial Stock of Newly Established Political Units Resulting from the World War.

(From a paper prepared in January, 1920, by O. P. Austin, Statistical Department, National City Bank.)

========================================================================= |[33]Area | [33] | Date |Form of |Countries |Ethnic or | |Population|estab-|Govern- |from which | Racial | | |lished|ment |formed | Stock ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Poland | 141,854|36,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic, | | | 1916 | |Germany, | Semitic | | | | |Austria- | | | | | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Czecho- | 60,000|13,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria- | Slavic Slovakia | | | 1918 | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Jugo-Slavia | 85,000|10,500,000|Oct., |Kingdom |Hung, | Slavic, | | | 1918 | |Serbia, | Serbs, | | | | |Bosnia, | Croats | | | | |Herzegovina, | | | | |Mont. | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ukrainia | 215,000|30,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia, | Slavic | | | 1917 | |Austria- | | | | | |Hungary | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Esthonia | 7,300| 1,750,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Livonia | 17,000| 1,650,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Courland | 10,000| 600,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Letvia | 9,000| 1,500,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Letts | | | 1918 | | | (Balto- | | | | | | Slavs) ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Lithuania | 90,000|10,000,000|Apr., |Republic |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 | | |Germania ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- White Russia| 140,000| 5,000,000| May, |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- North Russia| 275,000| 400,000|Nov., |Military |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 |Gov | | Finns ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rus. Fed. | Undet'd | Undet'd |Nov., |Soviet Rep|Russia | Slavic Soviet Rep | | | 1917 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Don Rep | 63,000| 4,000,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 |Gov | | Cossack ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kuban Rep | 36,000| 3,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Russia | Slavic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Tauride Rep | 23,000| 1,800,000|Mar., |Republic |Russia | Slavic, | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Terek Rep | 28,000| 1,300,000|Sept.,|Republic |Russia | Turko- | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Tatar- | 175,000| 9,000,000|Oct., |Military |Russia | Turko- Bashkir Rep | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Yakutsk Rep |1,000,000| 400,000| May, |Military |Siberian | Yakuts, | | | 1918 | |Russia | Cossack ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | Undet'd | Undet'd |Dec., |Military |Siberian | Slav, Siberia | | 1917 | |Russia | Mongol, | | | | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | 40,000| 2,500,000|Jan., |Republic |Russia, |Georgian, Georgia | | | 1918 | |Turkey | Armenian ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep. of | 400,000| 6,500,000|Jan., |Military |Russia | Turko- Turkestan | | | 1918 | | | Tartar ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Eastern | 68,000| 250,000| May, |Military |Russia | Balto- Karelia | | | 1919 | | | Slavic ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Finland | 125,000| 3,500,000|Dec., |Republic |Russia | Finns | | | 1917 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Murman | 35,000| 100,000|July, |Military |Russian | Finns Region | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German Rep | 175,000|60,000,000|Nov., |Republic |Germany | Germanic | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Rep of | 28,000|10,000,000|Oct., |Republic |Austria | Germanic German | | | 1918 | | | Austria | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Hungarian | 32,000| 9,000,000|Nov., |Soviet |Hungary | Magyar Rep | | | 1918 |Rep. | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- [34]Rumania | 110,000|12,500,000| |Kingdom |Rumania, |Rumanian, | | | 1919 | |Hungary, | Magyar | | | | |Bessarabia | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Turkey in | 10,000| 1,900,000| |Undet'd |Turkey | Turkish Europe | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Anatolia, | 145,000| 5,000,000| |Undet'd |Turkey | Turkish Asia Minor | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Armenia, | 75,000| 2,500,000|Aug., |Undet'd |Turkey |Armenians Asia Minor | | | 1918 | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Mesopotamia,| 143,000| 2,000,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks, Asia Minor | | | |Admin. | | Arabs, | | | | | | Persian ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Syria, Asia | 37,000| 1,000,000| 1919 |Undet'd |Turkey | Syrian, Minor | | | | | | Turkish ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Palestine, | 16,000| 500,000| 1917 |British |Turkey | Turks, Asia Minor | | | |Admin. | | Arabs, | | | | | | Jews ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kingdom of | 96,500| 300,000|June, |Kingdom |Turkey | Arabs, Hejaz | | | 1916 | | | Turks ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Nejd & Hasa,| No data | No data | 1913 |Emirate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Jebel | No data | No data | 1918 |Emirate |Turkey | Bedouin Shammar, | | | | | | Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Asir, Arabia| No data | No data | 1918 |Principate|Turkey | Arabs ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Yemen, | No data | No data | 1918 |Imamate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Koweit, | No data | No data | 1918 |Sultanate |Turkey | Arabs Arabia | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Oman, Arabia| 82,000| 500,000| 1913 |G. Brit & |Turkey | Arabs | | | |France | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Egypt | 350,000|12,000,000| 1914 |Great |Turkey | Egyptian | | | |Britain | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German East | 384,000| 8,000,000| 1918 |Great |German | Bantu Africa | | | |Britain |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- German S. W.| 322,000| 200,000| 1915 |British S.|German Hottentots Africa | | | |Africa |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kamerun | 191,000| 2,500,000| 1916 |British & |German | Sudanese | | | |French |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Togo | 33,000| 1,000,000| 1914 |Allied Mil|German | Hamitic | | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kaiser | 70,000| 250,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay Wilhelm Land| | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. Samoan | 1,200| 40,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Samoan Islands | | | | |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Nauru | [35] | | 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Samoan Islands | | | |British |Colony | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. S. | 15,000| 350,000| 1918 |Australia |German | Malay Pacific | | | |Japan |Colony | Islands | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Ger. N. | 5,000| 600,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Malay Pacific | | | |Japan |Colony | Islands | | | | | | ------------+---------+----------+------+----------+-----------+--------- Kiau Chau | 200| 200,000| 1918 |Mandate-- |German | Chinese | | | |Japan |Colony | =========================================================================

[33] Latest available estimate.

[34] Enlarged by absorption of Hungarian territory.

[35] A small island in the Marshall Group occupied as a wireless station; also known as Pleasant Island.

OUR PART IN WINNING THE WAR

Official Figures That Reveal the Enormous Contribution of This Country in Men, Money and Supplies

FIGURES OF AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR[36] Revised to August 1, 1919

Total armed forces, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps, etc. 4,800,000 Total men in the Army 4,000,000 Men who went overseas 2,086,000 Men who fought in France 1,390,000 Greatest number sent in one month 306,000 Greatest number returning in one month 333,000 Tons of supplies shipped from America to France 7,500,000 Total registered in draft 24,234,021 Total draft inductions 2,810,296 Greatest number inducted in one month 400,000 Graduates of Line Officers' Training Schools 80,568 Cost of war to April 30, 1919 $21,850,000,000

Cost of Army to April 30, 1919 $13,930,000,000 Battles fought by American troops 13 Months of American participation in the war 19 Days of battle 200 Days of duration of Meuse-Argonne battle 47 Americans in Meuse-Argonne battle 1,200,000 American casualties in Meuse-Argonne battle 120,000 American battle deaths in war 50,300 American wounded in war 205,690 American deaths from disease 57,500 Total deaths in the Army 115,500

[36] From the _War with Germany_--A STATISTICAL SUMMARY, by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, U. S. A. (For statistics of American casualties revised to the end of 1919, see Vol. III, pp. 403-6.)

The part played by the United States in the war is statistically and graphically summarized in a compact little book prepared by Colonel Leonard P. Ayres of the Statistical Staff of the War Department. Attentively as the public may have followed the published reports of the many progressive steps and stages of our preparation for and participation in the war, much of the matter in _The War With Germany--A Statistical Summary_ will have surprising interest. It is the first time a comprehensive view of the character and magnitude of our war activities has been made possible through anything so concrete and authoritative. The data were obtained from official reports, during the war, to the President, Secretary of War and Chief-of-Staff from the American Peace Commission in Paris, from the files of the Supreme War Council in Versailles, and other sources; and though, as Colonel Ayres states, it was still impossible to get final figures on some points or wholly reliable ones on others, care was taken to insure the degree of reliability reasonably practicable. The diagrams, figures and other information presented here and elsewhere in this volume are reproduced from Colonel Ayres' _Summary_, second edition, revised to August 1, 1919.

THE SELECTIVE SERVICE

"The willingness," Colonel Ayres says, "with which the American people accepted the universal draft was the most remarkable feature in the history of our preparation for war. It is a noteworthy evidence of the enthusiastic support given the war program that, despite the previous hostility to the principle of universal liability for military service, a few months after the selective service law was passed, the standing of the drafted soldier was fully as honorable in the estimation of his companions and of the country in general as was that of the man who enlisted voluntarily. Moreover, the record of desertions from the Army shows that the total was smaller than in previous wars and a smaller percentage occurred among drafted men than among those who volunteered. The Selective Service Law was passed on May 19, 1917, and as subsequently amended, it mobilized all the man power of the nation from the ages of 18 to 45 inclusive. Under this act, 24,234,021 men were registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service on the first draft. But during the war, from April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918, about 4,000,000 served in the Army of the United States." The total number serving the armed forces of the country, including Army, Navy, Marine Corps and other services, amounted to 4,800,000. Approximately five men out of every 100 citizens were in arms. Of these, 2,086,000, constituting the American Expeditionary Force, were in service on the Western front. Those who saw actual fighting were 1,390,000.

It is interesting in this connection to record the fact that in our greatest previous war, the Civil War, 2,400,000 men served in the Northern Armies and in the Navy. In that struggle 10 men in each 100 inhabitants of the Northern States served as soldiers or sailors.

The fact is pointed out by Colonel Ayres that though the British sent to France more men in their first year than we did in our first year, it took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France whereas the United States reached that strength in France in a year and a half. But as an offset, it must be borne in mind that the British had to use men from the beginning to fill terrible casualty gaps, which was not the case with the American steadily building forces, and that the British also were sending men to several other battle fronts than those of France.

HOW THE DRAFT WAS MADE UP

Under the draft, registrants were subjected to a preliminary examination by the local boards to determine who were not of sufficient soundness and vigor for military life. Those accepted as qualified for service were sent to training camps where they underwent a second examination and rejections were made of those in any serious way defective. The not surprising result of the examinations was the demonstration that men representing the highest order of physical condition came from agricultural districts, the country bred boys far excelling those reared in the city. Taken by States it is noteworthy that men from the Middle West and those from Kentucky and Arkansas of the Southern States had the highest record, their physical condition enabling 70 to 80 percent. to pass the two examinations. The lowest percentage was in the New England States, in New York, in Michigan and in Western States that have for years been health resorts, where subnormal persons from all over the country resort. The percentage of men from those states who passed the two examinations was but 50 to 59. The intermediate ranges were 60 to 69. Under the two examinations not only did country boys make a better showing than city boys (100,000 country boys would furnish for military service 4,700 more soldiers than would an equal number of city boys), but the white registrants were better than the colored, the native-born better than the alien-born. Under the analysis 100,000 whites would furnish 1,240 more soldiers than would an equal number of colored; and 100,000 native-born would yield 3,500 more soldiers than would the like number of foreign-born. As 3,500 men are equivalent to an infantry regiment at full war strength, the value of these differences can be appreciated.

About 200,000 commissioned officers were required for the Army. Less than 9,000 were in the Federal Service at the beginning of the war,--5,791 were Regulars and 3,199 were officers of the National Guard in Federal Service. Thus out of every six officers one had had previous training in the army, Guard or ranks; three trained for their commissions in officers' training camps; two went from civil life into the army with little or no military training--the latter being in the majority physicians, ministers or technical men.

CAMPS AND TRAINING

Shelter was constructed in a few months for the accommodation of 1,800,000 men under training. For the National Guard and National Army divisions there were 16 camps and 16 cantonments, chiefly in the North. For National Guard Units organized during the summer of 1917 there were canvas camps in the South. One division, the Rainbow, required no training field, as it was assembled directly at Camp Mills for early transportation to France. The average American soldier who went to France received six months' training before he sailed and two months more in a quiet sector after reaching France, before entering the battle line.

The infantry soldier was trained in the division, the American typical unit, composed of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Before the signing of the armistice there had been trained and sent overseas 42 divisions, the training of 12 more was well advanced and 4 others were being organized. Had the war continued this country would have had 80 divisions overseas before July, 1919, and 100 by the end of that year.

This country had the benefit in its training camps of 547 of the ablest French and English officers who had seen service on the Western front and were sent over to bring to the training of our men the approved methods developed in the experiences of the war. There were besides 226 non-commissioned British officers detailed as instructors. Colonel Ayres says they rendered services out of all proportion to their number, being a significant contribution to our training program.

GETTING THE TROOPS OVER

Especially impressive are the figures dealing with troop movements:

"During our nineteen months of war more than 2,000,000 American soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went over in the first thirteen months, the others in the last six months.

"The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918, when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and June, 1919, when 364,000 were brought home to America.

"Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York. Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in France.

"Among every 100 Americans who went over forty-nine went in British ships, forty-five in American ships, three in Italian, two in French, and one in Russian shipping under English control.

"Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every seventy days and our troopships one complete trip every thirty-five days.

"The cargo fleet was almost exclusively American. It reached the size of 2,700,000 dead-weight tons and carried to Europe about 7,500,000 tons of cargo.

"The greatest troopship among all the ships has been the _Leviathan_, which landed 12,000 men (the equivalent of a German division) in France every month.

"The fastest transports have been the _Great Northern_ and the _Northern Pacific_, which have made complete turn-arounds, taken on new troops and started back again in nineteen days."

TRANSPORTATION EXTRAORDINARY

_Apropos_ of the rapid transportation Colonel Ayres says:

"In June (1918) with the German drives in full swing, the Allies called on us to continue the extraordinary transportation of troops begun in April. The early movement had been met by filling up the divisions that sailed with the best trained men wherever they could be found. Divisions embarked after July 1 had to meet shortages with men called to the colors in the spring. By November the average period of training in the United States had been shortened to close to four months, and the average for the period July 1 to Nov. 11 was probably five months.

"In the last months of the war, the induction of men was carried forward at top speed and every device was used for hastening training. The result fully justified the effort. Into the great Meuse-Argonne offensive we were able to throw a force of 1,200,000 men, while we had many thousands of troops engaged in other parts of the line. Our training camp officers stood up to the test; our men with their intensive drilling in open-order fighting, which has characterized American training, routed the best of the German divisions from the Argonne Forest and the Valley of the Meuse."

FEEDING AND CLOTHING PROBLEMS

When an army is 3,000 or 4,000 miles from its sources of supply the amounts of supplies in reserve and in transit are enormous as compared with the quantities actually consumed each month. As an example the army purchases of blankets in 1918 were two and one-quarter times as great as the entire American production in 1914. Put differently, the blankets bought in one year for the use of 4,000,000 or 5,000,000 soldiers would have been sufficient to make good the normal consumption of blankets by 100,000,000 American civilians for two and a quarter years. So proportionately with other things, the rule for clothing was that for every man at the front there must be a three months' reserve in France, another two or three months' reserve in the United States and a third three months' supply continuously in transit.

The same thing was true of other supplies and munitions. The need for reserves and the time required for transportation called for the supply of enormous quantities and called for it at once.

An indication of the quartermaster problem may be obtained from the fact that between April 6, 1917, and May 31, 1918, there was delivered to the army 131,800,000 pairs of wool stockings, 85,000,000 undershirts, 83,600,000 drawers, 30,700,000 pairs of shoes, 26,500,000 flannel shirts, 21,700,000 blankets, 21,700,000 wool breeches, 13,900,000 wool coats, and 8,300,000 overcoats. When the troop movement was speeded up in 1918 Colonel Ayres states that the margin of woolen clothing was dangerously narrow, and to secure these and other articles in sufficient quantity it was found necessary to take control of all states of the manufacturing process, from assembling the raw material to inspecting the finished product.

At no time was there a shortage of food in the expeditionary forces. Soldiers sometimes went hungry in this as in all other wars, but the condition was local and temporary. It occurred because of transportation difficulties during periods of active fighting or rapid movement when the units outran their rolling kitchens.

In France American engineers built seventeen new ship berths and 1,000 miles of standard and 125 miles of narrow gauge railroads. The Signal Corps strung 100,000 miles of telephone wires, and 40,000 American made motor trucks were shipped overseas. In this country army construction projects cost twice as much as the Panama Canal and were on nearly as large a scale overseas.

The storage space constructed in France was more than nine-tenths as large as that built at home. The amount of food on hand from the time the American troops entered active fighting never fell below a 45 days' supply, and at the time of the submarine scare, was kept at 59 to 72 days' supply.

Likewise the supply of clothing arose to the emergency of combat.

"The records of the quartermaster show that during the six months of hard fighting, from June to November, the enlisted man in the A. E. F. received on the average:

"Slicker and overcoat, every 5 months; blanket, flannel shirt, and breeches, every 2 months; coat, every 79 days; shoes and puttees, every 51 days; drawers and undershirt, every 34 days; woolen socks, every 23 days."

GUNS AND MUNITIONS

When war was declared we had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles. The American Enfield rifle was designed and manufactured. The total production of the two up to the signing of the armistice was over 2,500,000. The production of rifle ammunition amounted to 3,500,000,000, of which half was shipped overseas, in addition to the 200,000,000 rounds secured from the French and British.

During the war the Browning automatic rifle and the Browning machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and used in large numbers in the final battles in France. Before the war the allowance of machine guns in the American Army was four guns to a regiment; the allowance now is 336 to a regiment, testimony to the demonstrated importance in war of that effective weapon. The Browning machine guns are believed to be more effective than the corresponding weapons used in any other army.

The total number of machine guns produced in America up to the end of 1918 was 226,557, of these 69,960 being of the light Browning and 56,612 of the heavy Browning type. The Vickers field machine guns produced totaled 12,125, the other field guns 6,366, the Lewis aircraft guns, 39,200, the Browning aircraft 580, the Marlin aircraft 38,000, and the Vickers aircraft 3,714. Before Nov. 1, 1918, 29,000 light Brownings, 27,000 heavy Brownings, and 1,500,000,000 rounds of rifle and machine-gun ammunition were shipped.

When war was declared the United States had sufficient light artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip 5,000,000 men. To meet the situation, it was decided in June, 1917, to allot our guns to training purposes and to equip our forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made from our materials.

Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units produced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those purchased from the French and British during the war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition produced in American plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as compared with 10,000,000 rounds secured from the French and British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of war by each country, the British did better than we did in the production of light artillery, and we excelled them in producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy shells.

THE ARTILLERY SUPPLY

Colonel Ayres says:

"The most important single fact about our artillery in France is that we always had a sufficient supply of light artillery for the combat divisions that were ready for front-line service. This does not mean that when the divisions went into the battle line they always had their artillery with them, for in a number of cases they did not.

"The result of the compilation is to show that in every 100 days that our combat divisions were in line they were supported by their own artillery for seventy-five days, by British artillery for five days, by French for one and one-half days, and were without artillery for eighteen and one-half days out of the 100. Of these eighteen and one-half days, however, eighteen days were in quiet sectors and only one-half of one day in each hundred was in active sectors. There are only three records of American divisions being in an active sector without artillery support. The total of these three cases amounts to one-half of 1 per cent., or about fourteen hours out of the typical 100 days just analyzed.

"The facts can be summarized in round numbers with approximate accuracy by saying that we had in France 3,500 pieces of artillery of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used on the firing line 2,250, of which over 100 were made in America."

THE CAMPAIGN OF 1919

At the conclusion of his chapter on rifles and machine guns Colonel Ayres has an interesting bit of semi-critical comment on the question of foresight, of which some desk-experts have been inclined to doubt the United States authorities were possessed. He says:

"At this point it is appropriate to comment on the fact that there are many articles of munitions in which American production reached great amounts by the fall of 1918 but which were not used in large quantities at the front because the armistice was signed before big supplies of them reached France. In the main, these munitions are articles of ordnance and aviation equipment, involving such technical difficulties of manufacture that their production could not be improvised or even greatly abbreviated in time.

"As the production figures are scrutinized in retrospect, and it is realized that many millions of dollars were spent on army equipment that was never used at the front, it seems fair to question whether prudent foresight could not have avoided some of this expense.

"Perhaps the best answer to the question is to be found in the record of a conference that took place in the little French town of Trois Fontaines on October 4, 1918, between Marshal Foch and the American Secretary of War.

"In that conference the Allied Commander-in-Chief made final arrangements with the American Secretary as to the shipment of American troops and munitions in great numbers during the fall and winter preparatory for the campaign of 1919.

"This was one day before the first German peace note and 38 days before the end of the war, but Marshal Foch was then calling upon America to make her great shipments of munitions and her supreme contribution of man-power for the campaign of the following year."

GAS AND EXPLOSIVES

One of the striking contributions to the cause of the Allies was the enormous quantity of smokeless powder and high explosives produced. From April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, the production of smokeless powder in the United States was 632,000,000 pounds, which was almost equal to the combined production of France and Great Britain. But by the time the war ended the production of smokeless powder in this country was 45 per cent. greater than that of France and Great Britain combined.

The output of high explosives, T.N.T. and others, increased rapidly from its pre-war status to a quantity 40 percent. greater than that of Great Britain, and nearly double the French production at the close of the war.

"The result of the high rate of production of both smokeless powder and high explosives was that the artillery ammunition program was never held up for lack of either the powder which hurls the bullet or the shell from the gun, or the high explosive which makes the shell effective when it reaches its destination."

Colonel Ayres says of toxic gases:

"When the clouds of chlorine suddenly enveloped the British and French lines in the Ypres salient, early in 1915, a new weapon was introduced into the war. That it was a powerful weapon is evidenced by the fact that during the year 1918 from 20 to 30 percent. of all our battle casualties were due to gas.

"At the time we entered the war we had practically no experience in manufacturing toxic gases, and no existing facilities which could be readily converted to such use. At the signing of the armistice we were equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate than France, England, or Germany."

THE AIR SERVICE

"On the declaration of war the United States had fifty-five training airplanes, of which fifty-one were classified as obsolete and the other four as obsolescent. When we entered the war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own manufacture 3,800 service planes.

"Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students, and enlisted men, increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at its close.

"There were produced in the United States to Nov. 30, 1918, more than 8,000 training planes and more than 16,000 training engines.

"The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the only plane the United States put into quantity production. Before the signing of the armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at the front for three months.

"The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's chief contribution to aviation. Before the armistice 13,574 had been completed, 4,435 shipped to the expeditionary forces, and 1,025 delivered to the Allies.

"The first fliers in action wearing the American uniforms were members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to the American service in December, 1917.

"The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in April to 45 in November, 1918. On Nov. 11 the 45 squadrons had an equipment of 740 planes.

"Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American aviators 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American manufacture.

"American air squadrons played important rôles in the battles of Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes numbered only 357."

"The squadrons were of four types: Observation squadrons, whose business it is to make observations, take photographs, and direct artillery fire; pursuit squadrons, using light fighting planes to protect the observation planes at their work, to drive the enemy from the air, or to _strafe_ marching columns by machine-gun fire; the day bombers, whose work was the dropping of bombs on railways or roads; and the night bombers, carrying heavier bomb loads for the destruction of strategic enemy works."

At the armistice there were on the front 20 pursuit squadrons, 18 observation squadrons and 7 bomber squadrons with 1,238 flying officers and 740 service planes, in addition to which there were 23 balloon companies.

CARGO SHIPMENTS

Altogether, from our entrance into the war through April, 1919, the Army shipped from this side of the Atlantic nearly seven and a half million tons (7,500,000) of cargo.

Included in the cargo shipment were 1,791 consolidation locomotives of the 100-ton type. Of these, 650 were shipped, set up on their own wheels so that they could be unloaded in France and run off in a few hours under their own steam.

The Army also shipped 26,994 standard-gauge freight cars; motor car trucks to the number of 47,018, and rails and fittings for the reinforcing of French railways and for the construction of our own lines of communications to the aggregate of 423,000 tons. The Army also shipped 68,694 horses and mules.

SIGNAL CORPS STATISTICS

In order to operate the transportation of supplies in France the Signal Corps strung its wires over nearly every part of that country. At the end of the war the Signal Corps was operating 282 telephone exchanges and 133 complete telegraph stations. The telephone lines numbered 14,956, reaching 8,959 stations. More than 100,000 miles of wire had been strung. The peak load of operation reached was 47,555 telegrams a day, averaging 60 words each.

CONSTRUCTION STATISTICS

In building factories and storage warehouses for supplies as well as housing for troops, 200,000 workmen in the United States were kept continuously occupied for the period of the war.

The operations of the Construction Division constituted what was probably the largest contracting business ever handled in one office. The total expenditures in this enterprise to November 11, 1918, were about $800,000,000.

Construction projects were conducted in France by the Corps of Engineers under the services of supplies. Up to the signing of the armistice these projects had been undertaken to the number of 831, distributed all over France. To economize tonnage, materials were obtained in Europe as far as possible. The Engineer Corps ran its own quarries, and its own logging camps and saw-mills. The labor force consisted largely of American soldiers and German prisoners, though French and English civilians and Chinese coolies were used wherever available.

TWO HUNDRED DAYS OF BATTLE

Of our combat forces Colonel Ayres says:

"Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in battle. The number who reached France was 2,086,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the front line.

"American combat forces were organized into divisions, which consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were the largest on the Western front, since the British division numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Germans about 12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service of supply troops.

"Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active combat service, while the others were used for replacements or were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops.

"American combat divisions were in battle for 200 days, from the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these 200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11 were joint enterprises with the French, British, and Italians, and 2 were distinctively American.

"At the time of their greatest activity in the second week of October all 29 American divisions were in action. They then held 101 miles of front, or 23 percent. of the entire allied battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war they held, during the greater part of the time a front longer than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the balance of man-power in favor of the Allies, so that from the middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the Allied forces were superior in numbers to those of the enemy."

The total battle advances of the American divisions amounted to 782 kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17 miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter the enemy advance toward Paris, and to turn retreat into a triumphant offensive.

It is stated in reference to the part played by the American divisions in the Argonne-Meuse that it was the 77th Division of New York selective draft men that achieved the greatest advance against the enemy--71½ kilometers, or nearly 45 miles.

In that battle the American Army captured 16,059 prisoners, liberated 150 French towns and villages, and as an army penetrated 34 miles into territory previously held by the Germans.

THE DEADLIEST WAR

In his chapter on "Health and Casualties," Colonel Ayres reminds us that "the war was undoubtedly the bloodiest that has ever been fought." The total battle deaths is given as 7,450,200. Russia led the death list with 1,700,000; Germany came next with 1,600,000; France next with 1,385,300; Great Britain next with 900,000; Austria, 800,000; Italy, 364,000; Turkey, 250,000; Serbia and Montenegro, 125,000; Belgium, 102,000; Rumania and Bulgaria 100,000 each; the United States, 50,300; Greece, 7,000; Portugal, 2,000.

Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who took part, 2 were killed or died of disease during the period of hostilities. Among the other nations between 20 and 25 in every 100 were killed or died.

The total deaths were greater than all the deaths in all wars for more than one hundred years previous. In the above figures only deaths resulting directly from action are included. The total deaths from all causes is very much larger. Some of the armies lost more heavily through disease and privation than from battle. With regard to civilians' deaths due to the war, see Volume XII.

INDEX

A

Abbas Hilmi, Khédive of Egypt, pro-Turkish attitude, vi: 68.

Abbatiale Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Abbeville agreement, on U. S. military participation in War, v: 128, 284; text, v: 378.

Abi Dinas, Sudanese leader, defeated at Eli Tasher, iii: 191.

Abo, occupied by Germans, Mar. 16, '18, i: 395.

_Aboukir_, British cruiser, sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Absinthe, sale forbidden in France, Jan. 7, '15, i: 378.

Acceleration, in projectiles, viii: 111.

Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Acre, taken by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Activism, Swedish pro-German movement, vi: 394.

Adana, British objective in Turkish campaigns, ii: 90.

Adler, Friedrich, kills Austrian Premier, Count Carl Stürgkh, Oct. 21, '16, vi: 312.

Adkinson, Sgt. Joseph B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

_Admiral Charner_, French cruiser torpedoed, Feb. 13, '16, i: 384.

Ador, Gustave, becomes head of Swiss Foreign Office, vi: 380.

Adramyti, Gulf of, British bombard Turks, Mar. 3, '15, iv: 44.

Adrian barracks, description, v: 8.

Adriatic coast, disputed territory between Latin and Slav, vi: 359.

Advisory Labor Council, U. S., activities, xii: 71.

A. E. G. bombing airplanes, viii: 221.

Aerial photography, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 14; gun cameras, description, viii: 216; value, viii: 226, 331; difficulties, viii: 228; U. S. photographers in War, viii: 228-235; future, viii: 234; _see also_ Photography.

Aeronautics:

Airplanes, conditions for effectiveness, ii: 123; use of depth bombs by, iv: 332; torpedo planes, iv: 335; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; as war weapon, viii: _Intro._, xi: 214; detection by sound-rangers, viii: 20; machine-gun mountings on, types, viii: 86, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Allied and German equipment at start of War, viii: 189; Farman plane, viii: 189; utility in scouting, viii: 189; Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192; Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192; Allied and German types compared, viii: 194; Spad biplanes, viii: 194; general utility planes, viii: 196; Gotha biplanes, viii: 196; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 196, 204, 223; aero engines, development of, viii: 198-200; Liberty motor, viii: 199; construction, essentials in, viii: 200; maneuvering, types of, viii: 200; Allied strength at end of war, viii: 201; French types, viii: 202, 206; British types, viii: 203-206; British planes, viii: 203; D. H. 10 British bombers, viii: 204; German equipment, viii: 206; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; national supremacy, viii: 207; machine-gun fire synchronizer, viii: 208; aerial marksmanship, viii: 210; "C. C. Gear," for timing gunfire through propeller blades, viii: 214-216; navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; bombing planes, types, viii: 221-224; A. E. G. bombing planes, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombing planes, viii: 222; Caproni triplanes, viii: 223; Caudron bombers, viii: 223; Letord bombers, viii: 223; Voisin bombers, viii: 223; Breguet bombers, viii: 224; spruce in aircraft construction, viii: 308; signals for landing in dark, viii: 335; value in directing artillery fire, viii: 337, xi: 277; ambulance planes, viii: 379; U. S., in War, xi: 218; development, xi: 219; use against submarines, xi: 239; commercial uses, xii: 103. Aviators, duties, iii: 392; kinds of patrol, iii: 392; fitness test by orientator, viii: 356-358; qualifications, xi: 215. Balloons, development for war use, iv: 288; in naval operations, iv: 289; number shot down by U. S. pilots, v: 309; functions and handling of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263; hydrogen, use in inflation of, viii: 263.

Dirigibles, use in coast patrol, iv: 290; compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; in long-distance transportation, viii: 243-245; British types, viii: 245; _R-34_, description, viii: 245, 254; _R-34_, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; U. S. types, viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. "Blimps," viii: 245, 255-257; U. S. C-class, viii: 245, 255-257; mooring masts, viii: 245; development in different countries, viii: 254; _R-33_, sister ship of _R-34_, viii: 254; Zeppelins, _see below_ under Aeronautics. Navigation, rules for, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 246. Observation, in range-finding, ii: 126, viii: 13, 337, xi: 277; uses of captive balloons, viii: 257-264; utility in War, xi: 216. Seaplanes, in battle of Jutland, iv: 107; for submarine spotting, iv: 285; U. S. _N-C-4_ first to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240; N-C flying boats, description, viii: 236-240. Zeppelins, progress in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241; use during War, viii: 246-248; description, viii: 248-254; number in crew, viii: 254. _See also_ under each country.

Aeroplane, see Aeronautics, Airplane.

Afghanistan, put outside Russian sphere by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104; friendly to England during War, vi: 78; changed attitude toward British, '19, vi: 80; border warfare with India, '19, vi: 81.

Africa, dark continent, i: 10; European penetration, i: 48; "spheres of influence," i: 96.

African campaigns, iii: 250-256; tropical peculiarities, iii: 250; German handicaps, iii: 252; operations in Cameroons (Kamerun), iii: 252; in Togoland, iii: 252; in German Southwest Africa, iii: 253; in German East Africa, iii: 255.

Agadir incident, Germany creates Moroccan crisis, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

_Agamemnon_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; hit by gunfire, iv: 43.

Agram, suppression of Jugoslav National Congress at, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Ahmed Fevzi, Turkish commander at Erzerum, iii: 262.

Aincreville, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Air raids, Ludendorff's plan to burn Allied capitals, ii: 333; use of Zeppelins in, viii: 246; success of, xi: 216; on: England, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381; Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Jan. 31, '16, i: 384; Mar. 1, '16, i: 384; Mar. 5, '16, i: 384; Mar. 19, '16, i: 384; Apr. 1--3, '16, i: 385; Apr. 24, '16, i: 385; Aug. 9, '16, i: 386; Sept. 23, '16, i: 388; Sept. 25, '16, i: 388; Oct. 1, '16, i: 388; attacks on undefended coast towns, ii: 266, vi: 4; first attack on London, iii: 41. Paris, Jan. 30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Air Speed Indicator, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Aircraft, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aire valley, description, v: 73; scene of action in Meuse-Argonne offensive, v: 225.

Airships, _see_ Aeronautics.

Aisne, battles of: Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36. Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; French start offensive, iii: 73; early French success, iii: 73; battle for Chemin des Dames, iii: 73; Germans driven from Chemin des Dames, iii: 76. May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, v: 129-135; situation before German offensive, iii: 92; Soissons-Rheims salient, iii: 93; Germans cross Vesle River, iii: 93; Soissons captured by Germans, May 29, iii: 93; Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, iii: 93; Germans reach Marne, iii: 93; American troops check enemy, iii: 94.

Aisne-Marne offensive, v: 130, 158-183; artillery, important feature, v: 171; A. E. F. casualties, v: 179, 181.

Aisne-Meuse sector, Franco-American offensive, Nov, 1--11, '18, iii: 103.

Aisne-Ourcq sector, struck by Foch, '18, ii: 84.

Aix-les-Bains, A. E. F. leave area, "Y" work in, vii: 269.

Akabah, occupied by British, Nov. 3, '14, i: 376.

Ala, captured by Italians, May 29, '15, iii: 234.

Aland Island, occupied by Germans, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392.

Alaska, acquisition by U. S., i: 52.

Albania, primitiveness of people, i: 92; William of Wied becomes ruler, i: 206; Allied offensive in, July, '18, i: 397; Serbians retreat into, iii: 160; Italy takes possession, Dec. '14, vi: 120; promised to Italy, '15, vi: 361.

Albatross pursuit planes, viii: 192.

Albert, captured by British, ii: 157, iii: 98; captured by Germans in second Somme battle, iii: 89.

Albert, Dr. Heinrich, German propagandist in U. S., i: 133, x: 327.

Albert, King of Belgians, biography, ix: 385-391, xi: 128-131.

_Albert of Belgium_, poem by Dana Burnet, i: 228; by Dorothy S. Phillips, ix: 391.

_Albion_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Albrecht, Grand Duke of Württemberg, army commands, ii: 184, iii: 10.

_Alcantara_, British armed liner, sinks German _Greif_, iv: 200.

_Alcedo_, American ship torpedoed, Nov. 6, '17, i: 392.

Aldis Optical Sight, use in aerial marksmanship, viii: 211.

Aleppo, captured by British, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200.

Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia, re-enters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; head of united Jugoslavs, vi: 366.

Alexanderson alternator, for generation of radio waves, viii: 316-318.

Alexandria, captured by Germans, Nov., '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Alexieff, Gen. Michael Vassilivitch, commands Russian forces in Poland, iii: 140; biography, ix: 238.

Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86, 99, 203.

Algeria, French occupation of, i: 37.

_Algonquin_, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 2, '17, i: 349.

All-American (82nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

All-Russian Congress of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates, convention of, '17, vi: 164.

All-Russian Government of Siberia, formation, vi: 191; collapse, vi: 193.

Allen, Corp. Jake, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., commands 90th Div., v: 196; in St. Mihiel drive, v: 202.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., British commander in Palestine, ii: 90, iii: 193; defeats Turks, ii: 92, 218, v: 213; captures Jerusalem, ii: 92, iii: 322, xi: 48; strategy of Palestine campaign, ii: 93; at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171; commands British cavalry at Mons retreat, iii: 25; biography, ix: 194-199.

Allenstein, Russians defeated at, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; occupied by Russians, iii: 111.

Alliances, Holy Alliance, formation, i: 33; conflict of European, i: 93-101; Three Emperors' League, i: 95; Triple Alliance, i: 95, 208, 255, ii: 4, 48, vi: 115; Entente Cordiale, between France and Russia, i: 98; Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106, 146, 218, 220, ii: 2; Anglo-Japanese, '05, '11, i: 104, 107; Balkan League, i: 204; _see also_ under name of alliance.

Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 108.

Allies, superiority in inventiveness, i: _Intro. ix_; agree not to make separate peace, i: 146; defensive policy compared with German aggression, ii: 1; lack unity of command, ii: 22, 40, 58, 230, iii: 55; unsuccessful in all theaters of War during '15, ii: 36, 50; unite command under Foch, ii: 40, 218, v: 120, 214; man-power, ii: 82, 115, 154, iii: 403; "Will to win" _vs._ German efficiency, ii: 100; underestimate German strength, ii: 101; propaganda among German troops, ii: 321; plan of campaign against German invasion of France, iii: 8; Balkan blunder, iii: 156; fail to support Rumania, iii: 214; casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; war aims, iv: 6; military position, '17, iv: 10; lack aggressive plan in Mediterranean, iv: 13; gain superiority in air for first time, Sept., '18, v: 206; make simultaneous attacks on all fronts, Sept., '18, v: 213; appeal for U. S. troops, v: 373-375, 378; secret treaty with Italy, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; send troops to Russia, vi: 187; intervene in Siberia, vi: 192; intervene in Austria, '19, vi: 320; occupy Hungary, '19, vi: 325; secret treaties, '16--'17, dispose of Asiatic Turkey, vi: 334; overcome German superiority in artillery, viii: 36; war cost, xii: 27, 107; plan of economic boycott against Germany, xii: 102; rise in national debts, xii: 114; list of "Allied and Associated Powers" against Germany, xii: 179.

Allworth, Capt. Edward S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Almereyda, traitorous editor of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105.

_Alnwick Castle_, British ship sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230.

Alpini, description, ii: 242.

Alsace-Lorraine, early history, i: 210-212; annexed by Germany, 1871, i: 212; formed into _Reichsland_, i: 213; German dictatorship in, i: 213; fidelity to France during War, i: 215; German immigration into, i: 215; German constitution for, '11, i: 215; French invasion of, during War, i: 375, 376, iii: 14-21; Peace Treaty provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197; exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226.

Altimeter, airplane altitude indicator, viii: 220.

Altkirch, taken by French Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Alvensleben, G. C. A. von, German financier and spy, sensational career, x: 363-368.

_Amalfi_, Italian cruiser sunk by Austrian U-boat, July 7, '15, i: 380, iv: 369.

Amara, taken by British, May, '15, iii: 181.

Ambrine, use in treatment of burns, viii: 290.

Ambulance, first use, vii: 9; Red Cross companies, location, vii: 30-31; difficulties of transporting wounded, viii: 376; improved types of stretchers, viii: 377; drawn by dogs, viii: 379; airplane ambulances, viii: 379; hospital trains, viii: 380; perils of driving, x: 92.

American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92.

American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92.

American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88.

American Escadrille, _see_ Lafayette Escadrille.

A. E. F., _see_ U. S., Army.

American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 89.

American Jewish Committee, relief for Belgium, vii: 350; relief for Palestine, vii: 350; organization, vii: 354.

American Relief Administration, for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141; Herbert Hoover director-general, xii: 141.

American Students' Committee of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108.

American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 89, 91.

Amerongen, residence of Kaiser after abdication, vi: 278.

Ames, Winthrop, helps start Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Amiens, strategic importance, ii: 69; German attacks on, unsuccessful, Apr., '18, ii: 152, 314, iii: 389; British offensive, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281.

Aminullah Khan, murders father and succeeds to throne of Afghanistan, vi: 81.

Ammunition: Bullets, component parts, viii: 1; steel-piercing, viii: 60-64; Clay armor-piercing, description, viii: 60-63; advantages of sharp-nosed, viii: 93; types used in aerial fighting, viii: 211-214; U. S. war output of rifle ammunition, xii: 284. Explosives, function, viii: 1; detonation compared with explosion, viii: 1; explosive _compound_ and explosive _mixture_ compared, viii: 2; black powder, viii: 2; guncotton, viii: 2; nitrogen necessary in, viii: 2; driving power of gunpowder, viii: 2; smokeless powder, viii: 4; primers, viii: 6; composition and properties of different kinds, viii: 6; cordite, viii: 6; trinitrotoluol (T.N.T.), viii: 6; ballistic tests, viii: 7; muzzle flash, viii: 7; manufacture, xi: 282-284; U. S. war production of smokeless powder, xii: 285; of high explosives, xii: 285; of T.N.T., xii: 285. Shells, high explosive, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288; non-ricochet, iv: 333; star, iv: 334, viii: 77; gas, U. S. production, v: 324; kinds, viii: 8; used by U. S. 3-in. field guns, viii: 23; structure of "Big Bertha" shells, viii: 46; illuminating shells and bombs, viii: 74; rifle lights, viii: 75; reason for rotating motion in flight, viii: 110; forces determining path of flight, viii: 111-112; computation of air resistance, viii: 113; U. S. war production of artillery ammunition, xii: 284; shrapnel, _see below_. Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74.

Amputation, new method of, viii: 367.

Anatolia, area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Anatolian Railway Co., gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292.

_Ancona_, Austria-Hungary promises reparation for sinking, i: 326, 384; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking, summary, i: 361; torpedoed by Austrian U-boat, i: 382, iv: 223.

Ancre sector, British offensive, ii: 212, iii: 64, 66.

Anderson, Sgt. Johannes S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Andrassy, Count Julius, member Hungarian Independence Party, vii: 311; statement on Communist Government, vii: 328.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., Chief of G-1, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Anglo-French Loan, floated in U. S., xii: 111.

Annunzio, Gabriele D', _see_ D'Annunzio.

Anti-aircraft guns, range, ii: 264; effectiveness, v: 308.

Anti-din compound, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Antilles_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, i: 392, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 337.

Antioch, captured by British, Jan. 30, '18, i: 393.

Antivari, surrender to Austrians, Jan. 20, '16, i: 384.

Antwerp, Belgian Government moves to, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Oct. 8, '14, i: 376, ii: 143, 168, iii: 15; strategic value controlled by Dutch, vi: 375.

Anzac Cove, landing place of British troops at Gallipoli, ii: 30, iii: 170.

Anzacs, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Apponyi, Count Albert, advocates war, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Aprémont, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by 28th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Arabia, revolt against Turkey, iii: 196, vi: 333.

_Arabia_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334.

_Arabic_, British steamer sunk by U-boat, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 381, iv: 223, xi: 20; loss of life in sinking, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Germany on sinking, summary, i: 361.

Arabs, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Arbitration, Tribunal established by First Hague Conference, i: 94; international treaties of, i: 103.

Archangel, Allies land forces at, Apr. 21, '18, i: 395; limited value as port, iii: 161; A. E. F. sent to fight Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187.

Archangel, Mt., French attack Bulgars, Nov. 9--19, '15, iii: 204.

Ardahan, Turks defeated by Russians at, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378.

Ardennes, strategic importance, ii: 6; topography, ii: 87, v: 73; French retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20.

Arditi, description, ii: 240.

_Arethusa_, British cruiser sunk by mine, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sinks German _Blücher_ at Dogger Bank, iv: 247.

Argentine, German population of, i: 79; ultimatum to Germany, Sept. 22, '17, i: 390; neutrality, vi: 389; soviet riots, '19, vi: 389.

Arges River, Rumanian stand at, iii: 222.

Argonne Forest, military topography, v: 73, 217, 234; battle of, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

_Ariadne_, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; sunk, iv: 241.

Arietal Farm, taken by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Ark Royal_, mother-ship for British aircraft at Gallipoli, iv: 43.

Armaments, international movement for reduction, i: _Intro. xi_; battleships, xi: 280-282.

Armenia, military operations in, iii: 260-263; massacres in, by Turks, iii: 405, vi: 331; early history, vi: 231; fate under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334; independent government established. Aug., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Armenian and Syrian Relief, American Committee for, vii: 92.

Armentières, occupied by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, ii: 75, iii: 359; recaptured by British, Oct. 2, 18, i: 399, iii: 101.

Armies, _see under_ name of country.

Armies of Occupation, Allied, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261.

Armistice, with Bulgaria, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; with Germany, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, iv: 142-144, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; false report in U. S., of signing, Nov. 7, i: 399, iii: 400; terms extended, Dec. 11, '18, i: 399; with Austria-Hungary, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400; celebrations, iii: 402; with Turkey, Oct. 31, '18, vi: 334.

Armor, use in modern warfare, viii: 59, 69.

Army Educational Commission, American Y. M. C. A., vii: 282.

Army of Occupation, _see_ U. S., Army.

Army schools, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.

Arnim, Gen. von, commander 6th German Army Corps, iii: 14; launches last attack on Ypres, iii: 360.

Arras, battle of, Apr., '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72; Vimy Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 70; British capture "Oppy Line," iii: 72; German casualties, iii: 72; results, iii: 72.

Arras-Roye sector, British offensive, Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Arsiero, captured by Austrians, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238; retaken by Italians, June 27, '16, i: 386.

Artificial eyes, for war blind, viii: 391.

Artificial limbs, for war cripples, viii: 384-390.

Artillery: Anti-aircraft, v: 308. Bore, explained, viii: 7, 111; bore pressure in modern guns, viii: 7; rifling, viii: 7, 111. Durability, viii: 7, 26, xi: 280. Field, French 75-mm. gun, ii: 287; German and Austrian, viii: 22; structure and operation, viii: 22; U. S. pre-War equipment, viii: 22-25; U. S. 3-in. gun, viii: 23; U. S. 2.95-in. mountain gun, viii: 24; U. S. 4.7-in. gun, viii: 24; development of light guns to accompany infantry, viii: 140; French 37-mm. quick firers, viii: 140. Heavy, mobile German guns, ii: 287; German superiority, ii: 288; U. S. Naval Batteries on Western Front, iv: 323, viii: 42-45; use in offensive, v: 304; French 155-mm. G. P. F. gun, v: 308; U. S. railway-mount guns, viii: 36-39; U. S. caterpillar-mount guns, viii: 39; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274; structure of shells hitting Paris, viii: 46; super-range guns impractical, viii: 47; U. S. 121-mile range super-gun, viii: 48-51; British naval super-guns, viii: 53; manufacture of big guns, viii: 54-58; shell velocity of, viii: 314; destructive power of 16-in. gun, viii: 336; kinds used during War, xi: 274; naval, xi: 280-282. Howitzers, Skoda, viii: 22, xi: 278; U. S. pre-War types, viii: 24; U. S. railway-mount types, viii, 38, 39; French 520-mm. (21-in.) gun, viii: 51-53; use against forts and trench systems, xi: 274. Importance, Field Marshal Haig's report on, ii: 123-131. Mortars, limitations, viii: 30; range of latest U. S. types, viii: 31; German 11-in. siege mortars, viii: 34-36; absence of rifling in bore, viii: 112; device for rotating shell during flight, viii: 112; functions, viii: 118; Stokes mortar, viii: 141; trench mortars captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Range-finding, muzzle velocity, viii: 7; by sight, viii: 8-14; telescopic range-finder, viii: 9; problem of marksmanship, viii: 10-13; use of aircraft in, viii: 13; by sound, viii: 14-16; use of photography in, viii: 14; direct and indirect fire, viii: 28; zones of fire, viii: 32; altering range by change of projectile and powder charge, viii: 32; air-resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113. _See also_ under each country.

Artistic rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Artois, Allied offensive in, '15, ii: 148, iii: 46; battle of, May, '14, iii: 42.

Asiago, Austrians reach, May 28, '16, i: 385, iii: 238.

Asir, Principate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

_Askold_, Russian cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 41.

Asquith, Herbert Henry, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200, 202, 204; biography, ix: 30-35.

Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, viii: 95.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, "Y" worker in Paris, vii: 267.

_Asturias_, British hospital ship torpedoed, Mar. 20, '17, iv: 232.

Athletics, for A. E. F., _see_ Sports.

Atkins, Tommy, nickname for British soldier, origin of, vi: 230; fighting qualities, xi: 181-189.

Atrocities, German, summary of crimes, i: 400; Ludendorff's explanation, ii: 346; burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277; in Marne district, iii: 297-300; at Senlis, iii: 334-337; in Belgium, vi: 84; destruction of Rheims Cathedral, vi: 97.

Aubers Ridge, battle of, iii: 42.

_Audacious_, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Oct. 27, '14, i: 376.

Audenarde, taken by 91st Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 279.

Auffenberg, Gen. von, commands Austrian army invading Poland, iii: 118.

Augustovo, battle of, German defeat at, iii: 118.

Australia, war casualties, iii: 404, 405; army strength, iii: 405; naval strength, iv: 58; history prior to '14, vi: 37; area and population, vi: 37; pro-War platform of Liberal Party, vi: 39; recruiting opposed by Socialists, vi: 40; conscription opposed by Labor Party, vii: 41, 42; conscription defeated by referendum, Oct., '16, vi: 41; labor unrest, '16, vi: 42; Labor Party split on conscription, vi: 42; coalition government formed, Feb., '17, vi: 42; "Commonwealth War Government" takes office, Feb., '17, vi: 42; Australian Workers' Union, similar to American Federation of Labor, vi: 45; "One Big Union" movement, vi: 45; labor vote defeats conscription referendum second time, '17, vi: 45; war legislation by Nationalists, vi: 45; soviet government favored by labor, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Austria, Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Germany acknowledges independence of, '19, xii: 197; area and population, xii: 279.

Austria-Hungary: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; pre-War organization, iii: 7, 105; requirements reduced, '15, vi: 311; for military operations, _see_ name of campaign. Blockade of, vi: 253; food shortage due to, vi: 312. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; battle deaths, v: 363; Aug., '14--Aug., '15, vi: 311; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._ Declarations of war, ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; on Serbia, July 28, '14, 1: 115, 375; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; on Russia, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Belgium, Aug. 28, '14, 1: 375; by Rumania, Aug. 27, '16, 1: 386; diplomatic relations broken with U. S., Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; by U. S., Dec. 7, '17, i: 393. Food shortage, vi: 312, 314, 317, 321; forces demand for peace, vi: 314, 317; cause of revolt, Apr., '19, vi: 321. Foreign policy, German foreknowledge of ultimatum to Serbia, i: 8, 133-136, 252; not a colonizing nation, i: 37; Austro-Prussian War, 1866, i: 41; world position in 1871, i: 47; gets control of Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 50; subservience to Germany, i: 79, 133; joins Triple Alliance, i: 95; annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, i: 109; ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375, vi: 306, 357, xi: 4; during last days before War, i: 126; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; reasons for war on Serbia, i: 243; antagonism to Russia, vi: 306; antagonism to Italy, vi: 308; ambition to incorporate Jugoslavs in Empire, vi: 355; opposition to Serbian aspirations, vi: 356; anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; suppression of Czechoslovak nationalism, vi: 396. Internal conditions, race rivalries, i: 21, ii: 63, vi: 306; loyalty of German elements, vi: 307; revolution suppressed, '14, vi: 308; effect of Italian declaration of war, vi: 309; parliamentary disturbances, '15--'16, vi: 311; labor troubles, vi: 311, 314; revolution threatened, '16, vi: 313; revolution breaks out, '18, vi: 317; Republic established, Nov. 13, '18, vi: 318; Bolshevism, vi: 319. National anthem, xi: 332. Navy, development, iv: 364; surrender to Jugoslavs, vi: 364; _Monarch_ sunk, x: 290; _Wien_ sunk, x: 290; _Viribus Unitis_ sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, x: 297-303. Peace negotiations, proposal to U. S. through Swedish minister, Sept. 16, '18, i: 397; appeal to U. S., Oct. 7, '18, i: 399; asks U. S. for armistice, Oct. 27--29, '18, i: 399; Emperor Charles' secret peace offer, '17, ii: 63, vi: 315; asks Italy for armistice, ii: 252; armistice signed, Nov. 3, '18, iii: 400, vi: 271, xi: 52; Peace Treaty terms, vi: 321; armistice terms, vi: 364. Population, in 1860, i: 40; German, i: 79, vi: 306; Hungarian, i: 79; Slav, i: 79. Press, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306; attack on Italy, '15, vi: 310; attitude on labor strikes, '18, vi: 314; _Arbeiter Zeitung_ preaches radicalism, vi: 315; comment on peace terms, vi: 322. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, July, '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Authe, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Autocracy, destruction of, by War, i: _Intro. x._

Autrecourt, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Averescu, Gen., Rumanian commander in Wallachia, iii: 222.

Aviators, _see_ Aeronautics.

Avlona, occupied by Italy, Dec., '14, vi: 120.

Avocourt Woods, French retire from, Mar. 21, '16, i: 384; scene of fierce battle at Verdun, iii: 51.

_Ayesha, S. S._, _Emden's_ landing party escapes from Keeling Island in, iv: 186, 191; abandoned, iv: 192.

Aylmer, Gen., commands British force sent to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 184.

Ayres, Col. Leonard P., extracts from _The War with Germany--a Statistical Summary_, by, xii: 280-289.

B

Babtie, Surg.-Gen. responsibility for lack of medical service in Mesopotamia, iii: 367.

"Babushka," pet name of Catherine Breshkovsky, q.v., ix: 348.

Baccarat sector, assigned to A. E. F., v: 11; training area for 42nd Div., v: 118.

Bacteriology, in disease prevention, vii: 253.

Badonviller, German attack at, v: 21, 28.

Bagdad, captured by British, Mar. 11, '17, i: 389, ii: 92, iii: 187, xi: 29, 48; description, iii: 332.

Bagdad Railway, German plan for connecting Berlin with Bagdad, i: 80; Anglo-German agreement for joint control, '14, i: 200, ii: 13, 295; menaced by Serbia, ii: 33; "largest single factor in bringing on the War," ii: 290; beginnings, 1871, ii: 291; Anatolian Railway Co. gets concessions in Turkey, 1888, ii: 292; Germans get concession to build road from Haidar Pasha to Angora, 1888, ii: 292; British oppose German concessions, ii: 292; German Emperor visits Sultan, 1898, ii: 292; _La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_, terms of concession to, ii: 292; Germans get privilege to extend line to Bagdad, ii: 292; clash of European interests, ii: 292; compromise of clashing interests, ii: 294; sections finished, Aug., '14, ii: 294; Pan-German policy, ii: 296; internationalization, ii: 297; cut by fall of Nish, Oct., '18, iii: 213; opened, '15, vi: 258; route, xi: 4.

Bagley, Lieut.-Com. David W., commander of U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_, sunk by U-boat, iv: 346.

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., commands 81st Div., v: 197.

Bailleul, captured by Germans, iii: 360.

Bainsizza Plateau, Italian offensive, Aug., '17, ii: 58, iii: 240.

Baker, Newton D., biography, ix: 323-326; conference with Marshal Foch at Trois Fontaines, xii: 285.

Bakeries, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Bakhireff, Vice-Adm., commands Russians in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Balance of Power, early wars for, i: 28.

Balfour, Rt. Hon. Arthur James, biography, ix: 40-44; visits America, ix: 44.

Balkan League, i: 204.

Balkan Wars, '12--'13, i: 109, 204; unsatisfactory peace settlement, i: 110; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to prevent general European war, i: 198; London Ambassadorial Conference, i: 204; London Peace Conference, i: 204; war between Bulgaria and rest of Balkan Allies, i: 206; Rumanian intervention, i: 206; peace terms, i: 206; German incitement, i: 207, ii: 27.

Balkans, conflagration center of World War, i: 1, 89; international position in '14, i: 62; area, i: 90, 92; independent states in, i: 92; population in '14, i: 92; racial mixtures, i: 92; policy of Great Powers, i: 92, 114; German dynasties in, i: 96; German designs on, ii: 27; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405.

Ball, Capt., air duel with Capt. Immelmann, x: 209-211, xi: 228.

Ballin, Herr, head of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264.

Ballistics, computation of air resistance to flying projectile, viii: 113.

Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.

Ballou, Maj.-Gen. Charles C., commander 92nd Div., v: 145.

Baltic Provinces, early history, vi: 226; Russian duplicity in, vi: 226; under domination of German landlords, vi: 226; revolt, '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion, vi: 227; Bolshevik propaganda in, vi: 228; overrun by Germans, vi: 230; ask recognition by Peace Conference, vi: 238.

_Baltimore_, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

Bamberg, seat of Bavarian Government during Spartacide revolution, Mar.--May, '19, vi: 300.

Bamford, Brig.-Gen., commander 1st Div., v: 250; of 26th Div., v: 252.

Banitza, occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 19, '16, iii: 208.

Banking Indicator, on airplanes, viii: 221.

Bantheville, captured by 90th Div., Oct. 22, '18, v: 252.

Bapaume, taken by British, Aug. 28,'18, i: 397, ii: 157; British objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Bar-sur-Aube, rest area for 26th Div., v: 118.

Barbed wire, French use in trench defense, v: 13; impenetrable cloth as protection against, viii: 68; value as defensive barrier, viii: 136, 152; French devices for destruction of, viii: 152-155; Breton-Prepot cutter, viii: 152; Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo for destruction of, viii: 154.

Barger, Pvt. Charles D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Barkeley, Pvt. David B., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Barkley, Pvt. John L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Barracks, Adrian type, v: 8; constructed in France by A. E. F., v: 332, 400.

Barrage, North Sea, Allied mine, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274; artillery, viii: 136-140, x: 162.

Barrett, Sir Arthur, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 180.

Barricourt Wood, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262; heights captured by Fifth Corps, v: 391.

Barrow, Sir Edmund, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Bart, Pvt. Frank J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Barth, Brig.-Gen. Charles H., commander 81st Div., v: 197.

Bartlett, Brig.-Gen., commander, Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, v: 305.

Barton, Clara, mother of American Red Cross, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M., Chairman, U. S. War Industries Board, xii: 72; member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Base hospitals, _see_ Hospitals; Red Cross.

Bases, German, in France, ii: 86.

Basra, occupied by British Nov. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 180; British base for Mesopotamian expedition, ii: 91, iii: 330.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Battles: Aisne, Sept., '14, i: 375, 376, iii: 36; Apr.--Nov., '17, iii: 73-76; May 27--June 5, '18, iii: 92-95, 129-135. Allenstein, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375. Amiens, ii: 152, 281, 314, iii: 389. Ardahan, Jan. 3--4, '15, i: 378. Argonne, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Arras, Apr. 9, '17, ii: 341, iii: 70-72. Artois, May 9, '14, iii: 42. Augustovo, iii: 118. "Battle of France," Sept.--Nov., '18, iii: 100-103. Belleau Wood, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 192, 382, xi: 43. Cambrai, Nov., '17, i: 392, 393, ii: 280, iii: 80-82, 337-340, viii: 142, 156; Sept.--Oct., '18, ii: 281, iii: 101, v: 213, xi: 52. Cantigny, May 28, '18, i: 395; '18, iii: 94, v: 31-34, 122, 124-128, 141, 380. Champagne, Sept., '15, i: 382, ii: 25, iii: 46; July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 148-158. Château-Thierry, May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43. Chemin des Dames, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132. Coronel, '14, i: 376, iv: 64-68, ix: 308. Ctesiphon, iii: 182, 367, 384. Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253. Falkland Islands, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308. Flanders, June--July, '17, ii: 56, 343, iii: 38, 40, viii: 299; _see also_ Yser. Heligoland Bight, i: 375, iv: 240-243, xii: 205. Isonzo, _see_ Italian Front. Jadar, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152. Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99-136, 144-156, 256, 258, xi: 29. Kars, '15, iii: 260. Kut-el-Amara, i: 382, 385, 389, iii: 181-183, 318-320, 364, xi: 29. Le Cateau, '14, ii: 162, 174, 176-182, iii: 23. Liége, i: 143, 375, ii: 348, iii: 10, xi: 9. Lys, iii: 91. Marne, Sept., '14, i: 375, ii: 9, 82, 103, 138, 140-142, 182-184, 220, 227, 258, iii: 30-34, xi: 12; July--Aug., '18, ii: 77, 154, 322-324, 326, iii: 95, v: 47-61, 129, 148-183, 382, viii: 148, x: 381-387. Mazurian Lakes, i: 378, iii: 113-116, 130. Messines Ridge, i: 395, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76, 77, 360. Mons-Charleroi, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, ii: 162, iii: 277-281, xi: 10. Neuve Chapelle, Mar., '15, iii: 41, 375. Passchendaele Ridge, i: 392, 395, ii: 56, iii: 79, 360, v: 377. Passenheim, Aug., '14, iii: 116. Ravaruska, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122. Riga, Oct. 18, '17, i: 392. St. Mihiel, Sept. 20, '14, iii: 37; Sept. 12, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 309, 384-386, xi: 46. San, May 15--17, '15, i: 380, iii: 136. Sarre, Aug., '14, iii: 18. Somme, July, '16, i: 386, ii: 44-47, 126, 148, iii: 55-68, 314; Mar., '18, iii: 86-90, xi: 24; Aug., '18, ii: 331, xi: 46. Tannenberg, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, ii: 24, 228, 353, iii: 112-116. Vaux, i: 385, ii: 189, iii: 52, 54, 62, 306, 313, 327-329; _see also_ Verdun. Verdun, i: 268, 376, 384, 388, 390, ii: 36-39, 47, 67, 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61, 62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 22. Vimy Ridge, i: 46, 47, 70, iii: 343-349. Ypres, Nov., '14, i: 376, ii: 144, 170, iii: 41; Apr., '15, ii: 170, 222, iii: 42, 320; July--Sept., '17, ii: 128; Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 359-363. Yser, Oct., 14, i: 376, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77. _See also_ under name of engagement.

Bauer, Herr Gustav, chosen head of German cabinet, June, '19, vi: 304.

Bauer, Otto, leader of Austrian Maximalists, vi: 314; activities, '18, vi: 318; becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs, '19, vi: 319.

Baulny, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 227.

Bavaria, socialist republic proclaimed, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; revolt against Kurt Eisner, Feb., '19, vi: 298; soviet republic proclaimed, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300; Revolutionary Tribunals in control of Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300; Peasants' Union declares food blockade against Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Bavarian Digging Song, xi: 339.

Bayonet fighting, use in modern warfare, viii: 105-110.

Bayonville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David, at battle of Jutland, iv: 99; British commander at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240; at battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246; arranges for surrender of German fleet, iv: 383; biography, ix: 283-287.

Beauclaire, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

Beaucourt, captured by British, Nov. 14, '16, i: 388; British gain control of valley, Jan., '17, iii: 64.

Beaufort, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Beaulencourt-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar., '17, iii: 64.

Beaumont, taken by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48; Germans driven from, by British, iii: 64; captured by 2nd and 80th Divs., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266.

Beaune, A. E. F. University at, v: 106, vii: 282.

Beauquesne, training area for 27th Div., v: 290.

Bebel, Herr, personal sketch, vi: _Intro. ix._

Bedouins, join Turks invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Beersheba, captured by British, Oct. 31, '17, iii: 194.

Beirut, taken by French, Oct. 10, '18, iii: 199.

Beit Lekia, taken by British Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Bela Kun, Hungarian Bolshevik leader, activities, vi: 324-326.

Belfort, defenses of, iii: 2, v: 215; bombarded by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 48.

Belgian Relief, _see_ Belgium; War Relief.

_Belgian Prince, S. S._, sunk by U-boat, July 31, '17, iv: 232.

_Belgium, 1918_, poem by Sheril Schell, xi: 84.

Belgium: Army, increase in, '09--'12, i: 144; dependence on Germany for munition supply, i: 234; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; escapes from Antwerp, Oct. 9, '14, ii: 143; pre-War organization, iii: 4; mobilized, June 28, '14, iii: 378; strength of air service at end of War, viii: 202; for military operations, _see under_ name of campaign. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 289. Coal production '13--'15, xii: 48. Food, _see_ Relief, below. Neutrality, guaranteed by European Powers, 1831, 1839, i: 141, 229; British policy, history of, i: 141, 222, 224; defense arrangement with British, '06, i: 143; German violation, Aug. 4, '14, i: 144, 223, ii: 8, iii: 8-16, 380, xi: 4; Bethmann-Hollweg's "Scrap of paper" statement, i: 146; France pledges to respect, Aug., '14, i: 223, iii: 380; King Albert appeals to England, i: 223; violation menace to Great Britain, i: 224; Sir Edward Grey urges British intervention, Aug. 3, '14, i: 224; German ultimatum, Aug. 2, '14, i: 227, iii: 380; German reasons for violation, i: 229, 231, xi: 9; Bismarck's pledge of guarantee, i: 229; German admission of injustice of violation, i: 230; German ultimatum rejected, i: 230. iii: 378-381; German charge of secret Anglo-Belgian agreement, i: 231; British offer of help, i: 232; appeal to England, Aug. 4, '14, i: 233; German charge of unneutral conduct denied, i: 234; evidences of trust in German good faith, i: 234; Lloyd George denounces violation, i: 236; German disregard of, in planning campaign against France, ii: 4; military topography of German border, ii: 6; French consider German invasion improbable, ii: 8; effect of invasion on result of War, ii: 206; Ludendorff's justification of violation, ii: 346; composition of invading forces, iii: 10; French defenders retire, Aug., '14, iii: 20; invasion creates national unity, vi: 84; Bryce Report on atrocities, vi: 84; deportation of civilian population, vi: 84; for invasion and military operations, _see_ name of engagement. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 180. Peace Treaty, claims against Holland, vi: 89; acquires Moresnet, xii: 188; acquires Eupen, xii: 188; acquires Malmédy, xii: 188; reparation by Germany, xii: 218. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Relief, Commission for, in Belgium, vii: 116-144; famine conditions, vii: 117; early relief organization, vii: 118; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 119, 124, 136; _Comité Nationale Belge, de Secours et d'Alimentation_, vii: 120; overcoming blockade difficulties, vii: 120-127; care of children, vii: 134; American contributions, vii: 139-144; dependence on imports for existence, xii: 136. Royal family, ix: 388, xi: 143-145. War cost, debt to U.S., xii: 18; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Belgrade, captured by Austrians, Dec. 2, '14, i: 376, vi: 357; recaptured by Serbians, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 155, 394, 397; retaken by Austrians, Oct. 6--8, '15, i: 382, vi: 357.

Belikamen, Serbs rout Austrians at, ii: 32.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., commander 33rd Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Belleau Wood, battle of, June, '18, 2nd Div. at, iii: 94, v: 135-139, 382, xi: 43; strategic importance, v: 138; renamed "Bois de la Brigade Marine," v: 139; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Bellicourt, position on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Below, Gen. Otto von, commands 17th German Army, ii: 149.

Benedict XV, Pope, makes peace plea, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390; offer accepted by Germany, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; biography, ix: 405.

Benes, Edward, seeks Allied aid for Bohemia, vi: 397; member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, description, viii: 80.

Benson, Admiral William S., biography, ix: 296-298.

Bentinck, Count, Kaiser's host after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 278.

Berat, occupied by Italians, July 11, '18, i: 397.

Berbers, with Turkish forces invading Egypt, iii: 190.

Berchtold, Count A. J. S. J. K., biography, ix: 143.

Berehaven, Ireland, U. S. naval base, iv: 356.

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, on German doctrine of force, i: 152.

Berlin, revolution, Nov., '18, vi: 273-276, 284; Spartacide uprising, Jan., '19, vi: 287; Spartacides suppressed by Ebert, vi: 289; second Spartacide revolution, Mar., '19, vi: 299.

Berlin-Bagdad Railroad, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Berlin Conference, '85, divides Africa into "spheres of influence," i: 96.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878, Russian ambitions in Near East checked, i: 48, 93; terms of settlement at, i: 93; defects of settlement, i: 93.

Bernhardi, Gen. Friedrich von, expounds German Kultur in _Germany and the Next War_, i: 67; on desirability of a European war, i: 131; striking quotations from, i: 179.

Bernstein, Herr, German Socialist leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._

Bernstorff, Count Johann von, activities as head of German spy system in U. S., i: 8, x: 326; biography, ix: 133.

Berny, taken by French, Sept. 17, '16, i: 388.

Bersaglieri, description, ii: 240.

Berthelot, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, '18, ii: 214.

Berzy-le-Sec, captured by 1st Div., July 21, '18, v: 55, 179, 383.

Bessarabia, Russian offensive in, starts, Dec. 24, '15, i: 382; invaded by Bolsheviki, vi: 350.

Béthincourt, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, i: 384.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Dr. Theobold von, German Chancellor, justification of Germany, i: 117; "scrap of paper" statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146; statement of reasons for unrestricted submarine warfare, i: 344; proposes compromise peace, '17, vi: 262; resigns as Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266; biography, ix: 121-126; admission of German guilt, ix: 121; opposition to ruthless warfare, ix: 126.

"Big Bertha," German long-range gun, bombards Paris, viii: 45-47, xi: 271-274.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, personality, iii: 375.

Births, decrease due to War, statistics, iii: 406.

Bishop, Col. Wm. A., British ace, story of, x: 215-221, xi: 229.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, builder of German Empire, i: 41; Near East policy, i: 48; forced to resign Chancellorship, 1890, i: 73, 97, ix: 359; forms Triple Alliance, i: 95; colonial policy, i: 97; representative of Junker class, i: 258; plan for universal empire, ii: 2; publishes von Moltke's views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Bismarck, Major von, German military attaché in Switzerland, vi: 380.

Bissell, Lieut., commands detachment defending bridge at Château-Thierry, May 31, '18, v: 134.

Bissolati, Signor, Italian political leader, advocates Jugoslav conciliation, vi: 362; against policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Bistritz, taken by Rumanians, Sept. 4, '16, iii: 218.

Bitlis, captured by Russians, Mar. 2, '16, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386; recaptured by Russians, Aug. 26, '16, i: 386.

Bitur, taken by British, Nov., '17, iii: 194.

"Black Cobra Bill," nickname of "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of India," vi: 78.

_Black Prince_, British warship lost at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

Black Sea, Russia gains freedom of action in, 1871, i: 47; Turkish bombardment of ports, Oct. 28, '14, i: 376.

Blackwell, Pvt. Robert L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Blanc Mont, captured by French and Americans, Oct. 5, '18, v: 241, 255, 257.

Blankets, for U. S. Army, v: 358.

Bligny, German repulse at, July 15, '18, v: 51.

"Blimps," U. S., scout dirigibles, viii: 245, 255.

Blind, Committee for Men Blinded in Battle, activities, vii: 99; Permanent Relief War Fund, activities, vii: 255-259; Red Cross Institute for, vii: 259; number blinded in War, vii: 260.

Blinkers, use of, in action, v: 319.

Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84.

Blockade, of Allies by Germany, _see_ Submarine Warfare; of Germany by Allies, _see_ Germany, Blockade of.

_Blücher_, German cruiser sunk at Dogger Bank, eye-witness account, iv: 247.

Blue and Gray (29th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Blue Ridge (80th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Bobo, Capt. Stephen N., story of his band of "rough-neck" weaklings, x: 49.

Boehm-Ermolli, Gen., commands Austrians relieving Przemysl, iii: 132.

Boers, rebel against British, '14, vi: 49; Gen. Hertzog leader of rebellion, vi: 49; aid Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, vi: 50; _see_ also South Africa, Union of.

Bohemia, Diet suppressed by Austria-Hungary, '15, vi: 311; early history, vi: 396; oppression by Austria-Hungary, vi: 396; press comment on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396; formation of army, '17, vi: 398; National Council, vi: 399; _see also_ Czechoslovakia.

Boirault tank, viii, 153.

Boiselles, taken by French, Jan. 17--18, '15, i: 378.

Bolivia, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Peace Conference, delegate to, xii: 180.

Bolo Pasha, French traitor, pro-German plots, vi: 105, x: 340-344.

Bolshevism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi._; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; as product of high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiii_; in: Australia, revolutionary spirit among labor, vi: 45. Austria, rise and overthrow, '19, vi: 319. Bulgaria, outbreak in, vi: 346. Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevik feeling, vi: 400. Finland, provisional government established, Nov., '17, vi: 198; suppressed by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200. Germany, _see_ Spartacides. Hungary, riots, Jan.--Feb., '19, vi: 324; success, Mar., '19, vi: 325. India, propaganda stirs unrest, vi: 77. Poland, spread in, vi: 223. Russia, peace of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, Mar. 3, '18, ii: 272, VI: 183; propaganda among German troops, '18, ii: 322; Russian troops incited to desert and revolt, iii: 269, vi: 155, 164; doctrines, vi: 148, ix: 112, xi: 33; navy demoralized, vi: 155, 164; Kornilov rebellion defeated, vi: 169; movement against Kerensky spreads, Oct., '17, vi: 173; arguments used to win populace, vi: 175; Bolsheviki call on Soviets to seize government, Nov. 2, '17, vi: 175; increasing power of movement, Oct., '17, vi: 177; overthrow Kerensky and seize government, vi: 177-183; Lenin announces platform, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 179; dictatorship of proletariat, vi: 181; Bolshevik land program, vi: 181; opposition of middle class functionaries, vi: 181; Russian secret treaties made public, vi: 183; Constituent Assembly dissolved, Jan. 18, vi: 185; Red Army raised, vi: 185; reign of terror, vi: 187; state of war declared with Entente, vi: 187; Princes' Island Conference proposed by Peace Conference, vi: 188; Finland used as base of operations. '15, vi: 198; progress in Letvia, vi: 228; financing German Spartacides, vi: 281; connection with Maximalists, vi: 314; Lenin's defense of tyrannical methods, ix: 115; currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii._ Siberia, opposition in, vi: 189.

Bombs: Aerial, viii: 221-225. Depth, evolution of, iv: 307; for combating U-boats, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239. Illuminating, drop bombs, viii: 76.

Bona, bombarded by _Breslau_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.

Bone, Fl.-Com. R. J., battle with German planes invading England, x: 237.

_Bonnet Rouge_, traitorous French newspaper, vi: 105.

Books, demand for, in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282.

Bordeaux, French government moves to, Sept. 3, '14, i: 375; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Borden, Sir Robert, Premier of Canada, vi: 24; urges increase of Foreign Service Army, Jan., '16, vi: 27.

"Bore" of gun, defined, viii: 111.

Boris, Czar of Bulgaria, succeeds to throne following abdication of Ferdinand, '18, vi: 347.

Boselli, Signor, forms coalition Italian cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127.

Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; devastated, '18, vi: 363.

Bosphorus, bombarded by Russian warships, Mar. 28, '15, i: 378.

Botchkareva (Butchkareff), Ensign Vera, commander of Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205.

Botha, Gen. Louis, commander of British South African troops, iii: 253; policy as Prime Minister of Union of South Africa, vi: 47; biography, ix: 191-193.

Bott, Capt. Alan, British ace, experiences as Turkish prisoner, x: 235-237.

Bourassa, Henri, Canadian Nationalist leader, vi: 30; opposition to Canadian participation in War, vi: 30.

Bouresches, objective in Belleau Wood action, v: 37, 133, 137.

Bourgeois, Leon, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Bourmont, training area for 2nd Div., v: 6.

_Bouvet_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by mine, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 47, 375.

Bovington, U. S. Tank School at, v: 314.

Boy-Ed, Capt. Karl, German Naval Attaché in U. S., dismissed, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 315; German arch-spy in U. S., x: 329.

Boy Scouts, war-time activities, British, xi: 94; Belgian, xi: 98; French, xi: 98; American, xi: 100-116.

Boycott, anti-German, Allied proposals for, xii: 102.

Boyemia River, French withdraw to, in Salonika Campaign, iii: 204.

Boyle, Lieut.-Com. E. C., commander of British submarine _E-14_, iv: 209.

Boyon Wood, taken by 18th and 28th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Brabançonne, La_, Belgian national hymn, xi: 327.

Brabant, A. E. F. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Bradley, Brig.-Gen. Alfred E., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 345.

Brady, Father John J., heroic chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 100.

Brandeville, occupied by 5th Div., Nov. 7, '18, v: 271.

Brazil, German population of, i: 79; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; declares war on Germany, Oct. 26, '17, i: 392, vi: 390; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.

Bread, daily consumption by A. E. F., v: 330.

Breguet bombing airplanes, viii: 224.

Breheville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

_Bremen_, German cruiser sunk by British submarine, Dec. 18, '15, i: 382.

Bremen, Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 294.

Breshkovsky, Catherine, leader of Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; prophecy on Russia, ix: 231; biography, ix: 348.

_Breslau_, German cruiser, outwits Allied fleets and escapes to Bosphorus, Aug., '14, i: 375, iv: 13; sunk, Jan. 20, '18, i: 393.

Brest, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 396.

Brest-Litovsk, captured by Germans, Aug. 25, '15, i: 381, iii: 138.

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, between Russia and Germany, a dictated "German peace," ii: 63, vi: 183, vi: 268; effect of Austro-Hungarian demands for peace on, vi: 314; abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, '19, xii: 205.

_Bretelle_, definition of, v: 16.

Breton, J. L., inventor of armored barbed-wire cutter, viii: 152.

Briand, Aristide, forms French Cabinet, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Bridges, pontoons, viii: 299; portable steel, viii: 301.

Brieulles-sur-Bar, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Brieuvilles-sur-Meuse, action in Meuse-Argonne battle at, Sept. 27, '18, v: 226.

Briey, iron area coveted by Germans, ii: 6.

_Brilliant_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Briquenay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91.

_Bristol_, British warship in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70.

Bristol airplanes, viii: 203.

_Britannia_, British battleship torpedoed, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399.

_Britannic_, British hospital ship sunk by mine, Nov. 21, '16, i: 389.

British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99.

Brody, captured by Russians, July 28, '16, i: 386, iii: 120, 145.

_Broke_, British destroyer, night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Browning, Vice-Adm. Sir Montague E., head of British delegation to U. S., iv: 157.

Browning machine-guns, description, viii: 84-87; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Brunehilde position, location, v: 84.

Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei Alexeievitch, commands Russian invasion of Galicia, '16, ii: 42, 235, iii: 119; biography, ix: 232-235.

Brussels, occupied by Germans, Aug. 20, '14, iii: 14; German entry described by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 271-273.

_Brussels_, Capt. Fryatt's ship, x: 265.

Bryan, William Jennings, policy on German submarine warfare, i: 321; resigns as Secretary of State, i: 321.

Buchan, John, description of Mons retreat, iii: 277-281.

Bucharest, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.

Bucharest, Treaty of, between Rumania and Central Powers, May 6, '18, i: 395, vi: 352; Bulgarian attitude on, vi: 339.

Buck, Maj.-Gen. Beaumont B., cited for gallantry at Berzy-le-Sec, v: 180; promoted to major-general, v: 182; commands 3rd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Buckeye (37th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Budapest, Bolshevik riots in, '18--'19, vi:323.

Buenz, Dr. Karl, German secret agent in U. S., x: 331.

Buffaloes (92nd Division), _see_ U. S., Army.

Bukovina, occupied by Russians, iii: 122.

Bulair Lines, Gallipoli defenses, iv: 24.

Bulgaria, German ruler of, i: 96; defeat and surrender to Allies, Sept. 30, '18, i: 399, ii: 94, 96, 216, iii: 213, vi: 347, xi: 48; key to Balkan situation, ii: 28; tool of Germany, ii: 28; enmity for Serbia, ii: 32; reasons for siding with Germany, ii: 32; enters War, Oct. 14, '15, ii: 33, vi: 343; Ludendorff's reasons for collapse of, ii: 329; mobilizes against Serbia, iii: 156, vi: 342; invades Rumania, Sept. 2, '16, iii: 218; prisoners of war, iii: 404; casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; effect of surrender on German morale, vi: 270; racial characteristics, vi: 338; desire for Balkan supremacy, vi: 339; geographical position, vi: 341; attitude toward Allies, vi: 341; proclaims neutrality, '14, vi: 341; terms for entering War, vi: 341; antagonism toward Russia, vi: 342; Agrarian Party against War, vi: 343; result of Teutonic alliance, vi: 344; cession of Demotika to, by Turkey, vi: 344; friction with Germany, vi: 344; attitude toward Russian Revolution, vi: 344; dispute with Turkey, '18, vi: 345; Bolshevism in, vi: 346; terms of armistice with Allies, vi: 347; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; war cost, Oct., '15--Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; for military operations, _see_ name of campaign.

Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, in command of Third Army Corps, A. E. F., Aug., '18, v: 62,167, 189, 383; of Second Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 390; of Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219, 388; biography, ix: 218-221.

Bullets, _see_ Ammunition.

Bülow, Gen. von, commands German army in first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 10; on Italian Front, iii: 247.

Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, biography, ix: 128-131.

Bulson, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

_Bulwark_, British battleship blows up, Nov. 26, '14, i: 376.

Bundesrat, German, composition and powers, i: 71, 156.

Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, commander, 2nd Div., v: 109, 132; biography, ix: 223-226.

Burat, captured by Bulgars, Jan. 23, '16, i: 384.

Burdick, "Ma," Salvation Army mother in France, vii: 384.

Bures, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

_Buresk, S. S._, _Emden's_ collier, iv: 188.

Burney, Vice-Adm. Sir Cecil, commands British Channel Fleet, iv: 89.

Burnham, Gen., commands 82nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Burns, use of ambrine in treatment of, viii: 390.

Bushnell, David, Revolutionary War inventor of submarine, iv: 201.

Buzancy, captured by 80th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 217, 264.

Buzzer phone, use of, in action, v: 318.

Byng, Gen. Sir Julian, commander of British Third Army, ii: 214, iii: 371; fights battle of Cambrai, Nov., '17, iii: 82, 337-340, viii: 142; personal traits, iii: 376.

Bzura, scene of fighting in German attack on Warsaw, iii: 129.

C

_Cabinga, S. S._, prize of German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.

Cables, German submarine surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 225.

Cableways, Italian aerial, viii: 303-306.

Cadets, Russian political party, aims of, vi: 148.

Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, member of Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; Italian commander in Isonzo campaign, iii: 241; biography, ix: 225-229.

Caillaux, Joseph, arrested on charge of treason, Jan. 13, '18, i: 393; accused of traitorous activities, vi: 106.

Caillette Wood, taken by French Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Calais, German drive for, iii: 40; Calais to Persia, Germany's goal in world control plan, '13, ii: 2.

Call, 2nd Lieut. Donald M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Callaghan, Adm. Sir George, commander of British Grand Fleet, relieved by Jellicoe, Aug. 5, '14, iv: 88.

Cambrai, German base in France, ii: 86; first battle of, Nov., '17, Maj.-Gen. Swinton on work of British tanks at, ii: 280; Byng's surprise attack, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142, 156; American engineers at, iii: 82; German prisoners captured, iii: 82; German counter-offensive, iii: 82; "best-kept secret of War," iii: 337; adventures of a tank pilot, iii: 338; Order of the Day for Tank Corps, Nov. 20, '17, iii: 340; second battle of, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281, v: 213; captured by Allies, Oct. 9, '18, xi: 52.

Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Allies smash Hindenburg Line, '18, iii: 101.

Cameron, Maj.-Gen. George H., commands 4th Div., May, '18, v: 128; commands Fifth Corps, St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; commands Fifth Corps in Meuse-Argonne, Sept., '18, v: 219, 388.

Cameroons (Kamerun) conquered by Allies, Aug., '14--Feb., '16, iii: 252, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '16, xii: 279.

_Camilla, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Camouflage, use in outwitting U-boats, iv: 311, viii: 343, xi: 241; for masking machine-guns, v: 287; development, viii: 136; in nature, viii: 336; war uses, viii: 336-344, xi: 277, 291-295.

Camp des Romains fort, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

_Campbells Are Coming_, Scotch patriotic air, xi: 334.

Canada, becomes self-governing dominion, 1867, i: 43; army in Europe, July, '16, iii: 343; characteristics of fighting forces, iii: 343; war casualties, iii: 404, 405; prisoners of war, iii: 404; strength of army, iii: 405; political conditions, prior to '14, vi: 23; enthusiastic response to declaration of war, vi: 24; political situation, Aug., '14, vi: 25; war donations by provinces, vi: 25; Conservatives advocate close Imperial Federation, vi: 25; Premier Borden's view of Canada as a "participating nation" of British Empire, vi: 25; Liberal view of Imperial Federation, vi: 26; voluntary enlistments, vi: 26; increase in land under cultivation, '15, vi: 26; increase in food exports, '15, vi: 26; bilingual schools issue creates race antagonism, vi: 27-28; Bourassa, Nationalist leader, opposes War, vi: 30; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 31-36; conscription, problems of, vi: 31-36; Anglo-Saxons indorse conscription, vi: 31; labor against conscription, vi: 32; Liberals support conscription, vi: 32; Conscription Bill announced, June, '17, vi: 32; Conscription Bill passed, Aug., '17, vi: 33; War Franchise Bill, '17, vi: 34; Catholic Church opposes conscription, vi: 34; results of election, '17, vi: 35; pro-conscriptionists form "Unionist" coalition, vi: 35; secessionist talk, vi: 36; Quebec draft riots, Mar., '18, vi: 36; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48; nationalization plans for railroads, xii: 90; war cost, Aug., '14--Aug., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179; _see also_ Great Britain.

Canadian sector on Western Front, '17, iii: 343.

_Canadians_, poem by W. H. Ogilvie, x: 318.

Canal du Nord, crossed by Allies, Sept. 25, '18, i: 397.

Canal sector, Ypres to Voormezeele, v: 300.

Canary birds, as gas detectors, xi: 324.

Cannon, _see_ Artillery.

_Canopus_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33; in Cradock's fleet off Coronel, iv: 64; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Cantigny, captured by 1st Div., May 28, '18, i: 395, iii: 94, v: 31, 124; American casualties at, v: 33, 128, 141; significance of capture, v: 34; Pershing's report on capture, v: 380.

Cantonments, U. S., description, xi: 155; soldiers' life at, xi: 159; construction of, xii: 125.

_Cap Trafalgar_, armed German liner, battle with British _Carmania_, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

Cape Helles, Turkish fortification at, iv: 42.

Cape Yeni Shehr, Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42.

Caporetto, Italian disaster at, Oct. 21--Nov. 1, '17, effect on Western Front, ii: _Intro. xx_; Italian rout before Austrian advance, ii: 246; wholesale Italian surrenders, ii: 246; army demoralized, iii: 247; causes of rout, ii: 248, vi: 129; retreat checked at the Piave, ii: 250; effect on Italo-Slav unity, vi: 362.

Caproni triplanes, viii: 223.

Carabinieri, Italian military police, ii: 242.

Carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties of, viii: 166; monoxide, poisonous properties of, viii: 166-168.

Carbonyl chloride, _see_ Phosgene.

Carden, Vice-Adm., commands British naval forces in Mediterranean,'15, iv: 28; at Gallipoli, iv: 31; resigns, Mar. 16, '15, iv: 32.

Carency, French attack at, May 11--12, '15, i: 380.

Carignan-Sedan-Mézières railroad, vital importance to Germans, v: 387; threatened by Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 387.

_Carmania_, armed British liner, battle with German _Cap Trafalgar_, Sept. 14, '14, iv: 199, x: 318-321.

_Carnarvon_, British cruiser at Falklands, armament of, iv: 70.

_Carnetta, S. S._, Belgian Relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Carniola, clash of Italians and Jugoslavs in, vi: 364.

Carpathian Mts., Russian attempts to cross, '15, ii: 26; Ludendorff's account of campaigns, ii: 360; topography, iii: 108; Russians occupy passes, Sept., '14, iii: 124; Austrian attacks, Jan.--Mar., '15, iii: 132; _see also_ Russian Front.

Carpenter, Capt., commander of _Vindictive_ at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263; account of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 266.

Carrel, Dr. Alexis, invents Carrel-Dakin treatment for infected wounds, viii: 369, ix: 312, xi: 289; wins Nobel prize, '12, ix: 310; biography, ix: 310-313.

Carrel-Dakin treatment, description, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 289.

Carso Plateau, description, ii: 244, iii: 239; Italian advance across, June, '15--Oct., '17, ii: 245; _see also_ Italian Front.

Carson, Sir Edward, leader of Ulster opposition to Irish Home Rule, vi: 53, 60; biography, ix: 50-53.

Cary, Gen. Langle de, commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Casement, Sir Roger, hanged for treason, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386, vi: 60, ix: 53; negotiations with Germany, vi: 57; captured, vi: 58.

_Cassin_, U. S. destroyer torpedoed, account of, iv: 343.

Castelletto, mined by Italians, viii: 311.

Castelnau, Gen., commands French forces in Lorraine, iii: 16; stops Germans at Roye, Sept., '14, iii: 38; appointed Chief of Staff, Dec., '14, iii: 46; at Verdun, iii: 304.

Casualties, among troops attacking with tanks, ii: 284; total in War, iii: 403; classified by belligerents, iii: 404; civilian deaths due to War, iii: 405; per cent. of head wounds, viii: 64; in World War compared with all other wars, 1800--1913, xii: 25; money equivalent of man-power lost, military and civilian, xii: 25; total battle deaths, by countries, xii: 288; _see also_ under campaign, battle, and country.

Cattaro, bombarded by French and British, Aug. 24, '14, i: 375.

Caucasus, military operations in, Oct., '14--Jan., '15, ii: 91-92; iii: 260-263, xi: 29; early history, vi: 231; conflict of racial interests, vi: 231; Russian misrule in, vi: 231; demand for self-government, '05, vi: 231; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 232; rise of new nations under Russian Revolution, vi: 233.

Caudron bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Causes, of War, summarized by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. vii_; complexity of, i: 2; conflict of political systems, i: 4; conflict of nationalistic aspirations, i: 5; element of individual responsibility, i: 5; German desire for war, i: 8; colonial rivalry, i: 14; Anglo-German economic rivalry, i: 78, 121; German ambitions for world power, i: 83; murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: iii; Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of, i: 117; Vice-Chancellor Helfferich's statement of, i: 119; Dr. Dernburg's statement of, i: 120; statement of German "Intellectuals" on, i: 120; racial element in, i: 120; German territorial ambitions, i: 122; German excuse of Russian menace, i: 137, 139; German statement of English responsibility, i: 193; Prince Lichnowsky denies Anglo-German commercial jealousy, i: 193; Ludendorff's analysis of, ii: 346; _see also_ Germany, Responsibility for War.

Cavalry, function in Palestine campaign, ii: 93; Field-Marshal Haig on value of, ii: 120; German military critic on importance of, ii: 260; use in St. Mihiel drive, v: 206; _see also_ under armies of each country.

Cavell, Edith, executed Oct. 12, '15, i: 382; story of, x: 172; betrayed by Gaston Quien, x: 352.

"C. C. Gear," for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 214-216.

Cecil, Lord Robert, advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Cemeteries for A. E. F. dead in France, v: 331, 400.

Central Committee for Relief of Jews Suffering Through the War, vii: 352; _see also_ Jews.

Central Council of Delegates meets in Berlin, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283.

Central Powers, unity of command established, ii: 330; general strategic plan on Eastern Front, iii: 110; mobilized strength, iii: 430; war casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; peace proposals, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; Anti-Slav policy, vi: 360; war cost, xii: 27, 107; rise in national debts, xii: 114; _see also_ Austria-Hungary; Bulgaria; Germany; Turkey.

Central Records Office, A. E. F., v: 402.

Cereals, shipped to Europe by U. S., '16--'18, xii: 37.

Cerna River, Serb attack on Bulgars at, Sept. 15, '18, iii: 213.

Cernavoda, captured by Teutons, Oct. 25, '16, i: 388, iii: 221.

Cernavoda-Constanza Railway, Teutons gain control of, iii: 221.

Cettinje, captured by Austrians, Jan. 13, '16, i: 384.

Châlons, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; taken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375; system of trench defenses, v: 44.

Chamberlain, Austen, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

Chamberlaine, Brig.-Gen. Wm., commands Railway Reserve, First Army, A. E. F., v: 305.

Champagne, French offensive in, Sept., '15, ii: 25, iii: 46; as possible sector for German spring drive, '18, ii: 67; German offensive checked, July 15--17, '18, v: 47, 129, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. participation in Allied defensive, July 15--17, '18, v: 148-158.

Champigneulle, attacked by 77th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Champneuville, captured by Germans, Feb. 27, '16, i: 384.

Chanak, town on Dardanelles, iv: 24; bombarded by Allies, Mar. 6, '15, iv: 45.

Channel ports, importance to Allies, ii: _Intro. viii_; German drive for, '18, ii: 75, iii: 38, 359; opposing views of Viscount French and Joffre on importance of, ii: 172; Belgian coast evacuated by Germans, Oct., '18, ii: 214.

_Chant du Départ, Le_, French patriotic song, xi: 333.

Chapman, Victor, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed at Verdun, iii: 391.

Charcoal, use in gas masks, viii: 176.

_Charge of the Tank Brigade_, poem by Vilda Sauvage Owens, xi: 267.

_Charlemagne_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Charleroi, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375.

Charles Francis, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ascends throne, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388; secret letter to Prince Sixtus asking for peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63, 315; conciliatory policy, vi: 313; overthrown by Socialist revolution, '18, vi: 317; letter of appeal to King Ferdinand of Rumania, vi: 317; leaves Austria, Mar. 23, '19, vi: 319; biography, ix: 371-373.

Charpentry, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 227.

Chartèves, captured by 3rd Div., v: 383.

Chasseurs, description, xi: 189.

Château-Thierry captured by Germans, June 1, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Ludendorff on A. E. F. fighting at, ii: 320; re-occupied by A. E. F. and French, July 21, '18, iii: 96, v: 184; German attempts to cross Marne at, repulsed by A. E. F., May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 130, 134-135, 381-382, xi: 43; location and importance, v: 133; _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.

Châteauroux, U. S. gas-mask factory at, v: 324.

Châtel-Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Châtillon, Germans force bridgehead at, July 15, '18, v. 51.

Châtillon Wood, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

Chaulnes, captured by British, Mar. 17, '17, iii: 68.

Chaumont, A. E. F. general headquarters, v: 100.

Chaumont-en-Vixen, training area for 1st Div., v: 121.

Chelsea War Refugees Fund, vii: 106.

Chemery, captured by 42nd Div., Nov. 6, '18, v: 269.

Chemical warfare, poison gas first used by Germans at battle of Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; first use against Russians, iii: 288-292; Pierre Loti's description of gassed, iii: 320-322; German projector batteries, v: 28; U. S. Chemical Warfare Service, activities, v: 321-327, 401; gas warfare development, v: 321; kinds of poison gases used, v: 321, viii: 166-172; mustard gas, v: 321, viii: 171, xi: 321; phosgene (carbonyl chloride), v: 321, viii: 168-170; U. S. production of gas shells, v: 324, 325; invention in U. S. of super-poisonous gas, viii: _Intro. ix_; methods of gas attack, viii: 162-165; gas clouds, viii: 162-164, xi: 316; gas shells, description and use, viii: 164, xi: 320; poisoning and asphyxiation, differences, viii: 166-167; carbon dioxide, asphyxiating properties, 166; nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166; carbon monoxide, poisonous properties, viii: 166, 167, 168; chlorine, use in gas attacks, viii: 168-170; vaporous liquid poisons, use in gas attacks, viii: 170-172; diphosgene, use in gas attacks, viii: 170; xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in gas attacks, viii: 170; chlorpicrin, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; sneezing gas, use in gas attacks, viii: 171; Lewisite, new American poison gas, deadliest of all, viii: 172; methods of defense against gas attacks, viii: 173-179; oxygen helmets, viii: 173; gas masks, viii: 174-178; use of charcoal in gas masks, viii: 176; fans for blowing away poison gases, viii: 178; use of neutralizing reagents, viii: 178; wet blankets as air-locks, viii: 178; U. S. poison-gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187, xii: 285; gas gangrene, xi: 287; international law on, xi: 313; general description, xi: 313-323.

Chemin des Dames, battle and capture of, by Germans, May 27, '18, i: 395, ii: 76, 154, v: 132; Germans driven from, '17, iii: 73-76; training area for 26th Div., v: 117.

_Chemung, S. S._, American steamer torpedoed, Nov. 26, '16, i: 389.

Chennery, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Cheppy, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Chiapovano Valley, Italian objective in '17 drive, ii: 58.

Children in the War, xi: _Intro. ix-xiii_, 56-84; letters of, xi: 60, 74-84; brave Belgian boys run off to war, xi: 67; Prudent Marius, the boy dispatch rider, xi: 69; "The Little Serbian Sergeant," xi: 69; American relief for European, xi: 84-93.

Chile, neutral during War, vi: 390; Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru, vi: 390.

Chiles, Capt. Marcellus H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Chilly, taken by French, Sept. 4, '16, i: 386.

China, under foreigners' yoke, i: 18; defeated by Japan in war of 1894, i: 20; forced to accept "open door" policy, i: 38; U. S. policy of "open door" in, i: 57; special Japanese interests in, recognized by Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; international position of, '14, i: 63; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Mar. 14, '17, i: 389; declares war on Teutonic Allies, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390; coolie labor in France, ii: 377, xii: 80, 85; siege of Tsing Tau, iii: 257; Tsing Tau seized by Germans, 1897, iii: 259; origin of phrase "yellow peril," vi: 248; Japanese demands on, '15, vi: 385; coal production, '13--'15, xii: 48; refuses to sign Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 167; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiao-Chau (Shantung) transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209; _see also_ Kiau-Chau; Shantung.

"Chinese Citizen Boy," letter from, xi: 179.

Chipilly Ridge, 33rd Div. breaks German line at, 'Aug. 1, '18, v: 260.

Chloride of lime, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Chlorine, first used by Germans in gas attack at Ypres, Apr., '15, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316, xii: 285; poisonous properties of, viii: 166, 168; use in chemical warfare, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 183.

Chlorpicrin, description of, v: 321; use in chemical warfare, viii: 171; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 185.

_Choising, S. S._, _Emdens's_ survivors transfer from _Ayesha_ to, iv: 192.

Cholm, claimed by Poland and Ukraine, vi: 248.

Chronoscope, for measuring reaction times, viii: 352.

Chunuk Bair, Turk stronghold at Gallipoli, iii: 172; Anzac attack on, iii: 173, 356-358; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Churchill, Winston Spencer, advocates Dardanelles attack, ii: _Intro. x, xiv._, 29, 200; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; defends Dardanelles campaign, ii: 205, iv: 56; biography, ix: 44-47.

Cierges, attacked by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Ciezkowice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Cimone, Mt., taken by Italians, July 25, '16, i: 386.

Citizenship, Bureau of, educational work among A. E. F., vii: 282.

Cividale, taken by Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247.

Civil War, Gen. Maurice on strategy of, compared with World War, ii: _Intro. xiii._

Civilian deaths, due to War, iii: 405; money value of, xii: 25.

Clam-Martinitz, Premier of Austria-Hungary, appointment as, vi: 313.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B., Director of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 115; on causes of high cost of living, xii: 142-148.

Clausewitz, Gen. Karl von, influence on development of German militarism, i: 166.

Clay, Capt. W. L., inventor of armor-piercing bullet, viii: 60.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, between U. S. and Great Britain on Panama Canal, i: 86.

Clemenceau, Georges, makes _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures, vi: 105; forms new War Cabinet, Nov., '17, vi: 106; disagrees with Pres. Wilson's peace aims, vi: 108; publishes letter of Emperor Charles to Prince Sixtus offering to make peace, vi: 315; biography, ix: 1-13, xi: 125; record as Premier, ix: 12; view of "Fourteen Points," ix: 13; bibliography, ix: 13; faith in Foch, ix: 151; at the Peace Conference, xii: 149-163; excludes Germans from, xii: 162.

Clermont-Ferrand, U. S. Air-Service Training School at, v: 313.

Cléry-le-Grand, taken by 60th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Cléry-le-Petit, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18. v: 264.

Clifford, Rev. J. H., "Doc of the Fifth," chaplain of U. S. Marines, x: 32-35.

Clocks, for airplanes, viii: 220.

Cloth, anti-gas, amount issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Coal, abundance secret of German power, i: 267; German production, 1880--1913, i: 267; seizure of French mines by Germany, ii: 20; consumption of, by A. E. F., v: 331; Dutch supply from Germany, vi: 377; U. S. production, '18--'19, xii: 46; production by chief countries, '13--'17, xii: 47; war-time price of, xii: 48; Peace Treaty requirements for German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224.

Coast Guard, Boy Scouts in, xi: 104.

"Coastals," type of U. S. dirigibles, viii: 245, 256.

Coblenz, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392; bridgehead at, occupied by A. E. F., Dec. 8, '18, i: 400, v: 394; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Cochin, Lieut., French submarine commander, feat in clearing minefield, iv: 375.

Codes, detection of, v: 319.

Coetquidan, artillery training camp in Brittany, v: 6.

Coffin, H. E., Chairman of Committee on Industrial Preparedness, xii: 69; views on industrial preparedness, xii: 69; member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Cohalan, Justice, leads Irish-American movement for Irish Republic, vi: 65.

Cold storage plants, use by A. E. F., v: 331.

Colmar, French advance toward, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Cologne, bridgehead at, occupied by British, Dec. 6, '18, i: 400; conditions for Allied withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Colombia, pro-German attitude of, vi: 392.

Colonies, important share of British, in winning War, i: 13; loss of German, i: 13; German miscalculation of loyalty of British, i: 14; share of French, in final victory, i: 14; European rivalries for, a chief cause of war, i: 14; era of colonization by European nations, i: 26; influence on development of naval power, i: 28; colonization during 19th century, i: 37; in Far East, i: 38; expansion important motive in German war policy, ii: 13.

_Columbia, S. S._, American steamer sunk by U-boat, Nov. 7, '16, i: 388.

Colyer, Sgt. Wilbur E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Combles, captured by Allies, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388, iii: 58, 59; recaptured by Allies, Aug. 30, '18, ii: 158.

_Comité Nationale Belge de Secours et d'Alimentation_, organization, vii: 120.

Commerce, national rivalries, i: 262; English blockade threatens ruin of German, vi: 253; _see also_ Trade, under name of country.

Commerce raiders, German, exploits of _Emden_, iv: 166-194; _Königsberg_, career in Indian Ocean, iv: 195; _Karlsruhe_, activities in Atlantic, iv: 196; _Königin Luise_, operations in English Channel, iv: 197; _Meteor_, activities in Baltic, iv: 197; _Moewe_, converted merchantman, iv: 197; _Seeadler_, iv: 198; _Wolf_, seaplane carrier, iv: 198.

Commissaries, political, in Russia, demoralize army, iii: 268; Council of People's, dictatorship of, vi: 181; _see also_ Russia.

Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 116-144.

Committee, of Mercy, vii: 87; for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105.

Communication, lines of, French railways available for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; between France and Germany, v: 214.

Compass, for airplanes, viii: 220; Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.

Comrades in Service, vii: 284.

_Conduct of War, The_, by Marshal Foch, ix: 152.

_Confédération Générale du Travail_, French labor union, political activities, vi: 110.

Congo, Belgian exploitation of, i: 50; creation of Congo Free State, i: 50.

Congo Conference, '84--'85, i: 16.

Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 16.

Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, Chief of Operations, A. E. F. General Staff, v: 102.

Connolly, James, Sinn Fein leader, wounded during Dublin rioting, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Commandant-General of "Irish Republic," ix: 53.

Conscientious objectors, treatment of, in Great Britain, vi: 8.

Conscription, _see under_ name of country.

Consevoie, U. S. engineers bridge Meuse at, Oct. 8, '18, v: 245.

Constantine, King of Greece, abdicates throne, June 12, '17, i: 390; opposed to Allied cause, iii: 202; biography, ix: 380-382.

Constantinesco, M., inventor of "C. C. Gear" for regulating airplane fire, viii: 215.

Constantinople, Russian ambitions for, i: 63; captured by Turks, 1453, i: 90; Gallipoli base of defense of, ii: 27; key to early ending of War, ii: 29; early history, iv: 18; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign; Turkey.

Constantinople Convention, 1888, Suez Canal neutralized, i: 15.

Constanza, captured by Teuton forces, Oct. 23, '16, i: 388, iii: 221; bombarded by Russian fleet, Nov. 11, '16, i: 388.

Constituent Assembly, Russian, dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185.

Contraband, _see_ Germany, Blockade.

Contracts, between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions on status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243.

Convoy service, difficulties of, iv: 317.

Cook, Lieut. S. W., co-inventor of depth-bomb launching device, iv: 331.

Co-operative Societies, Siberia, organization of landowning peasants, vi: 191.

Cordite, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.

Corfu, seat of Serbian government transferred to, iii: 160; meeting of Jugoslav representatives at, Aug., '17, vi: 359.

_Cormoran, S. S._, converted into auxiliary cruiser by _Emden's_ crew, vi: 169.

_Cornwall_, British cruiser at Falklands, iv: 70.

Cornwall, Jack, heroic British Boy Scout, xi: 98.

_Cornwallis_, British battleship sunk, Jan. 9, '17, i: 389; at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Coronel, battle of, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-68, ix: 308; comparison of opposing fleets, iv: 64, 65; Von Spee's account of, iv: 66; British account of, iv: 67; losses, iv: 68; Sir Henry Newbolt on strategy of, iv: 68.

Corps, compared with Division, v: 109.

Cossacks, origin, vi: 146; fight against Bolsheviki, vi: 192.

Cost of living, _see_ Prices; _also_ under each country.

Cost of War, capitalized value of lives lost, iii: 406, xii: 25; importance of money as war weapon, xii: 1; compared with previous wars, xii: 24; value of property destroyed, xii: 24, 25; economic loss in man-power, xii: 25; value of production loss, xii: 26; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; cost to Allies and Central Powers, xii: 27, 107; meaning of "cost of war," xii: 105; difficulties of computing money equivalent, xii: 105; range of expenditures, xii: 105; expenditures of different belligerents, xii: 106-107; methods used to raise war funds, xii: 107-114; taxation _vs._ borrowing, xii: 107; rise in national debts of belligerents, xii: 114; _see also_ under each belligerent.

Costin, Pvt. Henry G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 394.

Côte de Châtillon, capture of, by 42nd Div., Oct. 16, '18, v: 84, 250, 252.

Côtes-de-Meuse, taken in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69.

Cotton, not on British contraband list, ii: 21.

Coulommiers, Germans beaten back at, in first battle of the Marne, iii: 32.

Council of National Defense, U. S., _see_ United States, Council of National Defense.

Courcelette, taken by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Courland, early history, vi: 226; Republic of, established Apr., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Apr., '18, xii: 279; _see also_ Baltic Provinces.

Courtu, stormed by French in first battle of the Somme, '16, iii: 58.

_Covington_, U. S. transport sunk, July 1, '18, i: 397, iv: 337.

Cracow, Russian operations against, '14, iii: 127.

Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, commander of defeated British fleet in battle of Coronel, iv: 63, ix: 308.

Crandell, Miss Marion G., American "Y" worker with French, killed vii: 313.

_Cressy_, British cruiser, sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280, xi: 234.

Crile, Col. George W., first demonstrator of nitrous oxide as anæsthetic, vii: 68.

Croats, early history, vi: 354; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362.

Croix de Guerre, awards to American "Y" workers, vii: 275, 313.

Cromarty, as British naval base, iv: 94.

Cromer, Lord, chairman of commission to investigate Gallipoli disaster, ii: 197.

Cronkhite, Gen. Adelbert, commander 80th Div., v: 144; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Crothers, Rachel, starts Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343.

Crown Prince of Germany, _see_ Frederick William.

Crown Prince of Prussia, _see_ Frederick William.

Ctesiphon, British defeated at, by Turks, Jan. 3, '16, i: 384, iii: 182; description of Arch of, iii: 331; collapse of British medical service at battle of, iii: 367.

Cuba, revolt against Spain, i: 56; declares war on Germany, Apr. 7, '17, i: 389; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.

Cuisy Wood, captured by 79th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Cukela, 1st Lieut. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Cumières, captured and lost by Germans, May 23--27, '16, iii: 54, 312.

Cunel, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Curlu, captured by British, July 2, '16, i: 386.

_Cushing_, American ship attacked by German airplane, Apr. 28, '15, iv: 218.

Custace, Capt. Frank M., war services, x: 322.

Custer (85th) Division, _see_ U. S. Army.

Customs duties, German, regulation of, by Peace Treaty, xii: 229.

Cuxhaven, bombarded by British airmen, Dec. 25, '14, i: 378.

_Cyclops_, U. S. collier, mysterious disappearance, iv: 356.

Cyprus, acquired by Great Britain, i: 93.

Cyrenaica, base of Turkish forces invading western Egypt, iii: 190.

Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.

Czechoslovakia, anti-Bolshevist forces in Russia, vi: 187, 192; capture of Vladivostok, June, '18, vi: 192; attack on Hungary, April--May, '19, vi: 326; antagonism to Italy, vi: 362; independence recognized, vi: 399; German elements rebel against new government, vi: 399; Socialist movement in, '19, vi: 400; against Bolshevism, vi: 400; claims Teschen at Peace Conference, vi: 400; debt to U. S., xii: 18; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; Peace Treaty provisions for independence of, xii: 197; use of German ports, Peace Treaty provisions for, xii: 253; Republic established, Oct., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, Oct., '18, xii: 279; _see also_ Bohemia.

Czernin, Count, Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, appointment as, vi: 313; peace statement, July, '17, vi: 314; resigns as Foreign Minister, vi: 315.

Czernowitz, taken by Russians, Nov. 29, '14, i: 376, iii: 122; abandoned by Russians, Jan. 5, '16, i: 384; recaptured by Russians, June 17--18, '16, i: 385, iii: 144; occupied by Teutons, Aug. 3, '17, i: 390.

D

_Daffodil_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262.

Daghestan, Republic of, formed by Caucasian mountaineers, vi: 234.

Dalmatia, Italian claims for, vi: 361; conflict between Italians and Jugoslavs for possession of, vi: 365.

D'Amade, Gen., commander of French forces at Gallipoli, iii: 167.

Damascus, captured by British and Arabs, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399, iii: 199.

Damloup, scene of fighting at Verdun, iii: 55.

Dammartin, 1st Div. headquarters, June, '18, v: 143.

"Danger Zone," in rifle fire, viii: 93.

Daniels, Josephus, biography, ix: 326-329.

Dankl, Gen., commands Austrian army invading Russian Poland, '14, iii: 118.

Dannevoux, scene of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, pro-Ally propaganda during Italian neutrality, ii: 239, vi: 119, 124, ix: 343; manifesto on Italian claims for eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 368; claims Fiume, vi: 369; seizes Fiume, vi: 370; biography, ix: 343-345; author of _Song of the Dardanelles_, ix: 343; message to America, ix: 344.

_Danton_, French battleship torpedoed, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376.

Danube River, as barrier against invasion, iii: 151, 214; bridge across, blown up by Rumanians, iii: 221; internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

Danzig, demanded by Poland, vi: 225; made free city under Peace Treaty, vi: 226, xii: 203.

Dardanelles, Russian gateway to the sea, ii: 28, iii: 161; closed by Turkey, Sept., '14, ii: 28; strategic importance, ii: 29; Narrows, critical point, ii: 29; topography of shores, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; modern defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; early history, iv: 18-22; early fortifications, iv: 19; closed by Turkey to warships of other nations, iv: 20; forced in 1807 by Adm. Duckworth, iv: 20; fortified by Allies in Crimean War, iv: 20; forced in 1878, by Adm. Hornby, iv: 21; importance to Turkey, iv: 23; importance of combining land and naval attacks in forcing, iv: 26; description, xi: 14; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanelles Expedition, _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Dardanos Fort, bombarded by British, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 43.

Dar-es-Salam, captured by British, iii: 255.

Davis, Richard Harding, description of German entry into Brussels, iii: 271-273; description of burning of Louvain, iii: 273-277.

Davison, Henry P., Chairman, War Council American Red Cross, vii: i; biography, ix: 339.

De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333.

De Valera, Prof. Eamonn, elected to Parliament, vi: 62; arrest and escape from jail, vi: 65; elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55; address to America, ix: 55.

Dead Man's Hill, at Verdun, battle of, May, '16, iii: 51, 53, 306, 308, 310, xi: 22.

Debeney, Gen., commander of French First Army, ii: 212.

Debts, national, of belligerents, xii: 111-114; between German and Allied nationals, Peace Treaty provisions for settlement of, xii: 232-236.

Decorations, Congressional Medal of Honor, list and deeds of recipients during War, x: 388-402.

_Deductions from the World War_, by Gen. Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, summary of, ii: 254.

_Defender_, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

_Defense_, British ship sunk at Jutland, iv: 121.

Defense, elements in, iv: 4; French trench system of, v: 12; Gouraud's method of, against infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; _see also_ Tactics.

Defense of the Realm Act, British, as weapon against war-time labor strikes, vi: 14; used to prevent electricians' strike, Feb., '19, vi: 20.

Definitions, of popular war terms, xi: 359-362.

Delcassé, Théophile, dismissed as French Minister through German pressure, i: 99; resignation from Viviani government, Oct., '15, vi: 100.

Delousing, by Salvage Service of A. E. F., v: 331.

Demir-hissar, occupied by Bulgars, iii: 207.

Demir-Kapu, taken by French, Oct. 20, '15, iii: 204.

Democracy, in Europe, as result of the War, i: _Intro. x_; rise of, during 19th century, i: 29; among American colonists, i: 29; development in France, i: 30; European reaction, 1814--40, i: 32; failure of movement of 1848 in Germany, i: 32; growth of national sentiment for, in U. S., '04--'14, i: 293.

Demotika, ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey, vi: 344; Turkey demands return of, vi: 345.

Denikin, Gen., report on collapse of Russian armies, iii: 267-270; leads fight on Bolsheviki, vi: 192, 248.

Denmark, war with Prussia, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_; neutral during War, vi: 393; popular sentiment pro-Ally, vi: 393; war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.

Depth bomb, evolution of, iv: 307; use in fighting submarines, iv: 317; development by U. S. Navy, iv: 330; launching mechanism, iv: 331; invention of "Y" gun, iv: 332; for discharge from airplanes, iv: 332; description, viii: 281, xi: 239.

_Der Kampf_, Maximalist publication, vi: 314.

_Der Tag_, the German "millennium," xi: 195.

_Derflinger_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, justifies German war policy, i: 120; heads German propaganda in U. S., i: 274, 316; character sketch of, ix: 353.

_Derrière Chez Mon Père_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

D'Esperey, Gen. Franchet, commands French troops at first Marne battle, ii: 184, iii: 31; commands Allied troops on Balkan front, ii: 218, iii: 212, vi: 347; signs armistice with Hungary, vi: 323.

Destroyers, effectiveness against submarines, viii: _Intro. viii._

Detonation, of explosives compared with explosion, viii: 1.

_Deutschland_, German merchant submarine, arrives at Baltimore, July 9, '16, i: 334, iv: 214; Capt. Koenig's account of trip, iv: 215; feat in crossing Atlantic, x: 271-274.

Devastation of France, by Germans in retreat to Hindenburg Line, iii: 67; French protest to neutrals, iii: 68; German excuses for, iii: 68.

_Devoir, Le_, Canadian Nationalist newspaper, vi: 30.

D'Eyncourt, Sir E., share in development of tank, viii: 155.

D. H. 10, British bombing planes, viii: 204.

_Dhair Hissar_, Turkish torpedo-boat in Ægean, iv: 49.

Diaz, Gen., succeeds Cadorna as Italian Commander-in-Chief, iii: 248.

Dickebusch sector, A. E. F. in, v: 286, 289.

Dickinson, Prof. G. Lowes, defense of British conscientious objectors, vi: 8.

Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., commands 3rd Div. at Mezy-Moulins, v: 51; commands Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel, v: 65, 202, 386; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne, v: 83, 132; commands 3rd Div. at Château-Thierry, v: 132; commands Army of Occupation, v: 395.

Dilboy, Pvt. George, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Dimethyl-trithiocarbonate (skunk gas), use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Dinant, Germans checked at, in march through Belgium, Aug., '14, iii: 12.

Diphenylchlorarsine, use in chemical warfare, v: 322.

Diphosgene, use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.

Dirigibles, _see_ Aeronautics.

Disarmament, Anglo-German negotiations, '12, i: 106, 194; German answer to British proposals, i: 195.

Disease, statistics for U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; early handicaps in prevention, vii: 177; preventive methods in U. S. Army, vii: 193, 245-248; results of preventive methods, statistics for U. S. Army, vii: 195; sanitation, vii: 253; inoculation against, vii: 253; prevention of infections among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; _see also_ Infection; Medical Science; Sanitation.

Distinguished Service Cross, awards of, to "Y" workers, vii: 272.

"Divine right of kings," Kaiser's conception of, i: 68.

Dixmude, occupied by Germans, Nov. 10, '14, i: 376; evacuated by Germans, Dec. 20, '14, i: 376; occupied by Belgians, Sept. 29--30, '18, i: 397; German repulse at, in march through Belgium, '14, iii: 40.

Dixmude-Ypres sector, Allied offensive, Sept. 28--Oct. 3, '18, iii: 100.

Djemal Pasha, commander of Turkish forces operating against Suez, iii: 190.

Dmitrieff, Gen., biography, iii: 119.

Dmowski, Roman, leader of Polish reactionary parties, vi: 220.

Dniester River, Germans defeated at, in Galician campaign, '15, iii: 136.

Dobrudja, German conquest of, Sept.--Oct., '16, ii: 60, iii: 218-221; description of, iii: 215; disastrous Rumanian counter-offensive, Oct., '16, iii: 220; dispute between Germany and Bulgaria over, vi: 344; overrun by Bulgarians, vi: 344.

Docks, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 332, 400.

Dogger Bank, battle of, British defeat fleet of German raiders, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246-253; eye-witness accounts, iv: 247-250; Adm. Beatty's official report, iv: 250.

Dogs in War, as ambulance drawers, viii: 379; varied activities, xi: 340-347; story of "Cap," the Red Cross dog, xi: 362-367; story of "Pat," Liberty Bonds salesman, xi: 396-402; effect of food shortage on, xii: 40.

Dommartin-la-Montagne, captured by 26th Div., Sept. 12--13, '18, v: 69, 212.

Don Republic, established Jan., '18, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Dormans, 28th Div. holds German line at, July 15, '18, v: 53; location, v: 133.

Douai, German base in France, ii: 86.

Douaumont Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, Feb. 25--26, '16, i: 384, ii: 189, iii: 48, 305; French recapture and lose, May 22--25, '16, i: 385, iii: 310; retaken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.

Doughboys, spirit of self-assurance of, i: 370; _see also_ U. S., Army.

Doughnuts, Salvation Army specialty, vii: 399.

Doulcon, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.

Dozier, 1st Lieut. James C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Draft, _see_ Conscription under name of country.

_Drake_, British cruiser torpedoed, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

_Dresden_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70; sunk by British near Juan Fernandez, Mar. 14, '15, iv: 70.

Drina River, crossed by Austrians invading Serbia, iii: 151.

Drop bombs, viii: 76.

Drummond, Sir James Eric, first Secretary-General of League of Nations, xii: 186.

Dubilier, Wm., inventor of anti-submarine listening device, iv: 308.

Dublin, bloody fighting at, during Irish Rebellion, vi: 60.

Dubno, captured by Russians, June 11, '16, i: 385, iii: 144.

Duck-boards, use in mud fields of Flanders, viii: 300.

Duds, deloading of, v: 326.

Dueidar, Turks defeated at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Duff, Sir Beauchamp, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Dugouts, subterranean system of, in Hindenburg Line, v: 301.

Dukla Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

Duma, Russian, reconvened, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; struggle against reactionary government, vi: 140, 142, 144; forces dismissal of Stürmer as Premier, vi: 142; Czar issues undated decree ordering dismissal, vi: 144; refuses to be dismissed, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146; activities during Revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 150-155; establishes Provisional Government under Prince Lvov, vi: 155; _see also_ Russia.

Dumba, Dr. Constantin, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at Washington, i: 275; dismissed from U. S. for instigating labor strikes, i: 275.

Dun-sur-Meuse, captured by 61st Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; bombed by U. S. airmen, v: 311.

Dunant, Henri, influence in organization of International Red Cross, vii: 12.

Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., brigade commander in Toul sector, Jan., '18, v: 115; commands 77th Div., May, '18, v: 141.

Dunkirk, bombarded by Germans, Apr. 30,'15, i: 380; bombarded by Germans, June, 22, '15, i: 380; German drive for, '14, iii: 40.

Dunn, Rear-Adm. Herbert O., biography, ix: 295.

Dunne, Edw. F., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66.

Durazzo, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 26, '16, i: 384; naval base at, destroyed by Allied warships, Oct. 1, '18, i: 399; occupied by Italians, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399; retreating Serbs embark for Corfu from, '16, iii: 286.

Dushkin, Alexander, visits Europe for Jewish relief, vii: 360.

Dutov, Gen., commands anti-Bolshevik troops in Siberia, vi: 192.

Duval, traitorous owner of _Bonnet Rouge_, vi: 105; found guilty and shot, vi: 106.

Dwyer, Lance Corp. Edward, wins Victoria Cross, x: 128.

Dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, Peace Treaty demands, xii: 224.

E

_E-7_, British submarine, exploit in Sea of Marmora, iv: 211.

_E-9_, British submarine, in German waters, iv: 207.

_E-11_, British submarine, daring in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.

_E-14_, British submarine, activities in Dardanelles, iv: 209.

_E-50_, British submarine, rams U-boat, iv: 214.

_E-54_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 212.

Eagle Hut, American "Y" center in London, vii: 288, 300.

East, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on strategic value of campaigns in, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._

East Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 255; acquired by Great Britain, '18, xii: 271; area and population, xii: 271.

East Prussia, Russian invasion of, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110-116; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; effect of Russian invasion on first battle of the Marne, ii: 227; German campaigns against Russia, '14, Ludendorff's account, ii: 353-357; plan of Russian invasion, iii: 110; importance, iii: 112; Hindenburg's strategy, iii: 113; strength of Hindenburg's forces, iii: 113; decisive German victory at Mazurian Lakes, iii: 113; Russian withdrawal, iii: 116; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty, xii: 200.

Eastern Front, fortifications of, iii: 109; strategic aspects, iii: 110; Austrian strategic plans, iii: 118; _see also_ East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland.

Eastern Karelia, military government established, May, '19, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, xii: 279.

Ebert, Friedrich, elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: _Intro. xiii_, 292; appointed Chancellor, Nov., '18, vi: 273; establishes new democratic government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; states government's determination to put down Spartacides, Jan. 8, '19, vi: 287; outlines policies of Provisional Government, Feb., '19, vi: 292; German press comment on personality, vi: 293; biography, ix: 135-138.

Economic strategy, in war, theory and example of, ii: 16; Allied proposals for anti-German boycott, xii: 102.

Ecuador, proletarian unrest, vi: 392; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Ecurey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Edgewood Arsenal, great U. S. poison-gas plant, viii: 179-187.

Education, bilingual schools discontinued in Canada, vi: 29; A. E. F. becomes "College in Khaki," vii: 280; A. P. Stokes makes survey for A. E. F., vii: 281; Y. M. C. A. hut classes, vii: 281; demand for text-books in A. E. F. schools, vii: 282; A. E. F. post schools, vii: 282; work of Bureau of Citizenship among A. E. F., vii: 282; U. S. soldier students at French and British universities, vii: 282, 290; Army Educational Committee, vii: 282; A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 282; Y. M. C. A. work for prisoners of war, vii: 306.

Edward VII promotes Anglo-French good will, i: 98.

Edwards, Maj.-Gen., commands 26th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; relieved of command, Oct. 24, '18, v: 252.

Effects Depot, S. O. S., for care of effects of deceased men, v: 331.

Eggers, Sgt. Alan Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 392.

Eggs, imports of, by Germany, ii: 18.

Egli, Col., head of Swiss Intelligence Service, tried for unneutral communication with Germans, vi: 380.

Egypt, British establish themselves in, 1882, i: 48; British control recognized by France, '04, i: 99; anti-British German propaganda, iii: 188; political unrest, iii: 188; operations against Suez Canal, iii: 189; Turks start offensive in western Egypt, iii: 190; Turks driven out, '16, iii: 191; tribesmen suppressed, '16--'17, iii: 191; resentment against British domination, vi: 67; popular pro-Turkish sympathy, vi: 68, 330; Nationalist cry against "British oppression," vi: 69; Great Britain declares protectorate over, Dec. 19, '14, vi: 69, xii: 279; Nationalist movement for independence, '18, vi: 70; insurrection, '19, vi: 71; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208; area, xii: 279; population, '14, xii: 279.

Eichhorn, chief of Berlin police, deposed, Jan. 5, '19, vi: 287.

Eichorn, Marshal von, assassinated by Ukrainian, vi: 187, 248.

Eisner, Kurt, becomes head of Bavarian Socialist Republic, Nov., '18, vi: 273, 280; appeals to German national government on behalf of Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298.

El Arish, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189; taken by British, Dec. 22, '16, iii: 192.

El Kubri, Turks engage British in vicinity of, iii: 190.

El Tasher, British defeat Sudanese at, May, '16, iii: 191.

Elbe, internationalized by Peace Treaty, rules of navigation, xii: 248.

Electric drive, description and advantages of, iv: 322; successfully applied in _U. S. S. New Mexico_, iv: 322.

Electric welding, use in repairing interned German liners, iv: 319; use in U. S. in construction of ships, iv: 322.

Elles, Gen., commander of British Tank Corps, iii: 377.

Elliott, Col., leader of British Marines, killed in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Ellis, Sgt. Michael B., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 388.

Ely, Maj.-Gen., Hanson E., as colonel, commands 28th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 124; assigned to command of 5th Div., Oct. 21, '18, v: 252.

_Emden_, German commerce raider, exploits of, iv: 166-194; method of sinking captured ships, iv: 173; bombards Madras, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174; attacks Penang Harbor, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178; lands force on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184; attacked by _Sydney_ off Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185; destruction of, report of captain of _Sydney_, iv: 187; summary of raiding activities, iv: 189; landing force at Keeling escapes on _Ayesha_, iv: 190-194.

Emmich, Gen. von, commands German attack on Liége, iii: 10.

Emont Wood, cleared by 37th Div., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; 37th Div. retreats from, Sept. 29, '18, v: 230.

Emplacements, duplicate, permitting rotation of artillery in trenches, v: 14.

_Empress Maria_, Russian dreadnought, blown up in Black Sea, iv: 366.

Enfield rifle, facilities for manufacture in U. S., v: 347; standard British service rifle, viii: 95; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Engineering, development in U. S. Navy, iv: 319; relation of, to war, viii: 298-302.

Engines, shipment of American locomotives to France, xii: 286.

England, _see_ Great Britain.

Entente Cordiale, established between France and Russia, 1891, i: 98.

Entertainment, 27th Div. theatrical troupe, v: 299; Over-There Theater League, activities, vii: 277, 339-343; for A. E. F., by Y. M. C. A., vii: 277; at Winchester camp, vii: 287; for Army of Occupation, vii: 292; for A. E. F. in Siberia, vii: 295; "Y" program for Navy, vii: 299; by Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 346, 348.

Enver Pasha, leader of Young Turks, i: 109, ix: 270; commander of Turkish army, iii: 164; in Caucasus campaign, iii: 260; biography, ix: 270-274.

Eperlecques, training area for 30th Div., v: 300.

Epieds, German stand at, in retreat from Marne, July 21, '18, v: 184; General Degouette commends Americans for service at, v: 192.

Epionville, taken by 91st Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Ersatz, German, i: 72.

Erskine, Prof. John, member of Army Educational Commission, vii: 282; educational director of A. E. F. university at Beaune, vii: 283.

Erwin, Brig.-Gen. James B., commands 6th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Erzberger, leader of German Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_; becomes Minister of Finance, July, '19, vi: _Intro. xiii._

Erzerum, captured by Russians, Feb. 15, '16, i: 384, ii: 91, iii: 262.

Erzingan, captured by Russians, July 25, '16, i: 386, iii: 263.

Eseka, captured by French, Oct. 30, '15, i: 382.

Esnes, location of, v: 217; 4th Engineers build road from, to Malancourt, Sept., '18, v: 226.

Essen, bombarded by Belgian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Essen trench, captured and reversed by French, Oct. 1--3, '18, v: 254.

Essey, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Essomes-sur-Marne, location of, v: 133.

Estaires, occupied by Germans, Apr. 10--11, '18, i: 395.

Esternay, destruction by Germans, iii: 297.

Esthonia, early history, vi: 226; independent Republic established, Apr., '18, vi: 230, xii: 279; area, xii: 279; population, '18, xii: 279; _see also_ Baltic Provinces.

Estrayes Wood, captured by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 252.

Etraye, threatened by 33rd Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 82; ridge taken by 29th Div., Oct. 23, '18, v: 86; captured by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Eupen, ceded to Belgium, under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Europe, area of greatest nationalistic development, i: 9; race rivalries in, i: 21; alignment of nations at outbreak of War, ii: 2; general conditions, winter '17--'18, v: 1, 113; military situation in, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253.

Evan-Thomas, Rear-Adm. Hugh, commands British 5th Battle Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 110.

Everts, Gen., commander of Russian Army of the Bug, iii: 119.

Exermont Valley, slopes taken by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; heavy A. E. F. casualties at, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Explosion, compared with detonation, viii: 1.

Explosive shell, compared with shrapnel, ii: 288.

Explosives, _see_ Ammunition.

Extraterritoriality, explained, i: 17; Japan withdraws rights of, i: 18; Turkey withdraws rights of, i: 18.

F

_Falaba, S. S._, British steamer, sunk by German submarine, Mar., '15, i: 319, 378, iv: 218.

Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich G. A. S. von, sent to regain Bagdad, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 196; invades Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 218; replaced as Chief of German General Staff by von Hindenburg, iii: 61; biography, ix: 262.

Falkland Islands, battle of, British defeat German fleet, Dec. 8, '14, i: 376, iv: 69-85, ix: 308; strength of opposing fleets, iv: 70; von Spee's strategy, criticism of, iv: 70; Sturdee's tactics, iv: 71; German cruiser _Dresden_ escapes, iv: 74; British casualties, iv: 74; German loss in men and ships, iv: 74; importance of victory, iv: 74; Admiral Sturdee's official report, iv: 75-79; eye-witness accounts, iv: 80-85.

Fallon, Capt. David, brave tank commander, x: 165.

_Falmouth_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Falzarego Pass, limit of Italian advance in Cadore, iii: 234.

_Fanning_, U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.

Fanning Island, Germans destroy wireless station at, Sept. 7, '14, iv: 62.

Fao, British land at, Nov. 7, '14, iii: 180.

_Farewell_, poem by Lieut. Robert Nichols, R. F. A., vii: 389.

Farman airplane, viii: 189.

Farnsworth, Maj.-Gen. Charles S., commands 37th Div., June, '18, v: 145; in Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 219.

Fay, Robert, German agent, plots to blow up ships, x: 369-377.

Fay-en-Haye, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Fayolle, Gen., commands Allied forces opposing German drive on Paris, '18, ii: 152; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

_Fearless_, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Federalism, development in America and Europe, i: 30.

Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, _see_ Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria.

Ferdinand, Czar of Bulgaria, abdicates, Oct. 5, '18, i: 399, vi: 347; proclamation to army, vi: 340; appeals to Germany, vi: 347; character, ix: 378; biography, ix: 378-380.

_Ferdinand of Bulgaria_, poem by D. S. P., ix: 376.

Ferdinand, King of Rumania, biography, ix: 399-401.

Fère Forest captured by 42nd Div., July 26, '18, v: 58.

Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian historian, comparison of German militarism with Roman imperialism, ii: 365-372; sympathy with Allies, '14, vi: 119.

Fertilizers, shortage in Germany during blockade, ii: 18.

Field glasses for A. E. F., viii: 326.

Finland, signs peace with Germany, Mar. 7, '18, i: 393; political history, 1809--1914, vi: 196; granted autonomy, 1809, vi: 196; autonomy revoked, 1899, vi: 196; threatened with class revolution, '05, vi: 196; socialist tendency in Diet, '05, vi: 196; nationalism assailed by Russian bureaucracy, '14, vi: 196; German aid against Russification, vi: 196; declares independence, Mar., '17, vi: 198; base for Russian revolutionary activities, '17, vi: 198; Bolshevik revolution, Nov., '17, vi: 198; Russia recognizes Bolshevik government, '17, vi: 198; Socialists demand union with Russian Soviet, Nov. '17, vi: 198; White Guards recalled from Germany to quell civil war, vi: 198; General von der Goltz sent to aid Whites, vi: 199; Republic established by moderate Socialists, '18, vi: 200; new government recognized by Great Britain and U. S., '18, vi:200; Bolshevism stamped out by Mannerheim, '18, vi: 200; origin of inhabitants, vi: 200; area and population, xii: 279.

_Finland_, U. S. transport sunk by U-boat, Nov. 2, '17, i: 392; torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337.

_Firedrake_, British destroyer in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

First aid, importance in treatment of wounded, vii: 178.

Fisher, Adm. Lord John, responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 198, 200; views on advisability of Dardanelles expedition, ii: 203; biography, ix: 288-290.

Fisher, Prof. Irving, analysis of high cost of living, xii: _Intro._

Fiske, Rear-Adm. Bradley T., invents torpedo plane, iv: 335.

Fiske, Brig.-Gen. H. B., Chief of Training, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Fismes, captured by 32nd Div., Aug. 6, '18, v: 61; taken and retaken by U. S. divisions, July--Aug., '18, v: 189; General Degoutte commends Americans for services at, Sept. 9, '18, v: 192.

Fismette, captured by 28th Div., Aug., '18, v: 62.

Fiume, conflict of Italians and Jugoslavs for, vi: 365; arrival of U. S. troops at, vi: 366; Italian delegates withdraw from Peace Conference in controversy over, vi: 368-370, xii: 159; occupied by D'Annunzio, vi: 370; awarded to Italy conditionally, vi: 370.

_Five Souls_, poem by W. N. Ewer, xi: 93.

Flabas, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 271.

Flanders, battles of: Oct., '14, nature of terrain, iii: 38, viii: 299; extent of battle line, iii: 38; Foch cuts dikes of Yser, iii: 40; Germans repulsed, iii: 40. Aug., '17, failure of British offensive, ii: 56; Ludendorff's criticism of, ii: 343; description of, iii: 78-80; duration, iii: 78; objects, iii: 78; Allied offensive checked by rains, iii: 79; Passchendaele Ridge captured by Canadians, iii: 79; Allied gains, Sept.--Oct., '17, iii: 79; results, iii: 79. Sept., '18, Belgians and British renew offensive, v: 213.

Flemings, failure of German propaganda among, vi: 86.

Flers, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Fleury, at Verdun, captured by French, Aug. 3, '16, i: 386; captured by Germans, '16, iii: 313.

Fleville, captured by 16th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

_Florence H._, cargo-carrier, heroism of crew, iv: 354.

Florina, occupied by Allies, Sept. 18, '16, i: 388, iii: 208; occupied by Bulgars, Aug. 17, '16, iii: 207, 208.

"Flying Dutchman," name applied to _Emden_, iv: 187.

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, strategy of, in Allied offensive, '18, ii: 76-98, 212, v: 213; at second Marne battle, ii: 77, 154; theories on strategy, ii: 80, 81, 103, 137; takes initiative of attack from Germans, ii: 84, v: 130; as Lieut.-Col., Professor of General Tactics at École de Guerre, ii: 103, 137, 220; share in victory at first Marne battle, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 184, 220; author of _Principles of War_, summary, ii: 104; conception of _mind_ as determining factor in victory, ii: 138; on functions of a general, ii: 138; theories on battle tactics, ii: 138; commands 20th Corps at Nancy, '14, ii: 138; organizes new French army, '14, ii: 138; famous despatch during first Marne battle, ii: 141, iii: 33; given command of French Army of the North, Oct., '14, ii: 143, iii: 38; floods Belgium as defense against Germans, '14, ii: 145; stops British retreat at Ypres, '14, ii: 145, 220; commands French at Somme battle, July, '16, ii: 148; appointed co-ordinator of Allied operations, Dec., '16, ii: 148; appointed Chief of Staff, French Army, Mar., '17, ii: 148; sends reinforcements to check Italian rout, ii: 149; French representative on Allied War Council, ii: 149; appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief on Western Front, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 151, iii: 89, v: 120, 380, xi: 41; analysis of weakness of German drive, '18, ii: 154; made Marshal of France, ii: 156, iii: 97; Viscount French's eulogy of, ii: 170; General Malleterre's eulogy of, ii: 220; commands 20th Corps at battle of the Selle, '14, iii: 18; repulses Germans at Mondement, '14, iii: 33; member Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84; text of appointment as Allied Commander-in-Chief, v: 380; biography, ix: 148-153; Clemenceau's estimate of, ix: 151; pronunciation of name, ix: 151; bibliography, ix: 153; members of family killed in War, ix: 153; military commandments, xi: 55; conference with Secretary Baker, at Trois Fontaines, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 277.

Focsani, captured by Germans, Jan. 8, '17, i: 389.

Fogaras, captured by Rumanians, iii: 218.

Fokker airplane, machine-gun mounting on, viii: 192, 208-210.

Foltz, Brig.-Gen. F. S., commands 91st Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Food, sent to Europe from U. S., '16--'18, xii: 36; importance in winning War, xii: 40, 135; War's effect on neutrals, xii: 42; European relief by U. S., Hoover's report, xii, 42; situation in Europe after armistice, xii: 43; world's requirements and supply, '19, xii: 44; use of potatoes as, xii: 47; U. S. exports to Europe, before and during War, xii: 135; problem of national self-sufficiency, xii: 135; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138; national tastes in, xii: 138; scientific rations _vs._ personal taste, xii: 139; scientific rations as conservation measure, xii: 139; Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139; war-time government control, xii: 140; U. S. wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141; _see also_ under each country.

Foreign Legion, American enlistments in, '14--'17, iii: 391; in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July 18, '18, v: 168; heroic story of, x: 27-32; history, xi: 193.

Forestry, A. E. F. operations, v: 334, 400.

Forests, French, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307.

Forêt Wood, captured by 4th Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Forges, captured by Germans, Mar. 6, '16, iii: 51, 306; captured by 33rd Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

_Formidable_, British battleship sunk by U-boat, Jan. 1, '15, i: 378.

Formosa, acquired by Japan, 1895, i: 20.

Forrest, Sgt. Arthur J., wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Forstner, Lieut. von, share in Zabern incident, i: 73.

Fortescue, Granville, description of scenes behind Turkish lines at Gallipoli, iii: 340.

Foster, Sgt. Gary Evans, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

"Fourteen Points," President Wilson's basis for peace, xii: 163-165.

"Foyers du Marin," "Y" huts for French sailors, vii: 313.

"Foyers du Soldats," comfort huts for French soldiers, vii: 310; number, vii: 311; locations, vii: 313.

Fractures, treatment of, viii: 367.

France: Air Service, strength at end of War, viii: 201; personnel and equipment, viii: 202, 206. Army, increase in, for '14, i: 132; German estimate of military effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; military resources, Aug. 1, '14, ii: 12; German military critic on, ii: 256; uniform, ii: 286; pre-War organization, iii: 3; morale, '17, iv: 10; relations with A. E. F., v: 22; type of service rifle, viii: 95; medical service, viii: 362-365; Chasseurs, xi: 189; Spahi, xi: 189; Zouaves, xi: 189; Tirailleurs, xi: 191; Foreign Legion, xi: 193; _see also_ Foreign Legion; for military operations, _see_ name of campaign. Artillery, famous "75's," efficiency of, ii: 287; plan of rotating in trenches, v: 14; 520-mm. (21-inch) howitzers, viii: 51-53. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._ Declarations of war, by Germany on, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 16, '15, i: 382; popular reception of, '14, vi: 95. Food, potato crop, xii: 47; war-time sugar shortage, xii: 138. Foreign policy, occupation of Algeria, i: 37; world position, 1871, i: 47; world position, '14, i: 59; Triple Entente among France, Russia, Great Britain, i: 98, 103, 106, 107, 218, 220, ii: 2; Entente Cordiale with Russia, 1891, i: 98; Anglo-French Treaty of, '04, i: 99; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; Russian alliance cause of entry into War, i: 220; pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, i: 223; French complaints of British shirking of war duty, iii: 382; Austro-Hungarian attempts to make peace with, '17, vi: 315; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy announced, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334. Forests, chief source of Allied lumber supply, viii: 307. Frontiers, topography of German border, ii: 6; defenses, iii: 2; natural gateways on, v: 214. Industries, war-time disorganization, xii: 79; economic value of A. E. F. to, xii: 86; German destruction in invaded territory, xii: 87. Internal politics, development of democracy, i: 30; organization of War Cabinet by Viviani, vi: 97; fall of Viviani government, Oct. 28, '15, vi: 100; nation united in War aims, vi: 101; mixed reception of Wilson's peace proposals, vi: 102; Socialists advocate peace by negotiation, vi: 102, 103; fall of Briand ministry, '17, vi: 103; effect of Russian Revolution, vi: 103; Stockholm Conference causes crisis, vi: 103; _Bonnet Rouge_ disclosures wreck Ribot Cabinet, '17, vi: 104; Painlevé forms new Cabinet, vi: 105; Painlevé ministry falls, Nov., '17, vi: 106; Clemenceau succeeds as Premier, vi: 106; Clemenceau overcomes pacifist opposition, vi: 106; growth of labor movement in politics, vi: 109; class war, '19, vi: 110; Jaurès parade, '19, vi: 110; significance of attempt to kill Clemenceau, vi: 110; French peace aims, vi: 111; May Day riots, '19, vi: 111; class war intensified, vi: 113. Labor, war achievements, ii: 373-382; shortage due to mobilization, ii: 373; skilled workers recalled from army, ii: 374; women as munition workers, ii: 376; foreigners recruited for war work, ii: 377; importation of Chinese laborers, ii: 377; use of colonials, ii: 377; use of prisoners of war, ii: 377; size of labor army, ii: 377; housing of war workers, ii: 377; co-operative societies for provisioning of war workers, ii: 378; protection for women workers, ii: 379; war-time abandonment of strike and sabotage, ii: 379; state intervention in industrial disputes, ii: 380; growth of syndicalism, ii: 381; demand for share in management, ii: 381; selective assignment to industries, xii: 79. Minerals, German plans for seizure of iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 15, 20; coal production, '13--'17, xii: 48. Morale, of people during War, i: _Intro. xiii_, ii: 383-392; war-time unity, ii: 385; factors in war-time unity, ii: 392; depression, '17--'18, v: 2. Munitions, statistics on ordnance production, ii: 373; immensity of need unforeseen, ii: 373. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; increase in, for '14, i: 132; entrusted control of Mediterranean by Allies, iv: 12; strength at outbreak of War, iv: 13, 373; war record in Mediterranean, iv: 373; work in Dardanelles, iv: 375; _Fusiliers marins_, French naval gunners, on Western Front, iv: 376; protection of French coast, iv: 377; anti-submarine activities, iv: 378. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179; _see also_ Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264; _see also_ Peace Treaty. Population, in 1860, i: 40; in 1874, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; in '14, compared with that of Germany, i: 61; growth since 1870 compared with that of Germany, i: 262. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, unprecedented war-time demands on, xii: 91; equipment shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286. Reconstruction, material needs, xii: 87. Shipping, war losses, xii: 87. War cost, loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; income-tax rates compared with British and U. S., xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18, 31; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; André Tardieu's estimate, xii: 86; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111-113, 114. War relief, _see_ War relief.

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austrian throne, i: 111; murdered with consort at Sarajevo, June 28, '14, i: 111, 375, vi: 306, xi: 4; responsibility of Serbian government for murder, i: 112; responsibility disclaimed, i: 246; causes and results of murder, vi: 135; national policy, vi: 356.

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, dies, Nov. 21, '16, i: 388, vi: 313; tragedies of reign, vi: 305; proclamation against Italy, vi: 310; biography, ix: 370-373.

Franco-American Committee for Protection of Children of Frontier, vii: 101.

Francois, Gen. von, German commander in East Prussia, iii: 111.

Frankenau, Russians defeat Germans near, Aug. 22, '14, iii: 111.

Frankfurt, bombed by Allied airmen, Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Frantz, Gen. von, protest against Allies' peace terms, May, '19, vi: 302.

_Frauenlob_, German cruiser, torpedoed in Baltic by British, Nov. 7, '15, i: 382.

Frederick William, German Crown Prince, moving spirit for campaign in West, '14, ii: 13; commands an Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; renounces succession, Nov. 9, '18, ii: 340; commands one of armies of invasion, '14, iii: 10; commands German armies at Verdun, '16, iii: 303; detained at Wieringen by Dutch, Nov., '18, vi: 278; biography, ix: 367-369.

Free Milk for France, fund started, vii: 376; object, vii: 376; French testimonials, vii: 379.

Freedom of the seas, U. S. note to Germany on, i: 324; Maurice Revai, Austro-Hungarian deputy, on Teutonic conception of, ii: 27; definition, xi: 18.

French Heroes' Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116.

French, Field-Marshal Sir John, Viscount of Ypres, report on events leading to first Marne battle, ii: 9; first British commander-in-chief in France, ii: 159, iii: 22, ix: 180; publishes _1914_, account of military operations of year, ii: 159; summary of _1914_, ii: 160-174; arrival in France, ii: 161; dispute with Kitchener on British military policy in France, ii: 164, 169; exposé of British shell shortage, ii: 173; overruled by Joffre on plan for offensive against Channel ports, ii: 174; commands British at first Marne battle, ii: 184; official despatch on Mons retreat, iii: 24; relieved as commander-in-chief, iii: 46, ix: 52; biography, ix: 177-181; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, '18, ix: 181.

French-Swiss, characteristics of, vi: 380.

French Wounded Emergency Fund, vii: 91.

Fresne, captured by Germans, Mar. 7, '16, i: 384.

Fresnes-en-Woevre, taken by 4th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 13, '18, v: 69.

Freyberg, Colonel, New Zealander, wins Victoria Cross, x: 131.

Freytag-Loringhoven, Gen. Baron von, German military critic, view on German tactics at start of War, ii: 10; summary of his _Deductions from the World War_, ii: 254; exposition of German war philosophy, ii: 260.

Fricourt, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Friedrichshaven, bombarded by British airmen, Nov. 21, '14, i: 376.

Frise, captured by Germans, Jan., '16, iii: 47.

Fryatt, Capt. Chas., executed by Germans, July 27, '16, i: 386, x: 265-269; attempts to ram _U-33_, Mar. 20, '15, x: 265; Ambassador Gerard's intervention for, fails, x: 265.

Fuchs, Lieut.-Gen., German commander in St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 201.

Funk, Pvt. Jesse N., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Furlong, 1st Lieut. Richard A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Fyfe, Hamilton, defense of General Gough in defeat of British Fifth Army, ii: 190.

G

_G-13_, British submarine, sinks U-boat, iv: 213.

G. C.'s, explanation of, v: 12.

Gaba Tepe. _see_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Gabet-Aubriot electric torpedo, for destroying barbed wire, viii: 154.

Gädke, Col., German military writer, views on the War, ii: 270.

Gaffney, Pvt. Frank, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Galicia, German offensive in, '15, ii: 233, 360 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-138; Russian invasion of, '14, iii: 118-124; General Russky crosses border, Sept., '14, iii: 120; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, iii: 121; rout of Auffenberg's army, iii: 121; last Russian offensive, '17, iii: 146, 147; Russian attempts at Russification of, vi: 243.

Galliéni, Gen. Joseph-Simon, prepares Paris for siege by Germans, iii: 28; biography, ix: 161-164; Military Governor of Paris, ix: 163.

Gallipoli Campaign, Winston Churchill advocates forcing Dardanelles, ii: _Intro. x, xii_, 29, 200; reasons for, ii: _Intro. xii_, 27-31, 198, iii: 161-164, iv: 51-57; failure of initial naval attack, ii: _Intro. xv_; reasons for land attack after naval failure, ii: _Intro. xv_; weakness, ii: _Intro. xvi_; strategy, ii: 27-31; Feb.--Dec., '15, ii: 27-31; Viscount French's condemnation, ii: 173; Commission of Inquiry into responsibility for failure, appointment and personnel, ii: 197; persons named as responsible, ii: 198; summary of Commission's report on responsibility, ii: 200; British War Council, responsibility of, for disaster, ii: 200; campaign sanctioned without expert study, ii: 200; Lord Fisher disapproves expedition, ii: 203; Premier Asquith's defense, ii: 204, iv: 53; Winston Churchill's defense, ii: 205, iv: 56; military operations, Apr. 25, '15--Jan. 9, '16, iii: 161-177; Allies assemble troops in Egypt for expedition, Apr., '15, iii: 162; composition of Allied forces, iii: 162; Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton commander of Allied troops, iii: 162, iv: 32; Enver Bey commands Turkish defenders, iii: 164; composition of Turkish forces, iii: 164; topography of peninsula, iii: 165, iv: 21, 23; defenses, iii: 165, iv: 23, 27, 45; British plans for landing attack, iii: 167; Allied landing, Apr. 25, '15, iii: 167-170, 352, iv: 36-42 (Adm. de Robeck's official report), x: 35-40; Anzacs scale cliffs near Gaba Tepe, Apr. 25, iii: 167, 352 (Masefield's description), iv: 36 (official report); Achi Baba, key to southern Gallipoli, iii: 170, 355; Pasha Dagh, Australian objective, iii: 170; Krithia, objective of Allied attack, May--June, '15, iii: 170; "war of attrition" on Anzac sector, iii: 171; Allies' revised strategy, July, '15, iii: 171-173; Turkish positions, July, '15, iii: 171; Anzac reinforcements land for final attack, Aug., '15, iii: 173; last Allied offensives fail, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355-358. (Masefield's description); last attack on Chunuk Bair, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355; last attack on Koja Chemen Tepe, Aug., '15, iii: 173, 355, 357; last attack on Krithia, Aug., '15, iii: 173; obstacles to success of last Allied offensive, iii: 173; Gen. Monro succeeds Hamilton, iii: 174; evacuation, Nov., '15--Jan., '16, iii: 174-177, 358; casualties, Allied and Turkish, iii: 177, 355, 357, iv: 51; reasons for failure, iii: 177; bibliography, iii: 177; Fortescue's description, iii: 340-343; Turkish camp scenes behind the lines, iii: 341; Masefield's description of British embarkation for, iii: 350; soldier's life on Gallipoli, described by Masefield, iii: 353; Gen. Hamilton's report on Lone Pine fighting, iii: 356; Adm. Carden favors naval attack, iv: 28; initial Allied bombardment, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 28; British plan of operations, iv: 30; preliminaries to attack, Jan. 15--Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30; bombardment by Allied fleet, Feb. 19, '15, iv: 30, 42; Allied fleet enters Straits, Mar. 1, '15, iv: 32; Vice-Adm. de Roebeck succeeds to command of Allied fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 32; Allies decide to combine naval and land operations, iv: 32, 35, 49; number and description of Allied warships participating, iv: 33; Allied bombardment, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 34 (official report), 47; Hamilton's delay fatal mistake of campaign, iv: 34; French land troops at Kum Kale, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; heroic minesweeping, iv: 43; Narrows forts bombarded, Mar. 5, 7, '15, iv: 45; analogy to opening of Mississippi by Farragut during Civil War, iv: 51; cost of expedition, iv: 51; lessons of, iv: 52; mistakes in plan and execution, iv: 56; Turkish joy over Allied failure, vi: 330; Y. M. C. A. with British at, vii: 321; _see also_ Dardanelles.

Gallowitz, Gen. von, military career, v: 203.

Gangrene, treatment for gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Garda, Lake, naval operations on, iii: 232.

Gardens, cultivated in France by British soldiers, ii: 131; by A. E. F., v: 330.

Gardiner, J. B. W., on strategy of the War, ii: 1.

Garibaldi, descendants of Liberator, in War, x: 62-65.

_Garibaldi_, Italian cruiser sunk by U-boat, iv: 369.

_Garibaldi Hymn_, Italian national anthem, xi: 328.

Garrisons, use of small _groupes de combat_ by French, v: 13.

Garua, taken by Allies, June 11, '15, i: 380.

Gas, _see_ Chemical warfare.

Gas gangrene, _see_ Gangrene.

Gas masks, v: 324, viii: 174-178, xi: 317.

Gasoline, consumption by A. E. F., v: 331.

_Gaulois_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged in attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35.

Gaza, Turks defeated by British at, Mar. 26--27, '17, iii: 192; captured by British, Nov. 6, '17, iii: 194.

Geddes, Sir Eric, biography, ix: 313-316.

Generalship, British, in the War, analyzed by Philip Gibbs, iii: 370-378; physical characteristics of British leaders, iii: 371; mostly of cavalry training, iii: 371; personal gallantry, iii: 371; as great "English gentlemen," iii: 371; mental characteristics, iii: 371; mostly conservative men, iii: 372; no leader of magnetism, iii: 372, 374; personal traits of Sir Douglas Haig, iii: 373; ill feeling against Staff by men in ranks, iii: 373; faulty tactics in battles of the Somme, iii: 374; desire to gain worthless ground, iii: 374; efficiency of administrative organization, iii: 374; Sir Herbert Plumer, great military chief, iii: 375; faults at battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos, iii: 375; Gen. Birdwood's popularity, iii: 375; tragedy of Second Army, iii: 375; final victory not due to generalship, iii: 378; success of unprofessional soldier as leader, iii: 378; inefficiency of Staff College, iii: 378; chief shortcoming, iii: 378.

Geneva, designated capital of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

Geologists, war services, v: 327, viii: 311.

Geophone, description and use for sound locating, viii: 312-314.

George V, King of England, receives General Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; biography, ix: 392-395.

Georgia, early history of people, vi: 231; Republic established, Jan., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Gerache Wood, taken by 80th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Gerard, James W., leaves Germany as U. S. Ambassador, i: 346.

German-Americans, distribution and characteristics, i: 278; Bernhardi's views on political importance, i: 279.

German-Swiss, characteristics, vi: 380.

_Germania, To_, Bulgarian ode, vi: 342.

Germany: Air Service, passing of supremacy, vii: 201; strength at end of War, viii: 202; pre-War record flights, viii: 206; equipment and strength, viii: 206; supremacy over Allies, viii: 207; bombing planes, viii: 221-222; A. E. G. bombers, viii: 221; Gotha bombers, viii: 221; Lizenz bombers, viii: 222; Zeppelins during War, viii: 246-248; Zeppelins described, viii: 248-254; military service abolished under Peace Treaty, xii: 214; surrendered to Allies, xii: 215. Area, of Republic, xii: 279. Army, aristocratic character, i: 69; system of organization, i: 71, iii: 4-6; tradition of efficiency, i: 72; conception of duties, i: 72; increase in peace strength, '14, i: 131; dependence on imports for munitions, ii: 21; loss of morale in Somme battle, '16, ii: 47; manpower on Western Front, Mar., '18, ii: 65; loss of morale under Allied offensive, '18, ii: 86, v: 87, vi: 270; German critic's opinion of, ii: 257; machine-gun equipment, ii: 275; heroism of machine-gunners, ii: 282; invisibility of uniform, ii: 286; recruiting situation, '18, ii: 308-310, 318; desertions, ii: 309; punishments not severe enough, Ludendorff's view, ii: 318; Ludendorff on causes of demoralization, ii: 320, 333; agitators undermine morale, ii: 320; reorganized after Somme battle, '16, iii: 61; best equipped, iii: 272; infiltration method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17; construction of machine-gun nests, v: 37; sympathy with Revolution, '18, vi: 274; return to Berlin, Dec. 10, '18, vi: 282; Machine Gun Corps, viii: 79; trench systems, viii: 124-129; adopt trench defense after Marne defeat, '14, viii: 134; machine-gun equipment compared with Allied, Aug., '14, viii: 134; method of attack, viii: 137; "holding" troops, viii: 144; "shock" troops, viii: 144; training, xi: 195-204; cavalry, xi: 196; discipline, xi: 202; reduction in strength under Peace Treaty, xii: 209, 211; reduction in equipment under Peace Treaty, xii: 210, 212; table of organization imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 212; for military operations, _see_ Western Front; _also_ name of campaign or engagement. Artillery, superiority over Allies, ii: 128, 288, viii: 36; guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103; development of heavy field howitzers, viii: 22; 11-in. siege mortars described, viii: 34-36; long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 45-47; structure of long-range shells hitting Paris, viii: 46. Bagdad Railway, interest in, _see_ Bagdad Railway. Belgian neutrality, violation of, _see_ Belgium, Neutrality. Blockade of, effectiveness, i: 280, vi: 253, xii: 97 (German view); Allied regulation of neutral commerce, i: 280, vi: 377; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; British Order in Council, Mar. 15, '15, i: 318; Allied trade blacklist, i: 335; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; measures to starve Germany, i: 358; objects of British Orders in Council, ii: 16; food shortage, ii: 17, vi: 253-255, 260, 261, 266, 285, 294; report of German scientists on, ii: 17; estimate of minimum food requirements, ii: 17; meat production self-sufficient, ii: 18; statistics on pre-War food imports, ii: 18; shortage of fertilizers, ii: 18; increased production as offset against blockade, ii: 18; reduction of waste, ii: 18, vi: 254; increase in tilled land, ii: 19; international law on, ii: 21; difficulties of enforcement, ii: 21, iv: 86; German isolation, ii: 21; value of, ii: 22; effect on civilian population, ii: 99; use of dog flesh as food, xii: 41; after-War food conditions, xii: 45; U. S. export license system, xii: 99; German trade with neutrals, xii: 100; smuggling, xii: 100; Allied plan of after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; pre-War food production, xii: 136-138; war-time food problems, xii: 136. Boundaries, under Peace Treaty, xii: 186. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404; princes killed in battle, ix: 237; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. China, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 206. Coal, production, 1880--1913, i: 267; secret of power, i: 267; production, '13--'15, xii: 48. Colonies, loss of, i: 13; acquisition of African, i: 50, 95; acquisition of Pacific islands, i: 81; acquisition of Kiau-Chau, i: 82; South American settlements, i: 84; area and population of African, i: 96, xii: 279; understanding with British on African expansion, i: 200; necessity as outlet for population, i: 262; important motive in war policy, ii: 13; conquest of African, by Allies, iii: 252-256; New Guinea conquered by Australians, vi: 38; Samoa conquered by New Zealanders, vi: 38; surrendered to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 206; Kiau-Chau transferred to Japan, xii: 209, 279; distribution among Allies, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279; _see also_ name of colony. Cost of living, per cent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._ Declarations of war, on Russia, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; on France, Aug. 3, '14, i: 140, 375; by Great Britain, Aug. 4, '14, i: 145, 375; on Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; by Italy, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; on Rumania, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; by U. S., Apr. 6, '17, i: 389, ii: 53, xi: 35; diplomatic relations with Brazil severed, Apr. 11, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Bolivia severed, Apr. 13, '17, i: 389; Greece breaks off diplomatic relations, June, 29, '17, i: 390; by China, Aug. 14, '17, i: 390. Defeat, causes of, underestimate of Allied inventive capacity, i: _Intro. ix_; underestimate of British, ii: _Intro, viii_; strategic, ii: 15; faulty psychology, ii: 53, 78, 221; collapse of Germanic allies, ii: 89, 98, 329; analysis of, ii: 99; German efficiency _vs._ Allies' "will to win," ii: 100; Field-Marshal Haig on, ii: 120; failure to take Channel ports in '14, ii: 221; Russian campaigns, ii: 221; adoption of trench warfare, ii: 222; forcing U. S. into War, ii: 222; miscalculation of German endurance, ii: 224; launching of '18 offensive, ii: 225; failure to learn from American Civil War, ii: 255; not in position for war of exhaustion, ii: 304; Ludendorff ascribes to incompetent civil government, ii: 301-304, 310; Allied superiority too great, Ludendorff's view, ii: 227; _see also_ under Germany, Strategy; for military operations, _see_ Western Front, _also_ campaign or engagement. Egypt, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Food, _see_ Blockade. Foreign policy, world position, 1871, i: 44; influence of industrialism on, i: 77; domination over Austria-Hungary, i: 79, 133; Near East policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; ambition for world power, i: 83, 170, ii: 2, 13; expansion in South America, i: 84; Venezuelan controversy with U. S., i: 86; jealousy of U. S. strength, i: 87; plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; ambition for "place in the sun," i: 95, ii: 27; enters Triple Alliance, i: 95; dynastic relations in Balkans, i: 96; sympathy with Boers, i: 96, 192; Turkish policy, i: 98, 207, ii: 28, vi: 330; Kaiser's statement of Moroccan policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; hatred of Great Britain, i: 101, 167, 190-194, ii: 14, vi: 251-252, 264; Moroccan crisis forced by sending gunboat _Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; dream of Central European Federation under herself, 171, vi: 258; von Bülow's statement of policy, i: 173; Bernhardi's view of British as declining nation, i: 190; ill feeling against Kaiser's English mother, i: 192; _Hymn of Hate_, i: 194; negotiations with British for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Prince Lichnowsky on Moroccan policy, i: 204; Kaiser visits Turkey, 1889, 1898, i: 207; unity of Austro-German interests, i: 208; Austria as buffer against Slavs, i: 209; hatred of France, i: 215; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events, July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; refusal to pledge respect of Belgian neutrality, '14, i: 223; Bismarck's pledge to respect Belgian neutrality, 1870, i: 229; Russian policy, i: 239; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, '16, ii: 14; plans for annexation of Russian territories, ii: 15; anti-British plans in East, ii: 27; "Gott strafe England," vi: 251; Russo-British alliance rouses hatred, '14, vi: 251; desire to include Austria in Republic, vi: 322; friction with Bulgaria, vi: 344; attitude on Dutch neutrality, vi: 376; relations with Japan, vi: 382; _see also_ under Germany, Militarism, Pan-Germanism. Fortifications, demolition under Peace Treaty terms, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214. Health, effect of War on, iii: 406. Industries, rise as industrial power, i: 75-78; state aid, i: 76; influence on foreign policy, i: 77; industrial mobilization, xii: 80; effects of war-time shortage of raw materials, xii: 97; use of potash boycott against U. S., xii: 98. Internal politics, political organization, 1648 to French Revolution, i: 26; failure of democratic movement, 1848, i: 32; unification under Bismarck, i: 40-44, ii: 1; political organization of Empire, i: 70, 156; strength of Social-Democrats, i: 71, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_; powers of Imperial Chancellor, i: 71, 156; William II becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97; Professor Lamprecht's defense of German system, i: 155; composition and powers of Bundesrat, i: 156; composition and powers of Reichstag, i: 156; powers of Emperor, i: 156; dominance of Prussia, i: 156, 258; social classes, i: 258; Bismarck representative of Junker class, i: 258; change from agricultural into industrial state, i: 259-260; struggle between old aristocracy and new capitalists, i: 260; basis of national strength, i: 260; social legislation, i: 264; Sir Thomas Barclay on German political parties, vi: _Intro. ix-xvi_; party principles compared, vi: _Intro. ix, xii_; Social-Democratic leaders, vi: _Intro. ix_; Sir Thomas Barclay on Revolution of '18, vi: _Intro. x_; leaders of the Revolution, vi: _Intro. x_; strength of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xi, xv_; strength of Conservatives, vi: _Intro. xi, xiv, xv_; Conservative principles, vi: _Intro. xii_; principles of Social-Democrats, vi: _Intro. xii_; principles of National-Liberals, vi: _Intro. xii_; policies of Center Party, vi: _Intro. xiii_; National-Liberal strength, vi: _Intro. xv_; strength of Democratic Party, vi: _Intro. xv_; Germany politically undeveloped, vi: _Intro. xv_; city governments non-partisan, vi: _Intro. xvi_; public sentiment on War, '14, vi: 250; anti-War protest by Social Revolutionists, '14, vi: 250; Socialist peace agitation, '15, vi: 258, 262; Socialist split on war policy, '15, vi: 260; beginnings of Spartacide group, vi: 260; "preventive arrests" for suppressing pacifists, '16, vi: 262; Socialists demand peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; Socialists demand liberal terms for Russians at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 268; labor strikes during Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,'17, vi: 268; strikes suppressed by armed force, vi: 260; reduction in munition output, '18, vi: 270; Germany faces defeat, vi: 270; Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count von Hertling as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; Prince Max proposes Liberal-Socialist coalition government, vi: 270; Kaiser's last appeals fail, vi: 270, 271; Ludendorff's régime ends, Oct., '18, vi: 271; revolutionary threats, Oct., '18, vi: 271; Revolution starts, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272; Kaiser abdicates, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 272; establishment of German republics, vi: 273, 280; revolutionary scenes in Berlin, vi: 273-277; Ebert, as Chancellor, establishes provisional government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277; Kaiser flees to Holland, vi: 277; radical Socialists oppose Ebert government, vi: 278; Spartacides urge Bolshevik revolution, vi: 279; spread of Bolshevism, vi: 280; Independents demand immediate social reconstruction before political reform, vi: 280; Ebert government appeals for bourgeois support, vi: 280; Spartacides allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280; return of "victorious" army to Berlin strengthens Provisional Government, vi: 282; Central Council of Delegates convened by Ebert, Dec. 16, '18, vi: 283; Central Council votes for election of National Assembly, Dec. 19, '18, vi: 283; Central Executive Committee created, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Majority Socialists in absolute control of government, vi: 283; Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils ordered dissolved, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Spartacides and Independents threaten proletarian revolution, Dec., '18, vi: 283; Count zu Reventlow on Germany under Socialist régime, vi: 284; hunger and unemployment, vi: 285-287, 294-298; Spartacide insurrection, Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Bavarian government supports Berlin Spartacides, vi: 288; Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; National Assembly elections, Jan. 19, '19, vi: 290; National Assembly meets at Weimar, Feb. 6, '19, vi: 291; Ebert's speech before National Assembly on government's policies, vi: 292; Ebert elected President of Germany, Feb., '19, vi: 292; Scheidemann elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; composition of Scheidemann Cabinet, vi: 292; German press comment on Ebert as President, vi: 293; middleclass "counter strikes" against extremists, vi: 294; Kurt Eisner assassinated, Feb. 21, '19, vi: 298; Soviet established in Munich, Feb. 19, vi: 298, 300; Spartacides in control of Saxony, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Spartacide rising in Berlin suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299; Ebert government overthrows Munich Soviet, Apr.--May, '19, vi: 300-301; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Gustav Bauer succeeds Scheidemann as Chancellor to sign Peace Treaty, vi: 304; National Assembly votes to accept Allies' terms, June 22, '19, vi: 305. International concessions, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 228. Iron, plans for annexation of French ore lands, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15; importance of Lorraine ore deposits, i: 267; seizure of French and Belgian mines, '14, ii: 20. Kultur, Bernhardi on, i: 64, 159, 160; great men of, i: 64; significance, i: 64; manifestations, i: 64; spokesmen of, i: 66; gospel of conquest, i: 66; educational program for dissemination of, i: 67; supremacy of State dominant idea, i: 68, 148; doctrine of "divine right of kings," i: 68; relation to militarism, i: 69; German social philosophy compared with British, i: 149; strength of State higher good than happiness of individuals, i: 149; Bergson on German doctrine of force, i: 152; transition from idealism to materialism, i: 152; materialistic spirit of German students, i: 154; national egoism, i: 154; contributions to world culture, i: 154; definition and exposition of, i: 158; compared with _culture_, i: 158; Bernhardi's belief in supremacy of German brain, i: 160; right to conquest, i: 161; _see also_ under Germany, Militarism. Liberia, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Luxemburg, violation of neutrality, _see_ Luxemburg. Militarism, war as national policy, i: _Intro. vii_, 70; basic conception, i: 69; glorification of doctrine of force, i: 69; Henri Bergson on, i: 152; Professor Lamprecht's defense, i: 155; Bernhardi on universal military training, i: 162; Bernhardi on necessity of war to progress, i: 162; Bernhardi condemns love of peace, i: 162, 171; German pride in, i: 163; compared with Christianity, i: 165; compared with British policy, i: 165; force in place of diplomacy, i: 166; "World power or downfall," i: 170; von der Goltz's plea against peace, i: 171; German statement of policy, i: 171-173; striking quotations from Bernhardi, i: 179; Bernhardi on conqueror's right to annex territory, i: 181; German denial of, i: 182; compared with Allies' defensive policy, '14, ii: 1; statement of war aims by Chancellor Michaelis, ii: 14; explained by Baron von Freytag-Loringhoven, ii: 260; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; pre-War preparedness, vi: 249; _see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Kultur, Pan-Germanism. Morale, demands of War on nation, ii: 302; fighting spirit waning, '18, ii: 309-311; change between '17 and '18, v: 2. Morocco, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Navy, strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with British for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; increase in "peace strength" for '14, i: 131; strength threat to British security, i: 196; surrendered to Allies, Nov. 21, '18, i: 400, iv: 142-144, 383-384 (list and description of major units), 385-387 (German eye-witness account), 387-390 (American eye-witness account), 390-394 (British eye-witness account), xii: 213 (Peace Treaty terms); hemmed in by British, ii: _Intro. viii_; efforts to break blockade by use of submarines, iv: 7, 256; strength of China Squadron, iv: 58; operations in Pacific, iv: 60; strategy of defense, iv: 86; operations of High Sea Fleet in North Sea, iv: 91; superior to British in destroyers, iv: 94; use of fleet criticized by Jellicoe, iv: 94; High Sea Fleet compared with British Grand Fleet, iv: 96; North Sea raids, iv: 136; mission during War, iv: 138; development, iv: 362; Bolshevik propaganda in, iv: 380; revolts, Nov., '18, iv: 380-383, vi: 272, 283; morale, iv: 294; mutiny suppressed, '17, vi: 266; Peace Treaty conditions for reduction, xii: 212-214; _see also_ Submarine warfare. Occupation by Allies, expense to be paid by Germany, xii: 226; conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261. Pan-Germanism, ideal of unification of all Teuton elements in Europe, i: 78, xi: 4; Pan-German League, objects, i: 79; propaganda in U. S., i: 79; policy in South America, i: 84; Bernhardi's statement of principles, i: 152; Bismarck's plan for world empire, ii: 2; first steps toward under William II, ii: 2; goal of Calais to Bagdad, ii: 13; Bagdad Railway important factor in, ii: 296; compared with Roman imperialism, by Professor Ferrero, ii: 365-372; expounded by Friedrich Naumann in _Mitteleuropa_, vi: 258; _see also_ under Germany, Foreign policy, Militarism. Peace negotiations, Prince Max asks Wilson to intercede, Oct. 6, '18, i: 399, vi: 271; armistice, Nov. 11, '18, i: 399, iii: 402, v: 391, vi: 271, xi: 54; war aims expressed in secret memorandum to Austria, '16, ii: 14; condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Allies reject, prior to Spring offensive, '18, ii: 316; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Ludendorff convinced Germany can't win, Sept., '18, ii: 333, 335; drive for "mental armistice," ii: 387-390; armistice with Russia, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; Brest-Litovsk treaty with Russia, Mar. 3, '18, vi: 183; Socialists present peace manifesto, Nov., '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg rejects Socialist peace demands, vi: 260; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes "peace of compromise," '17, vi: 262-264; Socialists support peace without annexations, '17. vi: 266; Reichstag passes resolution for peace without annexations, '17, vi: 266; forced to accept Versailles Peace Treaty, vi: 302-305; Allies' peace terms received, May 7, '19, vi: 302; press comment on peace terms, vi: 302-304; National Assembly votes to sign Peace Treaty, June 22, '19, vi: 304; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179, 182; Peace Treaty ratified, July 10, '19, xii: 264; _see also_ Peace, moves for. Population, in 1860, i: 40; compared with France, 1874--1914, i: 61; emigration to U. S., i: 75, 79, 277; emigration to South America, i: 79; growth since 1870 compared with that of France, i: 262; relation of growth to colonial expansion, i: 262; rapid increase, i: 277; of Republic, xii: 279. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Propaganda, in U. S. before War, i: 79; activities of Dr. Albert, i: 133; artificial nature of public opinion, i: 149; preparing German mind for war, i: 171, 181; appeal to Americans, Aug., '14, i: 268; von Jagow's defense against American criticisms, i: 273; activities of German agents in U. S., i: 274, 302, 314, x: 326-348; Dr. Dernburg's activities in U. S., i: 274; instigating Hindu revolutions, i: 317; Mexican plot-against U. S., i: 347; on Italian Front, iii: 247, vi: 128; following capture of Americans at Seicheprey, v: 123; in Spain, xii: 101. Railroads, war-time deterioration, viii: 283; efficiency under war conditions, viii: 284-285; Peace Treaty regulations, xii: 253. Reparation, views of U. S. press on, xii: 24; estimates of capacity to pay, xii: 159; cession of Sarre coalfields to France, xii: 189; Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225. Responsibility for War, German manipulations to force war, i: 8, 129-138; unwillingness to coöperate to prevent World War, i: 115, 124-126, 246, 250; responsibility denied, i: 116-120; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement, i: 117; Hellferich's justification, i: 119; statement by German "Intellectuals," i: 120; Dr. Dernburg's defense, i: 120; German case against Great Britain, i: 121; evidences of anticipating the War, i: 131; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, i: 133-136, 252; Potsdam Conference, July 5, '14, i: 136, 250; statement of Allied infractions of international law, i: 139; Sir Edward Grey's statement of events leading to War, July 23--Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; Prince Lichnowsky's account of events leading to War, i: 246, 250; Dr. Mühlon's disclosures, i: 250-254; Peace Treaty provisions for trial of guilty, xii: 217; _see also_ Causes of the War. Royal family, xi: 149; _see also_ William II; Frederick William. Shipping, increase in tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with British, i: 77; increase in tonnage, '00--'04, i: 263; Kaiser's personal interest in, i: 264; German resourcefulness, i: 264; tonnage and capital of North German Lloyd Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hamburg-American Line, i: 264; tonnage and earnings of Hansa Line, i: 264; tonnage of Hamburg-South American Line, i: 264. Siam, rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208. Strategy, seizure of French coal and iron mines, i: 122, 267, ii: 13, 15, 20; general war plans, ii: 1-8, iii: 8, iv: 4-8; estimate of European military alignments, ii: 2-4; conquest of France first objective, ii: 4-8, iii: 2, 10; topography of German western frontier, ii: 6; invasion of Belgium and northern France, ii: 8, xi: 9; mistake of striking first at France instead of Russia, '14, ii: 11; probable results of a vigorous offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; reasons for striking at France first, ii: 13; destructiveness as war policy, ii: 15, xi: 20, xii: 23; defensive attitude toward Russia, '14, ii: 22; East Prussian campaigns, ii: 24; invasion of Russian Poland, ii: 25; failure to operate against Suez Canal, ii: 31; military plans for '17, ii: 53; necessity for military strokes of '18, ii: 65; at strategic advantage, Mar., '18, ii: 66; selection of front for spring offensive, '18, ii: 67; plans for '18 campaign, ii: 70, 149; retreat under blows of Foch, ii: 86; causes of failure, ii: 99; faced with military disaster, Nov., '18, ii: 215; Russia overwhelmed, '15, ii: 233; Col. Gädke on German war plans and results, ii: 270; underestimate of U. S. strength, ii: 272; fortified lines of retreat behind Western Front, ii: 304; Gen. von Schlieffen responsible for plan of invasion through Belgium, ii: 345; Ludendorff's defense of war policy, ii: 346; alternatives facing Germany, winter, '17--'18, v: 3; general strategy on Western Front, viii: 133; _see also_ under Germany, Defeat, causes of; _also_ Western Front; campaign or engagement. Submarine warfare, _see_ Submarine warfare. Trade, 1880--1914, compared with British, i: 77; tariff policy, i: 78; production and import of grains, ii: 17; dependence on imports for war materials, ii: 20; war trade with neutrals, ii: 21, xii: 100; anti-German toy boycott in New York, xii: 99; Allied proposals for after-War economic boycott, xii: 102; customs regulations imposed by Peace Treaty, xii: 229; suppression of unfair competition by Peace Treaty, xii: 230. Treaties, pre-War agreements with Allies revived by Peace Treaty, xii: 231; with Germanic allies, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Russia, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; with Rumania, abrogated by Peace Treaty, xii: 232; _see also_ Brest-Litovsk Treaty; Bucharest, Treaty of; Peace Treaty; Triple Alliance. War booty, value, xii: 22. War cost, financial mobilization, ii: 265, xii: 21; gold reserves, June 30, '14, i: 265; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; method of raising war funds, xii: 21; system of loans, xii: 21, 113; estimate of expenditures, xii: 21; currency inflation, xii: 22; war finance system compared with British, xii: 22; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, Aug., '14--Oct. '19, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114. Wireless stations, Peace Treaty regulations for, xii: 214.

_Germany and the Next War_, book by General von Bernhardi, striking quotations from, i: 179.

Germont, seized by 79th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 266.

Gesnes, location, v: 217; captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Ghent, Belgians re-enter, iii: 103.

Gibbons, Floyd, account of _Laconia_ sinking, iv: 226-229.

Gibbs, Philip, analysis of German war blunders, ii: 221; account of Cambrai battle, Nov., '17, iii: 337; description of German spring offensive, '18, iii: 360; analysis of British generalship, iii: 370-378.

Gibercy, taken by 79th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 272.

Gifford, Walter S., Director U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Ginchy, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; description of battle, x: 147-155.

Giolitti, Italian political leader, opposes entry into War, ii: 236, vi: 123.

Girba, Turks routed at, Feb., '17, iii: 191.

Glasgow, labor riots in, Jan., '19, vi: 19.

_Glasgow_, British cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; hit by gunfire, iv: 68; in battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Gleaves, Adm., convoys first U. S. troops to France, June 26, '17, iv:160, v: 106.

_Glenart Castle_, British hospital ship, sunk Feb. 26, '18, i: 393.

Glenn, Maj.-Gen. Edwin F., commands 83rd Div., June, '18, v: 146.

_Glory of War, The_, poem by Dana Burnet, ix: 261.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T., commands _Sydney_ in engagement with _Emden_, iv: 187.

_Gloucester Castle_, British hospital-ship torpedoed without warning, iv: 232.

Gloves, anti-gas, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

_Gneisenau_, German cruiser, in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk at battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 82.

_God Save the King_, English national anthem, xi: 326.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, member, Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

_Goeben_, German battle cruiser, eludes Allied fleet in Mediterranean and escapes to Turkish waters, Aug., '14, iv: 13-16; far-reaching effects of escape, iv: 16; sold to Turkey, iv: 16; damaged by mine in Black Sea, Nov. 18, '15, iv: 50, 365.

Gold, Peace Treaty restriction on German export of, xii: 226; deliveries of, by Germany to Allies under Peace Treaty, xii: 228.

Goldschmidt alternator, for generating radio waves, viii: 316.

_Goliath_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33; sunk by Turks, May 13, '15, iv: 50.

Golice, captured by Germans, May 2, '15, i: 380.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, heads German mission to Turkey, iii: 164; commands German troops in Finland, vi: 199; biography, ix: 268.

Goltz, Horst von der, plots to blow up Welland Canal, x: 333.

Golytsin, Russian Prime Minister, reactionary government of, vi: 143; gets undated order from Czar dismissing Duma, '17, vi: 144; issues Czar's order dismissing Duma, Mar. 10, '17, vi: 146.

Gompers, Samuel, member Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Gondrecourt, training area for 1st Div., v: 6.

_Good-by-ee_, English soldiers' song, xi: 338.

_Good Hope_, Admiral Cradock's flagship at battle off Coronel, iv: 64; hit by gunfire, iv: 66; sunk by explosion, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Goremykin, deposed as Russian Prime Minister, '15, vi: 140.

Gorizia, Italian attacks fail, '15, ii: 50, 240, iii: 244; captured by Italians, Aug., '16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; life in, under Italian occupation, ii: 244; key to Isonzo, iii: 239.

_Goshawk_, British destroyer, in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Gotha airplanes, description, viii: 196, 221.

Goto, Baron, biography, ix: 92.

Göttingen prison camp, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 303.

Gough, Gen. Sir Hubert, at first Ypres battle, ii: 171; responsibility for defeat of British Fifth Army, Mar., '18, ii: 190-197; decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Gouraud, Gen., defensive tactics against German advance, July, '18, ii: 209, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; famous appeal to troops, July, '18, v: 45; qualities as leader, v: 46.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, Chief of Russian General Staff, ii: 225; exposition of Russian strategy, ii: 225.

Gradisca, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

Grado, bombarded by Austrian airplanes, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382.

Granatieri, description of, ii: 242.

Grandcourt, taken by British, Nov. 18, '16, i: 388.

Grand Fleet, British, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.

Grand Pré, captured by A. E. F., Oct., '18. v: 85, 218, 252, xi: 53.

Granger, Dr. Amédée, invents X-ray apparatus for locating bullets in flesh, viii: 374.

Graves, war, A. E. F. Registration Service, v: 331, 400; Peace Treaty provisions for care of, xii: 217.

Great Britain: Air Service, formation of Royal Air Force, viii: 202; strength at end of War, viii: 202; types of airplanes, viii: 203-206; Bristol planes, viii: 203; Handley-Page bombers, viii: 204, 223; D. H.-10 bombers, viii: 204; types of dirigibles, viii: 245; dirigible _R-34_ crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; dirigibles _R-33_ and _R-34_, description, viii: 254. Army, German contempt for, i: 191; lands in France, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; ammunition shortage, '14, ii: _Intro. xiii_, 173 (Viscount French's exposé); deficiency in trained men, ii: 113; deficiency in material, ii: 114; Field-Marshal Haig on value of cavalry, ii: 120; machine-gun equipment, ii: 125, 275; artillery equipment, ii: 125; Haig on effects of growth in artillery service, ii: 125; artillery at Somme battle, '16, ii: 126; ammunition used on Western Front, Aug.--Nov., '18, ii: 130; military hospitals in France, ii: 131; total strength in France, ii: 131; service of supply behind the lines, ii: 131-132; Haig's opinion of British officer, ii: 133; Haig's opinion on present organization, ii: 134; changing civilians into soldiers described by Haig, ii: 135; Haig's tribute to Regular Army, ii: 136; opinion of a German military critic, ii: 256; pre-War organization, iii: 3; Intelligence service, iii: 383; strength, '14--'18, iii: 404, 405; strength in Italy, iii: 405; strength in Mesopotamia, iii: 405; "Pal" regiments, vi: 6; slackers driven into service, vi: 6; origin of nickname "Tommy," vi: 230; types of rifles used, viii: 95; Indian winners of Victoria Cross, x: 85; Senegalese troops, x: 116; British soldier as fighter, xi: 181-189; for military operations, _see_ campaign or engagement. Blockade by Germany, _see_ Submarine warfare. Blockade of Germany, _see_ Germany, Blockade of. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, 405; causes for extent of, analyzed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 118; at Gallipoli, iii: 177; in attempts to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 364; in '17, iii: 382; in German spring offensive, '18, iii: 390; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288; _see also_ campaign or engagement. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47; war-time fuel control, xii: 51. Cost of living, increase in, by reduction of imports, ii: _Intro. xxii_; price movements in England and U. S. since 1780, xii: _Intro. viii-x_; criticism of government policy, xii: 28. Declarations of war, on Germany, Aug. 4, '14, circumstances of, i: 145, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's statement), 375; on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 12, '14, i: 375; on Turkey, Nov. 5, '14, i: 376; on Bulgaria, Oct. 15, '15, i: 382. Food, effect of submarine warfare, vi: 10; police prevent hoarding, vi: 11; government control of, xii: 34, 59; Food Control Committee established, xii: 34; sugar shortage, xii: 34, 138; meat control, xii: 34; war-time fish supply, xii: 34; wheat control, xii: 35; increase in crop production, '16--'18, xii: 40; work of women in production of, xii: 40; effect of food shortage on dogs, xii: 40; potato crop, xii: 47; war-time problems, xii: 138. Foreign policy, value of U. S. good-will, i: 35; world position, 1871, i: 44; Turkish policy at Congress of Berlin, i: 48; acquires control of Egypt, i: 48; extent of colonial empire, i: 59; international position, '14, i: 59; policy of conciliation, i: 59, 107, 218; Anglo-French good-will, i: 98; treaty with France, '04, i: 99; agreement with Russia for control of Persia, '07, i: 104; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, i: 104; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, '12, i: 106, 194-197; statement of policy by Asquith, Nov., '11, i: 106; agreement with France for united action against "third Power," '12, i: 107, 220; negotiations to prevent World War, July--Aug., '14, i: 115, 124, 218-227 (Sir Edward Grey's account), 247-249 (Prince Lichnowsky's account); policy on Belgian neutrality, i: 141, 222, 224; arrangement with Belgium for defense of neutrality, '06, i: 143, 231; promise to defend French coast, Aug. 2, '14, i: 146, 220; statement of war aims by Lloyd George, i: 189; negotiations with Germany for mutual neutrality, '12, i: 194-197; Sir Edward Grey's efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; agreement with Germany on African expansion, i: 200; agreement for settling rivalries in Turkey, '14, i: 200; question of armed intervention in Moroccan crisis, i: 218; freedom from secret obligations in event of war, i: 218; Sir Edward Grey urges intervention in defense of Belgian neutrality, i: 224; offer of help to Belgium, Aug. 4, '14, i: 232; influence in the East, ii: 27; claims to Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; Turkish policy, announced Nov. 7, '18, vi: 334; _see also_ Triple Entente. Industries during War, peace and war productivity compared, xii: 19, 77-79; women in, xiii: 25; bonuses to labor, xii: 28; provisions for settlement of labor disputes, xii: 79. Internal politics, Imperial unity through war, i: _Intro. xiv_; political philosophy compared with German, i: 165; members of War Council, Nov., '14, ii: 198; political conditions, Aug., '14, vi: 1; industrial and social unrest, '15, vi: 2; labor opposition to conscription, vi: 6; Conscription Bill passed, Apr., '16, vi: 6; treatment of conscientious objectors, vi: 8; pacifists indorse Soviet peace aims, '17, vi: 12; Lord Lansdowne's peace letter, vi: 13; Defense of the Realm Act inadequate to prevent strikes, vi: 14; Labor Party platform, '17, vi: 14; conditions at close of War, vi: 15; general elections, '18, vi: 16-17; industrial strikes spread, Jan., '19, vi: 17; ship-builders' strike, vi: 19; Glasgow riots, vi: 19; strike in electrical trades prevented by Defense of the Realm Act, Feb., '19, vi: 20; Lloyd George calls Labor Peace Conference, Feb., '19, vi: 20; commission of inquiry into mining conditions appointed, Feb., '19, vi: 20; truce in labor war till completion of Peace Treaty, vi: 22; after-War problems, vi: 23. Munitions, exposé of shell shortage by Viscount French, ii: 173; production compared with that of Central Empires, xii: 78; work of Ministry of Munitions, xii: 78. Navy, protector of lines of supply, i: 15; rise to world supremacy, i: 28; strength in '06, i: 101; negotiations with Germany for curbing naval program, i: 106, 194-197; general strategy during War, ii: _Intro. vii_, iv: 85-93; ships in Mediterranean at outbreak of War, iv: 13; squadrons in Eastern waters, iv: 58; ships in West Atlantic, iv: 58; problem of maintaining Allied supremacy, iv: 86; Admiral Jellicoe appointed to command of Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; minesweeping operations, iv: 91; convoy of troopships, iv: 92; bases, iv: 92; extracts from Jellicoe's _The Grand Fleet, 1914--1916_, iv: 93-97; unpreparedness, '14, iv: 93; lack of destroyers, iv: 94; Grand Fleet compared with German High Sea Fleet, iv: 96; Jellicoe's reasons for not attacking Germans, iv: 96; make-up of Grand Fleet, Aug., '14, iv: 97; make-up of Grand Fleet at battle of Jutland, iv: 119; Lord Fisher's views on share in Allied victory, iv: 140; statistics on transport of troops, '15--'18, iv: 239; 18-in. super naval guns, viii: 53; _see also_ battle or engagement; Gallipoli Campaign. Peace Conference, delegates, xii: 179; _see also_ Peace Conference. Peace Treaty, press views, vi: 22; ratified, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264; _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, system of war-time government control, xii: 89. Royal family, xi: 150-152; _see also_ George V. Shipping, tonnage, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77; government control of ship-building, xii: 95; tonnage in '14, xii: 95; yearly tonnage production, '14--'17, xii: 96; war-time shortage of, xii: 96. Strategy, analyzed by Maj.-Gen. Maurice, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_; naval, iv: 85-93. Trade, 1880--1913, compared with German, i: 77; pre-War position, xii: 18-19; pre-War and war-time compared, xii: 78. War cost, financial position at start of War, xii: 1, 18; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; income tax rates, compared with U. S. and French rates, xii: 4; debt to U. S., xii: 18; exchange rates with U. S., xii: 19; extravagance in expenditure of war funds, xii: 19-20; taxes, xii: 20, 107, 108, 111; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; currency inflation, xii: 27-28; average daily war cost, xii: 105; total war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; war loans, xii: 111; rise in national debt, xii: 111, 114.

_Great Northern, S. S._, speed record as army transport, v: 358.

Greece, revolts against Turkey, 1825, i: 34; breaks off diplomatic relations with Central Powers, June 29, '17, i: 390, vi: 345; anti-Allied attitude at Salonika, iii: 206; Venizelos establishes revolutionary government, Sept., '16, iii: 210; Venizelos government recognized by Allies, Jan., '17, iii: 210; King Constantine deposed by Allies, iii: 210, vi: 245; war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 289; prisoners of war, iii: 404; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; _see also_ Salonika Campaign.

Greek fire, composition of, xi: 314.

Gregory, Sgt. Earl D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

_Greif_, German armed liner, sunk in fight with British _Alcantara_, iv: 200.

Grenades, number of U. S., at front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; ancient method of throwing weapons by hand revived, viii: 119; Germans first to use, viii: 119; Allied unpreparedness at start of War, viii: 119; nature, viii: 119; technique of throwing, viii: 120; kinds, viii: 120, xi: 211.

Grenfell, Capt. Francis O., first winner of Victoria Cross in War, x: 10.

Gresham, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed in France, xi: 173.

Grey, Edward, Viscount of Fallodon, efforts to prevent the War, i: 124-126, 247; mediation in Balkan Wars, i: 198; efforts to establish Anglo-German good-will, i: 198; negotiations to settle Anglo-German rivalry in Mesopotamia, '12--'14, i: 200; speech before Parliament summarizing events leading to World War, Aug. 3, '14, i: 218-227; biography, ix: 35-40; bibliography, ix: 40; advocate of League of Nations, xii: 155.

Grierson, Gen. Sir James, commander of British Second Corps, death in France, ii: 176.

Grimancourt, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 10, '18, v: 277.

Grimm, Swiss Socialist, expelled by Russian Provisional Government, vi: 380.

Grissinger, Col. J. W., Chief Surgeon, Third Army, A. E. F., v: 346.

Grodno, captured by Germans, Sept. 2, '15, i: 381, iii: 140.

_Groupes de Combat_, function in French defensive, v: 12.

Guatemala, severs diplomatic relations with Germany, Apr. 28, '17, i: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Guedecourt, taken by British, Sept. 26, '16, i: 388.

Guépratte, Rear-Adm., commands French fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Guillaumat, Gen., drives Germans from Vesles to Aisne, ii: 214.

_Guillaume, Empereur d'Allemagne_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Guillemont, taken by Allies, Sept. 3, '16, i: 386.

Guillemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

_Gulflight_, first American ship sunk by U-boat, May 1, '15, i: 319, 380, iv: 218.

Gumbinnen, Russians defeat Germans at, Aug. 16--24, '14, iii: 111; retaken by Germans, iii: 116.

Gumpertz, Sgt. Sydney G., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Guncotton, composition and detonating properties, viii: 2; _see also_ Ammunition.

Gunpowder, black, composition and explosive properties, viii: 2; smokeless, composition and action, viii: 4; muzzle flash, viii: 7; _see also_ Ammunition.

Gunpowder Neck, U. S. poison-gas plant at, viii: 179-187.

Guns, _see_ Artillery.

_Guns of Verdun_, poem by Patrick R. Chalmers, vi: 91.

Guthrie, Col. Percy, first Canadian to enlist, x: 44.

Guynemer, Capt. Georges, French "miracle ace," x: 202, xi: 231.

Gyles, Midshipman Donald, heroic fight against German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Gyroscope, war uses, viii: 348.

H

Haase, Herr, leader German Social-Democratic minority, vi: _Intro. xii_; in Ebert ministry, Nov., '18, vi: 278; advocates Bolshevik principles, vi: 299.

Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, assassinated, Feb., '19, vi: 80.

Hagen position, location in Argonne, v: 218.

Hague Conference, establishes Arbitration Tribunal, 1899, i: 94; convened for second time at suggestion of Roosevelt, '07, i: 103; accomplishments, i: 103.

Hahn, Maj.-Gen. W. G., commander 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.

Hai River, near Kut-el-Amara, iii: 186.

Haifa, captured by British, Sept. 23, '18, iii: 199.

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, analysis of Western Front campaigns, ii: 112-136; theories on warfare, ii: 118; on causes of German military collapse, ii: 120; on functions of cavalry in the War, ii: 120; on importance of infantry in the War, ii: 123; on importance of artillery in the War, with statistics, ii: 123, 126; on efficiency of British army officers, ii: 133; on British military organization, ii: 134; appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Expeditionary Force, Dec. 15, '15, iii: 46; famous "Our backs to the wall" appeal, Mar., '18, iii: 359, v: 120; personal traits, iii: 373; biography, ix: 181-184.

Haiti, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Halahan, Capt., killed at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 264.

Haldane, Gen., commander of British Sixth Army, iii: 371; personal traits, iii: 377.

Haldane, Lord, mission to Germany, '12, i: 106, 194.

Halicz, Russians retire from, June 27, '15, i: 380; captured by Russians, '14, iii: 121; recaptured by Russians, July, '17, iii: 146.

Hall, Richard Nelville, brave ambulance driver, story of, x: 95.

Hall, Sgt. Thomas Lee, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Haller, Gen., leads revolt of Polish "Iron Brigade" against Austria, vi: 216.

Hamburg-American Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hamburg-Persian Gulf railway, _see_ Bagdad Railway.

Hamburg-South American Line, tonnage, i: 264.

Hamel, captured by Germans, Apr. 7, '18, i: 395; work of tanks at Allied attack, July 4, '18, ii: 281; share of 33rd Div. in recapture of, July, '18, v: 260.

Hamidieh II, Turkish battery at Gallipoli, armament of, iv: 45.

Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, Allied commander-in-chief at Gallipoli, iii: 162, iv: 32; succeeded by Gen. Monro, iii: 174; despatches to War Office, iv: 35-36.

_Hampshire_, British cruiser, sunk June 5, '16, with Kitchener and staff, i: 385.

Handley-Page bombing planes, viii: 196, 204, 223.

Hankey, Sir Maurice, secretary, Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, on U. S. neutrality, i: 290.

Hansa Line, tonnage and earnings, i: 264.

Hapsburgs, rise and downfall, vi: 305; _see also_ Austria-Hungary; Charles Francis; Francis Joseph.

Hara, Japanese Prime Minister, _see_ Kei Hara.

Harbin, bourgeois government set up by General Horvath at, vi: 192.

Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101, 403; commands 2nd Div. in Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 167; commander, Services of Supply, v: 401.

Hardaumont, captured by Germans, Mar. 8, '16, i: 384.

Harden, Maximilian, on sordid nature of World War, i: 123; on relations between U. S. and Germany, i: 274; on American war prosperity, i: 311; optimistic view of German food situation, '14, vi: 254; on Allied peace terms, vi: 303.

Hardinge, Lord, responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 370.

Harington, Sir John, "brain of British armies in the field," iii: 375.

Harper, Harry, description of Zeppelins by, ii: 262.

Harper, Gen., of British Fourth Corps, personal traits, iii: 377.

Hart, Prof. Albert B., summary of U. S. official correspondence on submarine sinkings, i: 358-362.

Hartlepool, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Hartmannsweilerkopf, captured by French, Mar. 25, '15, i: 378; Dec., '15, iii: 46.

Hartwell, William, first officer of _S. S. Brussels_, report on Fryatt case, x: 266-269.

Harvey, Lieut. F. U. W., wins Victoria Cross at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Hassein, King of Hedjaz, joins forces with British, iii: 199.

Hatler, Sgt. M. Waldo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Haucourt, taken by Germans, Apr. 5, '16, i: 384, iii: 51.

Haudromont Quarries, taken by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388.

Hausen, Gen. von, commander of a German Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184.

Hauts de Meuse, location, v: 199.

Havre, Belgian government moved to, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376; embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

_Hawke_, British cruiser, torpedoed Oct. 13, '14, i: 376.

Hay, Maj.-Gen. Wm. H., commander 28th Div., v: 278.

Hay, Pvt., one of first of A. E. F. to be killed, xi: 173.

Hays, 1st Lieut. George Price, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Hayward, Col. Wm. D., account by, of his colored regiment of "bell-hops and waiters," x: 135-137.

Hazois Wood, taken by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Hebron, occupied by British, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393, iii: 196.

Hedjaz, Arabs aid British in Palestine operations, iii: 196, 199; kingdom established under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334, xii: 279; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180; area and population, xii: 279.

Heeringen, Gen. von, commands German Sixth Army of invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 10.

_Hela_, German cruiser torpedoed off Heligoland, Sept. 13, '14, iv: 207.

Helfferich, Karl, on justification of Germany's part in War, i: 119; director of Deutsche Bank, i: 133, 252; German Vice-Chancellor, i: 133, 252; biography, ix: 353.

_Helgoland_, German battleship, mutiny of crew starts revolution, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Heligoland, Peace Treaty provisions for destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205.

Heligoland Bight, naval battle of, British victory, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iv: 240-243; Admiral Beatty's official report on, iv: 241.

Helmets, steel, devised by French, viii: 64; process of manufacture of French type, viii: 64; rate of production, viii: 65; efficiency as protection, viii: 65; process of manufacture of U. S. Army type, viii: 66-68; bullet-resisting tests, viii: 69-72.

Hem, stormed by French in battle of the Somme, July, '16, iii: 58.

Henderson, Arthur, biography, ix: 47-50.

_Henri IV_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Henry, Prince, of Prussia, visits U. S., '02, i: 80; escapes from mutiny of German Fleet, Nov. 7, '18, vi: 272.

Herbebois, taken by Germans, Feb. 21, '16, iii: 48.

Heriot, Corp. James D., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hermannstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 2, '16, i: 386; Rumanians defeated at, Sept. 29--30, '16, i: 388.

Hertling, Count von, German Chancellor, comment on failure of Champagne-Marne Offensive, July 15--18, '18, v: 158; retires as Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270.

Hertzog, Gen., anti-British Nationalist leader in South Africa, vi: 49, 50; heads Nationalist delegation to Peace Conference, Jan., '19, vi: 52.

Herzegovina, annexed by Austria, '08, i: 109, vi: 356; _see also_ Bosnia-Herzegovina.

_Hesperian, S. S._, torpedoed by German submarine, Sept. 4, '15, i: 326.

Hickey, Gen., commander of 16th Irish Div., iii: 377.

Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

High Sea Fleet, _see_ Germany, Navy.

Hill, Corp. Ralyn, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Hill 60, at Ypres, captured by British, Apr, 17, '15, i: 378, iii: 42; captured by Germans, May 5, '15, i: 380.

Hill 70, at Loos, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 140, near Souchez, captured by French, Sept., '15, iii: 46.

Hill 180, captured by 327th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 7, '18, v: 242.

Hill 190, near Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 27, '18, v: 187.

Hill 204, near Château-Thierry, captured by 26th Div., July 20, '18, v: 56; dominating situation, v: 133; captured by French and A. E. F., June 6, '18, v: 135.

Hill 223, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 240, captured by 18th and 28th Infs. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Hill 242, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 15, '18, v: 84.

Hill 244, near Châtel Chehery, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 7, '18, v: 243.

Hill 258, captured by 127th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

Hill 263, captured by 28th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Hill 269, captured by 26th Inf. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 5, '18, v: 240; held by 1st Engineers against German attacks, v: 246.

Hill 288, near Côte de Châtillon, captured by 168th Inf., Oct. 14, '18, v: 84.

Hill 304, at Verdun, battle for, iii: 51.

Hill 378, stormed by 79th Div. troops in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov. 5, '18, v: 270.

Hilton, Sgt. Richmond H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, put in command of German armies in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 353, iii: 112; destroys Russian Army at battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 26--31, '14, ii: 24, 353 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 112-116, ix: 242; campaigns in Russian Poland, ii: 25, iii: 116-118, ix: 245; Ludendorff's tribute to, ii: 300; appointed Chief of German General Staff, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; made Chief of General Staff of Central Powers, ii: 331; proclamation against "unconditional surrender," Oct. 24, '18, ii: 335; first meeting with Ludendorff, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; biography, ix: 242-249; nicknamed "Old Man of the Swamps," ix: 242; decorated for valor, ix: 246; popularity, ix: 249.

Hindenburg Line, German strategic retreat to, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; Germans driven to, Sept., '18, ii: 157, iii: 98, 100; extent and description, iii: 66, v: 216, 301; strategic purpose, iii: 66; devastation of French territory in retreat to, '17, iii: 67; reasons for strategic retreat of '17, iii: 70; 27th and 30th Divs., A. E. F., attacking with British, break through in Cambrai-St. Quentin sector, Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 101, v: 290-295, 301, 393; Michel position on St. Mihiel front, v: 69; Kriemhilde position on Meuse-Argonne front, v: 74, 218; First Army breaks through in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 390.

Hines, Maj.-Gen, John L., promotion, v: 182; commands 4th Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202; commands 4th Div. in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219; commands Third Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 83, 390.

Hintzmann, Korvettenkapitan, German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Hipper, Rear-Adm. von, commands German squadron at battle of Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, '15, iv: 246; commands German advance fleet at battle of Jutland, May 31, '16, iv: 99, 103, 108, 113.

Hirson, captured by Allies, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Hodges, Maj.-Gen. H. F., commander 76th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Hoffman, Sgt. Chas. F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Hoffman, Conrad, executive secretary, American Y. M. C. A., work for prisoners in Germany, vii: 309.

_Hogue_, British cruiser, torpedoed by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, eye-witness accounts, iv: 205, x: 274-280; as told by U-boat commander, x: 279.

Holbrook, Lieut.-Com. Norman D., blows up Turk warship in Dardanelles, x: 317.

"Holding" troops, German, viii: 144.

Holland, _see_ Netherlands.

_Holland No. 9_, first U. S. Navy submarine, iv: 205.

Holy Alliance, formation of, i: 33; defects of, i: 35.

Holy War, declared by Turks, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, vi: 330; to destroy British control in East, ii: 27; failure of, ii: 31; response to, in India, vi: 74.

Home Rule, Irish, _see_ Ireland.

Home Service, Red Cross, activities of, vii: 35.

Homs, taken by Allies, Oct., '18, iii: 199.

Honduras, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace L. A., commands 3rd British Battle Cruiser Squadron at battle of Jutland, iv: 117; lost with sinking of _Invincible_, iv: 120.

Hoofien, S., Dutch representative in Palestine, report on American relief work, vii: 366.

Hoover, Herbert C., appointed U. S. Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; pioneer of American relief in Europe, vii: 85; organizes American Relief Committee, vii: 119; organizes American Commission for Relief in Belgium, vii: 119, xii: 136; account of interview with Lloyd George on Belgian Relief, vii: 124; biography, ix: 316-323; bibliography, ix: 323; work as U. S. Food Administrator, xii: 35; report on U. S. food exports for relief of Europe, xii: 42; director-general of American Relief Administration, xii: 141.

Horn, Lieut. Werner, German spy, tries to blow up bridge on Canadian border, i: 316, x: 368.

Hornby, Sir Geoffrey Phipps, forces Dardanelles, 1878, iv: 21.

Horne, Gen., commands British First Army in offensive against Cambrai, Sept., '18, ii: 214, v: 213; characterization by Philip Gibbs, iii: 371.

Horns, for gas alarm, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324.

Horses, utility in the War, viii: 397; hospitals for, viii: 398; number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 278.

Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max, exploit in command of submarine _E-9_, iv: 207.

Horvath, Gen., sets up bourgeois government in Siberia, vi: 192; resigns from government, vi: 193.

Hospitals: British, in France, ii: 131. French, medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365. United States, _see_ U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Hotchkiss machine-gun, viii: 87.

House, Col. E. M., U. S. representative on Supreme War Council, iii: 84; biography, ix: 70-76.

Howitzers, _see_ Artillery.

Hughes, W. M., Premier of Australia, advocate of closer union within British Empire, vi: 40; for vigorous war policy, vi: 40; delegate to Allied Economic Conference, June, '16, vi: 40; forms "Hughesite" Liberal government supporting conscription, vi: 42.

Hulloch, British enter, Sept. 26, '14, iii: 46.

_Humber_, British monitor, description, iv: 281.

Humbert, Charles, French Senator, implicated in Bolo Pasha plots, x: 344.

Hungary, war sentiment, '14, vi: 306; parliamentary struggle, '16, vi: 311; Independence Party, leaders and aims of, vi: 311; "Independence and 1848" Party, formation and aims of, '16, vi: 311; Socialist demands for peace, '16, vi: 312; effects of Rumanian invasion, '16, vi: 313; "bloodless" revolution overthrows Hapsburg rule, Oct., '18, vi: 322; National Council, governing body during revolution, vi: 322; Republic established, Nov., '18, vi: 323, ix: 146, xii: 279; Count Karolyi, provisional head of Republic, vi: 323; armistice signed with Allies, vi: 323; Ironworkers' Party, conflict with government, vi: 324; Bolshevists under Bela Kun seize control, Mar., '19, vi: 324-328; military occupation by Allies, Mar., '19, vi: 325; Allies' peace terms rejected, vi: 326; the Red Army, vi: 326; area and population, xii: 279; _see also_ Austria-Hungary.

_Hunley_, Confederate submarine in American Civil War, iv: 203.

Hurley, Edward, biography, ix: 335-337.

"Hush" ships, description of, iv: 303.

Hussein Kamil Pasha, made Khédive of Egypt by British, vi: 69.

Hutier, Gen. von, commands Eighteenth German Army, ii: 149; new method of surprise attack, general plan and tactics of, v: 41, viii: 143-145.

Hutton, Col. P. C., Chief Surgeon, "Paris Group," A. E. F., v: 346.

Hydrogen, use for inflating balloons, viii: 263.

Hydrophones, use in detection of U-boats, viii: 17-20, 279-281.

Hydroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.

_Hymn of Hate_, German, against England, i: 194, vi: 253.

_Hymn of the Lusitania_, German, i: 365.

I

_I Want to Be an Angel_, aviators' song, xi: 338.

Igel, Wolf von, German arch-spy in U. S., x: 337;

Imecourt, captured by 319th Inf., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Immelmann, Capt., German ace, death in air duel with Capt. Ball, x: 209-211, xi: 216.

Immigration, to U. S. from Europe, i: 37.

_Imperatritsa_, Russian battleship, burns and sinks in Black Sea, Oct. 20, '16, i: 388.

_Implacable_, British battleship, at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

_In Flanders Fields_, poem by Lieut.-Col. John McCrae, xi: 54.

Incendiary bullets, viii: 214.

_Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser, sunk at battle of Jutland, iv: 108.

Indemnity, _see_ Reparation.

Index numbers, for measuring price changes, xii: _Intro. vii._

India, troops in Palestine and Salonika campaigns, ii: _Intro._ _xxiii_; Suez Canal gateway to, ii: 27; response to appeal of Holy War, ii: 27, vi: 74; casualties, total in War, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; agitation for autonomy, vi: 72; response to British war needs, vi: 72; reasons for loyalty, vi: 73; Nationalist claims for independence, vi: 74; political demands on Great Britain, vi: 75; caste system, description of, vi: 75; influenza epidemic, '18, vi: 76; suffering from famine, '18--'19, vi: 76; Defense of India Act, for suppressing sedition, vi: 77; Bolshevism in, vi: 77; "Black Cobra Bill," for suppressing radicalism, vi: 78; coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48; War cost, Aug., '14--Mar. '19, xii: 106; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

Indian, American, as fighter, xi: 175-179.

Indo-China, French, Japan's desire for, vi: 386.

_Indomitable_, British cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Industrial rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Infantry, Field-Marshal Haig's estimate of importance, ii: 123.

Infection, in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; causes, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, ix: 312, xi: 288-289; prevention among troops, viii: 392-397, xi: 286-289; _see also_ Disease; Medical science; Sanitation.

"Infiltration," new German method of attack, iii: 386, v: 17, 19; Gen. Gouraud's method of defense against, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148.

_Inflexible_, British battle cruiser at Gallipoli, iv: 31; damaged by gunfire in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35; at battle of Falklands, iv: 70.

Influenza, deaths from, in '18, iii: 405.

Insterburg, important junction on Petrograd-Berlin Railroad, iii: 111.

Insurance, social, in territories ceded by Germany, funds to be transferred to Allies, xii: 246.

Intelligence tests for soldiers, viii: 349-351.

Inter-Allied Commissions of Control, to supervise execution of military terms of Peace Treaty, xii: 215.

Inter-Allied Conference, Mar., '16, decides on Somme offensive, iii: 55.

Inter-Allied Games, at Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.

Inter-Allied General Staff, created, iii: 84.

Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, functions, xii: 139.

Inter-Allied War Council, _see_ Supreme War Council.

International law, formulation of, by Grotius, i: 26; German statement of Allied infractions, i: 139; Lansing's proposal for regulation of U-boat war, i: 281, 328; comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on right of seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy between U. S. and Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 329-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary); U. S. note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 323; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary on submarine warfare, i: 326; President Wilson opposed to principle of McLemore Resolution, i: 327; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; on blockades, ii: 21; _see also_ Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare.

International rivalries, factors in, 1890--1914, i: 58-63.

International Sanitary Commission, for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.

_Intrepid_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Inventions, displace importance of strategy in war, viii: _Intro. vii._

_Invincible_, British battle cruiser, armament, iv: 70; blown up at Jutland, iv: 119; at Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Ipek, occupied by French, Oct. 16, '18, i: 399.

_Iphigenia_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262; sunk in channel at Zeebrugge, iv: 265.

Ireland, history of Home Rule movement, vi: 53; Ulster, led by Carson, opposes Home Rule, vi: 53, 60, ix: 50; situation at outbreak of War, vi: 53; loyalty to British in early days of War, vi: 55; Sinn Feiners start separatist propaganda, vi: 55; spread of Sinn Fein movement, vi: 57; Sir Roger Casement's negotiations with Germans, vi: 57; Sinn Feiners organize armed opposition, vi: 57; Irish Volunteers, vi: 57; sympathy with Germany, vi: 57; German arms for Sinn Feiners captured by British, vi: 58; Sir Roger Casement captured, vi: 58, ix: 53; Easter Rebellion, Apr., '16, vi: 58; proclamation of Republic, Apr., '16, vi: 60; Padraic Pearse, Provisional President, vi: 60, ix: 53; collapse of rebellion, May, '16, vi: 60; leaders executed for treason, May 3, '16, vi: 60, ix: 53; Lloyd George's proposal for Home Rule settlement, '17, vi: 61; Irish Convention meets to discover way for settlement, '18, vi: 61-63; De Valera, leader of Sinn Feiners, vi: 61; De Valera elected to Parliament, vi: 62; Sinn Feiners' attitude toward Convention, vi: 62; government's new Home Rule Bill, '18, outline of, vi: 64; struggle over conscription, vi: 64; Sinn Feiners carry parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 64; Irish Republic proclaimed by National Assembly at Dublin, '18, vi: 64; delegates to Peace Conference appointed, vi: 64; movement in U. S. in support of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish-American mission to Peace Conference, vi: 65; Peace Conference refuses hearing to Irish cause, vi: 66; Sinn Fein platform, ix: 52; De Valera elected President of Irish Republic, ix: 55.

Ireland, Maj.-Gen. M. W., Surgeon-General, U. S. Army, v: 346.

_Iris_, British ferryboat in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Irish-Americans, support for cause of Irish freedom, vi: 65; Irish Race in America Convention, Feb., '19, vi: 65; delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 65.

Irkutsk, captured by Czechoslovaks, July 13, '18, i: 397.

Iron, importance of Lorraine deposits, i: 267; importance in war, i: 268; French mines coveted by Germany, ii: 13, 15; French mines seized by Germany, ii: 20.

_Irresistible_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk in Gallipoli attack, Mar. 18, '15, iv: 35, 48.

Isherwood, Lieut.-Com., co-inventor of launching device for depth bombs, iv: 331.

Ishii, Viscount, biography, ix: 90.

Ishtib, occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Isonzo Front, _see_ Italian Front.

Isonzo River, course, ii: 48.

Is-sur-Tille, center of American lines of supply, iii: 83, v: 11, 330.

Istria, given by Allies to Italy under secret treaty, '15, vi: 361.

_Italia Irredenta_, definition, xi: 18.

Italian Front, Lloyd George advocates strong offensive on, ii: _Intro. xx_; most difficult theater of War, ii: 48; general military topography, ii: 48, 49, 236, 244, iii: 226-230, xi: 25; general strategy at start of War, ii: 48, 49, iii: 228-231, 239-241; topography of Isonzo Front, ii: 48, iii: 239; Isonzo campaigns, ii: 49-52, 56-58, 240, 242-250, iii: 239-248; topography of Trentino Front, ii: 49, iii: 230; Trentino campaigns, ii: 49, 51, iii: 230-239; Italian attacks on Gorizia fail, '15, ii: 50, 240; results of '15 campaign, ii: 51; Gorizia captured by Italians, Aug., 16, ii: 51, 242, iii: 246; Caporetto disaster and Italian rout, Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 56-58, 246-250, iii: 80, 246-248, vi: 129, xi: 37; Italian retreat checked by stand at the Piave, Nov., '17, ii: 58, 250, iii: 80, 248; last Austrian offensive, June, '18, ii: 94-96, 250-252, iii: 249; victorious final offensive by Italy, Oct., '18, ii: 96, 252-254, iii: 249; Carso Plateau, description of, ii: 244; Gradisca captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244; Monfalcone captured by Italians, June, '15, iii: 244; casualties and prisoners of war, Austrian and Italian, during Isonzo campaigns, iii: 244, 246, 248; Cividale captured by Austro-Germans, Oct. 28, '17, iii: 247; Udine captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247; Italian losses in men and territory in great retreat, Oct.--Dec., '17, ii: 248; Jugoslavs in Austrian army desert to Italians, iii: 249; American reinforcements arrive, July, '18, iii: 249, v: 394; bibliography, iii: 249; aerial cableways across the Alps, viii: 303-306.

_Italian Front, On the_, poem by G. E. Woodbury, vi: 114.

Italy: Army, German estimate of effectiveness, '14, ii: 4; Arditi, description of, ii: 240; Bersaglieri, description of, ii: 240; Alpini, description of, ii: 242; Carabinieri, as military police, ii: 242; Granatieri, description of, ii: 242; pre-War organization and equipment, iii: 224-226; effect of enemy propaganda on morale, iii: 247, vi: 128; for military operations, _see_ Italian Front. Casualties, total in War, ii: 116, iii: 404, vi: 130; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; total battle deaths, xii: 288. Declarations of war, on Austria, May 23, '15, i: 380, ii: 48, 236, vi: 126, 309, xi: 18; on Turkey, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Bulgaria, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Germany, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; belligerency condemned as traitorous by Austrian press, vi: 310. Foreign policy, international position, '14, i: 61; ambition for Mediterranean supremacy, i: 61; member of Triple Alliance, i: 95, 255, ii: 48, vi: 114; war with Turkey for Tripoli, '12, i: 109, vi: 114; neglected by Germany, i: 255; Bissolati's explanation of neutrality, i: 256; refusal to enter War as German ally, ii: 48, xi: 6; Central Powers bargain for neutrality, ii: 48; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and interventionists, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 123; Giolitti advocates continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; attitude toward U. S., ii: 245; public opinion for neutrality in early days of War, vi: 116; pro-German sentiment, vi: 118; pro-Ally sentiment grows, vi: 119; territorial demands on Austria, '14, vi: 120; Avlona occupied, Dec., '14, vi: 120; secret treaty with Allies, Apr., '15, price of entry into War, vi: 122, 361; occupation of Austrian territories following armistice, vi: 129, 364; unpopularity of Austrian alliance, vi: 308; claims to Asiatic Turkey under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; hostility to Jugoslav expansion, vi: 360-362, 364-370; Adriatic aspirations, vi: 361; Fiume dispute, vi: 365-370. Imports, dependence on, ii: 236, vi: 127. Internal politics, unification, i: 39; parliamentary struggle between neutralists and war party, ii: 236, vi: 123-126; Salandra and Sonnino advocate war on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; Giolitti for continued neutrality, ii: 236, vi: 123; D'Annunzio rouses people to side with Allies, ii: 239, vi: 124; strikes instigated by Bolshevik propaganda, iii: 247, vi: 128; political situation preceding entry into War, vi: 114; popular sentiment for neutrality, vi: 116; pro-Ally sentiment, vi: 116, 119; attitude of political parties on neutrality, vi: 117; pro-German sympathies, vi: 118; King Victor takes decisive step for war, vi: 125; obstructionist policy of Catholics and Socialists, vi: 126; fall of Salandra Cabinet, June, '16, vi: 127; coalition government under Boselli takes office, June, '16, vi: 127; pacifist propaganda and riots, vi: 128; fall of Boselli government, Oct., '17, vi: 129; Orlando heads new Cabinet, vi: 129; Cabinet crisis on Fiume question, '18, vi: 369. Navy, strength at outbreak of War, iv: 368; War record, iv: 368; blockade of Jugoslav ports, vi: 369. Peace Conference, delegates to, xii: 179. Peace Treaty, ratified, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Royal family, xi: 141-143; _see also_ Victor Emmanuel. War cost, Luzzati's statement on, vi: 130; relatively largest of all belligerents, vi: 131; financial position at start of War, xii: 1; debt to U. S., xii: 18; value of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property destroyed, xii: 26; average daily war cost, xii: 106; total war cost, May, '15--Oct., '18, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 107, 109; loans, xii: 113; rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.

J

Jablonitza, captured by Russians, Aug. 15, '16, i: 386.

_Jacob Jones_, U. S. destroyer sunk by U-boat, Dec. 6, '17, i: 393; report of Lieut.-Com. Bagley, iv: 346-349.

Jador, battle of, Austrians driven from Serbia, '14, ii: 32, iii: 152.

Jaffa, captured by British, iii: 194.

Jagow, Gottlieb von, German Foreign Secretary, ix: 127-128.

Jametz, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Japan, abrogates extraterritorial rights, i: 18; acquires Formosa, 1894, i: 20; acquires Port Arthur and Korea in Russo-Japanese War, i: 20; rise as world power, '05, i: 20; adopts "open door" policy, 1854, i: 38; Root-Takahira agreement on "open door" in China, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note recognizes special Japanese interest in China, '17, i: 58; international position in '14, i: 63; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, terms of, i: 104, 107; Ludendorff's comment on entry into War, ii: 357; siege and capture of Kiau-Chau (Tsing Tau), Aug. 23--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; total casualties, iii: 404; prisoners of war, iii: 404; naval strength, iv: 58; naval service to Allies, iv: 367; motive in siding with Allies, iv: 367, vi: 382; sends troops to Vladivostok against Soviet government, vi: 193; the "Yellow Peril," origin of phrase, vi: 248; ultimatum to Germany demanding surrender of Kiau-Chau, Aug. 17, '14, vi: 382; declares war on Germany, Aug. 23, '14, vi: 382; internal politics during War, vi: 384; forces China to accede to "Group Demands," '15, vi: 385; summary of concessions obtained under "Group Demands," vi: 385; ambition for domination in Far East, vi: 386; treaty with Russia, '16, vi: 386; imperialists advocate intervention in Siberia, '17, vi: 386; Terauchi Cabinet opposed by liberals, vi: 386-388; Kei Hara succeeds Terauchi as Premier, '18, vi: 388; opposition by conservatives to Hara government, vi: 388; separatist movement in Korea, vi: 388; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; coal production, '13--'16, xii: 48; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to, by Peace Treaty, xii: 209; ratifies Peace Treaty, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264; _see also_ Kiau-Chau; Shantung.

Jaroslav, fortress on San, captured by Russians, Sept. 21, '14, i: 376, iii: 123; retaken by Germans, May 17, '15, iii: 136.

Jassy, Rumanian government moved to, Nov. 28, '16, i: 389.

Jastrow, Prof. Morris, Jr., discussion of Bagdad Railway problem, ii: 290-297.

Jaulgonne, location, v: 133; captured by 3rd Div., July, '18, v: 383.

_Jauréguiberry_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Jaurès, Jean, French anti-militarist, assassinated, vi: 95.

Jebel Shammar, Emirate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, appointed Commander-in-Chief of British Grand Fleet, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 88; analysis of British and German fleets at start of War, iv: 93-97; biography, ix: 275-282; bibliography, ix: 282.

Jericho, captured by British, Feb. 22, '18, i: 393, ii: 196.

Jerusalem, captured by Gen. Allenby, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 196, 322-326; Allenby's proclamation to people of, iii: 325; work of Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 323.

_Jeszcze Polska_, Polish national anthem, xi: 331.

Jews, distress in war areas, vii: 349; number in Russian Poland, vii: 349, 358, 361, 376; number in Galicia, vii: 349, 376; number in Germany, vii: 349; number in Turkey, vii: 349, 368 (outside Palestine), 376; number in Palestine, vii: 349, 366, 376; number in Serbia, vii: 349, 369, 376; American aid for needy in Palestine, vii: 350, 358, 365-368; American aid for needy in Belgium, vii: 350; organization of war relief agencies in U. S., vii: 351-354; American Jewish Relief Committee formed, vii: 354; funds raised in U. S. for overseas war relief, '16--'17, vii: 355-356; American relief for destitute in Russian Poland, vii: 356-358, 360-363; refugees in interior of Russia, relief activities for, vii: 356, 363-365; conditions in Galicia, vii: 358; number dependent on war relief, by countries, vii: 358, 361, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 376; work of relief commission sent to Europe from U. S., vii: 359-360; American relief for needy in Constantinople, vii: 368; contributions to destitute in Serbia and Greece, vii: 368; aid for war refugees in Spain, vii: 369; relief funds raised in U. S. during '18, vii: 370-374; reports, on after-War distress in Europe, vii: 375-376; extent of relief work in Vilna, vii: 375; number in Lithuania, vii: 376; number in Baltic Provinces, vii: 376; number in Russia, vii: 376; number in Serbia, vii: 376; number in Rumania, vii: 376; number in Bulgaria, vii: 376; number in Greece, vii: 376; number in Hungary, vii: 376; number in Persia, vii: 376.

Jihad, _see_ Holy War.

Joffre, Marshal Josef Jacques César, fights first battle of the Marne, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 182, iii: 30; controversy with Viscount French on importance of Channel ports, ii: 172; _General Joffre and His Battles_, book by Raymond Recouly, summary of, ii: 182-189; appointed Commander-in-Chief of French armies, iii: 46; technical adviser to French War Council, iii: 62; biography, ix: 154-161; visit to U.S., ix: 161; bibliography, ix: 161; intimate anecdote of, ix: 269.

Johnston, Sgt. Harold I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Johnston, Maj.-Gen. W. H., in command of 91st Div., Aug., '18, v: 196; at Marne-Aisne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.

Joint Distribution Committee, for Jewish war relief, formation of, vii: 354.

Jonc de Mer Ridge, Germans driven back at, by A. E. F., Oct. 18, '18, v: 296.

Jordan River, military operations along, iii: 197.

Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, commands Austrian forces to invade Poland, iii: 119.

Jugoslavs, in Austrian Army desert to Italians, '18, iii: 249; Austrian and Russian policies toward, vi: 306; attack Hungarian Republic, April--May, '19, vi: 326; racial groups among, with early history, vi: 354; Serbian ambition for unification, vi: 355, 363; clash with Austrian interests, vi: 355-359; meeting of Jugoslav representatives in Corfu plans for united nation, Aug.,'17, vi: 359; conflict with Italy over eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 359-363, 364-370; Hungarian government suppresses Jugoslav Congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363; establish united Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 364; seize Austrian navy and merchant marine, Nov., '18, vi: 364; armed opposition to Italian advance in Carniola, Nov., '18, vi: 364; struggle with Italy for possession of Fiume and Dalmatia, vi: 365-370; establish united kingdom under Prince Alexander of Serbia, Dec. 21, '18, vi: 366; recognized by U. S., Feb. '19, vi: 366; President Wilson's note supporting Jugoslav claim for Fiume, vi: 369; claims for independence recognized by Austria-Hungary in agreeing to armistice, vi: 399; area and population of united kingdom, xii: 279; _see also_ Serbia.

Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90.

Justh, Julius, leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311.

Jutland, battle of, May 31, '16, description in full, with official reports, iv: 99-136; outline in brief, iv: 99-104; opposing commanders, iv: 99; British ships and men lost, iv: 100; German ships and men lost, iv: 100; moral victory for Germans, iv: 100; criticism of Jellicoe's tactics, iv: 101; greatest naval engagement in history, iv: 102; conditions influencing, iv: 102; strength and composition of fleets engaged, iv: 103-104, 112, 114, 119; disposition of British forces, iv: 104; first phase, iv: 106-113; Beatty's report on first phase, iv: 106-110; Jellicoe's account of first phase, iv: 108; accuracy of German fire, iv: 108; _Indefatigable_ sunk, iv: 108; fight between destroyer flotillas, iv: 109; _Queen Mary_ blown up, iv: 110; critical analysis of first phase, iv: 110-113; second phase, Beatty's report on, iv: 113-115; weather conditions, iv: 113; critical analysis of second phase, iv: 115; third phase, iv: 115-130; Jellicoe's account of third phase, iv: 117-120, 121-129; Third Battle Cruiser Squadron under Hood reinforces Beatty, iv: 117; British miscalculate position, iv: 117; Hood gets into action with enemy, iv: 119; Beatty's report on third phase, iv: 119, 120-121, 129; _Invincible_ blows up, iv: 119; Adm. Hood lost with _Invincible_, iv: 119-120; _Shark_, _Defence_, and _Black Prince_ sunk, iv: 121; low visibility, iv: 121-123; British alter course to avoid torpedo attack, iv: 125; German destroyers sunk, iv: 126; Germans retire under cover of smoke screen, iv: 126; Jellicoe pursues enemy, iv: 127; critical analysis of third phase, iv: 129; fourth phase, iv: 131-136; night fighting and torpedo attacks, iv: 131; Jellicoe abandons pursuit, iv: 133; critical analysis of fourth phase, iv: 133-136; effect of battle on military situation, iv: 135; lessons taught by, iv: 135; account and analysis of, by Arthur Pollen, iv: 144-156; authoritative information incomplete, iv: 146; British lose chance for decisive victory, iv: 152, 156; German eye-witness account, iv: 256; British eye-witness account, iv: 258.

Juvigny, captured by French and 32nd Div., A. E. F., Aug., '18, i: 397, v: 62, 258, 384; 32nd Div. casualties at, v: 259.

K

_K-13_, British submarine, account of sinking, and rescue of crew, x: 304-315.

"Kahkos," description, viii: 257.

Kaiser, _see_ William II.

Kaiser Wilhelm Land, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Kakali, captured by Allies, Oct., '15, iii: 204.

Kale-I-Sultanie, fort on the Dardanelles, ii: 29.

Kaledin, Gen., commands Russian army at Rovno, iii: 142; leads Cossacks in Siberia, vi: 192.

_Kambana_, Bulgarian newspaper, statement against Russia, June, '15, vi: 342.

Kamerun, _see_ Cameroons.

Kamio, Gen., Japanese commander at siege of Tsing Tau (Kiau-Chau), iii: 257.

Karaburnu, Greek fort occupied by Allies, iii: 206.

Karaurgan, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Karlsruhe, Allied air raid on, June 15, '15, i: 380.

_Karlsruhe_, German sea-raider, battle with British cruiser _Bristol_, Aug. 6, '14, iv: 63; career in Atlantic, iv: 196.

Karnes, Sgt. James E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Karolyi, Count Michael, pleads Hungary's cause in U. S., '14, vi: 307; leader of Hungarian Independence Party, vi: 311; forms "Independence and 1848" Party, '16, vi: 311; appointed Premier of Hungary, Nov., '18, vi: 323; resigns as Premier, Mar., '19, vi: 325; biography, ix: 144-147.

Kars, Russians defeat Turks at, Jan. 1, '15, iii: 260.

Katia, battle between Turks and British at, Apr., '16, iii: 191.

Katz, Sgt. Philip C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

Kaufman, Sgt. Benjamin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Kautsky, Herr, German Social-Democratic leader, opposes war, vi: _Intro. xii._

Kavala, bombarded by British warships, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; occupied by Bulgars, '16, iii: 207, vi: 344.

_Kawachi_, Japanese battleship blows up, July 12, '18, i: 397.

Keeling Island, destruction on, by landing party from _Emden_, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 184, 190.

_Keep the Home Fires Burning_, American soldiers' song, xi: 336.

_Keep Your Head Down, Fritzie Boy_, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Kei Hara, heads liberal Japanese Cabinet, vi: 388.

Keirsbilk, Alois Van, Belgian hero, executed for plotting death of Kaiser, x: 357-360.

Kellermann, Bernhard, German novelist, description of conditions at front, iii: 286.

Kelley, Col., British commander against Sudanese, iii: 191.

Kelly, Pvt. John Joseph, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Kem, captured by Anglo-American forces, July 15, '18, i: 397.

Kemmel, Mount, stormed and captured by Germans, Apr., '18, i: 395, iii: 91, 360; occupied by Anglo-American troops, Aug. 19, '18, i: 397; key-point in defense of Channel ports, iii: 381; 27th and 30th Divs. in sector, v: 286.

Kennedy, Maj.-Gen. C. W., commands 85th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

_Kent_, British cruiser at battle of Falklands, armament, iv: 70; sinks _Nürnberg_, iv: 74.

Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, speech in Duma predicting revolution, vi: 144; leader of Socialist-Revolutionary Party, vi: 148; pacifies revolting Petrograd troops, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 151; Minister of Justice in Prince Lvov's Cabinet, vi: 155; character sketch, vi: 155; abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Minister of War in Lvov's coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; member of "Group of Toil," vi: 160; becomes Premier and dictator of Russia, vi: 165; struggle with Kornilov for supreme power, vi: 167-171; declares himself Commander-in-Chief, vi: 171; struggle with Soviets, vi: 175-179; overthrown by Bolsheviki, vi: 179-181; biography, ix: 104-109; bibliography, ix: 109.

Kermanshah, captured by Russians, Feb. 25, '16, i: 384.

Kerosene, amount used by A. E. F., v: 331.

Kessler, Count, expelled from Poland, vi: 220.

Kessler, George A., starts Blind Relief War Fund, vii: 255.

Keystone (28th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Kharga, British base in Libyan Desert, iii: 191.

_Kheyr-ed-Din-Barbarossa_, Turkish battleship sunk by British submarine, Aug. 9, '15, i: 381.

Khvostov, Russian Minister of Interior, removed from office, Feb., '16, vi: 140.

Kiau-Chau (Kiao-Chau), seized by Germany, 1897, i: 15, 82; siege and conquest of Tsing Tau by Japanese, Aug. 24--Nov. 7, '14, iii: 257-259, iv: 367, vi: 382-383; German rights transferred to Japan under Peace Treaty, xii: 209; area and population, xii: 279; _see also_ Shantung.

Kiel Canal, Peace Treaty provisions for navigation of, xii: 255.

Kienzle, Herbert, in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 372.

Kiev, captured by Germans, Mar. 2, '18, i: 393.

Kilid-Bahr, fortification of, on Gallipoli, ii: 29, iv: 24, 45; objective of British landing forces, iii: 167; bombarded, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Killingholme, England, U. S. seaplane station at, iv: 359.

_Kimigayo_, Japanese national anthem, xi: 328.

_King Edward VII_, British battleship sunk by mine, Jan. 10, '16, i: 384.

Kiribaba Pass, seized by Russians, Jan. 16, '15, i: 378.

Kitchener, Field-Marshal Lord Horatio Herbert, drowned in sinking of cruiser _Hampshire_, June 5, '16, i: 385, ix: 168; attitude on Dardanelles campaign, ii: _Intro. xv_; dispute with Field-Marshal French, ii: 164-169; member of British Cabinet War Council, ii: 198; responsibility for Dardanelles disaster, ii: 198, 202; influence in War Council described by Winston Churchill, ii: 202; biography, ix: 168-176; bibliography, ix: 176; military commandments, xi: 55.

_K-K-K-Katy_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Kluck, Gen. Alexander von, leads invasion of Belgium and France, Aug., '14, ii: 8, iii: 10, xi: 10; occupies Brussels, Aug. 20, '14, ii: 8, iii: 21; defeated at first Marne battle and forced to retreat, Sept., '14, ii: 9, 184, iii: 30-34; strategy of Aug., '14 advance, criticism of, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 168; avoids Paris and crosses the Marne, iii: 28; biography, ix: 266-268.

Knights of Columbus, war-time activities of, vii: 328-339; organizing for war work, vii: 330; funds raised, vii: 331; war work expenditures, vii: 332; War Activities Committee, vii: 334; employment bureaus for discharged service men, vii: 338.

Knotty Ash Camp, Liverpool, American Y. M. C. A. at, vii: 287.

Knox peace resolution, declaring war between U. S. and Germany at end, passed by Congress in substitution for Treaty of Versailles, xii: 273-277; text of original resolution asking the President to make separate peace, xii: 273-274; text of amended resolution, xii: 277; vetoed by President Wilson, xii: 277; President's veto message, xii: 278.

Kocak, Sgt. Matej, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Koenig, Paul, head of Hamburg-American Line secret service, i: 317; German spy in U. S., x: 347.

Koenig, Capt. Paul, commander of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_, personal account of trans-Atlantic trip, iv: 214-216, x: 271-274.

Koja Chemen Tepe, at Gallipoli, dominates Anzac positions, iii: 172; Anzac assault on, iii: 173; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, Siberian government of, recognized by Allies, vi: 188; declares himself dictator of Siberia, vi: 194; leader of anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia, vi: 194; biography, ix: 239-241.

Kollontai, Mme., member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

_Köln_, German cruiser sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

_Königin Luise_, German raider in English Channel, iv: 197.

Königsberg, in East Prussia, Russian objective, iii: 111.

_Königsberg_, German sea-raider, sunk by British monitors, July 11, '15, i: 381, iv: 195.

Koran of Caliph Othwan, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225.

Korea, acquired by Japan, i: 20; struggle for independence, vi: 388.

Kornilov, Gen. Laurus, appointed Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies by Kerensky, vi: 164; rebellion against Kerensky, vi: 167-171; imprisoned, vi: 171; leads Cossacks against Bolsheviki, vi: 192; biography, ix: 235-237.

Kossaima, occupied by Turks, Jan., '15, iii: 189.

Kovel, military importance, ii: 42.

Kovno, captured by Germans, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381, ii: 363, iii: 138.

Koweit, Sultanate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

Kriemhilde Position, German line of defense, extent and description, v: 74, 218, 234; A. E. F. breakthrough in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 80-88, 240, 245, 262; _see also_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Krithia, at Gallipoli, Allied attacks on, iii: 169-173; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

_Kronprinz Wilhelm_, comes into Newport News harbor, Apr. 11, '15, i: 378; interned, Apr. 26, '15, i: 380.

Kronstadt, captured by Rumanians, Sept., '16, iii: 218; recaptured by Teutons, Oct., '16, iii: 220; military headquarters of Bolsheviki, vi: 164.

Krovno, occupied by Austrians, Feb. 4, '16, i: 384.

Krupp, Bertha, owner of largest German munition plant, ix: 352.

Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Dr. Gustave, head of Krupp Works, visit to England, June, '14, i: 265; husband of Bertha Krupp, ix: 352.

Kuban Republic, established, Nov., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Kucharzewski, Premier of Poland under German jurisdiction, vi: 214.

Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., commands 79th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 219.

Kultur, German, _see_ Germany, Kultur.

Kum Kale, French land troops at, for Gallipoli Campaign, Apr. 25, '15, iv: 41; Turkish fortifications at, iv: 42; Allied bombardment of, Mar. 4, '15, iv: 44.

Kurnah, taken by British, Dec. 9, '14, i: 376, iii: 180.

Kuryet-el-Enad, taken by British, Nov. 19, '17, iii: 194.

Kusmanek, Gen. von, Austrian commander defending Przemysl, iii: 134.

Kut-el-Amara, captured by British, Sept., '15, iii: 181; siege and surrender of British at, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 318-320; number of British surrendered, iii: 318; conditions in, during siege, iii: 364.

L

La Bassée, captured by British, Jan. 23, '15, i: 378.

La Boisselle, captured by Allies in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.

Labor, anti-war spirit, xii: 65; importance in winning the War, xii: 68; floating, xii: 68; women in war industries, xii: 83-85; Peace Treaty charter for international organization, xii: 255-261; _see also_ under each country.

Labor Peace Conference, British, Feb. 27, '19, vi: 20.

"Labyrinth," captured by French, June 22, '15, i: 380; designation for German trenches between Arras and Neuville St. Vaast, iii: 42.

_Laconia, S. S._, Cunard liner torpedoed, Feb. 25, '17, i: 389; eye-witness account, iv: 225-229.

Ladd, Anna Coleman, makes copper face masks for mutilated, vii: 68.

_Lafayette_, poem by R. A. Purdy, xi: 18.

Lafayette Escadrille, formation, iii: 391; first members, iii: 391; Capt. Thenault appointed commander, iii: 391; first casualties, iii: 391; equipment of fliers, iii: 392; propaganda among Germans, iii: 392; total casualties, iii: 392; story of, x: 196-202.

Lafayette Fund, first American war relief organizations vii: 85.

La Fère, British driven from, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375; captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; recaptured by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, i: 399, xi: 52; German base in France, ii: 86; French attacks on, '17, iii: 68.

La-Ferte-sous-Jouarre, headquarters of First Army, A. E. F., v: 384.

Lamarch, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Lamont, Thomas W., financial adviser to U. S. delegation to Peace Conference, xii: 149; account of Peace Conference at work, xii: 149-163; member of Reparations Commission, xii: 158.

Lamprecht, Prof. Karl, German historian, defense of German system of government, i: 155.

Landres-St. Georges, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 263; bombed by A. E. F. airmen, v: 311.

Landreville, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Landsberg, Herr, member of Ebert government, Nov. 9, '18, vi: 277.

Landsturm, German, i: 72.

Landwehr, German, i: 72.

Lane, Franklin K., on meaning of the War to America, i: 367.

Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. Wm. C., Chief Engineer, A. E. F., v: 336.

Langres, A. E. F. training schools at, v: 106, 314.

Lanrezac, Gen., Viscount French's criticism of, ii: 162.

Lansdowne, Lord, letter calling on Allies to state war aims, vi: 12.

Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, recognizes Japan's special interests in China, i: 58, vi: 386.

Laon, captured by Germans, Aug. 29, '14, i: 375; German base in France, ii: 86; captured by Gen. Mangin, Oct. 12, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52.

La Peyrère, Adm., Commander-in-Chief of French navy, '14, iv: 12.

La Pultière Wood, captured by 5th Div., Oct. 14, '18, v: 250.

_Lars Kruse_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

La Rue Farm, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.

_La Société Impériale Ottomane du Chemin de Fer de Bagdad_, formation, ii: 292; terms of concession to, ii: 292.

_Last Long Mile, The_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Latham, Sgt. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Latin America, participation in War, vi: 389.

Launeville, taken by 89th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Canadian Liberal leader, vi: 24; speech pledging War support, Aug., '14, vi: 24; against Imperial federation, vi: 26; declines to form coalition Cabinet, vi: 33.

League of Nations, Charles W. Eliot on, i: _Intro. xiii_; international co-operation during War, i: _Intro. xiii_; summary of provisions, i: _Intro. xiv_; proposal to place Fiume under, vi: 369; spirit of, xii: 155; prominent advocates, xii: 155; drafting of Covenant described by Thos. W. Lamont, xii: 155; analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178; text of Covenant in full, xii: 182-185; countries invited to join, xii: 186; original members, xii: 186; Sir James Eric Drummond, first secretary-general, xii: 186; U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-270; first meeting of Council, Jan. 20, '20, xii: 270.

Leather, war-time conservation in shoemaking, xii: 53.

Leave areas, "Y" service at, vii: 269; _see also_ Y. M. C. A.

Lebanon, disposal under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334.

Le Cateau, battle of, Aug. 26, '14, criticism of Smith-Dorrien's strategy at, by Field-Marshal French, ii: 162, 174; account of battle, ii: 174-182, iii: 23.

Le Charmel, German stand at, July 21, '18, v: 185; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. at, v: 192.

Le Chêne Tondu, German defense of, against 56th Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Lee service rifle, viii: 95.

_Leelanaw, S. S._, American steamship sunk by U-boat, July 25. '15, i: 381.

_Leipzig_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; sunk in battle of Falklands, iv: 70, ix: 308; eye-witness account of sinking, iv: 80.

Lejeune, Gen., commander of 2nd Div. at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Leman, Gen., defender of Liége, iii: 11.

Le Mans, embarkation center for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Lemberg, battle of, and capture by Russians, Sept. 1--3, '14, i: 375, ii: 23, iii: 121, xi: 16; recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, i: 380, iii: 137; military importance, ii: 42; seized by Poles, Nov., '18, vi: 217.

Lemert, Sgt. Milo, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Lemordant, French painter-soldier, x: 169.

Lenin, Nicolai, urges defeat of Russia, '14, '15, vi: 140; leader of Bolsheviki, vi: 161-163; overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 179-181; becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, Nov. 8, '17, vi: 181; policies of government, vi: 181; biography, ix: 109-115; bibliography, ix: 115.

Lens, Allied objective in battle of Artois, May, '15, iii: 42; objective in battle of Arras, Apr., '17, iii: 70; held by Germans against Allied attacks in Arras battle, iii: 72.

_Léon Gambetta_, French cruiser torpedoed, Apr. 27, '15, iv: 373.

_Leonardo da Vinci_, Italian dreadnought blown up, Aug. 2, '16, i: 386.

Leopold, Prince, commands Bavarians entering Warsaw, iii: 138.

L'Epasse Wood, captured by 2nd Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 263.

Le Prêtre Wood, captured by 180 Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.

Lescarboura, Austin C., on trench warfare, viii: 133; opinion on efficiency of tanks, xi: 251; on use of dogs in War, xi: 340.

Le Selle River, German stand at, Oct., '18, v: 295.

Les Eparges, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199; captured by French, Sept. 12, '18, v: 212.

Les Petites Armoises, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Letord bombing airplanes, viii: 223.

Letts, peasant inhabitants of Baltic Provinces, vi: 226; early history, vi: 226; rebellion of '05, vi: 227; form Lettish Legion to fight in War, '15, vi: 227; join Bolsheviki, vi: 228.

Letvia, Republic of, established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

_Leviathan_, work as U. S. transport, xii: 275.

Levicu, Dr., leader in movement for Soviet government in Munich, Mar., '19, vi: 300.

Lewis machine-gun, description, viii: 81; rejected by U. S. government, viii: 82; use on airplanes, viii: 87; U. S. production figures for aircraft, xii: 284.

Liberty Loans, U. S., popularity, xii: 10; selection of drive periods, xii: 11; influence on national thrift, xii: 11-16; subscription figures by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12; New York City subscriptions, by borough, xii: 12; compared with amount of other U. S. indebtedness, xii: 16; amounts raised, xii: 113; effect on German morale, xii: 126; number of subscribers, xii: 127; methods used in selling campaigns, xii: 127-134; sales psychology, xii: 132; Victory Way, xii: 133; number of persons engaged in drives, xii: 134; statistics, xii: 134; _see also_ U. S., War cost.

Liberty motor, description, viii: 199; production figures, xii: 285.

Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.

Libyan Desert, military operations in '16--'17, iii: 191.

Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, German ambassador to England, negotiations for settlement of Anglo-German rivalries, '12--'14, i: 196, 250; account of events leading to World War, i: 246; author of _Memorandum_, account of diplomatic experiences in England, i: 250; biography, ix: 131-133.

Liebau, Hans, German propagandist in U. S., x: 338.

"Liebau Employment Agency," center of German propaganda in U. S., x: 338.

Liebknecht, Karl, German radical leader, sketch of, by Sir Thomas Barclay, vi: _Intro. x_; votes against war credits, vi: _Intro. xii_; protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262, ix: 140, 141; freed from prison, Oct., '18, vi: 272; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278, ix: 142; organizes Spartacide demonstrations, Dec., '18, vi: 283; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 15, '19, vi: 289, ix: 142; biography, ix: 138-143; elected to Prussian Assembly while in prison, ix: 140; expelled from Socialist Party, ix: 141; bibliography, ix: 142.

Liége, forts constructed, 1890, i: 143; captured by Germans, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375, ii: 348 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 10, xi: 9.

Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, commands First Corps, A. E. F., in Marne defensive, July, '18, v: 56; commands First Corps in St. Mihiel drive, v: 65, 202, 386; appointed commander of First Army, Oct. 16, '18, v: 83, 246, 390; in command of 41st Div., '17, v: 109; commands First Corps in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 220, 388, 390; commands First Army in Meuse-Argonne, v: 390; biography, ix: 218.

Lightning (78th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Lille, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; death-rate during German occupation, iii: 406.

_Lille, Laon and St. Dié_, poem by John Finley, vi: 82.

Limburg, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

Limey, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

Liners, interned German, in U. S. ports, injuries to, iv: 319.

Linsingen, Gen. von, commands Austrians operating against Lemberg, iii: 132.

Liny-devant-Dun, captured by 11th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 271.

_Lion_, British battle cruiser, Beatty's flagship in battle of Jutland, iv: 105; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241; disabled in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Liquid fire, first use by Germans in Belgium, July 30, '15, i: 381; how used, viii: 120; story of Germans caught in own trap, x: 18.

Lisle, Gen. de, at first battle of Ypres, ii: 171.

Lissey, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Listening device, for detecting submarines, description, iv: 308; _see also_ Hydrophones; Microphone.

Literary rights, Peace Treaty provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246.

Lithuania, struggle for independence, vi: 234-236; opposed by Polish aspirations, vi: 234; fight against Bolshevism, vi: 236; Cabinet of '18, vi: 236; fight against Polish aggression, vi: 236; Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Little Russia, _see_ Ukraine.

Livonia, early history, vi: 226; Republic established, Apr., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279; _see also_ Baltic Provinces.

Lizenz bombing airplanes, viii: 222.

_Llandovery Castle_, torpedoed, June 22, '18, i: 395.

Lloyd George, David, advocates aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: _Intro. x, xx_; becomes British Prime Minister, ii: _Intro. xx_, vi: 10, ix: 28; military policy, ii: _Intro, xxi_; becomes Minister of Munitions, May, '15, vi: 5, xii: 78; appeal to munition workers, vi: 5, ix: 27; speeds up British war efforts, vi: 10; statement of Allied war aims, vi: 12; indorses President Wilson's Fourteen Points, vi: 14; conciliatory policy between labor and capital, vi: 20; biography, ix: 21-30; bibliography, ix: 30; _see also_ Peace Conference.

Loans, raised by belligerents for conduct of War, xii: 111.

Locomotives, number shipped to France from U. S., xii: 95, 286; _see also_ Railroads.

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, leads opposition to Peace Treaty, xii: 264; original reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 265; revised reservations to Peace Treaty, text, xii: 269.

Lodz, occupied by Germans, Nov. 27, '14, iii: 129.

Logan, Col. James A., Chief of Administration (G-1), G. H. Q., A. E. F., v: 101.

Loman, Pvt. Berger, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Lome, surrender to British, Aug., '14, iii: 252.

London, air raids on, Aug. 17, '15, i: 381; Sept. 8, '15, i: 381; Oct. 13, '15, i: 382; Dec. 24, '14, iii: 41; welcome to Pershing, June, '17, v: 97; American Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 288.

_London_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107.

_Long, Long Trail_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Longueval, objective in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Longwy, abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; iron area coveted by Germans, '14, ii: 6.

Loos, British attempt to pierce German lines at, '15, ii: 25; captured by British, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46; faulty British generalship in battle of, iii: 375.

_Lord Nelson_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Lorraine, value of iron deposits, i: 267; French offensive in, Aug., '14, iii: 16.

Losnitza, Austrians cross Drina at, iii: 151.

Losses, _see_ Casualties; Prisoners of war.

"Lost Battalion," under Major Whittlesey cut off from 77th Div., Oct. 2, '18, v: 231, 239; attempts at relief of, fail, v: 241, 242; rescued, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; units composing, v: 363.

Loti, Pierre, description of gas victims, iii: 320-322.

Lough Foyle, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.

Louppy, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

"Lousy Champagne," location, v: 43.

Louvain, captured by Germans, Aug. 19, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; burned by Germans, Aug. 26, '14, i: 375, iii: 14; description of burning by Richard Harding Davis, iii: 273-277.

Louvain, University of, Peace Treaty provisions for restoration by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225.

Lowenstein, Milton B., Boy Scout in air service, xi: 116.

Lowestoft, attacked by German battle cruiser squadron, Apr. 25, '16, i: 385.

Lowicz, occupied by Germans, Dec. 18, '14, i: 376.

Lublin, occupied by Austrians, July 30, '15, i: 381.

Lublin-Cholm Railway, cut by Germans in '15 offensive, iii: 138.

Lubomirsky, Prince, appointed by Germany to Regency Council of Poland, vi: 214.

"Lucky Bag," explanation of term, iv: 171.

Lucy-la-Bocage, important point near Château-Thierry, v: 132.

Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, War account, ii: 298-365; estimate of own importance to German victories, ii: 298, 300; appointed First Quartermaster-General, Aug. 29, '16, ii: 326, iii: 61; denies being Germany's dictator, ii: 333; resignation forced, Oct. 26, '18, ii: 336, vi: 271; opinion of A. E. F., ii: 337; war attitude, explained by himself, ii: 344; brigade commander at start of War, ii: 345; share in capture of Liége, ii: 348; appointed Chief of Staff to Hindenburg in East Prussia, Aug., '14, ii: 351; account of first meeting with Hindenburg, Aug. 23, '14, ii: 353; appointed Chief of Staff for operations on southeastern front, Sept., '14, ii: 357; failure of "Spring Drive" loses War, '18, vi: 270; biography, ix: 250-257.

Luderitz Bay, captured by British, iii: 254.

Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, American ace, story of, x: 191-196.

Luke, Lieut. Frank, Jr., American aviator, story of, x: 211-214; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Lukin, Gen., heads expedition against Sollum, iii: 191.

_Lullaby for a Baby Tank_, poem by H. T. Craven, xi: 270.

Lumber, uses in war, viii: 306-309.

Lunacharsky, member of Bolshevik presidium, vi: 179.

Lunéville, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375, iii: 20; retaken by French, Sept. 11, '14, i: 375.

Lupkow Pass, occupied by Russians, Dec., '14, iii: 127.

_Lurcher_, British destroyer at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

_Lusitania, S. S._, German warning against travelling on, May 1, '15, i: 319; sunk by German submarine, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), 380, xi: 20, 237; loss of life, i: 319, 362; U. S. note to Germany on sinking, May 13, '15, i: 320; Roosevelt's statement on, i: 320; Taft's view of action by U. S. over sinking, i: 320; U. S. demands disavowal of sinking by Germany, i: 323; summary of controversy between U. S. and Germany over sinking, i: 358; dimensions, i: 362; number and nationality of passengers on last trip, i: 362; number in crew, i: 362; not armed, i: 363; German hymn of glory over sinking of, i: 365; eye-witness accounts of sinking, iv: 220-222; Capt. Turner's account, iv: 222; Germans celebrate destruction as naval victory, iv: 223.

Lutsk, captured by Germans, Sept. 1, '15, i: 381; recaptured by Russians, Sept. 23, '15, i: 382; recaptured by Germans, Sept. 27, '15, i: 382; captured by Russians, June 6, '16, i: 385, iii: 142.

_Lützow_, German battle cruiser sunk at Jutland, eye-witness account, iv: 256.

Luxemburg, Duchess of, _see_ Marie Adelaide.

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of, invaded by Germans, Aug. 2, '14, i: 144, iii: 10, vi: 93, xi: 10; annexation sought by Belgium and France, '19, vi: 94; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189.

Luxemburg, Rosa, German radical leader, protest against War, '14, vi: 249; imprisoned, '16, vi: 262; leads Spartacides, Nov., '18, vi: 278; killed during Spartacide uprising, Jan. 14, '19, vi: 289; views on social revolution, ix: 147.

Lvov, Prince George E., Premier under Russian Provisional Government, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; manifesto on war aims, Apr. 9, '17, vi: 159; forms Coalition Cabinet, vi: 160; biography, ix: 100-102; President of All-Russian Union of Provincial Councils, xii: 82.

Lynch, George, inventer of impenetrable cloth against barbed wire, viii: 68.

Lys, battle of, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91; Portuguese troops flee under German attack, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374; Allied lines broken, ii: 153, iii: 91; Germans turn attack to Channel ports, iii: 91.

Lysk, Germans defeat Russians at '14, iii: 116.

_Lynx_, British destroyer blown up in Baltic, iv: 197.

M

Ma'an, seized by Arabs, Sept., '18, iii: 199.

Maastricht salient, claimed by Belgium, vi: 91.

MacArthur, Brig.-Gen. Douglas, leads pursuit of Germans to Vesle River, Aug. 2--3, '18, v: 61; commands 84th Inf. Brig., Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84; biography, ix: 213-217.

Macao, purchase of Portuguese interests at, by Japan, vi: 386.

Macdonald, Ramsay, endorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.

Macdowell, Major T. W., wins Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Macedonia, promised to Bulgaria by Germany, ii: 32; occupation of, by Bulgarians, vi: 343-344; military operations in, _see_ Salonika Campaign.

Machine-guns, use of, in British Army, ii: 125; British and German equipments, Aug., '14, ii: 275; utility in trench warfare, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; nests, construction of, v: 37; pits, v: 287; number on A. E. F. front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; predecessors of modern types, viii: 78; Hiram Maxim's invention, 1883, viii: 78; German pre-War preparedness, viii: 78; effectiveness, viii: 79, 136; usefulness compared with rifle, viii: 79; German Machine-Gun Corps, viii: 79; principal types, viii: 80-87; Maxim gun, viii: 80, 87; Benet-Mercier gun, viii: 80; Lewis gun, viii: 81-82; Browning gun, viii: 84-87; on airplanes, viii: 86-87, 189-192, 196, 208-216; Hotchkiss gun, viii: 87; German and Allied equipments compared, Aug., '14, viii: 134; tank _vs._ machine-gun, viii: 150-151; U. S. production figures, xii: 284; number captured by Americans, xii: 288.

Mackensen, Field-Marshal August von, commander of Teuton forces conquering Serbia, ii: 34, iii: 156; leads invasion of Rumania, ii: 60, iii: 222; leader of offensive through Galicia and Poland, ii: 233, iii: 128; commands Bulgarian forces, iii: 218; biography, ix: 257-261.

Madeline Farm, Germans resist attacks on, by 80th and 3rd Divs., Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; captured by Americans, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245.

_Madelon, Le_, French soldiers' song, xi: 339.

Madras, bombarded by German raider _Emden_, Sept. 18, '14, iv: 174.

_Magdeburg_, German cruiser sunk by Russians, Aug., '14, iv: 365.

Maghdaba, British defeat Turks at, iii: 192.

Magnes, Dr. Judah L., visits Europe for Jewish war relief, vii: 356, 360.

_Magpies in Picardy_, poem by "Tipcuca," xi: 224.

Magyars, predominance in Austria-Hungary, vi: 306; loyalty to Empire, vi: 306; rebel against new Czechoslovak government, vi: 399; _see also_ Austria-Hungary; Hungary.

Mahon, Gen., commands British at Salonika, iii: 202.

Maidos, defenses of Gallipoli at, iv: 24.

_Mainz_, German cruiser, sunk in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Mainz, occupation by Allies and conditions for withdrawal from, xii: 261.

Maize, imports of, by Germany, ii: 17.

_Majestic_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by submarine at Gallipoli, May 27, '15, iv: 50.

Malancourt, captured by Germans, Mar., '16, iii: 51; location, v: 217; 4th Engrs. build artillery road from, to Esnes, Sept., '18, v: 226.

Malborghetto, captured by Italians, iii: 244.

_Mali Journal_, Serbian newspaper, on antagonism to Austria-Hungary, vi: 356.

Malingering, devices for detection of, viii: 358-361.

Malinov, succeeds Radoslavov as Bulgarian Premier, vi: 346; statement on circumstances of Bulgarian surrender, vi: 347.

Malleterre, Gen., discussion of Allied victory, ii: 206; Professor of Military Geography at École de Guerre, ii: 220; eulogy of Foch and Pétain, ii: 220.

Mallon, Capt. George H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Malmédy, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Malmö, meeting of Scandinavian rulers at, and pledge of mutual neutrality, vi: 393.

Malvy, French Minister of Interior, tried for criminal neglect, iv: 10; implicated in _Bonnet Rouge_ case, vi: 105; exiled from France, vi: 106.

Mametz, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Manchuria, Japanese penetration of, i: 20.

Mangin, Gen., attacks Germans on Villers-Cotterets and Soissons line, July, '18, ii: 210, v: 159; appointed commander of Verdun sector, iii: 62; successful attack at Verdun, Dec., '16, iii: 62.

Mann, Maj.-Gen. William A., relieved of command of 42nd Div., '17, v: 109.

Mannerheim, Gen., commands Finnish White Guards, vi: 198; dictator of Finnish de facto Republic, '18, vi: 200.

Manning, Corp. Sidney E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Manoury, Gen., commands a French army at first Marne battle, ii: 182, 184.

Mantou, Prof., interpreter to Supreme Peace Council, xii: 152.

_Maple Leaf Forever, The_, Canadian national hymn, xi: 330.

March, Gen. Peyton C., Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, biography, ix: 210-212.

Margate, bombed by German airmen, Oct. 22, '16, i: 388.

Marie, Queen of Rumania, appeal for American aid, vi: 349.

Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, resigns in favor of sister, vi: 94; biography, ix: 383-384.

_Marina, S. S._, British freighter sunk by German submarine, Oct. 28, '16, i: 335, 388.

Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.

Maritz, Col., rebel Boer leader, joins Germans in Southwest Africa, '14, iii: 254, vi: 50.

_Markomannia_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_, iv: 170, 172.

Marlin aircraft guns, U. S. production figures, xii: 284; _see also_ Machine-guns.

Marne, Allied retreat to the, Aug.--Sept., '14, iii: 20-30; topography of salient, v: 42, 133.

Marne, battles of: Sept., '14, report of Field-Marshal French on preliminary action, ii: 9; outline of maneuvers, ii: 9; Foch's generalship at, ii: 103, 138-142, 182, 220, iii: 31-34; described by French participant, ii: 182; Gen. Manoury's share in victory, ii: 182; military situation preceding, ii: 183; Allied generals under Joffre at, ii: 184; German commanders at, ii: 184; effect of Russian invasion of East Prussia on, ii: 227; analysis of, by a German military critic, ii: 258; detailed account of, iii: 30-36; casualties at, iii: 35. July, '18, Foch's strategy, ii: 77, ii: 154; Ludendorff's account, ii: 322-324; Ludendorff's comment on casualties, ii: 326; Ludendorff's comment on A. E. F. fighting, ii: 326; general account of battle, iii: 95-97, v: 129; detailed account of A. E. F. participation, v: 47-61, 148-192, 382; reasons for failure of German offensive, v: 54; German artillery captured by Americans, v: 56; stand of 38th Inf. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 150-153, x: 381-387; Pershing's message to troops, v: 191; Gen. Degoutte's praise of A. E. F. at, v: 192; work of tanks at, viii: 148; _see also_ Aisne-Marne Offensive; Champagne.

Marne District, German destruction in, iii: 297-300.

Marne (3rd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Mars, A. E. F. base hospital at, v: 400.

_Marseillaise_, French national anthem, an Alsatian song, i: 211; effect on French audience, i: 211; words, xi: 326.

Marseilles, embarkation port for returning A. E. F., v: 395.

Marshal, Gen., commander of British capturing Bagdad, xi: 48.

Marshall, Louis, President American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.

Martin, Miss Winona C., American "Y" worker killed in France, vii: 313.

Martin, Dr. Franklin, member of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Martinpuich, captured by Allies, Sept. 15, '16, i: 388.

Mary, Queen of England, biography, ix: 392-395.

Masaryk, T. G., leader of movement for Czech independence, vi: 397.

Masefield, John, description of British embarkation for Gallipoli, iii: 350; account of Gallipoli fighting, iii: 352, 355-358; description of soldier's life at Gallipoli, iii: 353.

Mata-Hari, woman spy, executed by French, Oct. 15, '17, i: 392; discloses tank secret to Germans, x: 360.

Matz Valley, German attacks during '18 offensive, ii: 76.

Maubeuge, Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103.

Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, Mesopotamian successes, '16--'17, ii: _Intro. xviii_, 90, iii: 185; biography, ix: 194-199.

Maurepas, captured by French during battle of the Somme, iii: 58.

Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick, on general strategy of the War, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv._

Mauser rifle, description, viii: 95.

Max, Burgomaster of Brussels, demand of concessions from Germans, iii: 14.

Maxim, Hiram, invents machine-gun, 1883, viii: 78.

Maxim machine-gun, description, viii: 80; modified type used by Germans and Austrians, viii: 87.

Maximilian of Baden, Prince, appointed German Chancellor, Oct. 3, '18, vi: 270; appeals to Wilson for armistice, vi: 270.

Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, biography, ix: 296.

Mazurian Lakes, topography of district, iii: 108; difficulty of military operations in, iii: 113; Russian armies annihilated by Hindenburg, Aug., '14, iii: 113-116; second battle, Feb., '15, iii: 130; _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.

McAdoo, William G., biography, ix: 329-331; Director General, U. S. Railroad Administration, xii: 88.

McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. U. G., as colonel commands 38th Inf. Regt. in second battle of the Marne, July, '18, v: 152; commands 180th Inf. Brig, at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 209; biography, ix: 216.

McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., succeeds Gen. Harbord as Chief of Staff, A. E. F., Aug., '17, v: 102; Pershing's appreciation, v: 403-404; biography, ix: 216.

McCaw, Brig.-Gen. Walter D., Chief Surgeon, A. E. F., v: 346.

McLemore Resolution, warning to Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; President Wilson opposes, i: 327; defeated, i: 328.

McLeod, Marguerite Gertrude Zelle, German spy, discloses tank secret, x: 360.

McMahon, Maj.-Gen. James E., in command of 5th Div., May, '18, v: 128; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202; relieved of command of 5th Div., Oct., '18, v: 252.

McMurtry, Capt. George C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., in command of 78th Div., June, '18, v: 144; at St. Mihiel, Sept. 12, '18, v: 202.

Meat packers, profits before and during War, xii: 56.

Mecca, captured by Arabs, July 15, '16, i: 386.

Medeah Farm, captured by 67th French Div., Oct. 3, '18, v: 256.

Medical Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.

Medical science, use of X-ray, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; development under war needs, viii: 361-365, xi: 286-291; rifle and shell wounds, relative dangers of, viii: 361; French medical service for wounded, viii: 362-365; danger of infection in shell wounds, viii: 362, 367; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367, xi: 287; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367, xi: 287-288; treatment of shell shock, viii: 368; causes of infection, viii: 369; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 288-289; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; anti-typhoid immunization, viii: 393; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; _see also:_ Disease; Infection; Reconstruction of disabled; Sanitation; Surgery.

Medwa, Turks defeated at, by British, Jan., '16, iii: 191.

Mehun, U. S. Ordnance repair shop at, v: 350.

Memel, captured by Russians, Mar. 19, '15, i: 378; evacuated by Russians, Mar. 21, '15, i: 378; raided by Russian fleet, Mar., '15, iv: 365; Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 203.

_Men of Harlech_, Welsh national hymn, xi: 330.

Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles T., commander 42nd Div., '17, v: 109; at St. Mihiel, Sept., '18, v: 202.

Mensheviki, Russian political party, doctrines of, vi: 148.

Menshikov, Russian imperialist, outlines plan of conquest, '14, vi: 134.

Merchant marine, _see_ Shipping.

Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, biography and war-time activities, ix: 341-343.

_Mersey_, British monitor, in Flanders and East Africa, iv: 281.

Mersey, Lord, official report on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 362-365.

Merville salient, evacuation of, by Germans, iii: 98.

Mesopotamia, German dream of acquisition, ii: 27; British irrigation schemes in, ii: 295; terrain and climate, iii: 178; historic background of modern battlefields, iii: 329-334; disposition under secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334; area and population, xii: 279.

Mesopotamian Campaign, strategic importance and Allied plan of operations, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-91, iii: 178-180; British land troops at Fao to protect oil fields, Nov., '14, ii: _Intro. xvi_, iii: 180; Gen. Nixon pursues Turks and threatens Bagdad, '15, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, iii: 180-182; British defeated at Ctesiphon and driven into Kut-el-Amara, Dec., '15, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 91, 182-183; siege of Kut and Gen. Townshend's surrender, Dec. 7, '15--Apr. 29, '16, ii: _Intro. xvii_, 91, iii: 183-185, 363, 364; British reorganize campaign after Kut disaster, ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 185; British capture Bagdad, Mar. 11, '17, ii: _Intro. xviii_, 92, iii: 187; British landing force advances to Basra and Kurna, Dec., '14, iii: 180; British capture Kut-el-Amara, Sept., '15, iii: 181; unsuccessful attempts to relieve siege of Kut, iii: 184-185; Gen. Maude placed in command of British, '16, iii: 185; causes of and responsibility for British disaster, report of Royal Commission, iii: 185, 363-370; battle of Sannyat, iii: 185-187; bibliography, iii: 187; personnel of Commission of inquiry, iii: 363; conditions in Kut during siege, iii: 364; casualties in attempts to relieve Kut, iii: 364.

Messines Ridge, British mine and blow up German positions, June, '17, ii: 56, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310; nature of German defenses, iii: 77; casualties, British and German, iii: 77; recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 360.

_Messudiyeh_, Turkish warship blown up in Dardanelles, Dec. 13, '14, i: 376, x: 317.

Mestrovitch, Sgt. James I., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

_Meteor_, German raider in Baltic, iv: 197.

Metternich, Prince, theory of government, i: 33.

Metz, bombarded by British airmen, Jan. 14, '18, i: 393; entered by French, Nov. 19, '18, i: 400; Allied plan for capture of, Nov., '18, v: 274.

Meurer, Vice-Adm., German delegate to arrange for surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Meurthe River, line of defense before Nancy, iii: 19.

Meuse River, French forced to retire from, Aug., '14, iii: 20; German attempt to invade France through valley of, '14, v: 199.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive, concentration of A. E. F. for, Sept., '18, ii: 84, v: 75, 218, 388; objectives, ii: 84, 214, 387; topography of battleground, ii: 214, v: 73-74, 90, 217-218; strategic importance, ii: 215, v: 214-216, 387; breakdown of A. E. F. supply service, ii: 215; Ludendorff's comment on, ii: 334; detailed account of battle, Sept. 25--Nov. 11. '18, iii: 100, v: 72-95, 213-253, 260-279; extent of A. E. F. front, v: 72-73, 217, 390; Allied plan of campaign, v: 73, 75, 216, 218; A. E. F. divisions participating, with positions in line, v: 74, 219-222, 388; German defenses, position and strength, v: 74, 217-218, 388; A. E. F. advance to Kriemhilde position, v: 78-82; Allies break through Kriemhilde line, v: 83-88; Germans dislodged and thrown across the Meuse, Nov., '18, v: 88-95; number of French troops participating, v: 220, 388; German strength, v: 220, 388; day by day account of operations, Sept. 25--Oct. 3, v: 222-233; number of Allied airplanes, v: 223, 388; day by day account, Oct. 4--31, v: 234-253; day by day account of last phase, Nov. 1--11, v: 260-279; Argonne Forest cleared of Germans, Nov. 3, '18, v: 266; number of Allied tanks used, v: 315, 388; sector assigned to A. E. F., v: 385; Pershing's official report, v: 386-393; Allies' artillery strength, v: 388; strength of First Army, A. E. F., v: 390, xii: 280; desperate nature of fighting, v: 390-391; Germans appeal for Armistice, Nov. 6, '18, v: 391; German guns captured, v: 393; German prisoners captured, v: 393; casualties of First Army, v: 393, xii: 280; magnitude of operations, v: 393.

Mexico, German plot to involve in war with U. S., i: 347.

Meyer-Waldeck, Capt., German governor of Tsing-Tau, iii: 257.

Mézières, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375; Allied objective in final drive, Nov., '18, iii: 103; captured by French, Nov. 9,. '18, iii: 103; fortified French frontier town, v: 215.

Mézières-Sedan railroad, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387.

Mezy, Germans force passage of Marne at, July 15, '18, v: 150.

Mice, uses in war, vii: 229.

Michael, Grand Duke, designated as successor by Czar on abdication, vi: 156; renounces succession to Russian throne Mar., '17, vi: 156.

Michaelis, Georg, statement of German war aims, ii: 14; appointment as German Chancellor, July, '17, vi: 266.

Michel position, section of Hindenburg Line on St. Mihiel Front, v: 69.

Michitch, Gen., Serbian commander, stops advance of Austrian invaders, Dec., '14, iii: 394.

Michler, Gen., decorated for Somme campaign, iii: 60.

Microphone, instrument for detection of U-boats, iv: 308, xi: 241; _see also_ Hydrophones.

Milan, bombarded by Austrian airmen, Feb. 14, '16, i: 384.

Miles, Capt. Wardlaw L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

Militarism, German, _see_ Germany, Militarism.

Military commandments, by Kitchener and Foch, xi: 55.

Military training, universal, advocated by Dr. Chas. W. Eliot, i: _Intro. xii_; German system of, i: 71; Bernhardi's defense of, i: 162; Roosevelt's advocacy of, for U. S., i: 326; abolition of, in Germany under Peace Treaty, xii: 211.

Milk supply, German, ii: 18.

Miller, Lieut. John Q., observation pilot, story of, x: 232-235.

Miller, Major Oscar F., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Millicent Sutherland Ambulance, vii: 107.

Milne, Adm., commander of British fleet in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.

Milne, Pvt. W. J., awarded Victoria Cross for gallantry at Vimy Ridge, iii: 349.

Milyukov, Paul M., Russian statesman, exposes treachery of Stürmer, Nov., '16, vi: 142; assails Government distribution of food, Feb., '17, vi: 144; Minister of Foreign Affairs in Provisional Government, Mar., '17, vi: 158; statement of loyalty to Allied cause, vi: 158, 159; biography, ix: 102-103.

Mines, submarine, North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324, viii: 274; use of trawlers for sweeping, iv: 292; use in fighting U-boats, iv: 312; use of Paravanes as protection against, iv: 313; methods of laying, iv: 326.

Mining, in land operations, blowing up of Messines Ridge by British, iii: 74, 76-77, viii: 310; of Austrian positions in Alps by Italians, viii: 311.

Minkler, C. T., inventor of depth bomb, iv: 330.

Miraumont, evacuated by Germans, iii: 64.

Mirbach, Count von, assassinated by Bolsheviki, vi: 187.

Missionaries, European, as colonial pioneers in East, i: 17.

Missions, German Christian, continuity guaranteed by Peace Treaty, xii: 263.

Missy, scene of hard fighting by 1st Div., July, '18, v: 55; 1st Div. makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., v: 174.

Mitau, captured by Germans, Aug. 2, '15, i: 381.

Mitrovitza, captured by Germans, Nov. 23, '15, i: 382.

Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions under Peace Treaty, xii: 243.

Mkwawa, Sultan, skull of, Peace Treaty provision for return of, by Germany, xii: 225.

Mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, viii: 294-298.

_Moewe_, German raider, activities, iv: 197.

Moffat, John, systematizes American war relief, vii: 87; decorated for relief work, vii: 87.

Moffett, Capt. Wm. A., commander of Great Lakes Naval Training Station, iv: 318.

_Moltke_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Moltke, Field-Marshal von, views on German strategy, ii: 14.

Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, biography, ix: 264.

_Monarch_, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians at Trieste, x: 290.

Monastir, evacuated by Serbs, Dec. 3, '15, i: 382; retaken by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, i: 388, iii: 208.

Moncy Wood, captured by 26th Inf., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Mondement, Germans driven back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 33.

Mondragon, Gen., of Mexico, designer of self-loading rifle, viii: 90.

Money, effect of unsecured paper money on prices, xii: _Intro. viii_; inflation chief cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27; war-time inflation in U. S., xii: _Intro. xii_; inflation throughout world, xii: _Intro. xiii_; functions, xii: _Intro. xv_; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuating cost of living, xii: _Intro. xv_; inflation defined, xii: 28; effects of inflation, xii: 29; revaluation of gold standard, xii: 31; _see also_ Prices.

Monfalcone, captured by Italians, June 9, '15, iii: 244.

_Monge_, French submarine, rammed by Austrian warship, x: 295.

Monitors, revival of discarded naval type, iv: 280; description of British type, iv: 281; service at Dardanelles, iv: 282; service at Trieste, iv: 283; service in Serbia, iv: 283; construction of, iv: 284.

_Monmouth_, British cruiser in battle off Coronel, armament, iv: 65; struck during battle, iv: 66; sunk by _Nürnberg_, iv: 67, ix: 308.

Monneaux, location, v: 133.

Monro, Gen., Sir Charles, sent to India to develop military resources, ii: _Intro. xviii_; succeeds Gen. Hamilton at Gallipoli, iii: 174; conducts evacuation of Gallipoli, iii: 174.

Monroe Doctrine, barrier against European expansion in America, i:37; interpretation under Roosevelt, i: 84; upheld by Roosevelt against German coercion of Venezuela, i: 86.

Mons, captured by Germans, Aug. 21--23, '14, i: 375; British retreat from, Aug., '14, ii: 162 (Viscount French's account), iii: 277-281 (John Buchan's description); British gallantry at, xi: 10.

Monsard, taken by Fourth Corps, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206.

Mont Blanc, captured by 2nd Div., v: 393.

Mont Mare Wood, passage by 89th Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 210.

Mont St. Père-Chartèves, location, v: 133.

Mont St. Quentin, captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.

Mont Sec, dominating position on St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 199.

Mont Wood, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.

Montauban, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Montblainville, captured by 28th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 325.

Montdidier, captured by French, Aug. 11, '18, i: 397; 1st Div. relieves French near, v: 29.

Montdidier-Noyon defensive, by Allies, June 9--15, '18, iii: 94, v: 129, 139-141; conditions leading to German attack, v: 139; Allied use of artillery during, v: 139.

Monte Nero, captured by Italians, iii: 244.

Montecuccoli, Adm., responsible for development of Austrian navy, iv: 364.

Montenegro, declares war on Austria, Aug. 7, '14, i: 375; declares war on Germany, Aug. 10, '14, i: 375; forced to surrender to Austria, Feb., '16, vi: 358-359; joins Jugoslav union, vi: 366; battle deaths, xii: 288.

Montfaucon, German stronghold in Meuse-Argonne sector, v: 78, 218; captured by 79th Div., Sept. 27, '18, v: 224-225.

Montfaucon Wood, captured by 37th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Montmédy, captured by Germans, Aug. 27, '14, i: 375.

Montmirail, German objective in last drive on Paris, v: 36; headquarters of 28th Div., June, '18, v: 143.

Montrebeau Wood, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 237.

Montrieul-aux-Lions, headquarters of 2nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.

Moore, Rear-Adm. Sir Archibald, second in command of British in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Morale, Allied and German during winter, '17--'18, v: 1; German, weakened by failure of great offensive, July, '18, v: 53; American, under hardships of Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 87, 232; Allied and German, Sept., '18, v: 213.

Moranville, taken by 322nd Inf., Nov. 9, '18, v: 277.

Morava-Maritza Valley, approach to Constantinople through Serbia, iii: 150.

Moravia, early history, vi: 396; nationalistic aspirations, vi: 396.

Moresnet, ceded to Belgium under Peace Treaty, vi: 89, xii: 188.

Moreuil salient, military operations in, Aug.--Sept., '18, iii: 98; Allied attack on Albert-Montdidier line, iii: 98; Albert captured by British, Aug., '18, iii: 98; British attack on the Scarpe, Sept., '18, iii: 98.

Morgan, Miss Anne, war relief activities, vii: 92.

Morine Wood, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 5, '18, v: 240.

Morocco, French control of, recognized by Great Britain, '04, i: 99, 202; Kaiser's famous speech at Tangier on German policy, Mar., '05, i: 99, 202; European crisis on dispatch of German gunboat _Panther_ to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203; storm center of European diplomacy, i: 202; Prince Lichnowsky's views on German policy, i: 204; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Mort Homme, _see_ Dead Man's Hill; Verdun.

Mortars, _see_ Artillery.

Morton, Maj.-Gen. Charles G., commands 29th Div., June, '18, v: 146; takes command of sector on right bank of Meuse, Oct. 10, '18, v: 246.

Moscow, municipal elections annulled by reactionary Protopopov, '17, vi: 143; Conference called by Kerensky, '17, vi: 167; meeting of Soviet Congress, Mar., '18, vi: 185.

Moselle River, German attempt to enter France through valley of, '14, v: 199.

Mosley, Brig.-Gen. G. Van H., Chief of Co-ordination, G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 102.

Motors, airplane, production in U. S., xii: 285; Liberty, production figures, xii: 285.

Motor Transport Corps, U. S., _see_ U. S., Army.

Motor trucks, important function in Verdun defense, iii: 50, viii: 289-291; mobile ordnance repair shops, description and functions, v: 350, v: 294-298; armored cars, viii: 286; Paris buses as war transports, viii: 286; use as ambulances, viii: 287; number in use by belligerents, Aug., '14, viii: 288; number in use at front, June, '15, viii: 288; number shipped to France from U. S., viii: 288, xii: 95, 286; Liberty truck, development and description, viii: 291-294.

Mott, Dr. John R., General Secretary, Y. M. C. A. War Work Council, vii: 261.

_Mount Vernon_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337.

_Mousquet_, French destroyer sunk by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 181.

Mouzay, captured by 5th Div., Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272.

Mücke, Lieut. Hellmuth von, account of exploits of German raider _Emden_, iv: 167-187, 190-194.

Mudros, British advance base for Gallipoli campaign, iii: 164, iv: 30.

Mühlon, Dr. William, disclosures of German complicity in forcing War, i: 133-136, 250-254.

Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., commands 28th Div., May, '18, v: 128; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 220.

Mules, number shipped to France by U. S., xii: 95, 286.

Mülhausen, captured by French, Aug. 8, '14, iii: 16.

Müller, Capt. Karl von, commander of German raider _Emden_, iv: 166.

Munich, murder of Kurt Eisner and Spartacide uprising in, Feb., '19, vi: 298; Spartacides establish Soviet, vi: 300; Soviet overthrown by Noske, May, '19, vi: 301.

Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, on "Russian Peril," vi: 250.

Murfin, Capt. O. G., in charge of U. S. Navy mine bases, iv: 325.

Murman Region, Military Government of, established, July, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Murmansk, fighting between Allies and Bolsheviki at, vi: 187.

Murray, Gen., commands British troops defending Suez, iii: 191.

Mush, captured by Russians, Feb. 18, '16, i: 384, iii: 263; evacuated by Russians, Aug. 8, '16, i: 386.

Mushi, captured by British, Mar. 13, '16, i: 384.

Mustard gas, use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 171-172, xi: 321; use of "Sag Paste," as protection against, v: 324; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 186.

N

Namazieh Battery, at Gallipoli, iv: 45.

Namur, forts of, constructed, 1890, i: 143; captured by Germans, Aug., '14, i: 375, iii: 14-15.

Nancy, German advance on, checked, Aug., '14, iii: 19; important frontier fortress, v: 199, 215.

Nantillois, captured by 315th Inf., Sept. 28, '18, v: 228.

Napier, Rear-Adm. T. D. W., commander of British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at Jutland, iv: 120.

Naples, bombed by German aviators, Mar. 11, '18, i: 395.

Napoleon, Fort, at Gallipoli, bombarded by French battleship _Gaulois_, Mar. 2, '15, iv: 43.

Narew, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 111.

_Narodna Odbrana_, Serbian patriotic society, accused of responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112.

_Narodni Savetz_, Bulgarian patriotic organization, vi: 341.

Narrows, at Dardanelles, defenses of bombarded by Allies, Mar. 5, '15, iv: 45.

Narva, captured by Germans, Mar. 5, '18, i: 393.

Nasarie, taken by British, '15, iii: 181.

Nasmith, Lieut.-Com., captain of British submarine _E-11_ in Sea of Marmora, iv: 210.

Nasrullah Khan, instigator of Habibullah Khan's assassination, vi: 80.

National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87; _see also_ War relief.

National anthems, words and histories of, xi: 325-332.

National Council of Austrian Women, peace appeals, '17, vi: 314.

National Guard, U. S., federalized, Aug. 5, '17, i: 390; _see also_ U. S., Army.

National Volunteers, Irish organization enlisted to aid British, vi: 57.

National War Work Council, of American Y. M. C. A., formation, vii: 262; _see also_ Y. M. C. A.

Nationalism, problems of, i: 23; development in Europe since 1648, i: 26; factor in racial unification, v: _Intro. viii_; growth during 19th century, v: _Intro. ix_; _see also_ under name of country.

Nations of the world, political positions in 1871, i: 44-60.

Naumann, Friedrich, author of _Mittel Europa_, statement of German war aims, vi: 258; views on trench frontiers, viii: 126.

_Nautilus_, submarine invented by Robert Fulton, 1800, iv: 202.

Naval Batteries, U. S., on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45.

Naval power, influence on result of War, i: 13; function as protector of supply routes, i: 15; development as adjunct to colonization, i: 28.

Naval raids, German bombardment of English coast towns, iv: 244-246.

Naval stations, British, around the world, i: 15.

Navarino, battle of, 1827, i: 34.

Navies, _see_ under each country.

Navigation, freedom of, for Allies, over German waterways, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 247-253; Elbe, Oder, Niemen, and Danube internationalized under Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

"Navy Hut," American "Y" center at Brest, vii: 302.

Nazareth, captured by British, Sept. 21, '18, iii: 198.

N-C Flying Boats, development and description, viii: 236-240; _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, iv: 288, viii: 240.

Near East, European rivalries in, i: 38; German policy, i: 80, 207, ii: 89; _see also_ Balkans; Germany, Foreign policy.

"Near victories," of the War, ii: 206.

_Nebraskan, S. S._, American steamer attacked by German submarine, May 25, '15, i: 320.

Neibaur, Pvt. Thomas C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 399.

_Nembo_, Italian destroyer, battle with Austrian U-boat, Oct. 16, '16, iv: 369.

Nesle, occupied by French cavalry Mar., '17, iii: 68.

Netherlands, international position in '14, i: 61; refuses to cede Dutch Flanders to Belgium, vi: 89; strength of army, '14, vi: 375, 378; maintains armed neutrality, vi: 375-377; neutrality condemned by British press, vi: 376; effect of submarine warfare on, vi: 377-378; merchant marine seized by Allies, Mar., '18, vi: 378; claims Scheldt and Maastricht area, '18, vi: 378; generous host to Belgian refugees, vii: 168-175; war-time increase in shipping, xii: 101.

"Netherlands Overseas Trust," vi: 377.

Neufchateau, training area for 26th and 42nd Divs., v: 6.

Neutrals, increase in shipping, xii: 100; trade with Germany, xii: 100.

Neuve Chapelle, captured by British, Mar. 9--10, '15, i: 378, iii: 41; faulty British generalship at, iii: 375.

Neuve Eglise, captured by British, Sept. 2, '18, i: 397.

Newbolt, Sir Henry, account of Smith-Dorrien's battle at Le Cateau, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 176-182.

New Guinea, German, captured by Australians, '14, vi: 38.

_New Mexico_, U. S. battleship, propelled by electricity, iv: 322.

New Zealand, war casualties, iii: 404, 405; strength of army, iii: 405; area and population, vi: 37; loyalty to Great Britain, vi: 46; war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107, 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 179.

_New Zealand_, British cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv 241; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., biography, ix: 295.

Nicaragua, delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Nicholas, Grand Duke, Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies, iii: 119; removed as Commander-in-Chief and sent to Caucasus, Sept., '15, iii: 140, 262; biography, ix: 229-231.

Nicholas, King of Montenegro, surrenders to Austrians, Feb., '16, vi: 359; deposed, vi: 366.

Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, takes personal command of army, Sept., '15, iii: 140, vi: 141; influence of Rasputin over court, vi: 141; issues undated order for dismissal of Duma, '17, vi: 144; abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156; biography, ix: 374-376.

_Nicholson_ U. S. destroyer, captures German submarine, iv: 350.

Niemen, Russian Army of the, invades East Prussia, iii: 110.

Niemen River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

Nietzsche, Friedrich, German apostle of gospel of force, i: 67, ii: 2; striking quotations from, i: 179-180.

Nieuport, captured by Germans, Oct. 24, '14, i: 376.

Nieuport scout planes, viii: 192.

Nightingale, Florence, pioneer army nurse, vii: 11.

_1914_, by Viscount French, account of military operations of year, summary with extracts, ii: 159-174.

Nish, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 5, '15, i: 382, iii: 158; retaken by Allies, Oct. 13, '18, iii: 213.

Nish-Salonika Railroad, cut by Bulgarians, iii: 158.

Nitrogen, asphyxiating properties, viii: 166.

Nitti, Francesco S., Italian minister, opposes policy of aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Nivelle, Gen. Robert, succeeds Joffre as French Commander-in-Chief, ii: _Intro. xx_, iii: 62; in supreme command of Allied forces on Western Front, '16, ii: 54; plans campaign of '17, ii: 54; defends Verdun, '16, iii: 54, 61, 310; biography, ix: 167-168.

Nixon, Gen. Sir John, commands British troops in Mesopotamia, iii: 182; responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364, 367.

"No Man's Land," definition, v: 17.

Nolan, Brig.-Gen. D. E., Chief of Intelligence (G-2), G. H. Q., A. E. F., Sept., '17, v: 101; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 221.

Nonsard, captured by 1st Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 211.

Norman Compensating Foresight, use in range-finding, viii: 211.

North German Confederation, formation, i: 43, ii: 1.

North German Lloyd Line, tonnage and capital, i: 264.

North Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Japan, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

North Sea, Allied mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274; problem of belligerents in, iv: 86, 91; German naval raids, iv: 136.

_Northern Pacific, S. S._, speed record as transport, v: 358.

Norway, pro-Ally sympathies, vi: 394.

Noske, Gen., suppresses Berlin Spartacides, vi: 289; overthrows Munich Soviet, vi: 300-301.

_Nottingham_, British cruiser sunk, Aug. 19, '16, i: 386; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Nouart, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.

Novo Georgievsk, Russian attack at, Oct., '14, iii: 126; captured by Germans, Aug., '15, iii: 138.

Noyon, captured by French, Aug. 28, '18, i: 397, ii: 158; occupied by French, March 18, '17, iii: 68; _see also_ Montdidier-Noyon defensive.

Nugent, Gen., commander of 36th Ulster Div., iii: 377.

_Nur-el-Bahr_, British cruiser sunk off Sollum, Nov. 6, '15, ii: 190.

_Nürnberg_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65; sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 74.

Nurses, U. S. Army Nurse Corps, vii: 203; _see also_ Red Cross; War relief.

O

_O Patria, O Rei, O Povo_, Portuguese national hymn, xi: 329.

Obrenovatz, captured by Austrians, Oct. 18, '15, i: 382.

O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, escape from German prison, x: 257.

Observation balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.

_Ocean_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31, 35, 48.

Oches, taken by 77th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Oder River, internationalized by Peace Treaty, xii: 248.

Odessa, importance as military base, iii: 161.

Ogons Wood, captured by A. E. F., Oct. 5, '18, v: 230, 237, 239.

_Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning_, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.

O'Kelly, J. T., Irish representative to Peace Conference, vi: 65.

Okuma, Count, influence on Japanese foreign policy, vi: 384; biography, ix: 87.

"Old Dutch Cleansers," nickname for 9.2-in. British howitzers, v: 308.

Old Hickory (30th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

O'Leary, Jeremiah, pro-German propagandist in U. S., x: 345.

O'Leary, Sgt. Michael, wins Victoria Cross, x: 71.

Oman, acquired by Allies, '13, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Omsk, capital of All-Russian Government, vi: 191.

_Onslow_, British destroyer at battle of Jutland, iv: 121.

"Open Door" policy in China, i: 57; _see also_ China.

Opium Convention, Jan. 23, '12, put into force by Peace Treaty, xii: 232.

Opium War, against China, 1840, i: 38.

"Oppy Line," captured by British in Arras battle, iii: 72.

Optical glasses, for A. E. F., viii: 326.

Orange Free State, becomes part of Union of South Africa, 1899, vi: 47; opposition to Great Britain, vi: 50-52; _see also_ South Africa, Union of.

Orders in Council, British, establish blockade of Germany, i: 312, 318, ii: 16, 21; _see also_ Germany, Blockade of.

Orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, Italian statesman, forms coalition cabinet, Oct., '17, vi: 129; foreign policy, vi: 362, 366; demands Fiume for Italy, vi: 368; withdraws from Peace Conference on Fiume crisis, vi: 368; biography, ix: 85-87.

Orly, U. S., aircraft factory at, v: 313.

Ornes, captured by Germans, '16, iii: 48.

Orphans, _see_ War relief.

Orsova, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 7, '16, i: 386, iii: 218; evacuated by Rumanians, Nov. 24, '16, i: 389, iii: 222.

Orsova Railway, captured by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221.

O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., commander, 27th Div., v: 196, 281; account of history of 27th Div., v: 281-300.

O'Shea, Corp. Thomas E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Ossowetz, besieged by Germans, iii: 118, 130; captured, Aug., '15, iii: 138.

Ostend, seat of Belgian government moved to, Oct. 5, '14, i: 376; occupied by Germans, Oct. 13, '14, i: 376, iii: 38; raided by British May, '18, iv: 279; evacuated by Germans, xi: 52.

Ostrovo, Lake, Allied counter-attack against Bulgars at, Sept., '16, iii: 208.

_Otranto_, British auxiliary cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65.

Ourcq River, crossed by 42nd Div. in pursuit of Germans, July, '18, v: 50, 187; course and topography of region, v: 133; A. E. F. fighting at, commended by Gen. Degoutte, v: 192.

_Over There_, American soldier song, xi: 336.

Over-There Theater League, organization and activities, vii: 277, 339-342.

Ovillers, captured by Allies in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Oxygen, for gas victims, iii: 320.

Oxygen helmets as defense against poison gas, viii: 173.

P

Paderewski, Ignace Jan, returns to Poland as popular hero, vi: 220; becomes Prime Minister, vi: 223; defeated for presidency, vi: 225; biography, ix: 95-98.

Paës, Dr. Sidonio, President of Portugal, assassinated, Dec., '18, vi: 374.

Paget, Sir Ralph, Chairman, International Sanitary Commission for Serbian typhus relief, iii: 398.

Painlevé, Paul, succeeds Ribot as French premier, '17, vi: 105.

"Pal" regiments, British recruiting device, vi: 6.

Palestine, strategic importance, ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90; conquered by Gen. Allenby, ii: _Intro. xx_, 92-94, 218, iii: 192-200, 322-326; capture of Gaza, Mar. 26--27, '17, ii: 92, iii: 192; capture of Jerusalem, Dec. 11, '17, ii: 92, iii: 193-196, 322-326 (description of Allenby's entry); British and Turkish manpower, ii: 93, iii: 200; destruction of Turkish army, Sept., '18, ii: 94, 218, iii: 198; Damascus captured, Oct. 1, '18, iii: 199; Aleppo captured, Oct. 25, '18, iii: 200; bibliography, iii: 200; disposition under secret treaties, '16--'17, vi: 334; Y. M. C. A. in, vii: 322; area and population, xii: 279.

Palmer, Frederick, comment on Marne fighting, July, '18, v: 158; tribute to 1st Div., v: 234.

Pan-Germanism, _see_ Germany.

Pan-Slavism, aspirations, i: 244; "Greater Serbia" propaganda, i: 244; fight for control of Ukraine by Russia, vi: 241; Russia aims at annexation of Ruthenia, '14, vi: 241; Bulgaria's attitude toward, vi: 340; _see also_ Slavs.

Panama, declares war on Germany, Apr, 7. '17, i: 389; Peace Conference delegate, xii: 180.

Panama Canal, U. S. gains control of, i: 84.

Pannes, captured by 42nd Div., v: 211.

_Panther_, German gunboat sent to Agadir, July, '11, i: 104, 203.

Paolucci, Dr., helps Lieut.-Col. Rossetti to sink Austrian warship _Viribus Unitis_, x: 297-303.

Papacy, relation to Italian government, i: 61.

Papeete, bombarded by German fleet, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 62.

Papen, Capt. Franz von, German Military Attaché in U. S., dismissed for unneutral conduct, i: 276; share in passport frauds, i: 314; activities as arch-spy in U. S., x: 328-329.

Parachutes, use by military balloonists, viii: 260-263.

Parades, first American troops in Paris, July 4, '17, v: 107; Allied troops on Bastille Day in Paris, July 14, '18, v: 147; 27th Div. in New York City, Mar. 25, '19, v: 299.

Parajd, captured by Rumanians, Oct. 5, '16, i: 388.

Paravane, protective device against submarine mine, iv: 313.

Paris, air raids on, Jan. 29--30, '16, i: 384; Mar. 11, '18, i: 395; German advance on, '14, ii: 6, iii: 28, vi: 97; bombarded by long-range gun from St. Gobain Forest, ii: 154, iii: 88, viii: 45-47; welcome to Gen. Pershing, June 13, '17, v: 97; German drive on, May 27--Aug. 6, '18, battles in Marne salient, v: 129-139, 141, 147; parade of Allies, July 14, '18, v: 147; panic in, during German drive, '18, v: 378; May Day rioting, May, '19, vi: 111.

Paris Conference, 1856, guarantees Turkish power in Europe, i: 39.

"Paris Group," organization of, Medical Department, A. E. F., v: 346.

Pasha Dagh, Australian objective in Gallipoli attack, iii: 170; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Pashitch, Nicholas, Premier of Serbia, negotiations with Italy for settling Adriatic rivalry, vi: 362; biography, ix: 120.

Passchendaele Ridge, captured by British, Oct.--Nov., '17, ii: 56, 79; recaptured by Germans, Apr., '18, iii: 377.

Passenheim, Russians defeated at, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375, iii: 116.

Passport frauds, German activities in U. S., i: 314, x: 333.

Patriotic songs, xi: 332-335.

Patrol boats, work in combating submarines, iv: 292.

Patrolling, training A. E. F. in, v: 117.

Patrols, German system of, in the Vosges, v: 26.

Patterson, Miss Hannah J., awarded D. S. M. for work on Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, xii: 125.

Pau, Gen. Paul, commands French forces invading Alsace, Aug. 14, '14, iii: 16.

Peace Conference, Paris, U. S. delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400; conciliatory attitude of Austrian delegates, vi: 321; negotiation with Hungarian Soviet, Apr., '19, vi: 326; Fiume crisis, vi: 366-370, xii: 159; prestige of Japanese delegation, vi: 388; dispute over Teschen district, vi: 400; inside story of, by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-163; complexity of task, xii: 149; rapidity of work, xii: 149; open diplomacy, xii: 149; Supreme Council, members and method of evolving Peace Treaty, xii: 150-153; "Big Four," xii: 150, 152; "Big Three," xii: 150; Conference procedure, xii: 156; commissions, xii: 156; delays, xii: 156; language difficulties, xii: 157; Reparations Commission, organization and work, xii: 158, 219-221; Shantung controversy, xii: 160; Germans excluded from negotiation, xii: 161; Belgian demands, xii: 161; signing of Peace Treaty with Germany, ceremonies, xii: 165-169; list of delegates, xii: 179-182; _see also_ Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.

Peace moves, President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 335; response to Wilson's note, i: 336; Wilson's "Peace without victory" speech, i: 336; Pope Benedict's appeal, Aug. 15, '17, i: 390, ix: 405; Germany accepts Pope's offer, Sept. 21, '17, i: 390; text of letter from Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary to Prince Sixtus making secret offer of peace, Mar., '17, ii: 63; German attempts in '16 and '17 fail, ii: 270, 316, vi: 263; German moves condemned by Ludendorff, ii: 303; Kaiser orders proposals through Queen of Holland, ii: 331; Russian Provisional Government urges Allies to revise peace aims, May, '17, vi: 161; German Socialists demand peace without annexations, '15, vi: 258; Bethmann-Hollweg proposes peace of understanding, '16--'17, vi: 262; German popular demand for "peace without annexations or indemnities," vi: 266-268; Emperor Charles forces offer by Teutonic allies, Dec. 12, '16, vi: 313; demonstrations in Sofia, vi: 346; _see also_ Armistice; and under each country.

Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19, criticism by British liberal press, vi: 22; terms presented to Germans, May 7, '19, vi: 302, xii: 161; condemned by German press, vi: 302-304; Germany consents to sign, June 22, '19, vi: 304, xii: 163; how drafted, described by Thos. W. Lamont, financial adviser to U. S. delegation, xii: 149-161; text, work of technicians, xii: 150; French demands, xii: 153; evolution of Covenant of League of Nations, xii: 155; Belgian demands, xii: 161; ceremonies of signing, xii: 165-169; analysis by Geo. W. Wickersham, xii: 170-178; signed June 28, '19, xii: 179; text in full, xii: 179-263; preamble, giving list of nations allied against Germany, and their delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179-182; League of Nations, text of Covenant, xii: 182-185; boundaries of Germany, xii: 186; provisions concerning Luxemburg, xii: 189; demolition of German fortifications, xii: 189, 205, 211, 214; Sarre Basin settlement, xii: 189-194; Alsace-Lorraine, provisions for return to France, xii: 194-197; Germany acknowledges independence of Austria, xii: 197; provisions for independence of Czechoslovak State, xii: 197; independence and boundaries of Poland, xii: 198-200; plebiscite for East Prussia, xii: 200; provisions concerning Memel, xii: 203; Danzig made free city, xii: 203; plebiscite provisions for Schleswig, xii: 204; Heligoland, destruction of fortifications on, xii: 205; provisions concerning Russo-German relations, xii: 205; Brest-Litovsk Treaties abrogated, xii: 205; German colonies surrendered to Allies, xii: 206; German rights in China surrendered, xii: 206; German rights in Siam surrendered, xii: 208; German rights in Liberia surrendered, xii: 208; German rights in Morocco surrendered, xii: 208; German rights in Egypt surrendered, xii: 208; Shantung (Kiau-Chau) transferred to Japan, xii: 209; reduction of German army and military equipment, xii: 209, 210, 211, 212; universal military service abolished in Germany, xii: 211; new German army, table of organization for, xii: 212; German navy, surrender and reduction, xii: 212-214; German wireless stations, regulation by Allies, xii: 214; German military air service abolished, xii: 214; existing German air service surrendered to Allies, xii: 215; Interallied Commissions of Control to supervise execution of military terms, xii: 215; repatriation of prisoners of war, xii: 216; war graves, care of, xii: 217; punishment of Germans guilty of war crimes, xii: 217; reparation terms imposed on Germany, xii: 217-225; Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 219-221; shipping, restitution for Allied shipping sunk, xii: 222; reconstruction, German obligations, xii: 223; coal, German deliveries to France, Belgium, Italy, xii: 224; dyestuffs, German deliveries to Allies, xii: 224; submarine cables, German, surrendered to Allies, xii: 225; trophies of war, return of, to France by Germany, xii: 225; Koran of Caliph Othman, return of, by Germany to King of Hedjaz, xii: 225; Sultan Mkwawa, skull of, return by Germany to Great Britain, xii: 225; Louvain, University of, restoration by Germany of books destroyed, xii: 225; art objects, carried by Germans from Belgium, restoration of, xii: 225; gold, restriction on German export of, xii: 226; Armies of Occupation, Allied, in Germany, expense to be borne by Germany, xii: 226; ceded territories, share in German national debt, xii: 226; Alsace-Lorraine, exempt from share in German national debt, xii: 226; Poland, share in German national debt, xii: 227; international concessions, surrender by Germany of rights in, xii: 228; gold, deliveries of, by Germany to Allies, xii: 228; customs duties, regulations imposed on Germany, xii: 229; privileges for Allied shipping to be granted by Germany, xii: 230; trade competition, Germany to suppress unfair methods, xii: 230; Allied nationals, treatment of, by Germany, xii: 230; pre-War treaties between Allies and Germany revived, xii: 231; treaties among Teutonic allies abrogated, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated, xii: 232; Opium Convention, Jan, 23, '12, put into force, xii: 232; debts, between German and Allied nationals, methods of payment, xii: 232-236; property rights of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, methods of restitution, xii: 236-240; contracts, between German and Allied nationals, status and methods of discharge, xii: 240-243; Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, establishment and functions, xii: 243; literary rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246; artistic rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246; industrial rights, provisions for re-establishment of, xii: 244-246; ceded territories, social insurance funds of, to be transferred to Allies by Germany, xii: 246; aerial navigation, rules for, xii: 246; freedom of transit, for Allied goods and nationals through Germany, xii: 247, 253; ports, Allied, discrimination against, by Germany forbidden, xii: 247; navigation, Allied, over German waterways, xii: 247-253; Elbe, internationalized, xii: 248; Oder, internationalized, xii: 248; Niemen, internationalized, xii: 248; Danube, internationalized, xii: 248; Rhine, international control and rules for navigation, xii: 250-253; use of northern German ports by Czechoslovak State, xii: 253; German railways, provisions relating to, xii: 253; Kiel Canal, rules of navigation through, xii: 255; labor, international organization for improving conditions of, xii: 255-261; guarantees for execution, exacted from Germany, xii: 261; Armies of Occupation, conditions for withdrawal, xii: 261; Savoy, neutralized zone of, provisions concerning, xii: 262; German Christian missions, continuity guaranteed, xii: 263; prize courts, provision concerning decisions of, xii: 263; signed, June 28, '19, xii: 264; ratified by Germany, July 10, '19, xii: 264; ratified by Great Britain, July 25--31, '19, xii: 264; ratified by King of Italy, Oct. 7, '19, xii: 264; ratified by France, Oct. 13, '19, xii: 264; ratified by Japan, Oct. 27, '19, xii: 264; U. S. Senate opposition to, xii: 264-278; Fall amendments to, defeated in U. S. Senate, Oct. 2, '19, xii: 264; original Lodge reservations defeated in U. S. Senate, Nov. 19, '19, xii: 265-266; original Lodge reservations, text, xii: 265; defeated in U. S. Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, xii: 266-269; Pres. Wilson's opinion on Lodge reservations, xii: 267; revised Lodge reservations, text, xii: 269; efforts of Congress to declare peace by joint resolution in substitution for, xii: 271-278; Knox Resolution, xii: 273, 277; President Wilson's message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278.

Pearce, Padraic, Provisional President of Irish Republic, vi: 60, ix: 53.

Peck, Pvt. Archie A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Penang harbor, attacked by _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 178.

People's Relief Committee, for Jewish relief, formation, vii: 354.

Pepper Hill, at Verdun, attacked by Germans, Apr. 18, '16, iii: 52, 304.

Periscope, description, viii: 165, xi: 245.

Perkins, Pvt. Michael J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, organization and activities, vii: 255-259.

Péronne, French objective in Somme battle, iii: 55; captured by British, Mar. 18, '17, iii: 68.

Péronne-Ham sector, Allied drive on, Sept., '18, ii: 158.

Pershing, Gen. John J., offers A. E. F. to Foch, Mar. 28, '18, v: 30, 120, 380, ix: 153; sails for Europe, May, '17, v: 97; reception in England, June, '17, v: 97; reception in France, June, '17, v: 97; reasons for selection of American Army zone, '18, v: 110; farewell speech to 1st Div., Chaumont-en-Vixen, Apr., '18, v: 121; urges attack with A. E. F., July, '18, v: 158; extract from report on Aisne-Marne Offensive, July, '18, v: 182; assumes tactical command of American forces in battle area, v: 192, 384, ix: 205; extract from report on St. Mihiel attack, v: 212; starts Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 213; extract from report on preparation for Meuse-Argonne attack, v: 218; divides A. E. F. combat units into two Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 246, 390; personal message to each soldier in A. E. F., v: 353; official report on A. E. F., v: 373-404; appeal to War Dept. for troops, Dec., '17, v: 373; insists on independent American Army in France, v: 385; Alsatian ancestry, ix: 166; origin of name, ix: 166; biography, ix: 199-210.

Pershing Stadium, vii: 313.

Persia, divided into "spheres of influence" by Anglo-Russian agreement, '07, i: 104, vi: 335; sympathy with Turkey, vi: 330; pro-German sentiment, vi: 336-337; Great Britain in control, '19, vi: 338.

_Persia, S. S._, British merchantman sunk in Mediterranean, Dec. 30, '15, i: 384; eye-witness account, iv: 224.

Peru, dispute with Chile over Tacna-Arica district, vi: 390; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe, defender of Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 50, 54, 304, xi: 22; eulogy of, by Gen. Malleterre, ii: 220; biography, ix: 164-166.

Peter I, King of Serbia, accompanies his nation in retreat, iii: 281, 284; reënters Belgrade, Dec. 15, '14, iii: 397; foreign policy, vi: 355; biography, ix. 398-399.

Petrograd, food shortage in, vi: 141; workmen's delegates on War Industrial Committee arrested, vi: 143; during the Revolution, vi: 144-153.

Petroseny, captured by Rumanians, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386.

Peuvillers, captured by 128th Inf. Regt., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Peyton, Maj.-Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.

Pflanzer, Gen. von, Austrian commander in Bukovina, iii: 132.

Philippines, acquired by U. S., i: 56.

Phillipeville, bombarded by _Goeben_, Aug. 4, '14, iv: 14.

Phonotelemeter, description of, viii: 20.

Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride), use in chemical warfare, v: 321, viii: 168-170; manufacture of, at U. S. Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 184.

Photography in war, work of U. S. Signal Corps, v: 319; use in artillery range-finding, viii: 14; value of aerial photography, viii: 226, 331; types of aerial cameras, viii: 228, 332-334; De Ram automatic camera for aerial photography, viii: 228, 333; work of U. S. aerial photographers, viii: 228, 235; personnel of Photographic Section, U. S. Air Service, viii: 234; future, viii: 234; making pictorial history of War, viii: 329-331; production of photographic supplies by U. S., viii: 355; mobile developing laboratories, viii: 335; _see also_ Aerial photography.

Piave River, Italian stand at, after Caporetto rout, ii: 58, 250, iii: 248.

Picardy Front, German choice for final drive, '18, ii: 69; advantages of, for German offensive, '18, ii: 69.

Pichon, Stephen, French Foreign Minister, speech before Chamber of Deputies on secret Entente agreements of '16--'17, vi: 334.

Pigeons, war uses, v: 239, 319, viii: 328.

Pike, Lieut.-Col. Emory J., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Pill-boxes, description, iii: 79, viii: 130; battle tactics in use of, viii: 130-133.

Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, leads Polish troops against Russia, vi: 202; jailed by Germans, vi: 214; assumes dictatorship of Poland, vi: 219; dictatorship not recognized by Allies, vi: 222; Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paderewski cabinet, vi: 223; becomes president of Polish Republic, vi: 225; biography, ix: 92-95.

Pirot, occupied by Bulgars, Oct. 28, '15, i: 382.

Pistols, Schwarzlose automatic pistol, mechanism, viii: 90; use as military weapon, viii: 116-117.

"Place in the sun," speech by Kaiser, '01, i: 95; definition of phrase, ii: 27; German control of Balkans as means of attaining, ii: 27.

Plava, captured by Italians June 10, '15, i: 380, iii: 244.

_Players, The_, poem by Francis Bickley, ix: 290.

Pleinchamps Farm, captured by 28th Div., Oct. 4, '18, v: 239.

Ploechti, captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222.

Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert, commander of British Second Army, ii: 214; a great military chief, iii: 375; offensive in Flanders, Sept., '18, v: 213.

Plunkett, Rear-Adm. Chas. P., commander of U. S. Naval Railway Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 45.

Plunkett, Sir Horace, Irish leader, chairman of Irish Convention, '18, vi: 62.

Plymouth, England, U. S. subchaser base, iv: 359.

Poincaré, Raymond, President of French Republic, biography, ix: 14-19; bibliography, ix: 19.

_Points d'Appui_, definition, v: 13.

Pola, Italian naval raid on, Nov. 2, '16, iv: 369; Italians sink Austrian dreadnought at, May 14, '18, iv: 372; Austrian dreadnought _Viribus Unitis_ blown up by Italians at, Nov. 1, '18, x: 297-303.

Poland, topography, iii: 106-108; German invasion of, and unsuccessful attacks on Warsaw, Sept., '14--Feb., '15, iii: 116-118, 124-127, 128-132; Austrian invasion of, iii: 118-120; conquered by Austro-German forces, July--Sept., '15, iii: 137-141, vi: 311; battle of the Salients, July, '15, iii: 138; Warsaw captured by Germans, Aug. 4, '15, iii: 138; civilian deaths due to war-time privation, iii: 406; early history and pre-War condition, vi: 201; Russian promise of autonomy, '14, vi: 201; Austrian Poles support Central Powers, vi: 202; Poles under Pilsudski fight against Russia, vi: 202; war-time destitution in, vi: 204-210; German reforms in, vi: 208; German policy, vi: 210-213; Germany promises reëstablishment of Polish Kingdom, Nov. 5, '16, vi: 210; Germany demands Polish troops, vi: 213; freed by Russian Revolution, vi: 213; Germany sets up Regency, vi: 214; denied representation at Brest-Litovsk by Germany, vi: 214; revolt against Teuton domination, '18, vi: 216; capture of Lemberg from Ruthenians, Nov. 5, '18, vi: 217; proclamation of Republic, vi: 218-219; Pilsudski becomes dictator, Nov., '18, vi: 219; Germans expelled, Dec., '18, vi: 220; political struggle between classes, vi: 220; Conservatives support Paderewski, vi: 220; Warsaw Revolt against Pilsudski fails, vi: 220-222; war against Bolsheviki, vi: 222-224; war with Ukraine over Cholm, vi: 222, 248; dispute with Czechs over Teschen, vi: 222, 400; compromise cabinet of Paderewski and Pilsudski, Feb. 9, '19, vi: 223; Provisional Government recognized by Allies, Feb., '19, vi: 225; Pilsudski elected President, vi: 225; claims for Danzig, vi: 225; Peace Treaty provisions for independence and boundaries of, vi: 226, xii: 18-200; American war relief for Jews in, vii: 356-358, 360-363, 375; value of property loss, xii: 26; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; share in German national debt, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 227; area and population, xii: 279.

Political parties, _see_ under countries.

_Pommern_, German battleship torpedoed by British submarine _E-9_, July 2, '15, iv: 208.

Pont-à-Mousson, on Toul-St. Mihiel sector, v: 65, 116, 119.

Pontoons, viii: 299-300.

_Pontoporros_, auxiliary to German raider _Emden_, iv: 172.

Pope, _see_ Benedict XV.

Pope, Corp. Thomas A., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397;

Poperinghe line, British-American line of defense in Flanders, v: 287, 289.

Population, decrease in births due to War, iii: 406; effects of War on, xii: 25.

Port Arthur, seized by Russia from China, i: 20; acquired by Japan, i: 20; 11-in. siege guns first used by Japanese at, viii: 34.

Ports, French, selected for A. E. F. use, '18, v: 110; Allied, Peace Treaty provisions against discrimination by Germany, xii: 247.

Portugal, international position in '14, i: 62; rout of army before German offensive, Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 91, vi: 374; war casualties, iii: 404, v: 364; prisoners of war, iii: 404; internal strife, vi: 372-375; enters War as British ally, vi: 373; President Paës assassinated, Dec. '18, vi: 374; Royalist uprising suppressed, '19, vi: 375; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180.

Posen, revolt of Polish population against Germany, vi: 225; awarded to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.

Potash, German boycott of U. S., xii: 98.

Potatoes, world production by countries, xii: 47; as food, xii: 47; German system of drying and crushing, xii: 47.

Potsdam Conference of German war leaders, July 5, '14, i: 136; decision for war, i: 249.

Potts, Pvt. Frederick, wins Victoria Cross at Gallipoli, x: 138.

Powder, _see_ Ammunition.

Power plants, built by A. E. F. Engineer Corps, v: 333.

Pozières, captured by British in Somme battle, iii: 58.

Prague, meeting of Czechoslovak representatives at, Apr. 2, '18, vi: 398.

Prauthory, Haute-Marne, headquarters, 32nd Div., Feb., '18, v: 119.

_President Lincoln_, U. S. transport sunk, May 31, '18, i: 395, iv: 337; eye-witness account, iv: 340.

Press: Austria-Hungary, _Tageblatt_ demands war, '14, vi: 306; Hungarian journals support war, vi: 307; _Pester Lloyd_ for war, '14, vi: 308; _Oesterreichische Rundschau_ attacks Italy, '15, vi: 310; _Vossische Zeitung_ on strikes, Jan., '18, vi: 314; _Arbeiter Zeitung_, radical organ, vi: 315; _Arbeiter Zeitung_ on peace terms, vi: 322; _Has Haroda_ on Czech loyalty, '14, vi: 396. Bulgaria, statement against Russia by _Kambana_, June, '15, vi: 342. Germany, _Militärische Rundschau_ advocates immediate war, '14, vi: 249; Socialist organ _Vorwärts_ supports Kaiser, vi: 249; _Liller Kriegszeitung_ preaches hate of England, vi: 252; optimistic attitude of _Frankfurter Zeitung_, Nov., '14, vi: 253; Maximilian Harden ridicules in _Zukunft_ talk of German starvation, vi: 254; alarm over prospects of starvation, '15, vi: 255; submarine warfare urged, vi: 256, 265; on German successes, '15, vi: 258; _Vorwärts_ demands statement of peace aims, vi: 258; _Frankfurter Zeitung_ on seriousness of Allied blockade, '15--'16, vi: 261; _Vorwärts_ on food shortage, vi: 261; demand war to finish, '17, vi: 264; gospel of hate against England, vi: 264-265; _Taglische Rundschau_ on German demoralization, Dec., '18, vi: 284; _Vorwärts_ on industrial unrest, Dec., '18, vi: 286; comments on Ebert as President, vi: 293; on peace terms, vi: 302-304; Maximilian Harden on peace terms, vi: 303. Great Britain, condemns Dutch neutrality, vi: 376. Italy, _Corriere della Sera_ and _Secolo_ advocate conciliation with Jugoslavs, vi: 362. Serbia, expressions of hatred for Austria-Hungary by _Politika_, _Mali Journal_, _Balkan_, _Zastava_, vi: 356; _Samouprava_ denounces Italian treaty, '15, vi: 361. Turkey, _Ikdam_ for war, vi: 330; _Tanine_ on Dardanelles expedition vi: 330; _Hillal_ acclaims victory, '15, vi: 331. United States, attitude on U. S. neutrality, i: 308; on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 319; on _Arabic_ torpedoing, i: 322; on German indemnity, xii: 24.

Pressel, Dr. Wilhelm von, builds first spur of Bagdad railway, 1871, ii: 291.

Pressure gauges, on airplanes, viii: 220.

"Preventive arrests," for suppressing pacifist agitation in Germany, vi: 262.

Prices, analysis of, by Prof. Irving Fisher, xii: _Intro. vii-xvii_; high cost of living as result of War, xii: _Intro. vii_, 143; index numbers, xii: _Intro. vii_; rise in U. S., '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_; influence of unsecured paper money on, xii: _Intro. viii_; chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: _Intro. viii_; before and after great wars of history, xii: _Intro. ix_; percent. rise in warring countries, xii: _Intro. x_; present high level not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x_; inflation as cause of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii_, 27; countries arranged in order of high prices, xii: _Intro. xii-xiii_; extent of currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_; high cost of living as breeder of Bolshevism, xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_; purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_; remedies for high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuation in, xii: _Intro. xv_; effect of wars on, xii: 27; reduced production as cause of high prices, xii: 27, 38-40; "fair price" lists, xii: 54; rise in U. S., '14--'18, xii: 56-59; present, compared with Civil War days, xii: 57, 75; effects of government control in Great Britain, xii: 59; government control in U. S., xii: 59; _see also_ Cost of living, under name of country.

Prilep, captured by Bulgars, Nov. 17, '15, i: 382; occupied by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Primers, composition and explosive properties, viii: 6.

_Prince George_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Prince, Norman, member Lafayette Escadrille, death, iii: 391.

Princes' Island, conference of Russian factions at, fails, vi: 188.

_Princess Royal_, British cruiser, in Battle of Jutland, iv: 108; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

_Principles of War_, treatise by Marshal Foch, ii: 80, 104, ix: 152.

_Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German raider, puts into Hampton Roads for repairs, Mar. 10, '15, i: 378; interned by U. S., Apr. 7, '15, i: 378.

Priority system, among U. S. industries during War, xii: 73-75.

Pripet marshes, Russian offensive against Austria, June, '16, ii: 42; description, iii: 108.

Prisoners of war, classified by countries, iii: 404; work of Swiss Red Cross for, vi: 380; work of American Y. M. C. A. for, vii: 302-310; Crown Princess of Sweden's work for, vii: 308; Peace Treaty provisions for repatriation of, xii: 216. Austria-Hungary, captured by Serbs, description of, iii: 395; humane treatment by Serbs, iii: 400; total lost in War, iii: 404. French, diary describing life in German prison, iii: 300; total lost in War, iii: 404. German, captured in Somme battle, iii: 60; in battle of Cambrai, iii: 82; in St. Mihiel drive, iii: 99, v: 71, 207; during Allied drive, July--Nov., '18, iii: 103; total in War, iii: 404; at Cantigny, v: 33; taken by A. E. F. in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56; first capture by A. E. F., v: 113; clothed by U. S. Salvage Service, v: 331; captured in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 394; total captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Russian, sufferings of, in German prison camp, iii: 300; total lost in War, iii: 404. Turkish, captured by British in Palestine campaign, ii: 94, iii: 199; total lost in War, iii: 404. United States, first captured by Germans, iii: 84; total lost in War, iii: 404; work of American Red Cross for, vii: 37-39, 71. _See also_ under battle or campaign; countries.

Prize courts, Peace Treaty provision for decisions of, xii: 263.

Profiteering, xii: 55; U. S. meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56.

Prohibition, U. S. war-time act passed, July 7, '17, i: 390; Russian government forbids sale of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; voluntary abstention urged in England by Lloyd George, '14, vi: 2-3; use of vodka substitutes in Russia, vi: 138; imposed by Bela Kun's government in Hungary, vi: 325.

Propaganda, _see_ Allies; Germany.

Property rights, of Allied nationals confiscated by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions for restitution of, xii: 236-240.

Protopopoff, Russian Minister of Interior, in German employ, ii: 59, vi: 143; causes Rumanian entry into War for German interest, ii: 59; gains power at court through Rasputin, vi: 143; reactionary policy, vi: 143; surrenders to Duma during Revolution, March, '17, vi: 153.

_Provence II_, French cruiser sunk by U-boat, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376.

Pruitt, Corp. John H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 390.

Prussia, war with Denmark, 1864, i: _Intro. vii_, 41; autocratic form of government, i: 29; assumes leadership of German states under Bismarck, i: 40; population in 1860, i: 40; Seven Weeks' War against Austria, 1866, i: 41; representation in Imperial Bundesrat, ii: 71; traditional policy of force, i: 150; controlling share in government of German Empire, i: 156; King of, powers as German Emperor, i: 156; relations with Great Britain, stages in evolution of, i: 168; Prussianization of Germany, i: 258; plan of imperial development, ii: 1; _see also_ Germany.

Przasnyz, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '15, i: 378, iii: 131; recaptured by Russians, Feb. 27, '15, i: 378.

Przemysl, invested by Russians, Sept. 16, '14, i: 376, iii: 123-124; Russians forced to raise siege, Oct. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 125; reinvested by Russians, Nov. 12, '14, i: 376, iii: 127, xi: 16; captured by Russians, Mar. 22--23, '15, i: 378, iii: 134, 292-293, xi: 16; number of Austrians surrendering, i: 378, iii: 134, 293; recaptured by Austro-German forces, June 1--2, '15, i: 380, ii: 234, iii: 136.

Pskov, captured by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.

Psychological tests, for gauging intelligence of army recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351.

Psycho-physiological tests, for determining fitness of recruits for specific duties, viii: 351-356.

Putnik, Field-Marshal, Commander-in-Chief of Serbian army, iii: 150.

Pys, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.

Q

"Q" ships, British decoys for U-boats, iv: 296.

Quebec, not enthusiastic for War, vi: 26; failure of recruiting among French-Canadians, vi: 30; move for secession from Dominion, vi: 33, 36; Draft Boards defeat conscription by blanket exemptions, vi: 36; draft riots, vi: 36; _see also_ Canada.

_Queen_, British battleship at Dardanelles, iv: 33.

_Queen Elizabeth_, British dreadnought at Dardanelles, ii: _Intro. xv_, iv: 31.

_Queen Mary_, British cruiser blown up at Jutland, iv: 110, 258; in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 241.

Queenstown, Ireland, base for U. S. destroyer and subchaser detachment, iv: 357.

Quennemont Farm, strong point on Hindenburg Line, v: 290.

Quien, Gaston, betrayer of Edith Cavell, x: 352.

Quinn, Jim, citation for D. S. C., July 18, '18, v: 171.

R

_R-34_, British dirigible, crosses Atlantic, viii: 245; similarity to Zeppelin, viii: 254.

Races, European rivalries, i: 21.

Rada, Central Council of Ukraine, formed after Russian revolution, vi: 243.

Radio, _see_ Wireless.

Radoslavov, Vassil, Bulgarian Premier, heads patriotic organization, _Narodni Savetz_, vi: 341; statement of Bulgarian war demands, vi: 341; German sympathies, vi: 343; resigns, June 17, '18, vi: 346.

Raemakers, Louis, Dutch cartoonist of the War, ix: 190.

Rafa, Turks defeated by British at, Jan., '17, iii: 192.

Raids, _see_ Air raids; Naval raids.

Raikes, Lieut.-Com. Robert H. T., commander of British submarine _E-54_, battle with German U-boats, iv: 212.

Railroads, German ambition for Calais-Persia route, ii: 2; Russian military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin, iii: 111; Transylvanian, cut by Rumanians, iii: 218; Orsova, taken by Germans in Wallachian campaign, iii: 221; Cernavoda-Constanza, captured by Teuton allies, Oct., '16, iii, 221; in Trentino, iii: 230; in Isonzo sector, iii: 239; in Uganda, iii: 255; in Transcaucasia, iii: 260; number of troop trains needed to move a U. S. division, v: 20; French, available for A. E. F. use, v: 110; St. Mihiel-Metz, cut, Sept. 12, '18, v: 206; German lines of communication in occupied territory, v: 215; Mézières-Sedan, key to German lines of communication on Western Front, v: 216, 387; built by Engineer Corps, A. E. F., in France, v: 333, 334, 403, xii: 283; equipment sent to France from U. S., v: 403, xii: 95, 286; war functions, viii: 283; collapse of Russian system, under war stress, viii: 283; work of German railroads during War, viii: 283-285; narrow-gauge, at the front, viii: 302; _see also_ Bagdad Railway.

Railway Artillery Reserve, U. S., formation, v: 305; units composing, v: 305; engagements on Western Front, v: 306-308; _see also_ U. S. Army, Artillery.

Rainbow (42nd) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Rambucourt, on Toul sector, v: 116.

Ramscappelle, German success at, Oct. 30, '14, iii: 40.

_Ramsey_, British patrol boat, sunk by German auxiliary cruiser _Meteor_, iv, 197.

Ramsgate, bombarded by German destroyers, Nov. 25, '16, i: 389.

Range-finder, telescopic, structure and use of, viii: 9.

Range-finding, _see_ Artillery; Hydrophones; Microphone; Phonotelemeter.

Rapallo Conference, iii: 84.

Rappes, Bois des, captured by 3rd Div., Oct., '18, v: 85.

Rasputin, Gregory, influence over Czarina and Russian court, vi: 141; assassinated, '16, vi: 141; influence places Protopopov in power, vi: 143; biography, ix: 345-347.

Ravaruska, Russian success in battle of, Sept. 4--10, '14, iii: 122; captured by Austro-German forces, June 20, '15, iii: 136.

Rawlinson, Gen., commander of British Fourth Army, ii: 214, iii: 371.

Raynal, Major, defender of Fort Vaux, iii: 55, 313.

Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., commander, 30th Div., June, '18, v: 146; commands 2nd Corps, v: 290, 382, 394; biography, ix: 223-224.

Read, Lieut.-Com., pilots _N-C-4_, first airplane across Atlantic, viii: 240.

Rebais, Germans beaten back at, in first Marne battle, iii: 32.

Reconstruction of devastated war areas, German obligations under Peace Treaty, xii: 223.

Reconstruction of disabled, American help for vocational training of French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95; program of European belligerents, vii: 175; in U. S. Army, vii: 175-186, 210-216, 222, 233-239; importance of first aid, vii: 178; treatment of shell-shock, vii: 179; percent. of injured returned to service, vii: 180; system of vocational training for U. S. service men, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239; educational personnel for training of U. S. service men, vii: 180, 185; care of blinded U. S. service men, vii: 182, 213; correcting speech defects in U. S. military hospitals, vii: 182, 213; work of U. S. dental officers, vii: 210; in civilian industries, vii: 240-245; mechanical treatments for injured limbs, viii: 381-384; artificial arms for war cripples, viii: 384-388; artificial legs for war cripples, viii: 388-390; remaking shell-torn faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; _see also_ Medical science; Surgery.

Recouly, Raymond, account of first Marne battle, ii: 182-186; account of Verdun battle, ii: 186-189.

Recreation, for service men, _see_ Entertainment; Sports.

Recruiting, _see_ under country.

Red Army, in Russia, organized by Trotzky, vi: 185; in Munich, raised by Munich Soviet, vi: 300; in Hungary, under Communist Government, vi: 326.

Red Cross: American, relief work in Italy, ii: 250, vii: 42, 82; Henry P. Davison, Chairman of War Council, vii: 1; war-time activities, summary, vii: 1; amount of contributions to, vii: 1; increase in membership, vii: 1; personnel in France, vii: 1; Clara Barton, mother of, vii: 12; peace time activities, vii: 14; war organization, vii: 15-27; raising war funds, vii: 15-27; total relief expenditures, vii: 27; range of activities, vii: 29; location of base hospitals, vii: 30; location of ambulance companies, vii: 30-31; sanitary service, vii: 31-32; nursing personnel, vii: 33; canteen service, vii: 33, 42, 47-49, 54, 57; auxiliary activities for service men's comfort, vii: 34; recruiting services of nation's womanhood, vii: 34; home service work, vii: 35; services abroad, vii: 35-40; hospital work in France, vii: 37, 45; work for American prisoners in Germany, vii: 37-39, 71; relief activities in England, vii: 40, 45; with the Navy, vii: 41; relief work among belligerents during U. S. neutrality, vii: 43-46; hospital work in Germany, vii: 45; hospital work in Austria-Hungary, vii: 45; relief for Serbia, vii: 45, 84; stories of overseas service with fighting men, vii: 47-72; work for wounded, vii: 49-54, 56, 60-64; ambulance service at the front, vii: 49-51; tales of wounded, vii: 51-54; hotels for service men in Paris, vii: 54; supplying delicacies to wounded, vii: 56; huts, vii: 59; entertainment, vii: 60; as bureau of information, vii: 62-64; helping doughboys shop in France, vii: 64; department store for overseas service men, vii: 66; production of surgical dressings, vii: 67; production of nitrous oxide, vii: 68; baths and laundries behind the lines, vii: 70; Children's Bureau, activities for welfare of child war sufferers, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90; relief among Allied civilians, vii: 73-85; relief among French refugees, vii: 73; fight against tuberculosis in France, vii: 75; education of French disabled, vii: 79; relief for Belgian refugees, vii: 82; relief in Rumania, vii: 84; work in Palestine, vii: 84; Institute for the Blind, vii: 259; letters of appreciation from refugee children, xi: 60; Junior American Red Cross, activities, xi: 90-93; help by Boy Scouts, xi: 108; letter from "Chinese citizen boy," xi: 179. International, in Switzerland, vi: 380; World League of, vii: 3; history of development, vii: 4-14; Florence Nightingale, first field nurse, vii: 11; U. S. becomes member, vii: 14.

_Red Cross Nurse_, poem by Edith Thomas, vii: 279.

"Red Monday," during Russian Revolution, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150.

"Red Week," rioting during, in Italy, June, '14, vi: 114.

"Reds," _see_ Bolshevism.

Reeves, Col. Ira L., military superintendent, A. E. F. University at Beaune, vii: 283.

Refrigerating plants, constructed by A. E. F. in France, v: 403.

Refugees, _see_ War relief.

Regan, 2nd Lieut. Patrick, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 395.

Reichstag, German, limitations as legislative body, i: 71; composition and powers, i: 156.

Reims (Rheims), abandoned by Allies, Aug. 28, '14, i: 375; re-occupied by French, Sept. 15, '14, i: 376; Cathedral bombarded by Germans, iii: 74, vi: 97; attacked by Crown Prince, June, '18, iii: 95; description of surrounding country, v: 43; gateway between Germany and France, v: 215.

_Reiter's Morganlied_, German air, xi: 335.

Relief, _see_ War relief.

Religion, diversity of, obstacle to world federation, i: 25; work of Y. M. C. A. with troops overseas, vii: 283-285.

Remington self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89; _see also_ Rifles.

Remonville, location, v: 217; captured by 89th Div., Nov. 1, '18, v: 262.

Remounts, construction of depots for, by A. E. F., v: 333; procuring of, for A. E. F., v: 399.

Renault tank, description, viii: 156; _see also_ Tanks.

Rennenkampf, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227, iii: 110; driven out of East Prussia by Hindenburg, ii: 25, 229, iii: 116; Ludendorff's account of retreat, ii: 355; _see also_ East Prussia; Tannenberg, battle of.

Renner, Dr., becomes Austrian Chancellor, '19, vi: 319; Bolshevik uprising against, vi: 321; conciliatory attitude at Peace Conference, vi: 321.

Renwick, George, description of Munich under Red Terror, vi: 301.

Repair shops, U. S. Ordnance, in France, v: 350.

Reparation, by Germany, Peace Treaty provisions, xii: 217-225.

Reparation Commission, formation and functions, xii: 158, 219-221.

Repatriés, returned French exiles, xi: 75.

Repington, Colonel, military correspondent of _London Times_, exposes British shell shortage, May, '15, ii: 174.

Replacement system, plan for A. E. F., '17, v: 102, 399.

Respirators, number issued by U. S. Army, v: 324; utility as defense against poison gas, viii: 174-178; _see also_ Chemical warfare.

Responsibility for the War, _see_ Germany, Responsibility for War.

Retreats, famous examples of, in history, iii: 280.

_Return, The_, poem by John Freeman, ix: 331.

Reval, seized by Germans, Feb. 24, '18, i: 393.

Reventlow, Count Ernst Zu, condemnation of democratic rule in Germany, vi: 284.

Reville, taken by 5th Div., Nov. 8, '18, v: 272.

Revolver, use as military weapon, viii: 117.

Reynolds, Col. C. R., Chief Surgeon, Second Army, v: 346.

Rheims, _see_ Reims.

Rhine River, French strategy in regard to, ii: 8; German fortifications on, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189; Peace Treaty provisions for international control and navigation, xii: 250-253.

Ribot, Alexandre, succeeds Briand as French Premier, '17, vi: 103.

Rice, Brig.-Gen. John H., Chief Ordnance Officer, A. E. F., v: 350.

Richthofen, Capt. Baron Manfred Freiherr von, career as aviator, x: 253-255.

Rickenbacker, Capt. Eddie, career as aviator, x: 259-264.

Rieka, Slav name of Fiume, vi: 365.

Rifles, type used by A. E. F., description and reasons for adoption, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; U. S. production figures, v: 347, xii: 284; types, viii: 84, 88-105; Browning automatic, viii: 84; automatic, difference from machine-gun, viii: 88; importance of rapid fire, viii: 88; self-loading, compared with machine-gun, viii: 88; principal self-loading types, viii: 89-91; Remington, viii: 89; Sjorgen, viii: 89; Winchester, viii: 89; rifle fire and artillery compared, viii: 92; range of military rifle, viii: 92; "danger zone" in rifle fire, viii: 93; advantages of sharp-nosed bullet, viii: 93; comparison to gas engine, viii: 94; British service rifles, description, viii: 95; Lee type, viii: 95; Enfield-M type, viii: 95; French service rifle, description, viii: 95; German Mauser, description, viii: 95; sighting devices, viii: 96-102; definition of "bore," viii: 111; definition and purpose of "rifling," viii: 111.

Rifle lights, viii: 75.

"Rifling" of gun, definition and purpose, viii: 111-112.

Riga, occupied by Germans, Sept. 3, '17, i: 390, iii: 147, iv: 136.

Riga, Gulf of, description, iv: 136-137; German naval operations in, '15--'17, iv: 137-138; battle of, and capture of dominating islands by Germans, Oct. 12--18, '17, iv: 137-138.

Rintelen, Capt. Franz von, German agent in U. S., i: 315.

Ritchings, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, rise from constable to lieutenant-colonel, x: 378.

_River Clyde_, British transport at Gallipoli, iii: 168, iv: 39.

Riviera, A. E. F. leave area, Y. M. C. A. work in, vii: 269.

Rizzo, Commander Luigi, sinks Austrian battleships in motor-boat attack, iv: 370; sinks Austrian battleships, _Wien_ and _Monarch_, in Trieste harbor, x: 290.

_Road to France, The_, poem by Daniel M. Henderson, vi: 131.

Roads, construction by A. E. F. in France, v: 334, 403.

Robb, 1st Lieut. George S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, succeeds Vice-Adm. Carden in command of Allied fleet at Gallipoli, iv: 32.

Roberts, Lieut. E. M., record as aviator, x: 249-252.

Roberts, Corp. Harold W., American tank driver, wins Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402, xi: 386.

Robertson, Gen. Sir William, appointed British Chief of General Staff, ii: _Intro. xviii_; biography, ix: 184-186.

Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., commander U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.

Rockwell, Kiffin, member of Lafayette Escadrille, killed in Vosges, iii: 391.

Rodman, Admiral, biography, ix: 293-295.

Rodzianko, Michael V., President of Russian Duma, vi: 150.

Rogers, Maj.-Gen. H. L., Chief Quartermaster of A. E. F., v: 332.

Rohrbach, Paul, German publicist, on Anglo-German rivalry, vi: 251.

Romagne, captured by 32nd Div., Oct. 14, '18. v: 250.

Romagne-sous-Montfaucon, American cemetery at, v: 403.

Romani, Turks defeated by British at, Aug., '16, iii: 192.

Romanoffs, _see_ Nicholas II; Russia, Royal family.

Romorantin, U. S., aircraft plant at, v: 313.

Ronchères, captured by 3rd Div., July 28, '18, v: 188.

Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, war record, x: 238.

Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, war record, x: 241.

Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, record as aviator, x: 241-249; killed in air fight, x: 245-249.

Roosevelt, Theodore, fight against "big business," i: 293; against U. S. neutrality, i: 299; temperament contrasted with that of Pres. Wilson, i: 299; probable course of action if President during War, i: 302; pro-German sentiments in '14, i: 309; statement on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320; statement on universal military training, Nov., '15, i: 326; attacks Pres. Wilson's note asking belligerents for statement of war aims, i: 337.

Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore, Jr., commands 26th Inf. at Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 126; at Sedan, Nov. 7, '18, v: 269; war record, x: 241.

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, Jr., "Y" worker in Bordeaux, vii: 267; in charge of Aix-les-Bains leave area, vii: 269.

Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57.

Rosenwald, Julius, member, Advisory Commission of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

Rossetti, Lieut.-Col. R., sinks Austrian warship _Viribus Unitis_ in Pola harbor, x: 297-303.

Rosyth, advance base for British battle cruisers, iv: 91, 94; meeting place for arranging surrender of German fleet, iv: 384.

Roulers, German base in France, ii: 86.

Rowlatt, Justice, author of "Black Cobra Bill" of India, '18, vi: 78.

Royal Air Force, British, _see_ Great Britain, Air Service.

_Royal Edward_, British transport sunk, Aug. 13, '15, i: 381.

Royal families, _see_ country.

Roye, captured by Allies, Aug. 27, '18, i: 397, ii: 157.

Rozyshche, captured by Russians, June, '16, iii: 144.

Rue, training area for 27th Div., '18, v: 286.

Ruggles orientator, for testing aviators, viii: 356-358.

Ruhleben, German prison camp, American "Y" work at, vii: 303.

_Rule Britannia_, British patriotic song, xi: 333.

Rumania, gains independence from Turkey, i: 92; intervention in Second Balkan War, '13, i: 206; declares war on Austria-Hungary, Aug. 27, '16, i: 386; Germany declares war on, Aug. 28, '16, i: 386; Turkey declares war on, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386; Bulgaria declares war on, Sept. 1, '16, i: 386; reasons for entry into War, ii: 59, iii: 214, vi: 348-349; betrayed by Russia, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; natural resources, ii: 59; invades Transylvania, ii: 60, iii: 217, vi: 313, xi: 28; conquered by Teuton forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn, ii: 60, iii: 218-224, vi: 349, xi: 29; topography, iii, 214; failure of Allied support, iii: 214; army, training and equipment, iii: 215; strategy of campaigns, iii: 216; Bucharest captured by Germans, Dec. 6, '16, iii: 222; government moved to Jassy, Nov., '16, iii: 223, vi: 349; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total casualties, iii: 404, vi: 353, xii: 289; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 405; attacks Hungarian republic, '19, vi: 326; race problems, vi: 348; policy of neutrality, vi: 348; secret treaty with Allies as war price, iii: 349; suffering under Teuton invasion, vi: 349, 353; struggle with Russian Bolsheviki in Bessarabia, vi: 350-352; signs peace treaty with Central Powers, May 7, '17, vi: 352; peace terms imposed by Germany, vi: 352; conditions after armistice, Nov., '18, vi: 353; royal family, ix: 399-402; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, Aug., '16--Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; Peace Conference delegates, xii: 180; former treaties with Germany abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; area, '19, xii: 279; population, '19, xii: 279.

_Rumania_, poem by George Edward Woodberry, vi: 347.

Rumanian National Hymn, xi: 329.

Rumanian Relief Committee of America, vii: 109.

Rumeli Medjidieh Battery, Fort at Gallipoli, iv: 45; bombarded by Allied fleet, iv: 45.

Rupel, Greek fortress, seized by Bulgars, May, '16, iii: 207.

_Rupert Brooke_, poem by Moray Dalton, vii: 285.

Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, army commands, iii: 10, 61.

Ruroede, Carl, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.

Russell, Bertrand, British philosopher, dismissed from Cambridge University for supporting conscientious objectors, vi: 8; on effects of War, vi: 11.

_Russell_, British battleship sunk in Mediterranean, Apr. 27, '16, i: 385.

Russia: Army, mobilization, July 31, '14, i: 375, iii: 264; German estimate of effectiveness, ii: 4; man-power available, ii: 27; lack of resources to equip manpower, ii: 27-28; shortage of ammunition, ii: 231, iii: 264; machine-gun equipment, ii: 232; artillery equipment deficient, ii: 232; collapse of, ii: 340 (Ludendorff on), iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164; organization and strength, iii: 104; weaknesses, iii: 105; Czar takes personal command, Sept. 8, '16, iii: 140; leading commanders pledge support to Republican Government, Mar., '17, iii: 145; vice in, iii: 267; causes of demoralization, iii: 268; balloting substituted for fighting, iii: 268; desertions, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Bolshevist propaganda in, iii: 269, vi: 157, 164; Cossack cavalry, strength, vi: 146; fraternization with enemy, vi: 157, 161; Kerensky abolishes death penalty, vi: 157; Red Army raised by Trotzky, vi: 185; for military operations, _see_ Russian Front; battle or campaign. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; civilian deaths from disease and famine, iii: 406; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 288. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 48. Cost of living, percent. rise during War, xii: _Intro. x._ Declarations of war, pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; by Germany against, Aug. 1, '14, i: 115, 139, 375; by Austria against, Aug. 6, '14, i: 375; on Bulgaria by, Oct. 19, '15, i: 382; on Turkey by, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; reception by populace, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; ultimatum to Bulgaria, Oct. 4, '15, vi: 343. Food, shortage, vi: 141, 144, 145; potato crop, xii: 47. Foreign policy, Asiatic expansion, i: 20; seizure of Port Arthur from China, i: 20; gains freedom of action in Black Sea, 1871, i: 47; world position in '14, i: 62; ambitions in Near East checked by Congress of Berlin, i: 93; German influence, i: 95, 240; Entente Cordiale with France, 1891, i: 98; member of Triple Entente, i: 98, 103, 106; settlement of Persian question with Great Britain, '07, i: 104; Franco-Russian treaty of July, '12, i: 107; Balkan policy, i: 114; pledge of aid to Serbia against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; negotiations in attempt to prevent the War, i: 126-129; hatred of Germany, i: 242; German view of, i: 242; betrayal of Rumania by German agents in Government, ii: 59, iii: 221, vi: 349; imperialistic ambitions, vi: 132; treachery of Government exposed by Milyukov, Nov., '16, vi: 142; secret treaties made public by Trotzky, vi: 183; Soviet Government makes peace with Germany, vi: 183-185; relations of Soviet with Allies, vi: 187-188; hostility to Ukrainian nationalistic aspirations, vi: 241; treaty with Japan, '16, vi: 386; for relations with Finland, _see_ Finland. Industries, inadequate for war needs, ii: 27-28; hampered by lack of port facilities, iii: 161; chaotic condition during War, xii: 82. Internal politics, war enthusiasm, Aug., '14, iii: 264, vi: 134-135; prohibition of vodka, iii: 265, vi: 135; revolutionary outbreaks before War, vi: 132-134; Socialists oppose War, vi: 134; attack of Duma on War Office for inefficiency, Aug., '15, vi: 136; Minister of War Sukhomlinov arrested and disgraced, vi: 136; request for new ministry refused by Czar, '15, vi: 136; Duma dissolved, Sept., '15, vi: 136; peace sentiment, '15, vi: 138; Lenin advocates defeat of Russia, vi: 140; Stürmer succeeds Goremykin as Prime Minister, vi: 140; Duma reconvenes, Feb. 22, '16, vi: 140; attack of Socialist Cheidze on Government, vi: 140; influence of Rasputin at Court, vi: 141; Rasputin murdered, vi: 141; Stürmer becomes Foreign Minister, July, '16, vi: 142; Stürmer dismissed under accusations of corruption and treachery, vi: 142; repressive policy of Protopopov, Minister of Interior, '17, vi: 143; Golytsin succeeds to Premiership, '17, vi: 143; threats of revolt in Duma, Feb., '17, vi: 144; Revolution starts in Petrograd, Mar., '17, vi: 145; Duma disobeys Czar's order of dismissal, Mar., '17, vi: 146; leaders and policies at start of Revolution, vi: 148; revolutionary scenes in Petrograd, Mar. 11--15, '17, vi: 148-156; Czar disregards appeals for liberal ministry, vi: 150, 151; Red Monday, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 150-153; arrest of ministers of old régime, vi: 153; reform _vs._ revolution, Mar., '17, vi: 153-157; Council of Workmen's and Soldiers' Delegates formed, Mar. 12, '17, vi: 155; Provisional Government under Prince Lvov formed by Duma, Mar. 14, '17, vi: 155; Czar abdicates, Mar. 15, '17, vi: 156; struggle between Provisional Government and Soviet on war policy, vi: 158-160; fall of Liberal ministry and formation of coalition cabinet, vi: 160; peasant societies, vi: 160; statement of policy by coalition Government, vi: 161; Bolshevist uprising suppressed, July, '17, vi: 161-165; Kerensky becomes virtual dictator, vi: 165; rivalry between Kerensky and Kornilov for power, vi: 167-171; Moscow Conference, vi: 167; Kornilov rebellion fails, vi: 169; Kerensky declares Russia a Republic, Sept. 15, '17, vi: 171; Bolshevist revolution overthrows Kerensky, Nov., '17, vi: 171-181; Lenin becomes President of Council of People's Commissaries, vi: 181; Trotzky becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs, vi: 181; Bolshevist program, vi: 181; opposition of middle classes to Bolshevik rule, vi: 181; Constituent Assembly dissolved by Bolsheviki, Jan., '18, vi: 185; Congress of Soviets substituted for Constituent Assembly, vi: 185; reign of terror under Bolshevist régime, vi: 187. Navy, Black Sea fleet bombards Bosphorus forts, iv: 49; strength of Black Sea fleet, iv: 50; development, iv: 364; strength of Baltic fleet, iv: 364; war record, iv: 364-366; part in Revolution, iv: 366, vi: 164. Peace negotiations, Brest-Litovsk Treaty ends war with Central Powers, Mar., '18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183; armistice with Germany signed, Dec. 6, '17, v: 113; movement for peace by radicals and conservatives, '15, vi: 138; Soviet demands immediate Socialist peace conference, vi: 161; nature of Bolshevik peace propaganda, vi: 171-175; Versailles Treaty, provisions on, Russo-German relations, xii: 205; treaties with Germany abrogated by Versailles Treaty, xii: 232. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. Railroads, military, iii: 105; Petrograd-Berlin line, iii: 111; importance of Warsaw as junction, iii: 138; Brest-Litovsk line, military importance, iii: 138; collapse under war stress, viii: 283. Royal family, xi: 145-149; _see also_ Nicholas II. War cost, currency inflation by Bolsheviki, xii: _Intro. xiii_; financial position at start of War, xii: 1; loans floated in U. S., Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; average daily cost, xii: 106; total cost, Aug., '14--Oct., '17, xii: 107; taxation, xii: 109; loans, xii: 113; rise in national debt, xii: 113, 114.

Russian Front, German analysis of strength and strategic importance, Aug., '14, ii: 12-16; strategic plans of Russia and Central Powers, ii: 22, 225 (Gen. Gourko's explanation), iii: 109-110; Russian invasion of Galicia, '14--'15, ii: 22-24, 26, iii: 118-124, 127, 132-134; Lemberg captured by Russians, Sept. 3, '14, ii: 23, iii: 121; operations in East Prussia, '14, ii: 24, 227-229 (Gen. Gourko's account), 353-357 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 110-116; battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, iii: 112-116; campaigns in Poland, ii: 25, 26, 229, 361-365 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 116-120, 124-127, 128-132, 137-141; Przemysl, siege and capture by Russians, ii: 26, iii: 123, 125, 127, 134, 292, xi: 16; successful Teuton counter-offensive in Galicia under Mackensen, May, '15, ii: 26, 233, 360 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 135-137, 294-296, vi: 258, 311; Warsaw, German attacks on and capture, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138; Brusiloff's offensive in Galicia, '16, ii: 42-44, 235, iii: 141-145; Russian collapse, '17, ii: 54, 340 (Ludendorff on), iii: 146, 267-270 (Gen. Denikin's report), v: 113, vi: 157, 164; campaigns in Caucasus and Armenia, ii: 91-92, iii: 260-263, vi: 331, xi: 29; capture of Erzerum, Feb. 16, '16, ii: 91, iii: 262-263; effect of invasion of East Prussia on first Marne battle, ii: 227; reasons for weakness of Russian fortresses, ii: 230; Przemysl recaptured by Teuton forces, June 1--2, '15, ii: 234, iii: 136; Lemberg recaptured by Austrians, June 22, '15, ii: 234, iii: 137; topography, iii: 106-109; last Russian offensive in Galicia, July, '17, iii: 146; battle experiences on, iii: 316; activities of A. E. F. against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; _see also_ East Prussia; Galicia; Mazurian Lakes; Poland.

Russky, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading Galicia, iii: 119.

Ruthenians, clash with Poles for control of eastern Galicia, vi: 217, 248; cultural freedom under Austrian rule, vi: 241; attempts at forced Russification during Russian occupation of Galicia, vi: 243.

Ryan, Michael J., Irish-American delegate to Peace Conference vi: 66.

S

Saarbrücken, British air raid on, Oct. 25, '17, i: 392.

Saarburg, occupied by French, Aug. 17, '14, i: 375.

"Sacred Egoism," Italian foreign policy of, vi: 120.

"Sacred Way, The," highway to Verdun, iii: 50.

Sag paste, developed by U. S. Chemical Warfare Service as protection against mustard gas, v: 324.

Saïd Pasha Zagloul, Egyptian Nationalist leader, vi: 70.

Sailly-Saillisel, objective in Somme battle, '16, iii: 58.

St. Benoit, captured by 42nd Div., Sept. 13, '18, v: 211.

St. Dunstan's Home for British blind, vii: 259.

St. Etienne, captured by 71st Brig., Oct. 8, '18, v: 257.

St. Gobain, German defensive system captured by Allies in last drive, '18, ii: 214, xi: 52; Germans bombard Paris from Forest of, iii: 88, viii: 45-47.

_St. Louis_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

St. Maurice Ridge, captured by 27th Div., v: 296.

St. Mihiel, occupied by Germans, Sept. 26, '14, i: 376, iii: 37, v: 199; recaptured and salient wiped out by A. E. F., Sept. 12--15, '18, ii: 84, iii: 99, v: 65-72, 199-212, 384-386 (Pershing's report), xi: 46; strategic importance of A. E. F. operations, ii: 84, v: 200, 208, 384, 385-386; strength of A. E. F, and French troops attacking, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 203, 385, 386; German prisoners captured in operations against, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 208, 212, 386; German artillery captured at, Sept., '18, iii: 99, v: 71, 207, 212, 386; Allied casualties in reduction of salient, iii: 99, v: 71, 212, 386; topography of salient, v: 65, 199; list and disposition of A. E. F. and French divisions in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 386; strength of German troops defending sector, Sept., '18, v: 201, 208; strength and activities of Allied air service in drive against, Sept., '18, v: 206, 309, 386; effect of victory on A. E. F. morale, v: 386.

St. Nazaire, debarkation and embarkation port for A. E. F., v: 339, 396.

St. Pierremont, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 3, '18, v: 265.

St. Quentin, German base in France, ii: 86; Germans break through British lines at, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91, 381-390 (Philip Gibbs's account); unsuccessful French attacks on, Mar., '17, iii: 68; captured by British, iii: 101.

St. Quentin Canal, part of Hindenburg Line defenses, v: 292, 301.

St. Remy, captured by 26th Div. in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12, '18, v: 69, 212.

Saionji, Marquis, Japanese statesman, causes fall of Terauchi Cabinet, vi: 388; personal sketch, ix: 92.

Sakharoff, Gen., Russian commander on Galician Front, iii: 142; sent to defend Rumania against German invasion, '16, iii: 221, 223.

Salandra, Antonio, Italian Premier, pro-Ally policy brings Italy into war against Germany, ii: 236-239, vi: 123-126; Cabinet of, forced to resign, June, '16, vi: 127.

Salonika Campaign, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on general military aspects of, ii: _Intro. xix_; Allies fail to defend Rumania, ii: 62; Allies' reasons for undertaking, iii: 201-202; attitude of Greece on Allied occupation of Greek territory, iii: 202, 206; strategy and military operations, iii: 202-213; Allies land first troops, Oct. 3, '15, iii: 202; Allied strength, Oct., '15, iii: 202; Allies driven by Bulgars across Greek frontier, Oct.--Nov., '15, iii: 204-205; Uskub captured by Bulgars, Oct. 9, '15, iii: 204; Allies fortify Salonika position, iii: 205; Bulgars occupy Greek territory, May, '16, iii: 207; Gen. Sarrail proclaims martial law in Salonika, iii: 207; Allies increase forces, May--Aug., '16, iii: 207; Monastir captured by Allies, Nov. 19, '16, iii: 208-210; Gen. d'Esperey succeeds Gen. Sarrail in command of Allied armies, iii: 212; Allied and Bulgarian strengths, Sept., '18, iii: 212; final Allied offensive crushes Bulgaria and forces surrender, Sept.--Oct., '18, iii: 212-213.

Salvage service, British, activities of, ii: 131; A. E. F., activities of, v: 331, viii: 345-348; general functions, xi: 308-313.

Salvation Army, war work, vii: 379-400; tales of experiences in war service, vii: 379-393; "Ma" Burdick, soldiers' friend, vii: 384; care of soldiers' graves in France, vii: 391; home service, vii: 393; huts and hostel service, vii: 395; clothing bureau, vii: 397; work with A. E. F., vii: 397; as soldiers' forwarding agency, vii: 399; employment bureaus, vii: 399; finances, vii: 400.

Samoa, German, captured by New Zealanders, vi: 38; area and population, xii: 279.

Samogneux, captured by Germans, Feb. 23, '16, iii: 48.

_Samouprava_, Serbian journal, denounces terms of Italian secret treaty with Allies, vi: 361.

Sampler, Sgt. Samuel H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Samsonoff, Gen., commander of Russian forces invading East Prussia, defeated and killed in battle of Tannenberg, Aug., '14, ii: 24, 228, iii: 111-116; Gen. Gourko's account of fate, ii: 228; Ludendorff's account of fate, ii: 355; _see also_ Tannenberg, battle of.

San, battle of the, May 15--17, '15, iii: 136.

_San Diego_, U. S. cruiser sunk by mine, iv: 216.

_San Francisco_, U. S. cruiser used in laying North Sea mine barrage, iv: 326.

San Giovanni di Medua, concentration of Serbian refugees at, iii: 284.

Sanders, Gen. Liman von, head of German Mission in Turkey, iii: 164.

Sandlin, Pvt. Willie, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Sanitation, Red Cross Sanitary Service, vii: 31-32; Division of Sanitation, U. S. Army Medical Corps, war-time activities, vii: 191, 253; prevention of infectious diseases among troops, viii: 392-397; making drinking water safe for army, viii: 394-396; taught by movies in war zone, xi: 89; _see also_ Disease; Infection.

Sanniyat, British repulsed at, in attempt to relieve Kut-el-Amara, iii: 185.

Santos-Dumont, development of aircraft by, xi: 221-223.

Sapieha, Prince Eustace, attempted _coup d'état_ against Pilsudski fails, vi: 222.

Sarajevo, _see_ Serajevo.

Sarrail, Gen., commands a French Army at first Marne battle, ii: 184; defender of Verdun, '14, ii: 188, iii: 303; commander of French forces at Salonika, iii: 62, 202.

Sarre, battle of the, Aug. 18, '14, iii: 18.

Sarre Basin, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 189-194.

Save River, Austrians cross in invading Serbia, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 151.

Savoy, neutralized zone of, Peace Treaty provisions concerning, xii: 262.

Sawelson, Sgt. William, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Saxony, Spartacide revolt in, Feb., '19, vi: 299.

Sayville wireless station, taken over by U. S. Govt., July 8, '15, i: 381.

Sazonov, Serge, resigns as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, July 23, '16, vi: 142; biography, ix: 98-99.

Scandinavia, neutrality, vi: 392.

Scapa Flow, British naval base, iv: 93; German warships interned at, iv: 143.

Scarborough, bombarded by Germans, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

Scarpe sector, British drive on, Aug., '18, ii: 158.

_Scharnhorst_, German cruiser in battle off Coronel, iv: 65, 66; sunk in battle of Falkland Islands, iv: 70, 72, 82 (eye-witness account), xi: 308.

Scheidemann, Philip, leader of German Social-Democratic majority, vi: _Intro. xii_; member of Ebert Government, Nov., '18, vi: 277; elected Chancellor, Feb., '19, vi: 292; biography, ix: 135-138.

Scheldt River, Belgian claims to Dutch territory at mouth of, vi: 89; strategic position, vi: 375.

Schleswig, Danish attitude toward, vi: 393; plebiscite provisions of Peace Treaty for, vi: 394, xii: 204.

Schlieffen, Gen. Count von, author of plan of German campaigns, Aug., '14, ii: 345.

Schmidt, Adm., German commander in battle of Riga Gulf, iv: 366.

Scholz, Walter, accomplice in German plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 371.

School of the soldier, xi: 159; of the squad, xi: 161.

Schools, general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; for children in war zones, xi: 65-66; U. S. Army training schools, _see_ U. S., Army.

Schwab, Charles M., biography and war service, ix: 332-334.

Science, in the War, Field-Marshal Haig's tribute, ii: 124; displaces importance of military strategy, viii: _Intro. vii._

_Scots Wha Hae wi' Wallace Bled_, Scottish national song, xi: 331.

Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101.

"Scrap of paper," Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg's statement on Belgian neutrality, i: 146.

Seaplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.

Sea Scouts, British, coast guard duty, xi: 94.

Sea tanks, Italian, description, iv: 272.

Sebastopol, importance as seaport, ii: 28.

Secours National, American Committee of the, organization and activities, vii: 105; _see also_ War relief.

Sector, defined, v: 14.

Sedan, key-point in German lines of supply, ii: 87; A. E. F. advance on, Nov., '18, iii: 103, v: 92, 269, 391, xi: 53; _see also_ Mézières-Sedan railroad.

Sedd-el-Bahr, fort on Gallipoli, ii: 30, iv: 24, 42; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

_Seeadler_, career as German raider, iv: 198.

_Seed-Time_, poem by Josephine Preston Peabody, vii: 283.

Seeger, Alan, poet-soldier, x: 142.

Seibert, Sgt. Lloyd M., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

Seicheprey, German raid on A. E. F. lines at, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122, xi: 43.

Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, advocates union with Germany, vi: 322.

Seleucia, ruins of ancient Greek capital, in Mesopotamia, iii: 331.

"Self-determination," not recognized in Europe before War, i: 16.

Seligman, Prof. Edwin R. A., on the cost of the War, xii: 105-114.

Selivanoff, Gen., commands Russians besieging Przemysl, iii: 132.

Selle, battle of the, Aug. 19, '14, iii: 18.

Semenoff, Gen., Cossack commander under Kolchak, vi: 192.

Semmer, Marcelle, French heroine, story of, x: 181.

_Send Out the Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Senegalese, description as fighters, x: 116.

Senlis, German atrocities at, iii: 334-337.

Senussi, Moslem league, invades Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.

Septsarges Wood, fighting at, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 224.

Serajevo, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and consort murdered at, i: 111, vi: 306, xi: 4; attacked by Serbians, Sept., '14, iii: 153.

Serapeum, Turkish attack near, in advance on Suez, iii: 190.

Serbia, Balkan ambitions in conflict with Austrian interests, i: 110, vi: 306, 354-357, 363; Austria charges with responsibility for murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, i: 112, 246; Austrian ultimatum to, July 23, '14, i: 112, 375; conciliatory reply to Austrian ultimatum, i: 113; Russian pledge of aid against Austria, July 27, '14, i: 114; Austria declares war on, July 28, '14, i: 115, 243, 375; Austrian reasons for war against, i: 243, ii: 27, 33; anti-Austrian societies, i: 244; declares war on Germany, Aug. 9, '14, i: 375; Bulgaria declares war on, Oct. 14, '15, i: 382; conquest of, by Teutonic allies, ii: 32-36, iii: 148-160, 281-286, 393-400, vi: 357-358, xi: 18; Allies refuse aid against conquest by Central Powers, ii: 35, iii: 156, 393, 400; Allies prevent attack by, on Bulgaria, ii: 36, iii: 156; unprepared for war, iii: 148, vii: 146; lack of artillery and ammunition, iii: 148, 393; size, organization, and fighting qualities of army, iii: 148, vii: 144; topography, iii: 150; generalship during War, iii: 150; typhus epidemics, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148; retreat into Albania, '15, iii: 158-160, 281-286, 400, vi: 357-358, vii: 151-158; army and government take refuge at Corfu, iii: 160, 286; effect of defeat on Allied cause, iii: 160; casualties during retreat into Albania, iii: 284, vi: 358; American and Allied relief work in, iii: 398, vii: 109, 144-168; prisoners of war, iii: 404; total war casualties, iii: 404, xii: 288; early history, vi: 354; Austrophile policy, vi: 355; Russophile policy, vi: 355; anti-Austrian expressions by press, vi: 356; clash with Italy over Fiume and eastern Adriatic coast, vi: 360-363, 364-370; statement of war aims, vi: 363; letters of appreciation for American relief, vii: 158-166; debt to U. S., xii: 18; money equivalent of man-power lost, xii: 25; value of property loss, xii: 26; war cost, July, '14--Oct., '18, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; _see also_ Jugoslavs.

_Serbia_, poem by Florence Earle Coates, vi: 353.

Sergy, captured by 42nd Div., July, '18, v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.

Serieux Farm, captured by 181st Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Seringes-et-Nesles, captured by 42nd Div., v: 59, 188; Gen. Degoutte commends A. E. F. for services at, v: 192.

Serre, evacuated by Germans, Feb. 24, '17, iii: 64.

Services of Supply (S. O. S.), _see_ U. S., Army.

Seven Weeks' War, between Prussia and Austria, 1866, i: 41.

_Severn_, British monitor, in attack on German cruiser _Königsberg_, iv: 195, 282; description, iv: 281.

_Seydlitz_, German cruiser in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Shabatz, Austrians cross into Serbia at, Aug., '14, iii: 151.

Shantung, Germany gains forced concessions in, 1897, i: 82; Japan's desire for, iv: 367, vi: 382, 385; Japanese demands for, at Peace Conference, xii: 160; German rights in, transferred to Japan by Peace Treaty, xii: 209; _see also_ Kiau-Chau.

Shell-shock, treatment, vii: 179, viii: 368-369.

Shells, _see_ Ammunition.

Shipping, British position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; German position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 282; U. S. position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; controversy between U. S. and Great Britain on seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; list of American ships attacked by German U-boats, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; list of sinkings by German raider _Emden_, iv: 189; tales of heroic captains of merchant ships, x: 322-324; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; statistics on world tonnage, Aug., '14--Dec., '17, xii: 91; statistics on losses, Aug., 14--Dec., '17, xii: 92; neutral, chartered by U. S. for war service, xii: 98; war-time increase in neutral, xii: 100; Peace Treaty provisions for replacement by Germany of Allied shipping destroyed, xii: 222; Peace Treaty provisions on privileges to be granted to Allied shipping by Germany, xii: 230; _see also_ Germany, Blockade of; Submarine Warfare.

"Shock" troops, German, viii: 144.

Shotgun, use in modern warfare, viii: 114-116.

Shrapnel, compared with high explosive shell, ii: 287, viii: 8; invention, viii: 72; description, viii: 72; manufacture, viii: 72-74; _see also_ Ammunition.

Siam, delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 180; German rights in, surrendered under Peace Treaty, xii: 208.

Siberia, Russian expansion in, i: 20; early history, vi: 189; relations with Russia, vi: 189; movement for autonomy, vi: 189; Bolsheviki suppress Duma, vi: 189; anti-Bolshevik elements form All-Russian Government at Omsk, vi: 191; "Coöperatives," nature of, vi: 191; Gen. Horvath sets up bourgeois government at Harbin, vi: 192; Czecho-Slovak prisoners in, form anti-Bolshevik army, vi: 192; Vladivostok captured by Czecho-Slovaks, June, '18, vi: 192; unofficial Allied intervention, vi: 192; intervention in, by U. S. troops, vi: 192-193; reactionary factions gain control, vi: 193; Kolchak makes himself dictator, vi: 194; anarchy and civil war, vi: 194; Japanese policy in regard to, vi: 386; American Y.M.C.A. in, vii: 293.

Sibert, Maj.-Gen. William L., commander of first American forces in France, June, '17, v: 106.

Sidi Ahmed, heads Moslem forces invading Egypt, Nov., '15, iii: 190.

Sidi Barrani, occupied by British, Feb., '16, iii: 191.

Siebs, Paul, share in German plot to blow up ships at sea, x: 373.

Siegfried Line, _see_ Hindenburg Line.

Signalling, means of, viii: 322; work of U. S. Army Signal Corps in France, viii: 322-329; use of pigeons in, viii: 328; _see also_ U. S. Army, Signal Corps.

Silesia, Upper, awarded to Poland by Peace Conference pending plebiscite, vi: 226.

Silistria, retaken by Bulgaria, vi: 344.

Silver, rise in value, due to War, xii: 32.

Sims, Adm. William Snowden, biography, ix: 291-293.

Sinai Desert, Turkish advance through, against Suez, iii: 191.

Sinn Fein, _see_ Ireland.

_Sirius_, British cruiser in Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262.

Siwa, captured by British, Feb. 5, '17, iii: 191.

Sixtus, Prince, of Bourbon-Parma, letter of Emperor Charles to, making peace offer to Allies, Mar., '17, ii: 63, vi: 315.

Sjorgen self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.

Skinker, Capt. Alexander R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Skobelev, Minister of Labor in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.

Skoda howitzers, viii: 22; _see also_ Artillery.

Skoropadski, Gen., Cossack dictator in Ukraine, vi: 247.

Slack, Pvt. Clayton K., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Slang, soldiers', expressions of, xi: 362.

Slavs, distribution and culture, i: 238; in Austro-Hungarian empire, vi: 306-307; antagonism to Latins, vi: 359; antagonism to Teutons, vi: 360; _see also_ Jugoslavs; Pan-Slavism; Russia; Serbia.

Slovaks, _see_ Bohemia; Czechoslovakia.

_Smile, Smile, Smile_, American soldiers' song, xi: 335.

Smith, Lieut.-Col. Frederick E., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Smith, Maj.-Gen. W. R., commander, 36th Div., July, '18, v: 196.

Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, commander of British Second Corps, ii: 162, 174; Viscount French's criticism of, for fighting Le Cateau battle, Aug. 26, '14, ii: 162-164, 174; Sir Henry Newbolt's account of stand at Le Cateau, ii: 174-182; Viscount French's praise of, for stand at Le Cateau, iii: 28.

Smoke screen, uses in naval warfare, iv: 311.

Smoke shells, use in covering infantry advance, ii: 126.

Smokeless powder, _see_ Ammunition.

Smuggling of war supplies into Germany, xii: 100.

Smuts, Gen. Jan Christaan, sent by Peace Conference on mission to Hungary, vi: 326; biography, ix: 187-190; advocate of League of Nations, ix: 190, xii: 155.

Sneezing gas, use in chemical warfare, viii: 171.

Snowden, Philip, British Labor Party leader, indorses Bolshevist peace aims, vi: 12; defeated in Parliamentary elections, '18, vi: 17.

Socialism, fallacy of, i: _Intro. xi_; Socialists, _see_ under country.

Soissons, occupied by Germans, May 29, '18, ii: 154, iii: 93; Allied drive against, in Aisne-Marne counter-offensive, July 18--21, '18, v: 130, 158-183; recaptured by French, Aug. 2, '18, v: 188.

Soldau, captured by Russians, Aug., '14, iii: 111; recaptured by Germans, Aug., '14, iii: 114.

_Soldier, The_, poem by Rupert Brooke, x: _facing p_. 1.

Soldiers' and Workmen's Councils, in Germany, rise, vi: 280, 283; dissolution ordered by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283.

Soldiers' Committees, in Russia, cause of army demoralization, iii: 268.

Soldiers' Councils, of Austria, vote against soviet form of government, Apr. 10, '19, vi: 320; seize control of Vienna, Apr. 18, '19, vi: 321.

Soldier's creed, xi: 170.

Soldiers' songs, xi: 335-339.

Somme, battles of: July--Sept., '16, ii: 44-47, 148, iii: 55-62, 63, 64, xi: 24; Allies' aims, ii: 44, iii: 55; battle line at start, ii: 46; results, ii: 46-47 (Haig's report), iii: 56, 61, 63; loss of German morale, ii: 47; effect on battle of Verdun, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314; British artillery at, ii: 126; Foch in command of French, ii: 148; Inter-Allied Conference decides on unified offensive, Mar., '16, iii: 55; Allied man-power, iii: 55; amount of ammunition used, iii: 56; description of initial bombardment by John Buchan, July 1, '16, iii: 57; Allies' first objectives, iii: 58; Maurepas captured by French, iii: 58; Pozières captured by British, iii: 59; Thiepval stormed by British, iii: 59; Combles evacuated by Germans, iii: 59; works of tanks at, iii: 59, 64; Germans captured, iii: 60; extent of battle area, iii: 61; casualties, German and Allied, iii: 61; a "blood-bath" for Germans, iii: 63; effect on Germany, iii: 63; importance, iii: 63. Mar.--Apr., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-151, 190-197, iii: 86-91, 381-390 (Philip Gibbs's account of German break through British lines); German method of attack, iii: 88; Albert captured by Germans, iii: 89; results in establishment of Allied unity of command under Foch, iii: 89; British casualties, iii: 390.

Sommerance, captured by 1st Div., Oct. 11, '18, v: 248.

Sommerville sector, held by Americans, '17, v: 111.

_Song of the Dardanelles_, poem by D'Annunzio, ix: 343.

Sonnino, Baron Sidney, advocates Italy's entry into War on side of Allies, ii: 236, vi: 120, 123; becomes Italian Foreign Minister, vi: 120; insists on fulfillment of secret treaty with Allies, vi: 362, 366; policy at Peace Conference, vi: 369; biography, ix: 82-85.

Sothern, E. H., helps organize Over-There Theater League, vii: 339.

Souchez, captured by French, Sept. 26, '15, iii: 46.

Souchon, Adm., Commander of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_, iv: 14.

South Africa, Union of, forces under Gen. Botha conquer German Southwest Africa, '14--'15, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; strength of army, iii: 405; war casualties, iii: 405; formation after Boer War, vi: 47; British policy in, vi: 47; political parties and policies, vi: 47-49; Gen. Botha leader of loyal Afrikander Party, vi: 47; Unionists, vi: 47; Gen. Hertzog organizes Nationalist Party, vi: 47-49; Nationalists oppose participation in War, vi: 49; Boer rebellion under Maritz and De Wet suppressed by Botha, '14, vi: 49-50; parliamentary elections of '15 show strong anti-British sentiment, vi: 50-52; Nationalists' attitude prevents conscription, vi: 52; Nationalists send delegation to Peace Conference to plead for independence, vi: 52; war cost, Aug., '14--Mar., '19, xii: 107; rise in public debt, xii: 114; delegates to Peace Conference, xii: 179.

South Pacific Islands, German, acquired by Australia, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Southwest Africa, German, conquered by Allies, iii: 253-255, vi: 50; area and population, xii: 279.

Soviet, _see_ Bavaria; Bolshevism; Hungary; Russia; Saxony; Spartacides.

Spad biplane, viii: 194.

Spahis, description, xi: 189.

Spain, as a naval power, i: 28; loss of colonial empire, i: 35; international position in '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality during War, vi: 370; growing dislike for Germans, vi: 371; war-time prosperity, vi: 372; German propaganda in, xii: 101.

Spartacides, German, beginnings, vi: 260; leaders, vi: 278; excluded by Ebert from Provisional Government, Nov., '18, vi: 278; urge social revolution, vi: 279; allied with Russian Bolsheviki, vi: 280-281; program rejected by Central Council of Delegates, Dec., '18, vi: 283; plan revolution against government of Majority Socialists, vi: 283; insurrection of Jan., '19, vi: 287-290; Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg killed, vi: 289; defeated in elections for National Assembly, Jan., '19, vi: 290; instigate labor strikes, vi: 294; establish Soviet in Munich, Feb., '19, vi: 298, 300-301; establish Soviet in Leipzig, Feb., '19, vi: 299; second Berlin insurrection suppressed by Noske, Mar., '19, vi: 299-300; _see also_ Germany, Internal politics.

Spee, Adm. Count Maximilian, commander of German Far East Squadron, strategy of operations, iv: 59-62; defeats British in battle off Coronel, Nov. 1, '14, iv: 64-69; biography, ix: 306-309.

Sperry gyro-compass, viii: 348.

Spheres of influence, of Great Powers, i: 18.

Spies, German, in United States, x: 326-348, 350; in England, x: 348; the "spy mill," x: 355; disclosure of tank secret by Mata-Hari, x: 360; dynamiting of Canadian railroad bridge, x: 368; plot to blow up Allied ships, x: 369-377; within French lines, x: 379.

_Spires of Oxford_, poem by Winifred M. Letts, xi: 210.

Spitaals-Bosschen, captured by 91st Div., Oct. 31, '18, v: 279.

Sports, in A. E. F., at Winchester Camp, vii: 288; in Army of Occupation, vii: 293; general athletic program under Y. M. C. A., vii: 313-317.

Springfield rifle, standard arm of U. S. troops before War, v: 347; reason for abandonment during War and adoption of British type, v: 347, viii: 96; comparison of new U. S. type with, viii: 102-105; _see also_ Rifles.

Spruce, use in aircraft construction, viii: 308.

_Srpska Narodna Himna_, Serbian national anthem, xi: 328.

Stage Women's War Relief, organization and activities, vii: 343-349.

Stanislau, captured by Austrians, Feb., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Russians, Mar., '15, iii: 132; recaptured by Austrians, June, '15, iii: 136.

Star shells, iv: 334, viii: 334.

_Star-spangled Banner_, American national anthem, xi: 325.

Stark, Col. Alexander, Chief Surgeon, First Army, v: 346.

Stefanik, Gen., member of Czechoslovak provisional government, vi: 399.

Stenay, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Stern, Lieut.-Col. Sir A. G., share in development of tanks, viii: 155.

Stock Exchange, New York, effect of War on, xii: 32.

Stokes, Anson Phelps, Secretary of Yale University, educational survey of A. E. F., vii: 281.

Stokes mortar, use as "artillery of accompaniment," viii: 141.

Stone, Lieut.-Com. A. J., inventor of "Y" gun for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.

Stonne, captured by 77th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.

Storage tanks built by A. E. F. Engineers in France, v: 334.

_Storstad, S. S._, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229.

_Strassburg_, German cruiser in battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Strategy, of the War, Maj.-Gen. Maurice on, ii: _Intro. vii-xxiv_; Allied miscalculation of German strength, Aug., '14, ii: _Intro. vii_; British policy of combined land and naval attack, ii: _Intro. viii_; factors in formation of British military policy, ii: _Intro. viii_; importance of Eastern and Western theaters of war compared, ii: _Intro. x-xxiii_, 11-14, 87-90, 171-172 (Field-Marshal French's opinion); Lloyd George favors aggressive campaign against Austria, ii: _Intro. x, xx_; comparative advantages for Allies of Dardanelles and Austrian campaigns, ii: _Intro. xii_; advantageous position of Central Powers, ii: _Intro. xiii_; comparison of, in World War with that of Civil War, ii: _Intro. xiii_; value of Mesopotamian campaign, ii: _Intro. xvi_, 87-90; reasons for British campaign in Palestine, ii: _Intro. xviii, xxi_, 87-90; British position in secondary theaters of war, '17, ii: _Intro. xix_; advisability of Salonika expedition, ii: _Intro. xix_; Allies' problem, ii: _Intro. xxi_; Allies at strategical advantage, Aug., '18, ii: _Intro. xxiii_; general German war plans, '14, ii: 1-6, iv: 4-6, viii: 133; French plans, '14, ii: 6-11; German mistake in attacking France instead of Russia first, Aug., '14, ii: 11-16; probable results of a vigorous German offensive against Russia in '14, ii: 13; economic strategy, Allied blockade and German U-boat warfare, ii: 16-22; absence of unified Allied plan prior to '16, ii: 40; German battle positions compared with Allied, ii: 41; Allied plan for overcoming German advantage of position, ii: 41; German plans for '17, ii: 53; Allied plans for '17, ii: 54; reasons for German offensive of '18 and choice of front, ii: 63-69, 288; object of war, ii: 68; choice of Picardy front by Germans for final drive, '18, ii: 69; importance of Amiens, ii: 69; German operations in final drive, spring, '18, ii: 70-80, 97; Foch's defense against German drive, spring, '18, ii: 76, 77; theories of Foch on, ii: 80-82, 103-110, 137; destruction of opposing army the essential, ii: 80; of Foch, in Allied counter-offensive, July--Nov., '18, ii: 82-87, 97, v: 213; Allied, in Turkey, ii: 87-94; causes for failure of German war plans, ii: 99; German in '14, compared with that in wars of 1866 and 1870, ii: 115; necessity of frontal attacks on Western Front, ii: 116; Field-Marshal Haig's theories on, ii: 118-120; war of position on Western Front, ii: 148; task of Allied reserves during German offensive, '18, ii: 151; Russian war plans, explained by Chief of Staff Gen. Gourko, ii: 225; Germans defeated in open warfare, '18, ii: 288-290; importance of Bagdad railway, ii: 290; defined, iv: 1; relation of naval, to land, iv: 2; offensive defined, iv: 4; essentials of naval, iv: 4; criticism of Allied lack of action in Mediterranean, iv: 13; British and German aims in North Sea, iv: 86; Lord Fisher's criticism of British, iv: 140; German alternatives, '17--'18, v: 3; old-fashioned studies useless in present War, v: 40; _see also_ campaign, engagement, or front; Foch; Germany; Tactics.

Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U. S. mine laying operations, iv: 328.

Stretchers, improved types, viii: 377.

Strong, Maj.-Gen. Frederick S., commander 40th Div., Aug., '18, v: 197.

Strong, Dr. Richard P., in charge of U. S. typhus relief in Serbia, iii: 398, vii: 148.

Strumnitza, French headquarters established at, Oct., '15, iii: 204.

Stryj, captured by Germans June 1, '15, iii: 136.

Strypa River, crossed by Russians June 8, '16, iii: 144.

Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick, British commander at Battle of Falklands, iv: 69, ix: 308.

Stürgkh, Carl, Austrian Premier, killed, Oct. 21, '14, vi: 312.

Stürmer, Boris, Russian cabinet member, German agent, ii: 59; succeeds Goremykin as Premier, vi: 140; becomes Foreign Minister, vi: 142; dismissed from office under charges of treason, vi: 142.

Stuttgart, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 22, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

Sub-chaser _No. 28_, experiences when disabled at sea, iv: 352-354.

Sublime Porte, name for Turkish Foreign Office, i: 90.

Submarines, development and early history, iv: 201-205, xi: 241-245; voyage of German commerce submarine _Deutschland_ across Atlantic, iv: 214, x: 271-274; life aboard, iv: 235-239; greatest achievement of War, viii: _Intro. viii_; description, viii: 264-266; _see also_ name of submarine.

Submarine warfare, Lansing's proposal for regulation of, i: 281, 327; comment of London _Times_ on Lansing proposal, i: 282; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; Germany announces blockade of Great Britain, effective Feb. 18, '15, i: 314, 358, ii: 21, iv: 217, vi: 256; controversy between U. S. and Germany over, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary, with list of ships sunk, Aug., '14--Apr., '16), iv: 223; President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note, i: 317; American ship _William P. Frye_ sunk, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319; _Falaba_ sunk, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218; American tanker _Gulflight_ torpedoed, May 1, '15, i: 319, 358, iv: 218; German warning to neutrals to keep off Allied ships, May 1, '15, i: 319; _Lusitania_ sunk, May 7, '15, i: 319, 358, 362-365 (Lord Mersey's official report), iv: 220; controversy between U. S. and Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; American steamer _Nebraskan_ attacked, May 25, '15, i: 320; _Arabic_ sunk, Aug. 19, '15, i: 323, 360, iv: 223; Germany pledges to warn before sinking, i: 325, 361; _Hesperian_ torpedoed, Sept. 4, '15, i: 325; controversy between U. S. and Austria-Hungary over sinking of _Ancona_, Nov. 8, '15, i: 326, 361, iv: 223; Germany to sink armed merchantmen without warning, Mar. 1, '16, i: 327; British passenger steamer _Sussex_ sunk, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20; U. S. threatens to sever relations with Germany over _Sussex_ sinking, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for _Sussex_ sinking, i: 333; activities of _U-53_ off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334; freighter _Marina_ sunk, Oct. 28, '16, i: 334; _Arabia_ sunk, Nov. 6, '16, i: 334; Germany declares unrestricted warfare, Feb. 1, '17, i: 339, 344, ii: 22, 272, 306-307 (Ludendorff's account of decision), iv: 223, vi: 265, xi: 35; Bethmann-Hollweg's statement of reasons for unrestricted warfare, i: 344; U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany over, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345; U. S. merchantmen ordered armed, i: 347; American steamer _Algonquin_ sunk without warning, Mar. 2, '17, i: 348; influence of unrestricted warfare in forcing U. S. into War, i, 348, 368, ii: 53; President Wilson's speech before Congress, stating case against Germany and asking for declaration of war, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; list of American ships attacked, i: 356; list of ships sunk with loss of American lives, i: 357; _Persia_ sunk, Dec. 30, '15, i: 361, iv: 224; effectiveness, ii: _Intro. xvii_, 22, 54, iv: 239; German purpose in, ii: 22, 53, iv: 7-8, 140; British drive against German submarine bases, '17, ii: 56; Ludendorff on failure of ruthlessness, ii: 308; efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 318; methods of combating, iv: _Intro. xi_, 284-287, 304-317, 324-334, viii: 17-20, 266-282, 343-344, xi: 239; North Sea mine barrage, iv, _Intro. xi_, 324-330, viii: 274; _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, and _Hogue_ sunk by _U-9_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205, x: 274-280; exploits of British submarine _E-9_, iv: 207; exploits of British submarines in Dardanelles, iv: 209-212; _Laconia_ sunk, Feb. 25, '17, iv: 225; Belgian Relief ship _Storstad_ torpedoed, Mar. 8, '17, iv: 229; _Alnwick Castle_ sunk without warning, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 230; hospital ships sunk without warning, iv: 232; _Belgian Prince_ sunk July 31, '17, iv: 232; use of air- and sea-planes for detecting U-boats, iv: 284-287; net traps, iv: 305-307, 308, viii: 274; torpedoes, description and method of use by U-boats, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-248; depth-bombs as anti-submarine weapon, iv: 307, 312, 317, 330-332, viii: 281-282, xi: 239; nets across British Channel, iv: 307, viii: 274; use and description of sound-detecting devices for locating U-boats, iv: 308-310, viii: 17-20, 279-281; zigzagging, iv: 310; smoke screen, iv: 311; camouflaging ships, iv, 311, viii: 343; arming merchant ships, iv: 314, viii: 278; U. S. transport _Tuscania_ torpedoed, iv: 336; U. S. transport _Covington_ sunk, July, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport _Mount Vernon_ torpedoed, Sept. 5, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport _Antilles_ torpedoed, Oct. 17, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport _Finland_ torpedoed, Oct. 27, '17, iv: 337; U. S. transport _President Lincoln_ sunk, May 31, '18, iv: 337, 340; U. S. destroyer _Cassin_ torpedoed, iv: 343; U. S. destroyer _Jacob Jones_ sunk, Dec. 6, '17, iv: 346; Italian cruisers _Amalfi_ and _Garibaldi_ sunk, iv: 369; French cruiser _Léon Gambetta_ sunk by Austrian U-boat, iv: 373; French cruiser _Provence II_ sunk, Feb. 26, '16, iv: 376; French battleship _Danton_ sunk, Mar. 19, '17, iv: 376; French anti-submarine campaign, iv: 378; first attack on American convoy, June 22, '17, v: 107; effect on British food supply, vi: 10; effectiveness of destroyers in combating, viii: _Intro. viii_; fantastic proposals for fighting U-boats, viii: 266-274, 276-278; account of experiences by survivor of a rammed U-boat, x: 295-297; value of tonnage sunk, xii: 26; _see also_ Germany, Blockade of; Shipping.

Sudanese, defeated by British, May, '16, iii: 191.

Suez Canal, neutralized, 1888, i: 16; construction of, by French, 1869, i: 48; Great Britain gains control, 1875, i: 48; importance, ii: 27; German designs on, ii: 27; Turkish operations against, ii: 31, iii: 189-192.

_Suffolk_, Adm. Craddock's flagship in West Atlantic, iv: 63.

_Suffren_, French battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; mysterious disappearance, iv: 376.

Sugar, shortage in England, xii: 34; method of war-time distribution in U. S., xii: 46; war-time shortage, xii: 138.

Sugar Equalization Board, U. S., functions, xii: 46.

Sukhomlinov, Russian Minister of War, arrested and disgraced, '15, vi: 136.

Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., placed in command of Fifth Corps, Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 250, 391; as brigadier-general commands 1st Div. at Soissons, July, '18, v: 167; at St. Mihiel, Sept., 318, v: 202; tribute to, by Frederick Palmer, v: 235; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, v: 391.

Sunshine (40th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Supplies, lines of, to field armies, ii: 69.

Support, line of, definition and description, v: 12.

Supreme Naval Council, Allied, formed, Dec. 4, '17, i: 393.

Supreme War Council, Allied, formed, Nov. 9, '17, i: 392, iii: 84.

Surgery, early history, vii: 4-6; in U. S. Army, vii: 219-224; use of X-ray in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376; war-time evolution in methods, viii: 361-365; treatment of head wounds, viii: 365; treatment of face wounds, viii: 366; treatment of body wounds, viii: 366; treatment of blood vessel lesions, viii: 366; treatment of nerve-cord lesions, viii: 366; treatment of fractures, viii: 367; new method of amputation, viii: 367; prevention of gas gangrene, viii: 367; prevention of tetanus infection, viii: 367; Carrel-Dakin treatment, viii: 369-372, xi: 289; artificial arms, viii: 384-388; artificial legs, viii: 388-390; use of ambrine in treatment of burns, viii: 390; reconstructing mutilated faces, viii: 390; artificial eyes for war blind, viii: 391; _see also_ Infection; Medical Science; Reconstruction of disabled; U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Surveillance, line of, definition and description, v: 12.

_Sussex_, British passenger steamer sunk by U-boat, Mar. 24, '16, i: 328, 361, iv: 223, x: 281-288 (survivor's description), xi: 20; U. S. threatens to sever diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of, i: 329-331, 361; German apology for sinking, i: 333.

Suvla Bay, at Gallipoli, Allied landing at, Aug. 7, '15, i: 381, iii: 173; _see also_ Gallipoli Campaign.

Suwalki, Russians cross into East Prussia near, iii: 111; captured by Germans, iii: 116; evacuated by Germans, Oct. 9, '14, iii: 118.

Schwarzlose automatic pistol, description, viii: 90.

Sweden, international position in, '14, i: 62; policy of neutrality, vi: 394; relations with Finland, vi: 395; Crown Princess of, work for war prisoners, vii: 395.

Swierzynski, Joseph, forms Polish cabinet, vi: 219; declares Poland republic, vi: 219.

_Swift_, British destroyer, account of night battle with German destroyers, x: 293-295.

Swift, Maj.-Gen. Eben, commands 82nd Div., June, '18, v: 143.

_Swiftsure_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 33.

Swinton, Maj.-Gen. E. D., on development and war functions of tanks, ii: 273-290; conceives idea of tank as war weapon, Oct., '14, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256.

Switch position, defined, v: 16.

Switzerland, system of citizen army, i: _Intro. xii_; international position, '14, i: 62; policy of armed neutrality during War, i: 140, vi: 379; antagonism between French and German elements, vi: 379-380; implication of Intelligence Dept. of General Staff in unneutral conduct, vi: 380; Foreign Minister Hoffman forced out of office by neutralist sentiment, vi: 380; Gustave Ador heads Foreign Office, vi: 380; Red Cross activities, vi: 380; Geneva designated as seat of League of Nations, vi: 382, xii: 183.

_Sydney_, Australian cruiser, destroys German raider _Emden_, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 185-190.

Synchronizers, for timing machine-gun fire through airplane propeller blades, viii: 86, 190-192, 208-210, 214.

Syria, placed under French control by secret treaties of '16--'17, vi: 334; area and population, xii: 279.

T

Tachometer, aero engine revolution counter, viii: 218.

Tactics, battle of maneuver and of line compared by Foch, ii: 108; new French plan of defense, June, '18, ii: 208; trench warfare and "war of movement," compared by German military critic, ii: 259; German method of attack by infiltration, iii: 386, v: 17-19; French trench defensive organization, v: 12-17; parallel of resistance, v: 12; line of resistance, v: 12; line of surveillance, v: 12; line of support, v: 12; center of resistance, v: 14; adaptation of American divisional organization to French scheme of defense, v: 19-21; elements of limitation in offensives, v: 23; American patrolling activities, v: 27, 117; use of gas-projector batteries by Germans, v: 28; value of villages in stabilized warfare, v: 31; method of overcoming machine-gun nests, v: 39; von Hutier's method of surprise attack, v: 41, viii: 143-145; Gen. Gouraud's system of defense against attack by infiltration, v: 46, 155, viii: 146-148; A. E. F. training for open warfare, v: 114; new German tactics in drive of Mar., '18, v: 161; use of masked machine-gun fire in defensive, v: 287; _see also_ Strategy; Trench warfare; battle or campaign.

Taft, William Howard, statement on U. S. action on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320.

Tagliamento River, reached by Austro-Germans in invasion of Italy, Nov., '17, ii: 58, iii: 248; _see also_ Italian Front.

Tailly, captured by 89th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 264.

Talaat Bey, Turkish Minister of Interior, responsibility for Armenian massacres, vi: 332.

Talley, Sgt. Edward R., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

_Tanine_, Turkish newspaper, comment on Dardanelles expedition, vi: 330.

Tanks, Field-Marshal Haig on effectiveness, ii: 123-124; use in Allied counter-offensive, July 18, '18, ii: 210, 281; development, description, and battle uses, ii: 273-290 (Maj.-Gen. Swinton on), v: 314, viii: 140-143, 148-161, xi: 251-264; German opinion of value, ii: 273-274; invention suggested by American farm tractors, ii: 274, xi: 256; purpose in development of, ii: 275, viii: 140-141, xi: 253-256; Maj.-Gen. Swinton conceives idea for, ii: 276, viii: 155, xi: 256; fore-runners of idea, ii: 276; British experimentation, '15--'16, ii: 277, viii: 155, xi: 257; origin of word "tank," ii: 277; first quantity production begun by British, Feb., '16, ii: 277; first use in action at battle of the Somme, Sept., '16, ii: 277, iii: 59, viii: 141, xi: 251-253; successful surprise attack at battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20, '17, ii: 280, 283, iii: 80, 337-340 (Philip Gibbs's description), viii: 142,156; use in Allied retreat, Mar.--June, '18, ii: 280; British "Whippets," ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262; use in Allied attack at Hamel, July 4, '18, ii: 281, 282; lead in Allied surprise attack at Amiens, Aug. 8, '18, ii: 281; use by Allies in second battle of Cambrai, Sept. 27--Oct. 10, '18, ii: 281; first time manned by Americans, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; development by French, ii: 282, viii: 152-155, xi: 257; German type, ii: 282, viii: 159; effectiveness compared with field artillery, ii: 283; saving of war material in use, ii: 284; casualty rate among troops attacking with, ii: 284; in drive against Soissons, July, '18, v: 177; number in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26, '18, v: 223, 388; number of U. S. tanks in France, v: 350; value as infantry support, viii: 141-143; tank _vs._ machine gun, viii: 150-151; decisive factor in smashing German trench system, viii: 150-152, xi: 261; uses in peace times, viii: 151; French invention for crushing barbed-wire entanglements, viii: 153; Boirault machine, viii: 153; French electric tank, viii: 155; French "baby" Renaults, viii: 156, xi: 260; British and French types compared, viii: 156; U. S. types, viii: 158; requirements for successful tank, viii: 158; future possibilities, viii: 160; account of an American tank-man, x: 58-62; German method of defense against, xi: 264; account of battle between, xi: 265-266; sensation of riding in, xi: 269-270; for U. S. Tank Corps, _see_ U. S., Army.

Tannay, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 268.

Tannenberg, battle of, Hindenburg crushes Russian armies invading East Prussia, Aug., '18, ii: 24-25, 228-229 (Gen. Gourko's account), 353-354 (Ludendorff's comments on), iii: 112-116.

Tardenois salient, strategic aspects, with description of terrain, ii: 210-212, v: 42-43, 58; _see also_ Marne, battles of, July, '18.

Tarnopol, captured by Russians, Sept. 27, '14, iii: 120.

Tatarli, captured by Allies, Oct., 15, iii: 204.

Taube airplanes, record flights by, viii: 206.

Taxation, in paying for cost of War, xii: 108-114; _see also_ under each country.

Tchitcherin, Russian Soviet Commissary for Foreign Affairs, vi: 187.

Tear gas, _see_ Chemical warfare; Chlorpicrin; Zylyl bromide.

Teleferica, Italian aerial cableway in the Alps, viii: 303-306.

Telegraphy, development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 315-318, 320-322; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323, 325.

Telephones, development and use of wireless, in the War, viii: 316-320; U. S. Army system in France, viii: 323-326.

Terauchi, Count, Japanese Prime Minister, militarist policy, vi: 386-388; biography, ix: 90.

Tereschenko, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prince Lvov's coalition cabinet, vi: 160.

Teschen, dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia for possession of, vi: 400.

Tetanus, causes and treatment of, in army, vii: 253, viii: 367, xi: 287.

Teutonic Allies, _see_ Central Powers.

Thann, captured by French, Aug. 7, '14, iii: 16.

Theatricals, for service men, _see_ Entertainment.

Thenault, Capt., French commander of Lafayette Escadrille, iii: 391.

_There Will Come Soft Rains_, poem by Sara Teasdale, ix: 274.

_These Be the Days That Call for Men_, poem by John Trotwood Moore, iii: _Intro. x._

_Thetis_, British cruiser blown up at Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 262, 264.

"They shall not pass," French watchword at Verdun, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21.

Thiaucourt, captured by 2nd Div., Sept. 12, '18, v: 68, 206, 210; American cemetery at, v: 400.

Thiaumont, captured by Germans, June 23, '16, i: 386, iii: 55, 313; recaptured by French, Oct. 24, '16, i: 388, iii: 61.

Thiepval, Allied objective in Somme battle, iii: 58; stormed by British, Sept, 26, '16, iii: 59.

Thomas, Albert, French Socialist leader, on French labor during War, ii: 373-382.

Thomas, J. H., British labor leader, conference with Lloyd George on strike by "Triple Alliance," vi: 22.

Thrasher, Leon, U. S. citizen killed in sinking of _Falaba_ by U-boat, Mar. 28, '15, i: 319.

Three Emperors' League, 1872, i: 95.

_Thuringen_, German battleship, crew first to mutiny, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

_Tiger_, British cruiser, hit at battle of Jutland, iv: 108; in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 246.

Tilsit, occupied by Russians, Aug. 24, '14, iii: 111.

Timber, war uses, viii: 306-309.

Tirailleurs, description, xi: 191.

Tirgu-jiuly, Rumanians defeated at, by Germans, iii: 221.

Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von, share in developing German navy, iv: 363, ix: 301; biography, ix: 298-306; submarine policy, ix: 302.

Tisza, Count Stephan, Hungarian Premier, attitude on War, vi: 306; political opposition to, '16, vi: 311; Rumanian policy assailed in Parliament, vi: 313; biography, ix: 144-147.

T. N. T., _see_ Trinitrotoluol.

Togoland, conquered by Allies, Aug.,'14, iii: 252; area and population, xii: 279.

"Tommy Atkins," nickname for British soldier, origin, vi: 230; description as fighting-man, xi: 181-189.

Torcy, location, v: 37, 133; Gen. Degoutte's commendation of A. E. F. fighting at, v: 192; captured by First Corps, July 18, '18, v: 383.

Torpedoes, description and use, iv: 307, viii: 266, xi: 245-258; device for launching from air, iv: 335.

Toul, headquarters of First Army, Aug., '18, v: 193; important fortified city, v: 199.

Toul sector, taken over by A. E. F., Jan. 19, '18, v: 115.

Tours, A. E. F. Air Service Training School at, v: 313; headquarters of S. O. S., v: 332.

Towers, Commander, in command of N-C flying boats on trans-Atlantic flight, viii: 240.

Townshend, Gen. Sir Charles, besieged in Kut-el-Amara by Turks, iii: 183, 318-320, xi: 29; forced to surrender Apr. 29, '16, iii: 183, 319, xi: 29; biography, ix: 194.

Tracer bullets, viii: 211.

Tractors, artillery, U. S., number in use in France, v: 350; supplant horses, viii: 40.

Transloy-Loupart line, captured by British, Mar.,'17, iii: 66.

Transports, Ludendorff's account of German efforts to sink U. S. troopships, ii: 317-318; account by Adm. Gleaves of first expedition of U. S. troops to France, June,'17, iv: 157-162; list of ships carrying U. S. troops across Atlantic for first time, June,'17, iv: 160; equipment and escort of, by U. S. Navy, iv: 160, 165; transportation of A. E. F. overseas, with statistics on number of troops carried and number and nationality of troopships and convoys used, iv: 162-165, v: 285, 379, xii: 94-95, 283; British, statistics on troops carried, iv: 239; U. S., attacked by submarines, accounts of, iv: 335-343.

Transvaal, _see_ South Africa, Union of.

Transylvania, invasion of, by Rumanians, Aug.,'16, ii: 60, iii: 217-218; desire for possession cause of Rumania's entry into War, iii: 214, vi: 349; topography of frontier, iii: 214; Rumanians defeated and expelled from, by Falkenhayn, Sept.--Oct.,'16, iii: 220; attitude of inhabitants to Rumanian invasion, vi: 313.

Trawlers, use in patrol and minesweeping, iv: 292; battle with submarine, iv: 294.

Treaties, Allied agreement not to make separate peace, i: 146; treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany, Mar.,' 18, ii: 63, 273, vi: 183, 268; Quadruple Treaty (Treaty of London) between Italy and Allies, price for Italian participation in War, Apr., '15, vi: 122, 361; Trotzky publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183, ix: 118; secret agreements among Allies for partition of Turkey, '16--'17, vi: 334; agreement between Rumania and Allies as price for Rumanian entry into War, '16, vi: 349; treaty of Bucharest between Rumania and Central Powers, May,'17, vi: 352; pre-War agreements between Germany and Allies revived by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 231; agreements among Central Powers abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Rumania abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; treaties between Germany and Russia abrogated by Treaty of Versailles, xii: 232; _see also_ Alliances; Peace Treaty with Germany, Versailles, '19.

Trebizond, captured by Russians, Apr. 18,'16, ii: 92, iii: 263.

Treitschke, Heinrich von, German historian, exposition of Kultur, i: 66; theory of supremacy of State, i: 148; biography, i: 174; philosophy compared with Carlyle's, i: 175; theory of German greatness, i: 175; hatred for England, i: 175; summary of political philosophy, i: 177; American student's recollection of, i: 178.

_Trench Duty_, poem by Siegfried Sassoon, ix: 282.

Trench feet, viii: 396.

Trench warfare, adoption by Germans after retreat from Marne, Sept., '14, ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253; opposed by Field-Marshal French, ii: 171; compared with "war of movement" by German military critic, ii: 259; description of German trench system, ii: 275, viii: 124-130; use of barbed wire as defensive barrier, ii: 276, viii: 136, 152; value of tanks in, ii: 276, viii: 140-143, 150, 161; use of machine guns in, ii: 288, viii: 134-136; life in, iii: 286, x: 65-71, xi: 171-173; French defensive system, v: 12-17; night fighting, viii: 74; reasons for adoption in place of open warfare, viii: 123; kinds of trenches, viii: 123; description of Russian trenches, viii: 123; disadvantages of trenches as defensive system, viii: 129; "pill-boxes," viii: 130-132; use of artillery in, viii: 132-133, 136-141; _see also_ Barbed wire; Machine gun; Tanks.

Trentino, _see_ Italian Front.

Trepov, Russian Premier, forced to resign, '17, vi: 143.

Treves, bombed by French airmen, Sept. 13, '15, i: 382; Oct. 1, '17, i: 392.

_Trevier_, Belgian relief ship sunk by U-boat, iv: 230.

Trieste, unsuccessful Italian offensives against,' 16--'17, ii: 52, 246, iii: 246, xi: 26; promised by Allies to Italy as war prize, vi: 122, 361; American troops landed at, to preserve peace between Italians and Jugoslavs, vi: 366; sinking of Austrian battleships _Wien_ and _Monarch_ in harbor of, by Italians, x: 290.

Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.), composition and explosive properties, viii: 6; American output of, xii: 285.

Triple Alliance, of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formation, 1882, i: 95; terms, i: 95; military strength, i: 95; solidity of union between Germany and Austria, i: 208; Italian position in, i: 255; French estimate of, ii: 4; repudiated by Italy, ii: 48, vi: 115; _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.

Triple Entente, of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formation, i: 98, 106; not a treaty-bound alliance, i: 103, 218; Franco-Russian treaty of July,'12, i: 107; Anglo-French agreement for united action against "third power," Nov., '12, i: 107, 220; attitude to outbreak of War, i: 129; agreement not to make separate peace, Aug. 4,'14, i: 146; German estimate of military effectiveness, ii: 2; _see also_ Foreign policy, under name of country.

Tripoli, Turkish territory in north Africa, seized by Italy, i: 109; town in Syria, captured by Allies, Oct.,'18, iii: 199.

Tritton, Sir William, share in developing tank as fighting machine, viii: 155, xi: 257.

_Triumph_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31; sunk by U-boat, May 26, '15, iv: 50.

Trois Fontaines, conference between Marshal Foch and Secretary Baker at, Oct. 4, '18, xii: 285.

Tronsol Farm, captured by 182nd Brig., Sept. 28, '18, v: 229.

Trophies of War, Peace Treaty provisions for return of, by Germany, to France, xii: 225.

Trotzky, Leon, becomes Commissary of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russia, Nov., '17, vi: 181; publishes Russian secret treaties, vi: 183; as Minister of War raises Red Army, vi: 185; biography, ix: 116-119; bibliography, ix: 119.

Troubridge, Adm., takes charge of Serb refugees at Medua, iii: 284; in command of British naval forces in Mediterranean, Aug., '14, iv: 13.

Trugny Wood, evacuated by Germans, July 24, '18, v: 186.

Tsing Tau, _see_ Kiau-Chau.

Tuilerie Farm, captured by 42nd Div., Oct., 15, '18, v: 252.

Turkestan, Republic of, established, Jan., '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Turkey: Army, Germanization under von der Goltz, i: 207; organization, iii: 164; Liman von Sanders appointed to reorganize, vi: 330; for military operations, _see_ Caucasus; Gallipoli Campaign; Mesopotamian Campaign; Palestine; Suez Canal. Casualties, total in War, iii: 404; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; battle deaths, xii: 288. Declarations of war, renewal of age-old struggle between Europe and Asia, i: 11; by Russia against, Oct. 30, '14, i: 376; by France and Great Britain against, Nov. 5, '14, i: 378; Holy War declared against Allies, Nov. 17, '14, i: 376, ii: 31, vi: 330, xi: 14; by Italy against, Aug. 21, '15, i: 381; on Rumania, Aug. 29, '16, i: 386; diplomatic relations with U. S. severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; strategic victory for Germany, ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28; welcomed by Russia, vi: 134; welcomed by Turkish press, vi: 330. Foreign relations, extraterritorial rights for foreigners withdrawn, i: 18; continuance as European Power assured by Paris Conference, 1856, i: 39; international position, '14, i: 63; subjugation and misrule of Christian races, i: 89-93, iv: 17-18; settlement of Congress of Berlin, 1878, i: 93; pre-War relations with Germany, i: 98, 207, vi: 328-330; strategic importance as Germanic ally, ii: _Intro. viii_, 27-28, 87-90; Dardanelles closed, Sept.,'14, ii: 28; escape of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_ into Turkish waters and their purchase by Turkey, iv: 14-17, vi: 330; Allied agreements for partition, vi: 334; Demotika ceded to Bulgaria, vi: 344; dispute with Bulgaria, '18, vi: 345. Internal affairs, form of government, i: 90; constitution proclaimed, 1839, i: 92; Young Turk revolution, '08, i: 109; Armenian massacres, iii: 405, vi: 331-333; war sentiment, vi: 330; Arab revolt, '16, vi: 333. Navy, purchase of German cruisers _Goeben_ and _Breslau_, iv: 16-17, vi: 330; strength, iv: 50. Peace negotiations, capitulation, and armistice with Allies, Oct. 31, '18, ii: 94, vi: 334. Prisoners of war, iii: 404. War cost, Nov., '14--Oct., '19, xii: 107; rise in national debt, xii: 114.

Turner, Corp. Harold L., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

Turner, 1st Lieut. William S., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

Turner, William Thomas, captain of torpedoed _Lusitania_, i: 362.

_Turtle_, submarine used in American Revolution, iv: 201.

_Tuscania_, U. S. transport torpedoed, Feb. 5, '18, i: 393, iv: 336.

Tutrakan, captured by Bulgarians, Sept. 6, '16, iii: 218.

Typhoid, U. S. Army statistics, vii: 195; immunization against, vii: 246, 253, viii: 393; manufacture of anti-typhoid vaccine, viii: 393.

Typhus, epidemic of, in Serbia, iii: 155, 398-400, vi: 357, vii: 148.

_Tyulen_, Russian submarine, captures Turkish transport in Black Sea, iv: 366.

U

_U-9_, German submarine, sinks British cruisers _Aboukir_, _Cressy_, _Hogue_, Sept. 22, '14, iv: 205.

_U-15_, first German submarine sunk in War, iv: 305.

_U-29_, German submarine, rammed by British battleship _Dreadnought_, Mar., '15, iv: 305.

_U-53_, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, Oct., '16, i: 334, iv: 216.

_U-58_, German submarine, captured by U. S. destroyers _Fanning_ and _Nicholson_, iv: 349.

_U-117_, German submarine, activities off U. S. coast, '18, iv: 216.

U-boats, _see_ Submarines; Submarine warfare.

Udine, bombed by Austrian airmen, Nov. 19, '15, i: 382; captured by Austro-Germans, Oct., '17, iii: 247.

Uhlans, German cavalry, description, xi: 196.

Ukraine, early history, vi: 239-241; pre-War movement for independence, vi: 241-243; Russian attempts at suppression of nationalist feeling, vi: 243; autonomy proclaimed, June 24, '17, vi: 243; movement for establishment of federal Russia, vi: 244; struggle with Bolsheviki, vi: 244-246, 248; conclusion of separate peace with Germans at Brest-Litovsk, vi: 246-247; revolt against German domination, '18, vi: 247-248; war with Poland for possession of Cholm, vi: 248; population and area, xii: 279.

Ulianov, Vladimir, _see_ Lenin, Nicolai.

Ulster, _see_ Ireland.

Uniforms, military, invisibility of French, ii: 286; invisibility of German, ii: 286, iii: 272 (description by Richard Harding Davis).

United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain.

United States: Army, morale, i: 369, v: _Intro. xii_, 9, 71-72; National Army ordered mobilized, Aug. 13, '17, i: 390; strength in France, Mar., '18, ii: 66, v: 380; nearing end of offensive force at Armistice, ii: 98; A. E. F. put at disposal of Foch by Pershing, Mar. 28, '18, ii: 152, v: 120, 380; transportation overseas, with statistics on rate and means of, ii: 317 (Ludendorff's comment on), iv: 10-12, 157-165 (Adm. Gleaves' account of first convoy across Atlantic), v: 106, 128, 284, 373-379 (Pershing's report), xii: 94-95, 283, Ludendorff's opinion of fighting qualities, ii: 326; first contingent arrives in France, June 26, '17, iii: 83, iv: 162, v: 106; first shot fired against Germans, Oct. 23, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; first American prisoners captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; on Italian Front, iii: 249, v: 394; total strength, iii: 403, xii: 280-281, 282; strength overseas, iii: 403, 405, v: 128, xii: 280-281, 282, 287; combat value, v: 4; training in France, v: 6-12, 100, 102-106, 107-108, 111-113, 114-119, 233, 312, 314, 325, 327, 373-378 (Pershing's report on arrangements with French and British), xi: 171-173, _see also_ under each Division; living conditions in France, v: 8; first divisions enter front lines, Jan., '18, v: 10; supplies for, with statistics on quantity consumed and methods of procurement, v: 11, 110, 115, 285, 328-332, 396-398, 400, xii: 283-284, _see also_ under U. S. Army, Services of Supply; size and organization of division, v: 19-21, 108, xii, 282, 287; size and organization of regiment, v: 20, 108, 281, xi: 163; adaptation of American divisional organization to French system of trench warfare, v: 21; offensive spirit, v: 22, 26, 29; patrolling activities at the front, v: 27, 117; distribution of A. E. F. divisions in battle area, June, '18, v: 41, 141-147; combat units in France organized into First Army under tactical command of Pershing, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192, 384; Pershing arrives overseas, June, '17, v: 97; General Staff, A. E. F., organization and personnel, v: 98-102; training of officers, with statistics, v: 100, 102-104, 108, 312, 325, xii: 280, 282; general educational program for A. E. F. at army centers and European universities, v: 106, vii: 281-283, 290; organization of corps, v: 109; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Sept., '18, v: 197; number and distribution of A. E. F. combat divisions, Nov. 1, '18, v: 253; divisions serving in Allied armies, v: 254, 279, 373-379, 393; American soldier's attitude towards British soldier, v: 288; air service training schools, in U. S. and overseas, v: 312, xii: 285; tank schools, v: 314; gas warfare training, v: 325, 327; statistics on health and disease in, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-195, _see also_ under U. S. Army, Medical Service; rifle equipment, description and reasons for adoption of type, v: 347, viii: 96, 102-105; Pershing's message to each member of A. E. F., v: 353; list of A. E. F. divisions, with histories, v: 354-372; replacement (depot) divisions, v: 368-372, 399; Pershing's official report on A. E. F. operations, v: 373-404; on Russian Front against Bolsheviki, v: 394, vi: 187, 193; return of A. E. F. to U. S., v: 395; procuring of remounts, v: 399; A. E. F. mail service, v: 402; system of keeping records of A. E. F., v: 402; military justice in, v: 403; punishments in, v: 403; intelligence tests for recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; training camps in U. S., number and system of instruction, xi: 155-165, xii: 282; soldier's equipment, xi: 167-168; pay, xi: 168; cantonment construction, xii: 125, 282; statistics on participation in War, xii: 280-289; total battles fought by A. E. F., xii: 280, 287; total days in battle, xii: 280, 287; number of troops in battle, xii: 280, 287; total of ordnance and prisoners captured, xii: 288; for branches and units, _see_ below; for detail of military operations, _see_ name of battle or campaign.

Adjutant General's Department, functions, v: 402. Air Service, record in France, v: 309-313, xii: 285-286; losses, v: 309; number of enemy planes and balloons shot down by, v: 309; strength at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 309, xii: 285, 286; strength and activities of balloon companies, v: 311-312; growth, v: 312, xii: 285; total personnel, v: 312, xii: 285; training schools, v: 312, xii: 285; dependence on Allies, v: 401 (Pershing's report); types of aerial navigating instruments, viii: 217-221; work of aerial photographers, viii: 228-235; airplane production, xii: 285; types of aero squadrons, xii: 286; for N-C flying boats and dirigibles, _see_ U. S., Navy. Artillery, first shot of War fired by A. E. F., Oct.27, '17, i: 392, iii: 84, v: 112; dependence of A. E. F. on French and British for, v: 111, 348, 401, xii: 284; heavy artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), battle activities in France, v: 303-308; organization and units of Railway Artillery Reserve, v: 305; Naval Batteries on Western Front, v: 306, viii: 42-45; anti-aircraft batteries, v: 308; trench mortar battalions, v: 308; number of cannon and trench mortars at the front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 350; description of types of field guns, viii: 22-28; description of types of heavy guns, viii: 36-42; description of prospective 121-mile range gun, viii: 48-51; production figures, xii: 284; captured by A. E. F., xii: 288. Chemical Warfare Service, organization and activities, v: 321-327, 401 (Pershing's report), viii: 179-187; poison gases used, v: 321-322; experimentation and development, v: 323-324; gas masks and other defense equipment issued to A. E. F., v: 324; gas shell production, v: 325, viii: 186; gas defense training, v: 325; duties of gas officer, v: 325; deloading and examination of unexploded German shells, v: 325-326; use of poison gas by artillery and infantry, v: 326; activities of A. E. F. gas troops, v: 327; invention of Lewisite, deadliest poison gas, viii: 172; poison gas production at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179-187; daily output compared with German, French, British, viii: 179. Dental Corps, organization and activities, vii: 209-210. Engineer Corps, heroic stand by A. E. F. engineer troops against German break through British lines, Mar., '18, iii: 89, v: 123; organization and activities overseas, v: 332-336, 399-400, xii: 283, 287; construction of barracks, v: 332, 400; construction of hospitals, v: 332, 400; construction of docks, v: 332, 400, xii: 283; railroad construction, v: 333, 334, 400, xii: 283; insuring clean water supply for A. E. F., v: 333; construction of refrigerating plants, v: 333, 400; construction of bakeries, v: 333, 400; activities of Forestry Division, v: 334, 400, xii: 287; work with combat troops, v: 335; Pershing's tribute to, v: 336; road construction in France, v: 400. Graves Registration Service, _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Inspector General's Department, functions of, v: 402-403. Judge Advocate General's Department, functions of, v: 403. Medical Service, war-time organization and activities, v: 336-347, 402, vii: 175-239, 245-254; field hospitals and medical work at the front, v: 337-338, vii: 178, 230-233, 249-254; evacuation hospitals, v: 338, vii: 178, 251; hospital trains, v: 339, vii: 199, 251, viii: 380; hospital construction in France, 340-342; A. E. F. base hospitals, v: 340, 400; "Hospital Centers," v: 341, 400; capacity of A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342; statistics on patients treated in A. E. F. hospitals, v: 342, 352, 402; statistics on personnel, v: 343-344, vii: 177, 201-203; statistics on disease and wounded, v: 344, 402, vii: 179, 193-196, 208-209; procurement of supplies for use overseas, v: 344, vii: 222-224; volunteer organizations co-operating with, v: 344, vii: 187-189, 219, _see also_ Red Cross; organization in France, v: 345-346; letter of commendation from Pershing, v: 346; total number of hospital patients treated during War, v: 352; number of hospitals and patients treated in U. S., v: 352, vii: 201; venereal disease, statistics on, and methods of combating, v: 402, vii: 208-209; physical reconstruction of disabled and mutilated, vii: 175-176, 180-186, 210-216, 233-239, _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled; war-time mobilization of medical profession of U. S., vii: 187-189, 203, 219-222; Medical Reserve Corps and Volunteer Medical Service Corps, vii: 187, 203; work of women physicians, vii: 188; system of war-time organization, vii: 191, 203; activities of Division of Sanitation, vii: 191-196; construction of hospitals in U. S., vii: 196-198; number of patients returned from overseas for treatment in U. S., vii: 200; army nurses, number and organization, vii: 203; work of Division of Laboratories and Infectious Diseases in control of communicable diseases, vii: 203-209; functions of Division of Medicine, vii: 216-219; testing mentality of recruits, vii: 216, viii: 349-351; classification of soldiers by vocations, vii: 216-217; physical examination of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281; treatment of special diseases and injuries, vii: 218, 222; training of personnel, vii: 222, 225. Military Police, _see_ U. S. Army, Provost Marshal General's Department. Motor Transport Corps, organization and functions, v: 328, 351, 401. Nurse Corps, organization and personnel, vii: 203. Ordnance Department, functions and war-time activities, v.: 347-351, 401 xii: 284-285; size of personnel at start of War, v: 347; reasons for adoption of type of rifle used by A. E. F., v: 347, viii: 96, 102; rifle production figures, v: 347, xii: 284; statistics of ammunition and explosive production, v: 350, xii: 284, 285; artillery production figures, v: 350, xii: 284, _see also_ under U. S. Army, Artillery; machine-gun production, v: 350, xii: 284; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; mobile repair shops, v: 350, viii: 294-298; supply bases and workshops, v: 350; strength of A. E. F. personnel, v: 350; letter of praise from Pershing, v: 351. Provost Marshal General's Department, functions, v: 403. Quartermaster Corps, organization and functions, v: 328-332, 400, xii: 283; growth of personnel in France, June, '17--Dec., '18, v: 328; scope of duties, v: 328, 400; methods of procuring supplies, v: 328; supply depots in France, v: 329-330; amount of bread consumed by A. E. F., v: 330; statistics on oil and fuel for A. E. F., v: 331; Salvage Service, activities of, v: 331, 400, viii: 345-348; delousing facilities for A. E. F., v: 331; acquisition of burial grounds for A. E. F. dead and care of graves (Graves Registration Service), v: 331, 400; A. E. F. expenditures, v: 332; statistics on issue of blankets and clothing, xii: 283. Salvage Service, _see_ U. S. Army, Quartermaster Corps. Services of Supply (S. O. S.), establishment and functions, iii: 83, v: 328-352, 396-401 (Pershing's report on); coördination of procurement and distribution of supplies for A. E. F., v: 396-397; purchasing activities overseas, v: 397; reclassification system for A. E. F., v: 399; personnel, Nov. 11, '18 v: 401; _see also_ under U. S. Army, Engineer Corps, Motor Transport Corps, Ordnance Department, Quartermaster Corps, Transportation Corps. Signal Corps, activities in France, v: 317-320, 401, viii: 322-331, xi: 303-308, xii: 283, 286-287; A. E. F. telephone and telegraph system at the front and behind the lines, with statistics on number of exchanges, miles of wire, etc., v: 317, 318, 320, 401, viii: 322-326, xii: 283, 287; statistics on personnel, v: 317; American women operators with A. E. F., v: 317; organization of field signal battalions, v: 317; devices for communication used at the front, v: 318, viii: 322; "listening-in" and detection of enemy codes, v: 319; work of Photographic Division in making moving-pictures of War, v: 319-320, viii: 329-331; laying of cable across English Channel, v: 320, 401; supplying A. E. F. with field glasses, viii: 326; supplying A. E. F. with wrist-watches, viii: 327; use of pigeons as messengers, viii: 328-329. Tank Corps, man British tanks in action for first time, Sept. 29, '18, ii: 281; organization, v: 314; tank schools overseas, v: 314; American tanks in action, v: 315-316, 401; number of tanks sent to the front, v: 350; dependence on French and British, v: 401. Transportation Corps, functions, v: 400. Veterinary Corps, activities, vii: 225-227. First Army, formation, Aug. 10, '18, v: 64, 192-195, 384; reorganized and divided into First and Second Armies, Oct. 9, '18, v: 83, 246, 274; drive against and reduction of St. Mihiel salient, Sept. 12--15, _see_ St. Mihiel; Meuse-Argonne drive, _see_ Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Second Army, formation, Oct., '18, v: 83, 246, 274; operations in direction of Briey Iron Basin and Metz, v: 274-279, 390, 393; casualties, v: 279. Third Army (Army of Occupation), formation, Nov. 14, '18, v: 280, 395; occupation of Coblenz bridgehead, v: 394-395. First Corps, operations in Allied counter-offensive in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 56, 191-192 (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383; shifted to Toul sector, Aug. 13, '18, v: 62; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 91, 92, 220, 388, 390, 391; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92; formation, Jan., '18, v: 109. Second Corps, breaks through Hindenburg Line in co-operation with British, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 87, 393; prisoners captured, v: 87, 393; formation, v: 382. Third Corps, operations in valley of the Vesle in Allied counter-offensive, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191-192 (commendations from Pershing and Degoutte), 383; transferred to Verdun region, Sept., '18, v: 62, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 90, 219, 260, 388, 390, 391; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fourth Corps, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 206, 386; co-operation in Meuse-Argonne attack, Sept., '18, v: 220; forms part of Second Army, v: 275; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. Fifth Corps, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 69, 202, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 90, 92, 219, 388, 390, 391. Sixth Corps, part of Second Army, v: 275. Seventh Corps, in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 1st Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 106-108, 111-117; transferred from Lorraine to relieve French on Montdidier front, Apr., '18, v: 29, 121, 380; captures Cantigny, May 28, '18, v: 31-34, 124-128, 380; in drive on Soissons flank in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18--22, '18, v: 53-56, 130, 158-182, 191 (Pershing's commendation), 382; casualties during operations in Marne salient, July, '18, v: 55, 181; captures Berzy-le-Sec, July 21, '18, v: 55, 180, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 80-81, 83, 88, 91-92, 231, 234, 237, 240-246, 248-250, 268-270; relieved in Meuse-Argonne by 42nd Div., Oct. 12, '18, v: 83, 248; record march for relief of 80th Div. and advance on Sedan, Nov. 5--7, '18, v: 91, 92, 269; arrival and organization in France, v: 106-108, 109; enters front-line trenches for first time, Oct., '17, v: 111; artillery unit fires first shot of War for A. E. F., Oct. 23, '17, v: 112; casualties in Cantigny sector, Apr. 25--July 7, '18, v: 128, 141; in support of French in Montdidier-Noyon defensive, June, '18, v: 129, 139; makes first capture of German guns by A. E. F., July 18, '18, v: 174; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 211; tribute to bravery from a German colonel, v: 246; captures Sommerance, Oct. 11, '18, v:248; casualties in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 248; citation for record in Meuse-Argonne by Pershing, v: 248; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and war material captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 2nd Division, training in France, v: 6-12, 119; goes into front line position on Marne salient, June 4, '18, v: 37, 132, 136; in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18, v: 39, 129, 135-139, 192, 382, x: 1-10 (account of Marines in action); captures Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 18--22, '18, v: 55, 130, 158-182, 191 (Pershing's commendation), 382; captures Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. 12--15, '18, v: 65-70, 202, 210, 386; operations in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct. 1--6, '18, v: 79, 241, 254-258, 393; captures Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79, 241, 257, 393; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 88, 90, 92, 95, 262-270, 274, 391; capture of and drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 90, 262-263; arrival and organization in France, v: 108; captures Vaux, July 1, '18, v: 138, 382; casualties in Marne offensive, July, '18, v: 179; prisoners and guns captured in Marne offensive, v: 179; captures Beaumont, v: 266; summary of history, v: 355; units composing, v: 355; total casualties, v: 355; prisoners and guns captured, v: 355; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 3rd Division, repulses German attempts to cross Marne at Château-Thierry, May 31--June 3, '18, v: 35, 132-135, 381, xi: 43; in second battle of the Marne, July 15--29, '18, v: 52-53, 56, 143, 148-153, 183-186, 187-188, 191-192 (tributes of Pershing and Degoutte), 382, 383, x: 381-387; stand of 38th Inf. Regt. against German attempts to cross Marne, July 15, '18, v: 2, 150-153, x: 381-387; captures Jaulgonne and Chartèves during second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 56, 383; in reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 211; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 81, 83, 85, 231, 233, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 389; arrival in France, v: 128; occupies Château-Thierry, July 21, '18, v, 184; casualties during battles in Marne salient, June--July, '18, v: 188; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 4th Division, in Aisne-Marne Allied counter-offensive, July 18--Aug. 12, '18, v: 60, 61-62, 130, 168, 183, 184, 191, 383; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 69, 202, 212, 386; reaches Vesle River in pursuit of Germans, Aug., '18, v: 62, 191; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 236, 239, 245, 246, 248, 250, 252, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; casualties during Aisne-Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 191; summary of history, v: 356; units composing, v: 356; total casualties, v: 356; prisoners and guns captured, v: 356; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 5th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 85, 90, 92, 93-95, 248, 250, 262, 264, 270, 271, 272, 391; captures Cléry-le-Grand, Nov. i, '18, v: 90, 262; captures Cléry-le-Petit and Doulcon, Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264; forces crossing of Meuse in Meuse-Argonne battle, Nov. 3--5, '18, v: 92, 93-94, 264, 270; captures Mouzay, Nov. 9, '18, v: 94, 272; captures Dun-sur-Meuse, Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 128; enters trenches in the Vosges, June, '18, v: 128, 381; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 210; captures Cunel and clears Bois de la Pultière, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 272; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; total casualties, v: 357; prisoners and guns captured, v: 357; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 6th Division, arrival and training overseas, v: 197; summary of history, v: 357; units composing, v: 357; casualties, v: 357. 7th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 198; starts first offensive as part of Second Army, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277, 279; summary of history, v: 357; casualties, v: 357; units composing, v: 358. 8th Division, summary of history, v: 368; in Siberia, v: 368; in Germany, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 26th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 108, 117-118; raided by Germans at Seicheprey, Apr. 20, '18, v: 28, 122; goes into position on Marne sector, July 9, '18, v: 46, 138; in second battle of the Marne, July 15--24, '18, v: 56, 58, 130, 155, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186, 191-192 (tributes from Pershing and Degoutte), x: 76-78; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 86-87, 220, 252, 270, 271, 272, x: 78-79; goes into Toul sector, Apr., '18, v: 120; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 186; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 358; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358. 27th Division, organization and training in U. S., v: 196, 281-284, 358; arrival and training in France, v: 196, 284-286; war record, v: 281-300 (by Maj.-Gen. O'Ryan), 358, 393; with Gen. Byng's Third British Army, July, '18, v: 286; operations with British in Flanders, July--Aug., '18, v: 286-290; breaks through Hindenburg Line with British Fourth Army, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 290-297, 393; casualties in assault of Hindenburg Line, v: 295; return to U. S., v: 299; commendation from Field-Marshal Haig, v: 299; total casualties, v: 358; prisoners and guns captured, v: 358. 28th Division, in second battle of the Marne and pursuit of Germans across Vesle River, July--Aug., '18, v: 53, 56, 60, 62, 130, 153-154, 183-184, 188, 190, 191-192, (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383; drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 218, 220-221, 225, 227, 229, 231, 237-239, 241, 243, 388; arrival in France, v: 128; training in France, v: 143; sent to Marne sector as reserve to French army defending road to Paris, June, '18, v: 143, 153; casualties in second Marne battle, July 15--21, '18, v: 184; captures Aprémont, Sept. 28, '18, v: 229; captures Le Chêne Tondu, Oct. 4, '18, v: 239; captures Châtel Chehery, Oct. 7, '18, v: 243; operations as part of Second Army in direction of Metz and Briey, Nov., '18, v: 274-279; summary of history, v: 358; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 29th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct. '18, v: 74, 86, 244, 246, 252; captures Etraye ridge, Oct. 23, '18, v: 86, 252; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 359; casualties in Meuse-Argonne battles, v: 253; summary of history, v: 359; units composing, v: 359; total casualties, v: 359; prisoners and guns captured, v: 359. 30th Division, arrival and training in France, v: 146, 300; with British in Belgium, July--Aug., '18, v: 286, 300; summary of organization, v: 300, 359; breaks through St. Quentin Tunnel sector of Hindenburg Line, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 301-303, 393; casualties, v: 359; units composing, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 31st Division, history, v: 368; units composing, v: 368. 32nd Division, drives Germans to Vesle in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July--Aug., '18, v: 60-61, 62, 130, 188-190, 191-192 (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383; captures Cierges, July 31, '18, v: 60, 188; captures Fismes, Aug. 6, '18, v: 61, 189; captures Juvigny, Aug. 30, '18, v: 62, 258-259, 384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 80, 83, 84-85, 231, 237, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 250, 252, 389; captures Gesnes, Oct. 5, '18, v: 81, 240; captures Bantheville, Oct. 18, '18, v: 84-85, 252; arrival in France, v: 119, 360; casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 190; captures Romagne, Oct. 14, '18, v: 250; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, casualties, v: 360; in Army of Occupation, 360, 395. 33rd Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 219, 224, 225, 228, 230, 234, 236, 244, 246, 388; arrival and training in France under British, v: 144, 260; attack on Hamel with Australians, July 4, '18, v: 144, 260; with British in attack near Amiens, Aug., '18, v: 260; summary of history, v: 360; units composing, v: 360; casualties, v: 360; prisoners and guns captured, v: 360. 34th Division, summary of history, v: 368; units composing, v: 369. 35th Division, in First Army reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 388; arrival and training in France, v: 128, 197; captures Charpentry and Baulny, Sept. 27, '18, v: 227; unsuccessful attack on Exermont, Sept. 29, '18, v: 231; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 36th Division, arrival in France, v: 196; operations with French Fourth Army in Champagne, Oct., '18, v: 254, 257, 258, 393; casualties in Champagne, v: 258; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 361; total casualties, v: 361; prisoners and guns captured, v: 361. 37th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 219, 224, 227, 229, 230, 231, 388; operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279-280, 393; arrival in France, v: 145; casualties in Belgian campaign, v: 280; summary of history, v: 361; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362. 38th Division, organization and summary of history, v: 369; units composing, v: 369. 39th Division (5th Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 198, 369; units composing, v: 369. 40th Division (6th Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 197, 369; units composing, v: 370. 41st Division (1st Depot), organization and summary of history, v: 109, 370; units composing, v: 370. 42nd Division, arrival and training in France, v: 6-12, 21, 109, 118, 142; in the Vosges (Baccarat) sector, v: 21, 28, 118, 142; joins French Fourth Army in Champagne defensive, July, '18, v: 44-51, 129-130, 142-143, 155-158; in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July 25--Aug. 2, '18, v: 56, 58-61, 130, 186-187, 188-189, 191-192 (praise by Pershing and Degoutte), 383; takes Forêt de Fère and crosses Ourcq in pursuit of Germans, July 26--28, '18, v: 58-59, 187, 383; captures Sergy, Seringes-et-Nesles, and Hill 212, July 28, '18, v: 59, 188; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 211, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 220, 248, 250-252, 262, 269, 390; capture of Côte de Châtillon, Oct. 14--16, '18, v: 84, 250-252; reaches heights opposite Sedan, Nov. 6, '18, v: 92, 269; casualties in Marne offensive, July--Aug., '18, v: 189; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 362; total casualties, v: 362; prisoners and guns captured, v: 362; in Army of Occupation, v: 395. 76th Division, summary of history, v: 196, 370; units composing, v: 370. 77th Division, drives Germans from the Vesle to the Aisne after second Marne battle, Aug.--Sept., '18, v: 62, 190, 260, 383-384; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18, v: 74, 78, 79, 81, 85, 88, 90-91, 92, 95, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231-232, 234, 239, 241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, 252, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 388, 391, xii: 288; outflanks German positions at Champigneulle in Meuse-Argonne drive, Nov. 1--2, '18, v: 88, 263; arrival and training in France, v: 141; isolation and rescue of "Lost Battalion," Oct. 2--7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243; capture of St. Juvin, Oct. 12, '18, v: 250; attack on Grand Pré, Oct. 16, '18, v: 252; summary of history, v: 362; units composing, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363; casualties, v: 363. 78th Division, as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 202, 210; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 85, 91, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 391; captures Briquenay, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 363; units composing, v: 363; total casualties, v: 363; prisoners and guns captured, v: 363. 79th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 78-79, 80, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 230, 231, 262, 265, 270-272, 388; captures stronghold of Montfaucon, Sept. 27, '18, v: 78-79, 225; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 363; captures Nantillois, Sept. 28, '18, v: 228; summary of history, v: 363, casualties, v: 363; units composing, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 80th Division, in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Nov., '18, v: 74, 78, 83, 88, 91, 219, 224, 226, 227, 230, 234, 237, 239, 241, 245, 246, 248, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266-268, 388, 391; captures Buzancy, Nov. 2, '18, v: 91, 264; arrival and training in France, v: 144; battle for Brieulles-sur-Meuse, Sept. 27--28, '18, v: 226, 227; capture of Bois des Ogons, Oct. 4--5, '18, v: 237, 239; repulsed in attacks on Madeleine Farm, Oct. 6, '18, v: 241; Madeleine Farm captured, Oct. 9, '18, v: 245; unsuccessful attacks on Cunel, Oct. 10--11, '18, v: 246, 248; captures Beaumont with 2nd Div., Nov. 5, '18, v: 266; casualties in Meuse-Argonne drive, v: 268; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; total casualties, v: 364; prisoners and guns captured, v: 364. 81st Division, arrival and training in France, v: 197; operations in direction of Briey and Metz as part of Second Army, v: 274-278; captures Grimancourt, Nov. 10, '18, v: 277; position at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 278; summary of history, v: 364; units composing, v: 364; casualties, v: 364; prisoners captured, v: 364. 82nd Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 65, 68, 71, 202, 208, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 83, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 251, 252, 390; arrival and training in France, v: 143; composite character, v: 143; summary of history, v: 143, 365; units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365; prisoners and guns captured, v: 365. 83rd Division, summary of history, v: 146, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 84th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 371, 399; units composing, v: 371. 85th Division, summary of history, v: 197, 371; units composing, v: 371. 86th Division, summary of history, v: 372; units composing, v: 372. 87th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 372; units composing, v: 372. 88th Division, summary of history, v: 198, 365; units composing, v: 365; casualties, v: 365. 89th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 70, 202, 210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 391; organization and arrival in France, v: 146, 365; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 365; units composing, v: 366; casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 90th Division, in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 65, 68, 202, 208-210, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 90, 92, 95, 220, 252, 262, 264, 272, 274, 391; arrival and training in France, v: 196; casualties in St. Mihiel drive, v: 210; captures Stenay, Nov. 10, '18, v: 272; in Army of Occupation, v: 274, 366, 395; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, v: 366; total casualties, v: 366; prisoners and guns captured, v: 366. 91st Division, as reserve in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 66, 203; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept.--Oct., '18, v: 74, 78, 220, 225, 227, 229, 231, 232, 246, 388; transferred to Belgium under French Sixth Army, Oct., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; operations in Belgium, Oct.--Nov., '18, v: 83, 279, 393; organization and arrival in France, v: 196, 366; captures Spitaals-Bosschen, Oct. 31, '18, v: 279; captures Audenarde, Nov. 2, '18, v: 279; summary of history, v: 366; units composing, 367; casualties, v: 367; prisoners and guns captured, v: 367. 92nd Division (colored), in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept., '18, v: 74, 233; organization and arrival in France, v: 145, 367; summary of history, v: 367; units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 367. 93rd Division (colored), summary of history, v: 367; units composing, v: 367; casualties, v: 368. Casualties, in submarine warfare during neutrality, i: 357; first time in War, Nov., '17, i: 392, v: 113; total in War, iii: 404; total dead, iii: 404, xii: 280; number wounded, iii: 404, v: 344, xii: 280; prisoners or missing, iii: 404; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept., '18, v: 71, 212, 386; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18, v: 393, xii: 280; on Russian Front, v: 394; total deaths overseas, classified according to cause, v: 402; battle deaths, v: 402, xii: 280, 289; deaths from disease, v: 402, vii: 179, 195, xii: 280; money equivalent of manpower lost, xii: 25; _see also_ U. S. Army, Medical Service. Coal, production, '13--'17, xii: 47; war-time shortage, xii: 48; conservation measures under Fuel Administration, xii: 48-50; extent of mining operations, xii: 50; production compared with other staples, xii: 50; waste in use, xii: 51; Fuel Administration priority list, xii: 75; production for '18--'19, xii: 146. Conscription, Franklin Lane on lessons taught by, i: 370; Conscription Act passed, Apr. 28--May 18, '17, i: 390, iii: 83, xii: 280-281; health statistics of drafted men, vii: 217, xii: 281-282; total number of registrants, xii: 280, 281; number inducted into service, xii: 280, 281. Cost of living, high prices most striking economic effect of War, xii: _Intro. vii_; "index numbers" as measure of price changes, xii: _Intro. vii_; comparison of index numbers, '13--'19, xii: _Intro. vii-viii_; chart of price movements in U. S. and England since 1780, xii: _Intro. viii-x_; rise in, '14--'18, xii: _Intro. x_, 56-59; existing high prices not due to scarcity, xii: _Intro. x-xi_; currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 143; chart showing relation of, to money in circulation, '14--'18, xii: _Intro. xiii_; high prices as breeder of Bolshevism, xii: _Intro. xiii-xiv_; purchasing power of wages, '13--'18, xii: _Intro. xiv_; remedies proposed for reducing high cost of living, xii: _Intro. xiv-xv_, 147; standardized dollar as remedy for fluctuations in, xii: _Intro. xv_; scarcity as cause of high prices, xii: 39, 142; "fair price" lists, xii: 54; profiteering, xii: 55, 143; meat-packers' profits before and during War, xii: 56; present, compared with Civil War prices, xii: 57, 75; rise in clothing prices, xii: 58, 142, 145; government price-fixing, xii: 59; monthly price changes, '12--'18, xii: 60; analysis of, by Council of National Defense, xii: 142-148; relation between wages and prices in estimating, xii: 142; housing problem, xii: 142; curtailed production since Armistice, xii: 142; food consumption statistics, xii: 142; influence of War on prices, xii: 143; food supply statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143-144; reasons for high food prices, xii: 144; reduction in shoe output for '19, xii: 146; coal production, '18--'19, xii: 146; reduction in iron and steel production, '19, xii: 147; reasons for high cost of living, summarized by Council of National Defense, xii: 147; _see also_ Prices; U. S., Food. Council of National Defense, activities of General Medical Board of, vii: 187-189; creation by Congress, '16, xii: 115; duties, xii: 116; members, xii: 116; Advisory Commission of, pre-War activities, xii: 117; committees, xii: 122; distinguished membership of committees, xii: 122; non-partisanship of, xii: 124; expenses, xii: 124; work of Field Division, xii: 124; results of activities, xii: 124; War Industries Board established, xii: 125; cantonment construction, xii: 125; share in victory, xii: 126; analysis of causes of and remedies for high cost of living, xii: 142-148. Declarations of war, transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; impelling causes for, i: 301, 341, 348, 368, ii: 53; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; text of President Wilson's speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; text of declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 6, '17, i: 355; Franklin Lane on effects of entry into War on American life, i: 366-373; diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary severed, Apr. 8, '17, i: 389; diplomatic relations with Turkey severed, Apr. 20, '17, i: 390; declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, Dec. 7, '17, i: 393; effect on final result of War, ii: 220, 273 (a German military critic's view), iii: 83; Ludendorff's comments on, ii: 341; effect on French, ii: 387; effect on British, vi: 11; _see also_ under Submarine warfare. Employment Service, war-time activities, xii: 67. Food, Herbert Hoover appointed Food Administrator, May 19, '17, i: 390; position of U. S. as producer, '17, xii: 35; wheat production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35; corn production _vs._ consumption, 1890--1914, xii: 35; voluntary rationing, xii: 35; exports to Europe before and during War, xii: 36, 135; conservation, xii: 37, 40, 141; war-time increase in production, statistics, xii: 37; increased production more important than conservation, xii: 38; crop acreage, '10--'18, xii: 38; crop yields, '10--'18, xii: 39; Hoover's report on European relief, xii: 42; war-time government control, xii: 46, 59, 140; Sugar Equalization Board, functions, xii: 46; war-time sugar distribution, xii: 46; potato crop, xii: 47; "fair price" lists, xii: 54; functions of Food Administration, xii: 59, 140; statistics on quantity and prices, June, '18--June, '19, xii: 61-65; price comparisons, '13--'19, xii: 64; wheat exports to Allies, July 1, '17--July 1, '18, xii: 141; consumption statistics, xii: 142; production statistics, '18--'19, xii: 143; wheat production, '18--'19, xii: 143; meat production, '18--'19, xii: 144; corn crop, '18, xii: 144; reasons for high prices, xii: 144; _see also_ under U. S., Cost of living. Food Administration, _see_ under U. S., Food. Foreign relations, policy of isolation, i: 50; abandonment of policy of isolation, i: 52-58; early relations with China and Japan, i: 53; African interests, i: 54; Congo policy, i: 54; armed expeditions sent beyond borders, 1836--1861, i: 54; intervention in Cuba, i: 56; "open door" policy in China, i: 57; Root-Takahira agreement, '08, i: 57; Lansing-Ishii Note, '17, i: 58; policy in Venezuelan controversy with Germany, '02, i: 86; participation in European conferences, i: 86; participation in Algeciras Conference, '06, i: 86; German plans for subjugation of U. S., i: 87-88; arbitration treaties, i: 103; emergence from War as World Power, i: 371; after-War mission, i: 372. Fuel Administration, _see_ under U. S., Coal. German-owned property, extent, xii: 33-34. Industries during War, regulations for conservation of leather by War Industries Board, xii: 53; duties and powers of War Industries Board, xii: 72; priority system, xii: 73-75; distribution of war contracts, xii: 74; response to war needs, xii: 115; creation of Council of National Defense, xii: 115; duties of Council of National Defense, xii: 116; pre-War movement for industrial preparedness, xii: 117; pre-War activities of Advisory Commission, Council of National Defense, xii: 118; committees of Council of National Defense, xii: 122; organization and personnel of War Industries Board, xii: 125; share in final victory, xii: 126; _see also_ under U. S., Council of National Defense, Labor. Labor, women in war industries, xii: 25; war-time safeguards for workers, xii: 66; organizing for war production, xii: 67; Employment Service of Department of Labor, war-time activities, xii: 67; war-time strikes, xii: 68; importance in winning War, xii: 68-69; size of working population, xii: 71; immigration as source of labor supply, xii: 71; war-time dislocation, xii: 71; Mediation Commission for settling labor unrest, xii: 71; activities of Advisory Labor Council, xii: 71; Gen. Crowder's "Work or fight" order, xii: 72; women as railway workers during War, xii: 84; settlement of war-time disputes in shipyards, xii: 94; attitude to War, xii: 121. Marine Corps, strength, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 403; in battle of Belleau Wood, June 6--26, '18, v: 39, 130, 135-139, 382, x: 1-10; capture of Bouresches, June 6, '18, v: 39, 138, x: 8-9; in second battle of the Marne, July 18--19, '18, v: 55, 130, 159, 167-170, 174-175, 178-179; capture of Vierzy, July 18, '18, v: 55, 174-175; in Champagne as part of Gouraud's French Fourth Army, Oct., '18, v: 79, 241, 255-257; capture of Blanc Mont, Oct. 5, '18, v: 79-80, 241, 257; in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 95, 262-263, 266, 270, 274; arrival in France, v: 106, 108; incorporated in 2nd Div., v: 108; not in Château-Thierry battle of May 31--June 3, '18, as popularly supposed, v: 130, 135; casualties at Belleau Wood, June, '18, v: 139; name of Belleau Wood changed by French to _Bois de la Brigade de Marine_, v: 139; casualties in second Marne battle, July, '18, v: 179; in St. Mihiel drive, Sept. '18, v: 210; in drive through Landres-St. George, Nov. 1, '18, v: 262-263; force crossing of Meuse, Nov. 10, '18, v: 270, 274; _see also_ under U. S. Army, 2nd Division. Navy, Rear-Adm. Mayo on war-time accomplishments of, iv: _Intro. vii-xiii_; supplying guns and gun crews for merchant ships, iv: _Intro. viii_, 314; laying of North Sea mine barrage, iv: _Intro. xi_, 324-330; anti-submarine coast patrol, iv: _Intro. xii_; Naval gunners on Western Front, iv: _Intro. xii_, 323, v: 306, viii: 42-45; transportation of A. E. F. to France, iv: _Intro. xii_, 157-165 (account of first expedition across Atlantic, June, '17, by Adm. Gleaves), xii: 94-95, 283; lessons of the War, iv: _Intro. xiii_; destroyer flotilla on anti-submarine patrol duty in war zone, iv: 157, 315-317, 343; development of depth bomb by, iv: 307, 330; strength of personnel before War and at armistice, iv: 317; training of new personnel, iv: 317; war-time expansion in ships and equipment, iv: 318-319; repair of damaged interned German liners, iv: 319-321; laying of oil pipe line across Scotland, iv: 322; invention of "Y" gun for discharge of depth bombs, iv: 331; development of aerial bombs for use by seaplanes against U-boats, iv: 332; development of star shells for illuminating enemy positions in dark, iv: 334; invention of torpedo plane, iv: 335; adventures of transports in war zone, iv: 335-343; capture of German submarine _U-58_, Nov. 18, '17, iv: 349; Secretary Daniels' report on activities in European waters, iv: 356-359; co-operation with British, iv: 356 (Secretary Daniels on), 359-361 (tributes by Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Beatty); development and description of N-C flying boats, viii: 236-240; _N-C-4_ first airplane to cross Atlantic, viii: 240; types of dirigibles used by, viii: 245, 255-257. Neutrality, Dr. Eliot's summary of reasons for pro- and anti-German feeling, i: 270-273; von Jagow's defense against anti-German criticisms, i: 273; Maximilian Harden's views on, i: 274; German protest against U. S. position on armed merchantmen, i: 282; position on status of armed merchantmen, i: 283; French opinion of, i: 287; unpopular with all belligerents, i: 288; British opinion of, i: 289; Gabriel Hanotaux's views on, i: 290; conflict of sympathies, i: 297; psychology of, i: 297; increasing pro-Ally sentiment, i: 299; attitudes of Wilson and Roosevelt compared, i: 299, 302; German violations against, i: 300; transition from neutral to belligerent, i: 300-308; effect of '16 Presidential campaign on, i: 305; attitude of press, i: 309; Austro-Hungarian protest of unfairness of, i: 309; Maximilian Harden's views on American war prosperity, i: 310; Bryan's statement on, Jan. 20, '15, i: 311; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral cargoes, i: 312, 318, 339; controversy with Germany on submarine warfare, i: 317-326, 328-335, 339, 357-361 (chronological summary with list of ships sunk); President Wilson's "Strict accountability" note to Germany, i: 317; President Wilson's "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372; controversy with Germany on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320, 323, 325, 326, 327, 358-361; statements of Taft and Roosevelt on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320; note to Germany on "Freedom of the seas," July 21, '15, i: 322; attitude of press on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323; controversy with Austria-Hungary on torpedoing of _Ancona_, i: 326, 361; McLemore Resolution warning Americans not to travel on belligerent ships, i: 327; McLemore Resolution defeated, i: 328; note threatening severance of diplomatic relations with Germany over sinking of _Sussex_, Apr. 18, '16, i: 329-331; issues of '16 Presidential campaign, i: 334; controversy with Great Britain over British seizure of neutral mail, i: 335; President Wilson asks belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18, '16, i: 336; Lansing's statement of problems of, i: 339; diplomatic relations with Germany severed, Feb. 3, '17, i: 344-345, 389; President Wilson orders U. S. merchantmen armed, i: 347; American casualties from submarine warfare during, i: 357; President Wilson issues proclamation of, Aug. 4, '14, i: 375; _see also_ Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare. Peace Conference, delegates sail for, Dec. 4, '18, i: 400; list of delegates, xii: 179; for work of delegates at, _see_ Peace Conference; _also_ under name of delegate. Peace Treaty, fight against, in Senate, xii: 264-278; Fall amendments to, defeated, Oct. 2, '19, xii: 264; ratification with original Lodge reservations defeated, Nov. 19, '19, xii: 265-266; text of original Lodge reservations, xii: 265; defeated in Senate for second time, Mar. 19, '20, xii: 266-269; President Wilson's opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267; text of revised Lodge reservations, xii: 269; efforts to declare peace by Congressional resolution, xii: 271-278; text of peace resolution introduced in House of Representatives, Apr. 1, '20, xii: 271; Knox resolution declaring peace with Germany passed by Congress, May 15--21, '20, xii: 273-277; text of original Knox resolution proposing separate peace with Germany and successors of Austria-Hungary, xii: 273; text of amended Knox resolution, xii: 277; President Wilson vetoes Knox resolution, xii: 277; text of President Wilson's veto message, xii: 278. Population, European immigration, i: 37; German immigration in 1882 and 1910, i: 75; size, characteristics, and distribution of German element in, i: 79, 277-279; ratio of increase in urban and rural, 1890--1910, xii: 35. Press, attitude on neutrality, i: 309; attitude on _Lusitania_ sinking, i: 320; attitude on torpedoing of _Arabic_, i: 323; views on German indemnity, xii: 24. Prisoners of war, first captured by Germans, Nov. 3, '17, iii: 84, v: 112; total lost in War, iii: 404. Railroads, war-time operation under government control, xii: 87-90; reasons for government control, xii: 88; defects in management, xii: 89; equipment sent to France, xii: 95; pledge of maximum war-time service by, xii: 121. Shipping, war-time building program, with statistics, xii: 92-94; war losses, xii: 94; neutral tonnage chartered for war service, xii: 98; war-time cargo fleet, statistics on tonnage and shipments, xii: 283, 286. Trade, with Germany through neutrals, ii: 21; increase in exports, '12--'17, xii: 1; luxury imports, xii: 8-9; decrease in luxury imports, '14--'18, xii: 58; hostility to trade with Germany, xii: 99; War Trade Board export license system, xii: 99. War cost, currency inflation, xii: _Intro. xiii_, 28-31, 143; loans floated in U. S. by foreign countries, Aug., '14--Jan., '17, xii: 2; sources and amounts of war-time taxation, xii: 2-9, 109-111; income taxes, with comparison of rates in England and France, xii: 2-6; criticisms of war tax law, xii: 5-6; President Wilson's tax program, xii: 6-7; luxury taxes, xii: 7-9; war-time prosperity, xii: 9-10; loans in early U. S. history, xii: 10; Liberty Loans, floating of, with statistics on amounts raised and number of subscribers, xii: 10-16, 113, 126-135; repayment of loans made to Allies, xii: 11; Liberty Loan subscriptions by Federal Reserve Districts, xii: 12; Liberty Loan subscriptions in New York City, xii: 12; comparison of war debt with pre-War national debt, xii: 16, 113, 114; hourly war expenditures, xii: 16; comparison of war cost with previous expenditures, xii: 16; distribution of war expenditures, xii: 16; amount of loans to Allies, xii: 16, 18, 31; short-term certificates of indebtedness, xii: 16; War Savings Stamps, amount raised by, xii: 18,134; problem of liquidating national debt, xii: 18; accumulation of Europe's gold supply in U. S., xii: 29; credit expansion, xii: 30; pre-War cash reserves, xii: 30; transition from debtor to creditor nation, with statistics, xii: 31; daily, monthly, and total war cost, Apr., 17--June, '19, xii: 106-108. War Industries Board, _see_ under U. S., Industries during War.

Uruguay, failure of soviet plot in, vi: 392; delegate to Peace Conference, xii: 180.

Uskub, captured by Bulgarians, Oct., '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204; recaptured by Allies, Sept., '18, iii: 213.

V

_V-187_, German destroyer sunk at battle of Heligoland Bight, iv: 240.

Vaccine, manufacture of anti-typhoid, viii: 393; _see also_ Disease.

Vacuum tubes, in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320.

Valenciennes, Germans use as gateway into France, v: 215.

Valley, Count Arco, assassin of Kurt Eisner, vi: 298.

Van, occupied by Russians, May 23, '15, iii: 262.

Van Iersal, Sgt. Louis, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 389.

Vanquois, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Varennes, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Vaux, town in Marne salient, location, v: 133; captured by 2nd Div., July 1, '18, v: 138, 382.

Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, captured by Germans, June 7, '16, i: 385, iii: 54, 313; evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, i: 388, iii: 62; German efforts at capture repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306, 327-329 (description by French officer participating in defense); Major Raynal, defender of, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313; _see also_ Verdun.

Veles, captured by Bulgarians, Oct. 28--29, '15, i: 382, iii: 158, 204; recaptured by Allies, Sept. 26, '18, i: 397.

Velocity of projectiles, viii: 111.

Vencheres Wood, captured by 179th Inf. Brig., Sept. 13, '18, v: 209.

Vendieres, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.

Venereal diseases, statistics on, and methods of combating in U. S. Army, v: 402, vii: 208-209.

Venezuela, pro-German attitude during War, vi: 392.

_Vengeance_, British battleship at Gallipoli, iv: 31.

Venizelos, Eleutherios, pro-Ally policy during Greek neutrality, iii: 202; establishes revolutionary government in Crete, Sept., '16, iii: 210; biography, ix: 76-82; bibliography, ix: 81.

Verdun, strategic value and reasons for German campaigns against, i: 268, ii: 6, 13, 36-39, 188, 189, iii: 46, 302, v: 199, 215, xi: 21; effect of battle of the Somme on German offensive against, ii: 47, iii: 61, 63, 314; eliminated by Germans as scene of '18 offensive, ii: 67; battles of, Feb., '16--Sept., '17, ii: 186-189, iii: 46-55, 61-62, 79, 302-315, 327-329, viii: 289-291, xi: 21-22; comparison of German attack, Feb., '16, with tactics at first battle of the Marne, ii: 186; "They shall not pass," French watchword of defense at, ii: 189, iii: 304, xi: 21; Pétain commands defenders, Feb.--May, '16, ii: 189, iii: 50, 304; Germans capture Fort Douaumont, Feb. 25, '16, ii: 189, iii: 48, 304-305; German attacks on Fort Vaux repulsed, Mar., '16, ii: 189, iii: 52, 306, 327-329 (described by French officer taking part in defense); German Crown Prince in command of attacking forces, iii: 47, 48, 303; use of motor transports in defense of, iii: 50, viii: 289-291; battles for Dead Man's Hill (Le Mort Homme), Mar.--May, '16, iii: 51, 53-54, 306-307, 308, 310-313; Cumières captured and lost by Germans, May, '16, iii: 54, 312; Gen. Nivelle appointed to command of French defenders, May, '16, iii: 54, 310; Fort Vaux captured by Germans, June 7, '16, iii: 54, 313; German efforts to capture Fort Souville defeated, iii: 55; Thiaumont captured by Germans, June 23--24, '16, and recaptured by French, iii: 55, 313; Nivelle's surprise attack, Oct., '16, iii: 61; Fort Douaumont recaptured by French, Oct., '16, iii: 61; Fort Vaux evacuated by Germans, Nov. 2, '16, iii: 62; Gen. Mangin succeeds Nivelle as French commander at, Dec., '16, iii: 62; Mangin launches successful offensive, Dec., '16, iii: 62; final French victories regain all important positions, Aug.--Sept., '17, iii: 79; Ludendorff's comment on German blunder at, iii: 302; description of intensity of fighting at, by French participant, iii: 308; Major Raynal, defender of Fort Vaux, awarded Legion of Honor, iii: 313; freed from threat of further German attacks by suppression of St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 208.

Verrieres, captured by 78th Div., Nov. 4, '18, v: 266.

Versailles Treaty, _see_ Peace Treaty with Germany.

Very, captured by 35th Div., Sept. 26, '18, v: 225.

Very pistol, use in signalling, v: 319.

Vesle River, Germans driven across, in Allied counter-offensive on Marne salient, July--Aug., '18, v: 60-62, 188-191, 383; Germans driven from, to the Aisne, Aug.--Sept., '18, v: 62, 260, 383-384.

Vesnitch, Dr. M. R., Serbian diplomat, statement of Jugoslav attitude toward Italian aggrandizement, vi: 366.

Veterinary, treatment of sick and injured animals in War, vii: 225-227, viii: 397-399.

Vickers machine-gun, use on airplanes, viii: 87; U. S. production figures, xii: 284.

Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, biography, ix: 395-398.

Victory Way, in New York City, xii: 133.

Vienna, war-time privation in, vi: 312; riots, '18, vi: 316; after-War distress, vi: 318; Bolshevik uprising suppressed, Apr., '19, vi: 320-321.

Vierstaat Ridge, captured by British and 27th Div., A. E. F., Sept. 1--2, '18, v: 290.

Vierzy, captured by 2nd Div., July 18, '18, v: 55, 174.

Vigneulles, junction of 1st and 26th Divs. at, closes St. Mihiel salient, Sept., '18, v: 69, 211, 212.

Ville-devant-Chaumont, captured by 26th Div., Nov. 10, '18, v: 272.

Villepigue, Corp. John C., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Villers Wood, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 15, '18, v: 210.

Villers-Cotterets, concentration of Allied forces near, for Marne counter-offensive, July, '18, ii: 154, v: 161.

Villers-devant-Dun, captured by 90th Div., Nov. 2, '18, v: 92, 264.

Villers-sous-Preney, captured by A. E. F., Sept. 14, '18, v: 210.

Vilna, captured by Germans, Sept., '15, iii: 141.

Vilosnes-sur-Meuse captured by 60th Inf., Nov. 5, '18, v: 94, 271.

Vimy Ridge, captured by Canadians, Apr. 9, '17, iii: 70, 343-349; strategic importance, iii: 343; London _Times'_ account of battle, iii: 346-348; decorations for gallantry at, iii: 349.

_Vindictive_, British cruiser at Zeebrugge raid, iv: 262; sunk in Ostend Channel, iv: 279; _see also_ Zeebrugge Raid.

_Viribus Unitis_, Austrian battleship sunk by Italians in Pola harbor, May 15, '18, i: 395, x: 297-303.

_Vive La France!_ poem by Charlotte H. Crawford, vi: 94.

Viviani, René, French statesman, biography, ix: 19-21.

Vladivostok, seized by Czechoslovak troops, June, '18, vi: 192; Allies send troops to, vi: 193; _see also_ Siberia.

Vocational training, for war cripples, American help for French disabled, vii: 79, 92-95; for American disabled, vii: 180-182, 210-216, 236-239; modern attitude on, viii: 387; _see also_ Reconstruction of disabled.

Vodka, war-time prohibition of, in Russia, iii: 265, vi: 135; use of harmful substitutes for, vi: 138.

Voisin bombing planes, viii: 223.

Voldemaras, Prof., forms first independent Lithuanian cabinet, vi: 236.

Vologodsky, Peter, head of liberal Siberian government at Omsk, vi: 191.

Voormezeele, captured by 30th Div., Aug. 31--Sept. 1, '18, v: 300.

Vosges Mountains, military importance, ii: 6; place in scheme of general French strategy, ii: 9; French occupy passes of, Aug., '14, iii: 16; French offensive in, Dec., '15, iii: 46; as training area for A. E. F., v: 118, 197, _see also_ under each Division.

W

Waalker, Sgt. Reider, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 393.

_Wacht am Rhine, Die_, German national song, xi: 332.

Wales, Prince of, personal sketch, ix: 395, xi: 150-152.

Walker, Col. William H., head of U. S. poison-gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 181.

Wallace, Gen., British commander in western Egypt, iii: 191.

Wallachia, German offensive in, iii: 221.

Walsh, Frank P., member of Irish-American delegation to Peace Conference, vi: 66; biography, ix: 337-339.

War, as a simple art, iii: 137; definition of, iv: 1; desirability, v: _Intro. x_; extent of modern, v: _Intro. x_; German policy of, _see_ Germany, Kultur, Militarism.

War Babies' Cradle, organization and relief activities of, vii: 107, xi: 56.

War Committee (or Council) of British Cabinet, members, Nov., '14, ii: 198; responsibility for Gallipoli disaster, ii: 200; responsibility for Mesopotamian failure, iii: 364.

War Industries Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Industries during War.

War relief: American, plan of _Stars and Stripes_ for adoption of French orphans, vii: 72, xi: 80; Children's Bureau of American Red Cross, relief activities for Allied children, vii: 72, 76-79, xi: 85-90; vocational training for French war cripples, vii: 79, 92-95; beginnings of American relief work, vii: 85; Herbert Hoover's activities, vii: 85, 119, xii: 136, 141; Lafayette Fund, vii: 85; Committee of Mercy, vii: 87; American Women's War Relief Fund, vii: 87, 91; National Allied Relief Committee, vii: 87-90; John Moffat's activities in early development of, vii: 87; American Committee for Relief of Belgian Prisoners in Germany, vii: 88, 96; Allied Home for Munition Workers, vii: 88, 108; French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, vii: 90, 110-116; benefit bazaars, vii: 90; "Hero Land" bazaar, vii: 90; American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 91, xi: 85; American Committee for Devastated France, vii: 92; American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, vii: 92; War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, vii: 95; Le Bien-Être du Blessé, vii: 96; French Tuberculosis War Victims' Fund, vii: 97; American Committee of the Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98; for war blind, vii: 99, 255-260 (Permanent Blind Relief War Fund); Franco-American Committee for the Protection of Children of the Frontier, vii: 101, xi: 85; American Committee of the Secours National, vii: 105; Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84; aid for French victims of shell-shock and nervous derangements, vii: 106; War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56; relief work of American alumni of École des Beaux Arts, vii: 108; relief for Serbia, vii: 109, 144-168; relief for Rumania, vii: 109; Commission for Relief in Belgium, organization and activities, vii: 116-144; Millard Shaler, early organizer of Belgian relief, vii: 119; Stage Women's War Relief, vii: 343-349; for Jewish war sufferers, vii: 349-376; Free Milk for France fund, vii: 376-379; American Relief Administration for feeding newly liberated peoples, xii: 141. Belgian, Charities of the Queen of the Belgians, vii: 98. British, in Serbia, iii: 398; Association of Highland Societies of Edinburgh, vii: 95; British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, vii: 99; British American War Relief Fund, vii: 99; Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service, vii: 101; Chelsea War Refugees Fund for Belgian refugees in England, vii: 106; London Volunteer Motor Corps, vii: 107; St. Dunstan's Home for blind, vii: 259. Dutch, for Belgian refugees and interned soldiers, vii: 168-175. French, vocational training for disabled, vii: 92-95; Le Bien-être du Blessé, vii: 96; Secours National, vii: 105; Committee for Fatherless Children of France, vii: 105, xi: 84; relief for victims of shell-shock and nervous derangement, vii: 106; War Babies' Cradle, vii: 107, xi: 56. _See also_ Knights of Columbus; Red Cross; Salvation Army; Young Men's Christian Association.

War Risk Insurance, Bureau of, for U. S. fighting men, vii: 176.

War Savings Stamps, U. S., amount sold, xii: 18, 134.

War terms and soldier slang, definitions of, xi: 359-362.

War Trade Board, U. S., _see_ U. S., Trade.

War Zone, _see_ Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare.

Warburg, Felix M., treasurer American Jewish Relief Committee, vii: 354.

Ward, Pvt. Calvin, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 396.

Warehouses, location of great A. E. F. supply depots in France, v: 330; construction of, by A. E. F. in France, v: 333, 400.

Warfare, _see_ Strategy; Tactics; Trench warfare.

Warneford, Flight Sub-Lieut. R. A. J., brings down first Zeppelin, ii: 269, x: 223.

_Warrior_, British cruiser sunk at Jutland, iv: 260.

Warsaw, German attacks on and capture of, Aug. 5, '15, i: 381, ii: 26, iii: 128-130, 131, 138.

_Warspite_, British warship at battle of Jutland, iv: 260.

Washington Inn, for American officers in London, vii: 288.

_Wasted_, poem, xi: 100.

Watches, for A. E. F., viii: 327.

Water supply, for A. E. F., construction of facilities for, v: 333; modern methods for making safe for use of armies, viii: 394-396.

_We Are Fred Karno's Army_, British soldiers' song, xi: 338.

_Wearing of the Green_, Irish patriotic air, xi: 334.

Weather forecasting, importance of, in war, xi: 296-303.

Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, commander of _U-9_, sinks British cruisers _Aboukir, Cressy_, and _Hogue_, iv: 205, x: 274-280.

Wedell, Hans von, leader in German passport frauds in U. S., x: 333.

Weimar, meeting place of German National Assembly, Feb., '19, vi: 291.

Wekerle, Dr., succeeds Count Tisza as Premier of Hungary, vi: 314; suppresses Jugoslav congress at Agram, Mar., '18, vi: 363.

Welland Canal, German plot for destruction of, i: 318.

Wellborn, Col., director of U. S. Tank Corps, v: 314.

Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, succeeds Jellicoe as British First Sea Lord, Dec. 26, '17, i: 393.

West, Sgt. Chester H., gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 402.

West Prussia, award to Poland by Peace Conference, vi: 226.

Western Front, establishment by Germans of trench lines from North Sea to Swiss border following first Marne battle, Sept., '14, ii: _Intro. vii_, 11, iii: 37, viii: 134, xi: 12, 253; relative importance compared with Eastern theatre of war, ii: _Intro. x-xxiv_ (Gen. Maurice on), 11-14, 87-89, 171 (opinion of Field-Marshal French); the _vital_ front, ii: _Intro. xxiii_; Allied retreat to the Marne, Aug.--Sept., '18, ii: 9, 166, 183, iii: 20-30; German "strategic" retreat to Hindenburg Line, '17, ii: 53, iii: 66-70; reasons for German offensive of Mar.--July, '18, ii: 65-67; German strength, Mar., '18, ii: 65, 75, iii: 383, v: 120; Allied strength Mar., '18, ii: 66; choice of sector by Germans for great offensive of Mar., '18, ii: 67-69, 311, iii: 86; great German offensive begun, Mar. 21, '18, ii: 70, 150, 308-316 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 86, 359, v: 23, 120, 130, 380, vi: 270; break through Allied line and rout of British Fifth Army near St. Quentin in great German drive, Mar., '18, ii: 70-74, 150-152, 190-197, iii: 86-91, 381-390 (account by Philip Gibbs), v: 373; German drive against Channel ports, Apr., '18, ii: 75, 153, iii: 91, 359-363; German casualties in offensive of Mar.--Apr., '18, ii, 75; German drive to the Marne, May--July, '18, ii: 76-79, 154, 320, iii: 92-96, v: 35, 41-53, 129, 130; Allied counter-offensive and retreat of Germans out of France and Belgium, July 18--Nov. 11, '18, ii: 80-87, 154, 156-159, 209-216 (résume by Gen. Malleterre), 324-326 (Ludendorff's account), 331-340 (Ludendorff's account), iii: 96-104, v: 72, 192, 213; battle line, July 18, '18, ii: 82; German bases in France captured in Allied counter-offensive, July--Nov., '18, ii: 86; campaigns on, first phase, maneuvering for position, ii: 112; second phase, war of attrition, ii: 112; third phase, final stroke, ii: 113; necessity for frontal attack on, ii: 116; Foch's analysis of weakness of German position, July, '18, ii: 154; Allied and German man-power, Oct., '18, ii: 159; British man-power, Aug., '18, ii: 214; British shell supply, Aug., '18, ii: 214; military situation, Nov., '18, ii: 215; general topography, iii: 2; battle line, Jan., '15, iii: 41; German prisoners and guns captured by Allies, July--Nov., '18, iii: 104; A. E. F. deciding factor in last campaigns on, v: 23-25; first American sector established, Aug., '18, v: 64, 192-193, 384; American front, Nov. 11, '18, v: 95; five major German offensives on, v: 96; effect of Russian withdrawal from War on, v: 113; German lines of defense and communications, v: 214-216; for details of engagements or sectors, _see_ name of battle, campaign, or sector.

Wet, Gen. Christian de, leader of Boer rebellion against British, '14, vi: 50.

Wettig, Carl, discloses German plot to blow up ships, x: 374.

Wexford, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.

Wheat, production and imports by Germany, ii: 17; government price-fixing in U. S., xii: 59; U. S. exports to Allies, July, '17--July,'18, xii: 141; statistics on production in U. S., '18--'19, xii: 143; _see also_ Food.

_Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?_, American soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Whiddy Island, Ireland, U. S. naval air station at, iv: 357.

Whippets, British baby tanks, ii: 280, viii: 148, xi: 262; _see also_ Tanks.

Whitby, bombarded by German fleet, Dec. 16, '14, i: 376, iv: 245.

White Russia, Republic of, established, May, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Whittlesey, Major Charles W., commander of "Lost Battalion," isolation and rescue in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Oct. 2--7, '18, v: 231, 239, 241, 242, 243; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

_Why Did We Join the Army?_, British soldiers' song, xi: 337.

Wickersham, Geo. W., analysis of Peace Treaty with Germany, xii: 170-178.

Wickersham, 2nd Lieut. J. Hunter, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 401.

_Wien_, Austrian battleship torpedoed by Italians in Trieste harbor, i: 393, x: 290.

Wieringen, German Crown Prince's home at, after flight from Germany, vi: 278.

Wilhelm, Kaiser, _see_ William II.

Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, biography, ix: 401-405.

Wilhelmshaven, revolt of German navy at, Oct. 31, '18, iv: 381.

Willard, Daniel, chairman of Advisory Commission, U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 116.

William I, becomes first German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, i: 44.

William II, of Germany, abdicates throne, Nov. 9, '18, i: 399, ii: 340, vi: 273; conception of powers as Emperor, i: 73; becomes Emperor, 1888, i: 97, 185, ix: 358; arrogance, i: 97; visits Turkey, i: 98, 207; famous speech at Tangier, Mar., '05, i: 99; complicity in Austrian ultimatum to Serbia, July, '14, i: 133-136, 252; interview in London _Daily Telegraph_ declaring friendship for England, Oct. 28, '18, i: 186; advice to troops to be "terrible as Huns," i: 186; reprimanded by Reichstag and Bundesrat for _Daily Telegraph_ interview, i: 189; Lloyd George's opinion of, i: 189; Kruger telegram supporting cause of Boers against Great Britain, Jan. 3, 1898, i: 192; statement about "sharpness of German sword," ii: 161; Ludendorff's estimate of weakness, ii: 317; Supreme War Lord, ii: 331; author of phrase "Yellow peril," vi: 248; retirement to Amerongen after abdication, Nov., '18, vi: 277; biography and sketch of personality, ix: 355-367, xi: 139-141; bibliography, ix: 367; Peace Treaty provisions for trial for war guilt, xii: 217.

William of Wied, becomes ruler of Albania, i: 206.

_William P. Frye_, American ship sunk by Germans, Jan. 28, '15, i: 319, 378.

Wilson, Adm. Henry B., biography, ix: 295-296.

Wilson, Gen., British representative on Inter-Allied General Staff, iii: 84.

Wilson, Major, develops idea of tank as fighting machine, viii: 155.

Wilson, William B., U. S. Secretary of Labor, on anti-war spirit of laboring classes, xii: 65.

Wilson, Woodrow, assumes leadership of liberal Democrats, i: 295; temperament contrasted with Roosevelt's, i: 299; "Strict accountability" note to Germany on U-boat warfare, i: 317; "Too proud to fight" statement, i: 320, v: 372, ix: 62; opposition to McLemore Resolution, i: 327; note to belligerents to state war aims, Dec. 18,. '16, i: 336; "Peace without victory" speech, Jan., '17, i: 337, ix: 64; speech before Congress asking for declaration of war with Germany, Apr. 2, '17, i: 348-355; effects of diplomacy, ii: 390; position in Fiume dispute, vi: 369; biography and personal sketch, ix: 55-69, xi: 131-135; "Fourteen Points," ix: 67, xii: 163-165; bibliography, ix: 69; stricken ill during tour for ratification of Peace Treaty, Sept., '19, xii: 264; opinion of Lodge reservations, xii: 267; message vetoing Knox Resolution, xii: 278; for relations with belligerents during neutrality, _see_ Germany, Blockade of; Submarine warfare; for work at Peace Conference, _see_ Peace Conference.

Winchester self-loading rifle, description, viii: 89.

Windhoek, captured by British, May 12, '15, i: 380, iii: 255.

Wire entanglements, _see_ Barbed wire.

Wireless, use by A. E. F. Signal Corps, v: 317, 318-319; development under war needs, viii: 315; apparatus for generation and transmission of radio waves, viii: 315-318; Goldschmidt alternator, viii: 316; Alexanderson alternator, viii: 316-318; use of vacuum tubes in wireless telephony, viii: 318-320; types of aerials, viii: 320; U. S. Navy wireless stations, location and method of operation, viii: 320-322.

Wisloka River, battle between Germans and Russians on banks of, May, '15, iii: 136.

Woevre River, Germans driven into plains of, by A. E. F. advance in Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Nov., '18, v: 94.

Wold, Pvt. Nels, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 397.

_Wolf_, seaplane-carrier German raider, activities, iv: 198.

Women in War, French munition workers, ii: 376; Pershing's tribute, v: 404; as Y. M. C. A. workers in Europe, vii: 267-271; Russian Battalion of Death, x: 183-185, xi: 205-210; British, in war industries, xii: 25; American, in war industries, xii: 26, 84-85; British, as farm laborers, xii: 40; effects of entry into industries on social organization, xii: 83-84; _see also_ Nurses; Red Cross; Salvation Army; War relief; Young Men's Christian Association.

Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard, on lessons of the War, iii: _Intro. vii-x_; in command of 89th Div., during training period, v: 146, 365.

Woodfill, 1st Lieut. Samuel, gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 391.

World empires, development toward, before War, i: 23; rivalry of ambitions for, i: 25.

World federation, ideal of, i: 25; religious diversity an obstacle to, i: 25.

World League of Red Cross Societies, organization and objects, vii: 3.

World War, results, i: _Intro. ix-xiv_ (summary by Dr. Eliot), vii: _Intro. ix_ (Dr. Manning on spiritual); areas involved, i: 9; effect on population, xii: 25; _see also_ Causes of War; Cost of War; Germany, Responsibility for War.

Wounded, _see_ Ambulance; Carrel-Dakin treatment; Hospitals; Infection; Medical Science; Reconstruction of disabled; Surgery; U. S. Army, Medical Service.

Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., commander of 35th Div., v: 128, 361; commander of 89th Div., v: 146, 365; commander of Seventh Corps, v: 395; biography, ix: 221-223.

Württemberg, Duke of, in command of German Northern Armies, iii: 61.

Wynne, Mrs. Hilda, experiences as ambulance driver, vii: 105, x: 186-188.

X

Xivray, location in St. Mihiel salient, v: 199.

X-ray, use in war surgery, vii: 221, viii: 373-376.

Xylyl bromide (tear gas), use in chemical warfare, viii: 170.

Y

"Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 331.

Yachts, converted, work in anti-submarine patrol, iv: 292.

Yakutsk Republic, established, May, '18, xii: 279; area and population, xii: 279.

Yankee (26th) Division, _see_ U. S., Army.

Yarmouth, bombarded by German raiders, Nov. 3, '14, iv: 244.

Yemen, Imamate of, established, '18, xii: 279.

York, Sgt. Alvin C., account of exploits as fighter, x: 13-18; gets Congressional Medal of Honor, x: 400.

Young, Lt.-Com. E. Hilton, account of Zeebrugge Raid, iv: 269-279.

Young, Lieut. I. E. R., account of air battle against German raiders over London, x: 215.

Young Men's Christian Association: American, organization for war work and program of activities, vii: 261-266; recognition by War Department as welfare agency, vii: 262; personnel, number and character, vii: 266; casualties in overseas service, vii: 267; women's work with, overseas, vii: 267-271; Work in A. E. F. leave areas, vii: 269; at the front with combat troops, vii: 271-277; award of Distinguished Service Crosses to workers, vii: 272; with the "Lost Battalion," vii: 273; huts used as targets by Germans, vii: 274; awards of _Croix de Guerre_ to workers, vii: 275, 313; hotels for service men, vii: 277; entertainment for service men, vii: 277-279; educational work for A. E. F., vii: 280-283, 290; religious activities among troops, vii: 283-285; activities for A. E. F. in United Kingdom, vii: 286-290; Eagle Hut in London, vii: 288, 300; in Italy, vii: 290; with Army of Occupation, vii: 291-293; with A. E. F. in Russia and Siberia, vii: 293-298; Navy service, vii: 298-302; Navy Hut at Brest, vii: 302; work among prisoners of war, Allied and Teuton, vii: 302-310; care of American war prisoners in Germany, vii: 309; _Foyers du Soldats_ for French soldiers, vii: 310-313; _Foyers du Marin_ for French sailors, vii: 313; athletics for A. E. F., vii: 313-317; work for Russian army and civilians, vii: 318-319. British, in Egypt, vii: 321, 322; at Gallipoli, vii: 321; in Sudan, vii: 322; in Palestine and Jerusalem, vii: 322-323; in Mesopotamia, vii: 324. Indian, welfare work in India, vii: 327. International, in Egypt, vii: 322; in Mesopotamia, vii: 324-327.

Young Turks, force constitutional government in Turkey, '08, i: 109.

Ypres, battles of: Oct.--Nov., '14, ii: 144, 170-171 (Field-Marshal French's account), iii: 41. Apr., '15, first use of gas in warfare by Germans, ii: 222, iii: 42, 288, 320, xi: 316. July--Oct., '17, ii: 128 (Haig's account of use of artillery in), iii: 78-79. Apr., '18, ii: 153, iii: 360-363 (description by Philip Gibbs).

Yser, battles of, Oct., '14, ii: 220, iii: 40; July, '17, iii: 77-78.

Yudenitch, Gen., Russian commander, campaign against and capture of Erzerum, iii: 262-263.

Z

Zabern incident, i: 72.

Zeebrugge Raid, British exploit in blocking German submarine base on Belgian coast, Apr., '18, iv: 261-279; ships participating, iv: 262; official Admiralty report, iv: 262-265; Capt. Carpenter's account, iv: 266-268; British casualties, iv: 268; account of Lieut.-Com. Young of _Vindictive_, iv: 269-279.

Zemstvos, Russian, congress of, prohibited by Protopopov, vi: 143; succeeded by local "soviets," vi: 164; war-time activities, xii: 82.

_Zemtchug_, Russian cruiser sunk by German raider _Emden_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 179.

Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, inventor of Zeppelin dirigible airships, biography, ix: 250-252.

Zeppelins, description of structural features, with discussion of utility during war and peace, ii: 262-269, viii: 241-254; raids on England, ii: 266, iii: 41, viii: 246, _see also_ Air raids; exploit of Sub-Lieut. Warneford in bringing down first Zeppelin of War, ii: 269, x: 223-225; development in construction, '14--'18, viii: 241; compared with airplanes, viii: 241-245; flight of _L-59_ to Egypt, viii: 243.

Zigzagging, as defense against U-boat attack, iv: 310.

Zimmermann, Dr. Alfred F. M., German Foreign Secretary, attempt to force from Ambassador Gerard guarantees for German-owned property in U. S., i: 345; text of note attempting to involve Mexico and Japan in war against U. S., i: 347.

Zouaves, description, xi: 189.

ILLUSTRATIONS

I.--PORTRAITS

A.

Adams, Sgt, Harry J., x: 42.

Ador, Gustave, President of Switzerland, with President Poincaré of France, xii: 154.

Ahmed, Sultan, Shah of Persia, i: 104.

Albert, King of the Belgians, at the front, ii: 5; with Queen Elizabeth, ii: 157, vii: 140; inspecting British tank, ii: 278; equestrian statue, iii: 379; portrait studies, vii: 121, ix: 386; symbolic painting of, ix; _facing p._ 386 (in color); entry into Bruges, ix: 390; inspecting U. S. sailors, xi: 129.

Albert, Prince, of England, xi: 150, 151 (as aviator).

Alexander, King of Greece, iii: 206.

Alexander I, Czar of Russia, i: 35.

Alexander, Prince Regent of Serbia, vi: 357, vii: 147.

Alexander, Maj.-Gen. Robert, v: 221.

Alexandra, former Czarina of Russia, ix: 377; with royal family, xi: 146.

Alexandra, Dowager Queen of England, ix: 394.

Alexandrina Irene, Princess, daughter of German Crown Prince, xi: 149.

Alexis, Czarevitch, of Russia, ii: 227, xi: 145, 146, 148 (last photograph).

Alfonso, King of Spain, with son, vi: 371.

Allen, B. S., vii: 115.

Allen, Maj.-Gen. Henry T., v: 201.

Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. H., ii: 89, 177, iii: 323 (entering Jerusalem), ix: 197.

Allied Food Council, members of, ix: 322.

Ames, Winthrop, vii: 340.

Anastasia, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.

Andrews, Brig.-Gen. Avery D., v: 93.

Aonzo, Lieut., iv: 365.

Aosta, Duke of, iii: 240.

Armenian Patriarch, of Jerusalem, vi.: 332.

Arnim, Count von, ii: 222.

Arnim, Gen. Sixt von, iii: 88.

Arthur, Julia, vii: 344.

Asquith, Herbert H., ix: 31.

Astor, Mrs. Vincent, as Y. M. C. A. canteen worker, vii: 270.

Atkinson, Sgt. Ralph M., x: 61.

Averescu, Gen., iii: 216.

B

Bailey, Maj.-Gen. C. J., v: 275.

Bain, H. F., vii: 115.

Baker, Newton D., v: 39 (with Gen. Pershing), 375, ix: 324, xii: 117 (with members of Council of National Defense), xii: 289 (drawing first draft number).

Baldwin, Dr. E. R., vii: 69.

Balfour, Arthur James, ix: 41; at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Barker, Col. William, vii: 391.

Barton, Clara, vii: 12.

Baruch, Bernard M., xii: 117 (with members of U.S. Council of National Defense), 119.

Bates, Blanche, vii: 344.

Bauer, Gustav, vi: 304.

Beatty, Adm. Sir David, iv: 11 (coming on board U. S. battleship _New York_), 102, 149 (with King George), ix: 284.

Belgian royal children, xi: 130.

Bell, Maj.-Gen. George, Jr., v: 219.

Belrose, L., vii: 115.

Benedict XV, Pope, i: 164.

Benson, Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_; with Secretary Daniels and Sir Eric Geddes, iv: 357.

Benson, 1st Lieut. Philip, x: 210.

Berchtold, Count, i: 137, ix: 143.

Bergmann, Gen., ix: 267.

Bernhardi, Gen, Frederick von, i: 169.

Bernstorff, Count Johann von, ix: 134, x: 327.

Bertle, Sir Francis L., ii: 131.

Bethel, Brig.-Gen. Walter A., v: 38.

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), iii: 2, vi: 265, ix: 123.

Bigelow, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.

Biggs, Dr. H. M., vii: 69.

Binkley, Sgt. David U., x: 97.

Birdwood, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William, iii: 375.

Bishop, Col. William A., x: 216, 219.

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, i: 43; with Napoleon III, i: 44; at Congress of Berlin, i: 49; at proclamation of German Empire, i: 55; dictating surrender of French in Franco-Prussian War, i: 163; dictating terms of peace to French after Franco-Prussian War, i: 212.

Bissing, Gen. von, ii: 99.

Bliss, Gen, Tasker H., v: 110; at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Bohlen, Krupp von, i: 135.

Bonstelle, Jessie, vii: 344.

Booth, Miss Evangeline, vii: 392.

Boothby, George, vii: 335.

Borden, Sir Robert, vi: 25.

Botchkareva, Marie, x: 184.

Botha, Gen. Louis, vi: 49, ix: 192.

Brent, Bishop, xi: 250.

Breshkovsky, Catherine, vi: 150, ix: 348.

Briand, Aristide, i: 398 (presiding at first Allied Conference, Mar., '16), ii: 386.

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, ix: 137, xii: 169.

Brown, Brig.-Gen. Preston, v: 86.

Brunswick, Duke and Duchess of, i: 168.

Brusiloff, Gen. Alexei, iii: 143, ix: 233.

Bullard, Lieut.-Gen. Robert Lee, v: _facing p._ 396 (in color), ix: 220, x: 17 (with staff).

Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, ix: 129.

Bunch, Maj. Henry E., x: 83.

Bundy, Maj.-Gen. Omar, v: 249, ix: 226.

Bunsen, Sir Maurice de, i: 126.

Burdick, "Mother," vii: 385.

Burr, Sgt. George E., x: _facing p._ 102 (in color).

Butterfield, Sgt. William M., x: 343.

Byng, Sir Julian, iii: 338.

C

Cadorna, Gen. Luigi, iii: 229, 231, 233, ix: 228.

Caillaux, M., vi: 104.

Cambon, Jules, i: 128.

Cambon, Paul, ii: 384.

Cameron, Pvt. Charles, x: 144.

Campbell, Capt. Douglass, x: _facing p._ 152 (in color).

Canterbury, Archbishop of, vii: 299.

Carden, Vice-Adm., iii: 174.

Carney, Pvt. Fred, x: 53.

Carpenter, Capt., iv: 266, 267.

Carpentier, Georges, as airman, x: 207.

Carranza, Gen. Venustiano, i: 320.

Carrel, Dr. Alexis, ix: 311, xi: 289.

Carson, Sir Edward, vi: 66, ix: 51.

Carty, Col., x: 48.

Casement, Sir Roger, vi: 56, 57 (on trial for treason), ix: 54.

Castelnau, Gen. de, with Gen. d'Esperey, ii: 141.

Castlereagh, Lord, i: 29.

Cavour, Count Camillo, i: 43.

Cecil, Lord Robert, xii: 207.

Chamberlain, Austen, ii: 90.

Chapman, Victor, x: 170.

Charles I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ii: 65, iii: 140 (in Warsaw), ix: 373.

Charles Theodore, Prince, son of King Albert of Belgium, xi: 130.

Churchill, Winston Spencer, vi: 10, ix: 45 (with wife).

Churchill, Mrs. Winston Spencer, ix: 45.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Clausewitz, Carl von, i: 166.

Clayburgh, Mme., vii: 344.

Clemenceau, Georges, near the front, iii: 35; decorating a priest, iii: 85; portrait study, ix: 3; leaving Peace Conference, ix: 6; in his study, ix: 11; in uniform of a poilu, ix: 12; visiting a liberated French village, xi: 126; at Somme battle front, xi: 127; presiding at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Clementel, French Minister of Commerce, xii: 106.

Clifford, Rev. J. H., x: 33.

Coffin, Howard E., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Colmar, Mayor of, i: 328.

Commission for Relief in Belgium, members of, vii: 115.

Connaught, Duke of, with King George, i: 124; inspecting troops, vi: 33; with Archbishop of Canterbury at a Y. M. C. A. hut, vii: 299.

Conner, Brig.-Gen. Fox, v: 104.

Constantine, former King of Greece, iii: 203, ix: 381 (with family).

Council of National Defense, U. S., with Advisory Commission, members of, xii: 117.

Cozens, W. J., vii: 115.

Cradock, Adm. Sir Christopher, iv: 63.

Craig, Capt., vi: 66.

Craig, Brig.-Gen. Malin, v: 80.

Crile, Dr. George W., vii: 68.

Cronkhite, Maj.-Gen. Adelbert, v: _facing p._ 146 (in color).

Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur, iii: 346 (with Pershing), 377, vi: 28.

Czar of Russia, _see_ Nicholas II.

D

D'Amade, Gen., ii: 163.

Daniels, Josephus, with Franklin Roosevelt, i: 359; with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_; with Sir Eric Geddes and Adm. Benson, iv: 357; portrait study, x: 327; with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Danilo Alexander, Prince, of Montenegro, iii: 153.

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, vi: 121.

Dasch, Pvt. Carl W., x: 50.

Davis, Brig.-Gen. Robt. C., v: 291.

Davison, Henry P., vii: 3, 17.

Dawson, Sgt. Clarence W., x: 310.

De La Ray, Gen., vi: 49.

Derby, Dr. Richard, x: 242.

Dernburg, Dr. Bernhard, vi: 297.

D'Esperey, Gen., with Gen. Castelnau, ii: 141.

Devereaux, Pvt. Harold J., x: 134.

De Wet, Gen. Christian, vi: 49.

Diaz, Gen., ii: 367.

Dickman, Maj.-Gen. Joseph T., v: 52.

Disraeli, Benjamin, i: 50.

Djavid Bey, ii: 28.

Djevad Bey, Col., iii: 356.

Dmitrieff, Gen. Radko, iii: 136.

Dougherty, Color Sgt. Hardy C, x: 110.

Doumergue, French Minister of Colonies, vi: 104, xii: 106.

Drummond, Sir Eric, xii: 202.

Dubail, Gen. and Madame, xi: 47.

Duffy, Father, vii: 335.

Dugan, Maj.-Gen. Thomas B., v: 226.

Dumba, Dr. Constantin, x: 328.

Dunant, Henri, vii: 10.

Duncan, Maj.-Gen. George B., v: 10.

E

Earle, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Ebert, Friedrich, vi: 293 (delivering speech of acceptance to election as German President), ix: 136.

Edward VII, of England, with Kaiser, i: 188; with son (present King George V) and grandson (present Prince of Wales), ii: 3.

Edwards, Maj.-Gen. Clarence R., v: 66 (with Gen. Liggett), 253.

Eggeman, Judge, vii: 335.

Eggers, Sgt., x: 105.

Einem, Gen. von, with Kaiser and other leading German generals, i: 130.

Eisner, Kurt, vi: 289.

Eitel, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168.

Eitel Friedrich, Princess, of Prussia, i: 168.

Elena, Queen of Italy, xi: 142.

Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium, ii: 157, vii: 140, ix: 389, xi: 130 (with her children).

Ellis, Pvt. M. B., x: 119.

Eltinge, Brig.-Gen. Leroy, x: 283.

Ely, Maj.-Gen. Hanson E., v: 123.

Enver Pasha, iii: 262, ix: 271.

Erzberger, Mathias, meeting with Foch to arrange armistice, v: 392.

Eugene, Archduke, of Austria, with staff, i: 139.

F

Falkenhayn, Gen. Erich von, i: 130 (with other leading German generals), iii: 223, ix: 262.

Fallow, Capt. Thomas H., x: 161.

Feng Kuo-Chang, Gen., i: 58.

Ferdinand, former Czar of Bulgaria, iii: 156, 211, ix: 379.

Ferdinand, King of Rumania, iii: 219 (decorating troops), 221, ix: 400.

Ferguson, Sgt. Dugald E., x: 77.

Ferguson, Elsie, vii: 341.

Fernandez, Bijou, vii: 344.

Fisher, Adm. Lord John, ix: 289.

Fiske, Brig.-Gen. Harold B., v: 103.

Fitzgerald, John, vii: 335.

Flagler, Maj.-Gen. Clement A. F., v: 209.

Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, ii: 86 (inspecting Rhine fortifications with Gen. Mangin), 139, 142 (reviewing guards at St. Germain-en-Laye), v: 392 (meeting German armistice delegates), ix: 148, 151 (an early portrait), xi: 47, 136.

Forstner, Lieut. von, i: 73.

Foulois, Brig.-Gen Benjamin D., v: 310.

Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, of Austria, i: 3 (with family), 111, 113 (shortly before assassination), vi: 360 (with Kaiser).

Francis Joseph I, late Emperor of Austria-Hungary, ix: 371.

Frederick, Archduke, of Austria, ii: 24.

Frederick, King of Denmark, vi: 393.

Frederick the Great, i: 22.

Frederick III, German Emperor, i: 183.

Frederick William, former Crown Prince of Prussia and of Germany, with Crown Princess, i: 117; with leading German generals, i: 130; with members of royal family, i: 168; bestowing decorations, ii: 38; portrait studies, ii: 311, 339, ix: 368 (with one of his children); on Verdun front, iii: 48, 307; with staff, iii: 304; with father and son, vi: 263.

Frederick William III, King of Prussia, i: 34.

French, Field-Marshal Viscount John, iii: 24, ix: 178, xi: 360.

French cabinet, members of, '13, vi: 304.

Freytag-Loringhoven, Baron von, ii: 255.

Fritz, Pvt. Albert, x: 80.

G

Galliéni, Gen. Joseph Simon, ix: 162.

Galopin, Gen., xi: 47.

Garfield, Harry A., xii: 49.

Garibaldi, Capt., x: 64.

Garibaldi, Gen., x: 64.

Gasette, Miss Grace, vii: 190.

Gaultney, Corp. Walter E., x: _facing p._ 200 (in color).

Gay, G. I., vii: 115.

Geddes, Sir Eric, iv: 357 (with Josephus Daniels and Adm. Benson), ix: 314.

George, Prince, of England, xi: 151.

George V, King of England, with Duke of Connaught, i: 124; with father (Edward VII) and Prince of Wales, ii: 3; aboard U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11, 85; with Adm. Beatty, iv: 149; inspecting gun on a U. S. battleship, iv: 346; decorating a U. S. soldier, v: 383; bust presented to American Y. M. C. A. in London, vii: 286; with Lloyd George, ix: 29; portrait study, ix: 393; at baseball game between U. S. service teams in London, xi: 153; on tour of inspection, xi: 314.

Gerard, James W., i: 303 (with embassy staff in Berlin), 322.

German Crown Princess, with Crown Prince, i: 117; with members of royal family, i: 168; with daughter and German Empress, xi: 149.

Gibbons, Cardinal James, vii: _Intro. vi._

Gibson, Harvey D., vii: 103.

Gibson, Hugh, vi: 88, vii: 115.

Gifford, Walter S., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Giovanna, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.

Gleaves, Vice-Adm. Albert, iv: 159.

Glossop, Capt. John C. T., iv: 186.

Godfrey, Dr. Hollis, with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Goltz, Field-Marshal Baron von der, ix: 269.

Gompers, Samuel P., xii: 87.

Gordon, Maj.-Gen. Walter H., v: 223.

Gorgas, Surgeon-General William C., vii: 192.

Gori, Lieut., with Commander Rizzo and Lieut. Aonzo, iv: 365.

Gortchakoff, Prince, i: 181.

Goschen, Sir Edward, i: 125.

Gough, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Hubert de la Poer, iii: 376.

Gouraud, Gen. Henri, ii: 122, 210, iii: 229, v: 44.

Gourko, Gen. Basil, ii: 226.

Graham, Sgt. Clyde, x: 166.

Grayson, Rear-Adm., xii: _Intro. xvii._

Greek delegates to Paris Peace Conference, ix: 80.

Greek royal family, ix: 381.

Grey, Sir Edward, ix: 36.

Griffin, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Grismer, Mrs. Joseph, vii: 344.

Grouitch, Madame Slavko, vii: 145.

Guendele, Gen. von, with German armistice delegates, meeting Foch, v: 392.

Gustav, King of Sweden, vi: 395.

Guynemer, Capt. Georges, x: 203.

H

Haakon VII, King of Norway, i: 133.

Haan, Maj.-Gen. William G., v: 24.

Haeseler, Gen. von, with Kaiser and leading German generals, i: 130.

Haig, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, ii: 113, 114, iii: 374, ix: 182.

Haldane, Lord, i: 108.

Hall, Capt. James Norman, x: 201.

Hamill, Dr. Samuel M., vii: 69.

Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian, ii: 30, iii: 162.

Harbord, Maj.-Gen. James G., v: _facing p._ 36 (in color).

Harden, Maximilian, vi: 303.

Hartman, Sgt. William A., x: 167.

Hartz, Gen. William W., v: 255.

Hay, Maj.-Gen. William H., v: 279.

Helfferich, Dr. Karl, iii: 2, ix: 354.

Helmick, Maj.-Gen. Eli, v: 268.

Heming, Violet, vii: 344.

Henderson, Arthur, ix: 48.

Herren, Sgt. William, x: 323.

Hertling, Count von, i: 273, vi: 259 (addressing Prussian Chamber of Deputies).

Hill, R. F., vii: 115.

Hindenburg, Field-Marshal Paul von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and other leading German generals), ii: 207, 299 (with Ludendorff), 325 (with Ludendorff), 361, iii: 113, vi: 291, ix: 243, 248 (wooden statue of), 364 (with Kaiser and Ludendorff).

Hinds, Maj.-Gen. Ernest, v: 320.

Hines, Maj.-Gen. John L., v: 182.

Hines, Walker D., xii: 90.

Hinkle, member of Lafayette Escadrille, x: 197.

Hohenberg, Duchess of, i: 3 (with husband, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, and family), 111, 113 (with husband, shortly before assassination).

Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, vii: 69.

Honnold, W. L., vii: 115.

Hood, Rear-Adm. Horace, iv: 120.

Hoover, Sgt. Charles S., x: 126.

Hoover, Herbert C., vii: 115, 122, ix: 317.

Horton, Lieut.-Com. Max K., iv: 207.

House, Col. Edward M., ix: 71 (with Mrs. House), 74, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).

Houston, David F., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Howe, Capt. Maurice W., x: 312.

Howze, Maj.-Gen. Robert L., v: 185.

Hsaün Tung, ex-Emperor of China, i: 17.

Hughes, Sir Sam, vi: 35.

Hughes, William Morris, vi: 39.

Hurley, Edward N., with Charles M. Schwab, ix: 336.

I

Ingenohl, Vice-Adm., iv: 68.

Ireland, Maj.-Gen. Merritt A., vii: 194.

Ishii, Viscount, ix: 89.

Italian royal children, xi: 142.

Italian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 118.

Ivanoff, Gen., iii: 127.

J

Jagow, Gottliev von, iii: 2, ix: 127.

Janeway, Dr. Theodore C., vii: 250.

Janis, Elsie, vii: 294.

Jellicoe, Adm. Sir John, v: 100, ix: 276.

Joan of Arc, i: _frontispiece_ (in color).

Joffre, Marshal Joseph Jacques César, with Gen. Nivelle, ii: 12; in trenches with Kitchener, ii: 164; examining German prisoners, ii: 173; at Verdun, iii: 50; with Gen. Pershing, v: 57; painting in color, ix: _facing p._ 154; decorating French officer, ix: 158; at West Point, ix: 160; at Lafayette statue in Brooklyn, xi: 7; portrait studies, xi: 11, 268; with other leading French generals and Pershing, xi: 47.

Jones, R. H., vii: 115.

Jutta, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.

K

Kaiser, _see_ William II.

Karolyi, Count, ix: 146.

Kei Hara, vi: 387.

Kenney, Maj., with Maj. Whittlesey, v: 238.

Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovitch, vi: 145, ix: 105.

Key, Francis Scott, xi: 325.

Kitchener, Field-Marshal Earl Horatio Herbert, ii: 164 (in trenches with Joffre), 165, 203, ix: 169, 171.

Klotz, Louis, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Kluck, Gen. Alexander von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of German generals), 377, ii: 9, ix: 267 (with staff).

Koenig, Capt. Paul, iv: 214.

Kolchak, Adm. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich, ix: 240.

Korniloff, Gen., ii: 235, vi: 168.

Korth, Sgt. Herman, x: _facing p._ 254 (in color).

Krauss, Gen. F. M. C., with Archduke Eugene of Austria, i: 139.

Kreger, Brig.-Gen. Edward A., v: 230.

Krobatin, Austrian Minister of War, with Archduke Eugene, i: 139.

Kropotkin, Prince Peter, vi: 136.

Kruger, Oom Paul, i: 192.

Krupp, Alfred, i: 160.

Krupp, Bertha, ix: 353.

Krupp von Bohlen, i: 135.

Kuhl, Gen. von, ix: 267.

Kuhn, Maj.-Gen. Joseph E., v: 224.

Kuropatkin, Gen., iii: 269.

L

Lafayette, Marquis de, xi: 6.

Lafayette Escadrille, members, x: 197, 200.

Lane, Franklin K., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Langfitt, Maj.-Gen. W. C., v: 343.

Langham, Pvt. George W., x: 99.

Lansing, Robert, at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Lassiter, Maj.-Gen. William, v: 145.

Latham, Sgt., x: 105.

Lathrop, Mrs. Benjamin G., vii: 94.

Laurier, Sir Wilfred, vi: 26.

Law, Andrew Bonar, conferring with French cabinet members, xii: 106; at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Le Jeune, Maj.-Gen. John A., v: 256.

Leman, Gen., i: 144.

Lenihan, Brig.-Gen. Michael J., vii: 335.

Lenin, Nicolai, ix: 111.

Leonard, Benny, viii: 108.

Leopold, Crown Prince of Belgium, xi: 130, 145.

Leopold, Prince, of Bavaria, i: 130 (with group of German generals), iii: 140 (in Warsaw).

Lepley, Sgt. James B., x: 251.

Lewis, Sgt. Stacy A., x: 302.

Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Maximilian, i: 196, ix: 132.

Liebknecht, Karl, ix: 139.

Liggett, Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, v: _facing p._ 108 (in color), 66 (with Maj.-Gen. Edwards), ix: 219.

Lincoln, Tribitsch, x: 345.

Lipton, Sir Thomas, with Duchess of Westminster and her Red Cross nurses on board the yacht _Erin_, vii: 136.

Li Yuan-Hung, Gen., i: 57.

Lloyd George, David, addressing a crowd, vi: 5; return to London from Peace Conference, vi: 21; portrait studies, ix: 22, xii: 151; with King George, ix: 29; at Peace Conference, xii: 160.

Lloyd George, Mrs. David, ix: 24.

Lloyd George, Miss, xi: 121.

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, xii: 239.

Lohvitsky, Gen., vi: 144.

Londonderry, Lord, vi: 66.

Lovett, Judge Robert S., vii: 90.

Ludendorff, Gen. Erich von, with Kaiser and group of German generals, i: 130; with Hindenburg, ii: 299, 325; portrait study, ix: 251; with wife, ix: 253; with Kaiser and Hindenburg, ix: 364.

Lufberry, Maj. Raoul, x: 192, 197, xi: 228, 229.

Luke, Lieut. Frank, x: 212.

Luxemburg, Rosa, vi: 281.

Lvoff (Lvov), Prince George E., vi: 159, ix: 101.

M

MacArthur, Maj.-Gen. Douglas, v: _Intro. viii_, ix: 213.

MacDonald, Ramsay, vi: 3.

Mackensen, Field-Marshal August Anton Ludwig von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and group of leading German generals), iii: 137, 222, ix: 258.

Mafalda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.

Maja Vajiravudth, King of Siam, vi: 80.

Malvy, M., vi: 104.

Mangin, Gen., inspecting Rhine fortifications with Foch, ii: 86.

Manning, Corp. Sidney E., x: 122.

Manning, Rev. Dr. William T., vii: _Intro. viii._

Mapes, L. D., vii: 115.

March, Gen. Peyton C., ix: 211.

Maria, Princess, of Italy, xi: 144.

Marie, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.

Marie, Queen of Rumania, vii: 111, ix: 402.

Marie Adelaide, Grand-Duchess of Luxemburg, i: 78, ix: 383.

Marie José, Princess, of Belgium, xi: 130, 144.

Marlborough, Duchess of, vii: 131.

Marshall, Lieut.-Gen. Sir William R., iii: 333.

Martin, Dr. Franklin, with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Mary, Princess, of England, xi: 150.

Mary, Queen of England, ix: 394.

Maude, Gen. Sir Frederick Stanley, iii: 184, ix: 195.

Maudhuy, Gen. de, ii: 144.

Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir Frederick B., ii: _Intro. ix._

Max, Burgomaster, of Brussels, iii: 272.

Max, Prince, of Baden, vi: 302.

Mayhew, 2nd Lieut. Carl C., x: 136.

Mayo, Adm. Henry Thomas, iv: _Intro. ix_, ix: 297.

McAdoo, Eleanor, xi: 133.

McAdoo, William G., ix: 330, xii: _Intro. xi._

McAlexander, Brig.-Gen. Ulysses G., v: 389, ix: 217.

McAndrew, Maj.-Gen. James W., v: 101, ix: 215.

McGlachlin, Maj.-Gen. Edward F., v: 228.

McGowan, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

McIntrye, Miss Gladys and Irene, being decorated for distinguished service at the front, vii: 395; collecting funds for Salvation Army, vii: 398.

McKaig, Corp. F. H., x: 300.

McKeogh, Lieut. Arthur, x: 140.

McRae, Maj.-Gen. James H., v: 251.

Meissner, Maj. James A., x: 231.

Menoher, Maj.-Gen. Charles J., v: 190.

Mercier, Cardinal Désiré, i: 235, ix: _facing p._ 340 (in color), 342.

Metternich, Count von, i: 34.

Michaelis, Georg, ii: 302.

Millerand, Alexandre, i: 333, ii: 388.

Milyukov, Paul, v: 158.

Minkiewicz, Secretary of Provisions for Poland, vii: 355.

Mishich, Gen. Voivode, with staff, ii: 35.

Mitchel, Col., vii: 335.

Moffat, John, vii: 86.

Mohammed V, Sultan of Turkey, iii: 357.

Moltke, Field-Marshal von, i: 48, 55.

Moltke, Lieut.-Gen. Helmuth von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ix: 265.

Montenegro, royal family, iii: 153.

Moore, Mast.-Sig.-Elect. E. J., x: _facing p._ 304 (in color).

Morgan, Miss Anne, vii: 93.

Morgan, John Pierpont, xii: _Intro. xiv._

Mosley, Brig.-Gen. George V. H., v: 341.

Mueller, Commander Karl von, iv: 168, 173.

Muir, Maj.-Gen. Charles H., v: 205.

Münsterberg, Prof. Hugo, vi: 268.

N

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, i: 7 (retreating after Waterloo), ii: 88.

Napoleon III, Emperor of France, i: 36, 44.

Nash, J. A., vii: 115.

Nellmond, Earl Edler von, with Archduke Eugene of Austria and staff, i: 139.

Netherlands, royal family, vii: 172.

Neville, Gen., decorating colors of 6th Marine Regt., x: 199.

Nicholas, Grand-Duke, Nicolaevitch, of Russia, with Czar, iii: 112, vi: 154; portrait studies, iii: 115, ix: 230.

Nicholas, former King of Montenegro, i: 114, iii: 153 (with family).

Nicholas II, former Czar of Russia, with Grand-Duke Nicholas, iii: 112, vi: 154; inspecting Red Cross workers, vii: 359; portrait study, ix: 375; with royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph).

Nightingale, Florence, vii: 11.

Nivelle, Gen., with Marshal Joffre, ii: 12.

Nolan, Brig.-Gen. Dennis E., v: 105.

Northcliffe, Lord, vi: 12.

Nourey Bey, Capt., iii: 356.

Nugent, Sgt. John F., x: 23.

O

Oberndorff, Count von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.

O'Brien, Corp. John J., x: _facing p._ 354 (in color).

O'Brien, Lieut. Pat, x: 256.

Okuma, Count, i: 19, vi: 385, ix: 88 (with wife).

Olga, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.

O'Neil, Peggy, vii: 342.

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, ix: 86.

O'Ryan, Maj.-Gen. John F., v: 282.

Oscar, Prince, of Prussia, i: 168, vi: 221.

Oshima, Gen., vi: 385.

Owen, H., vii: 115.

P

Paderewski, Ignace, vi: 206 (with Polish Mission in New York), ix: 97.

Painlevé, Paul, iii: 83.

Palmer, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Papen, Capt. Franz von, x: 328.

Parrish, Sgt. Grady, x: 25.

Pashitch, N., iii: 151.

Passard, Jean, xi: 74.

Patriquin, Jean, vii: 344.

Pelltier, Gen., xi: 47.

Pendleton, Lieut. George H., x: 154.

Pershing, Gen. John J., with Gen. Currie, iii: 346; painting in color, v: _frontispiece_; with Secretary of War Baker, v: 39; with Joffre, v: 57, ix: 208; with Marshal Pétain, v: 98; at tomb of Lafayette, v: 99; with U. S. nurses in France, vii: 78; portrait study, ix: 200; on Mexican border, ix: 206; with group of French generals, xi: 47; as a boy, xi: 123; in the field, xi: 124.

Pétain, Marshal Henri Philipp, ii: 149, 186 (on Verdun front), iii: 52, v: 99 (with Pershing), ix: 165.

Peter, King of Serbia, iii: 149.

Pichon, Stephen, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 233.

Pilsudski, Gen. Joseph, ix: 93, 95.

Pius X, Pope, i: 27.

Plumer, Gen. Sir Herbert. C. O., ii: 162.

Poincaré, Raymond, visiting the front, ii: 218; portrait study, ix: 15; with President Ador of Switzerland, xii: 154.

Poincaré, Mme. Raymond, ix: 16.

Poland, W. B., vii: 15.

Polish Military Mission to U. S., vi: 206.

Politis, Nicholas, ix: 80.

Popes, _see_ Benedict XV; Pius X.

Porro, Gen., iii: 229.

Prince, Norman, x: 170.

Princip, slayer of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, arrest following crime, i: 5.

Pringle, Capt., with Vice-Adm. Wemyss, iv: 323.

Prussian royal family, i: 168.

Puryear, 1st Lieut. George W., x: 179.

R

Rasputin, vi: 142 (surrounded by female admirers), ix: 346.

Rathenau, Dr. Walter, vi: 275.

Rawlinson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 171, iii: 88.

Read, Maj.-Gen. George W., ix: 224.

Reading, Lord Rufus, xii: 110.

Rennenkampf, Gen., ii: 25, iii: 110.

Rickard, E., vii: 115.

Rickenbacker, Capt. "Eddie," with mother and sister, x: 260.

Rizzo, Com., with Lieuts. Aonzo and Gori, iv: 365.

Robeck, Vice-Adm. de, iv: 35.

Roberts, Field-Marshal Earl, i: 315, iii: 371, vi: 2.

Robertson, Gen. Sir William R., iii: 373, ix: 185.

Rockenbach, Brig.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 315.

Rodman, Rear-Adm. Hugh, welcoming King George on U. S. battleship _New York_, iv: 11; with Adm. Sims on _New York_, iv: 95; portrait study, ix: 294.

Romanos, Athos, ix: 80.

Roosevelt, Capt. Archie, x: 245.

Roosevelt, Franklin D., with Josephus Daniels, i: 359; with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Roosevelt, Capt. Kermit, x: 243.

Roosevelt, Lieut. Quentin, x: 244.

Roosevelt, Theodore, i: 161 (with Kaiser at military maneuvers), x: 239, 240 (with family), xi: 114 (reviewing Boy Scouts at Sagamore Hill), 400 (with grandchild).

Roosevelt, Lieut.-Col. Theodore Jr., x: 241, 247.

Root, Elihu, in Moscow, vi: 166.

Rosenfelt, Henry H., vii: 350.

Rosenwald, Julius, with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Rubinstein, Madam Ida, vii: 374.

Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ii: 217, iii: 382.

Russell, Brig.-Gen. Edgar, v: 318.

Russell, Col. F. F., vii: 69.

Russian Princesses, as war nurses, xi: 147.

Russian royal family, xi: 146, 148 (last photograph.).

Russian War Mission to United States, members of, vi: 174.

Russky, Gen., iii: 105.

Ryan, John D., xii: 125.

S

Salisbury, Lord, i: 56.

Samsonoff, Gen., ii: 223, iii: 111.

Sanders, Gen. Liman von, vi: 286.

Sarrail, Gen., iii: 207.

Sazonov, Serge, i: 119, vi: 141.

Scheidemann, Philipp, ix: 136, 137 (with members of cabinet).

Schurz, Carl, i: 53.

Schwab, Charles M., ix: 333, 336 (with Edward N. Hurley).

Seeger, Alan, x: 142.

Sengier, E., vii: 115.

Shaler, M. K., vii: 115.

Sherman, Corp. Whitney D., x: 66.

Shimamura, Adm., vi: 385.

Sims, Adm. William S., i: 391, iv: _frontispiece_ (in color), 95 (on board battleship _New York_ with Adm. Rodman), ix: 292 (with family).

Skinner, Mrs. Otis, vii: 344.

Smith, Brig.-Gen. Harry A., v: 45.

Smith, Margaret, vii: 344.

Smith, Capt. Richard T., x: 69.

Smith, Maj.-Gen. William R., v: 207.

Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir Horace, ii: 175.

Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, iii: 256, ix: 188.

Snow, Maj. William A., x: 320.

Sonnino, Baron Sidney, ix: 83.

Sothern, E. H., vii: 340.

Soukhomlinoff, Gen., iii: 122.

Sparks, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Sparrows, Com., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Spee, Adm. Count von, iv: 60, ix: 307.

Stage Women's War Relief Committee, members of, vii: 344.

Stebbins, Miss Katherine, vii: 276.

Steidl, Sgt. August, x: 93.

Stein, Corp. Fred C., x: 182.

Stewart, Lieut.-Col. John W., x: 163.

Stowers, Sgt. Joseph H., x: 90.

Sturdee, Vice-Adm. Sir Frederick C. D., iv: 79.

Sturgis, Maj.-Gen. Samuel D., v: 194.

Sultans, of Turkey, iii: 357, vi: 331.

Summerall, Maj.-Gen. Charles P., v: 85.

Sutherland, Duchess of, at her hospital in France, vii: 109.

Swinton, Maj.-Gen., ii: 274.

Symington, 1st Lieut. James M., x: 88.

T

Taft, William Howard, xii: 175.

Talbot, Dr. F. B., vii: 69.

Talleyrand, i: 32.

Tardieu, André, i: 286, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference).

Tatiana, Grand-Duchess, of Russia, xi: 146.

Taylor, Rear-Adm., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Terauchi, Count, ix: 91.

Thaw, Maj. William, x: 197.

Thenault, Capt., x: 197.

Tirpitz, Adm. Alfred von, i: 130 (with Kaiser and leading German generals), ii: 261, iv: 2, 221, ix: 299.

Townshend, Gen., iii: 365.

Treitschke, Prof. Heinrich von, i: 174.

Trotzky, Leon, ii: 232, ix: 111.

Turkish Crown Prince, iii: 356.

Turkish Sultans, iii: 357, vi: 331.

Turner, Lieut. Benjamin E., x: 159.

Turner, Pvt. Robert I., x: 159.

Tyrwhitt, Commodore, iv: 251 (with officers of _Arethusa_), 259.

U

Uehara, Gen., vi: 385.

Umberto, Crown Prince, of Italy, xi: 143.

Usher, Rear-Adm. Nathaniel R., iv: 320.

V

Venizelos, Eleutherios, iii: 202, ix: 77, 80.

Victor Emanuel, King of Italy, iii: 229, vi: 122, ix: 396, xi: 152 (with Prince of Wales).

Victoria, former Empress of Germany, i: 187, ix: 366, xi: 149.

Vincent, Mrs. Walter, vii: 344.

Viviani, René, ii: 161, vi: 104, ix: 20.

W

Wadehouse, British Commissioner, at Cyprus, i: 176.

Wales, Prince of, ii: 3 (with father and grandfather), xi: 149, 150 (at age of sixteen), 152 (with King of Italy).

Walker, Brig.-Gen. Meriweather I., v: 353.

Wallace, Maj.-Gen., iii: 372.

Walsh, Frank P., ix: 338.

Walsh, Sgt. Patrick, x: 101.

Watson, Lieut.-Col. George L., x: 151.

Watts, Capt., with members of Navy War Council, iv: _Intro. xi._

Weddigen, Lieut.-Com. Otto, iv: 305.

Weigel, Maj.-Gen. William, v: _facing p._ 308 (in color).

Welch, Dr. W. H., vii: 69.

Wemyss, Adm. Sir Rosslyn, on board a U. S. battleship, iv: 323; meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.

Westminster, Duchess of, with her nurses, vii: 136.

Weygand, Gen., meeting German armistice delegates, v: 392.

Wharton, Mrs. Edith, vii: 100.

Wheeler, Margaret, vii: 344.

White, Henry, xii: 160 (at Peace Conference), 167.

White, J. B., vii: 115.

Whitlock, Brand, vi: 83, vii: 117 (with wife), x: 175.

Whittlesey, Maj. Charles, with Maj. Kenney, v: 238.

Wilhelmina, Queen of Netherlands, vii: 172 (with heir and Prince Consort), ix: 404.

Willard, Daniel, xii: 117 (with members of U. S. Council of National Defense), 122.

William I, Emperor of Germany, portrait study, i: 45; entry into Versailles, 1871, i: 46; being proclaimed German Emperor, 1871, i: 55; triumphal return to Berlin after Franco-Prussian War, i: 150.

William II, former Emperor of Germany, at age of nineteen, i: 70; entering Jerusalem, 1898, i: 97; with leading German generals, i: 130; with Theodore Roosevelt, watching military maneuvers, i: 161; in coronation robes, i: 185; with Edward VII of England, i: 188; statue as monk in Metz Cathedral, i: 211; watching troop movements in France, i: 217; parading with sons in Berlin, ii: 258; on way to memorial service with family, ii: 261; portrait studies, ii: 306, ix: 359; on visit to the front, ii: 330; with Gen. von Einem, iii: 117; on Eastern Front, vi: 221, ix: 356; with Crown Prince and grandson, vi: 263; with six sons, vi: 298; with Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, vi: 360; with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, ix: 364; in conversation with a German officer, ix: 365; with the Empress, ix: 366; at age of six, xi: 140; at age of sixteen, xi: 141.

Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry, ii: 71.

Wilson, William B., with members of U. S. Council of National Defense, xii: 117.

Wilson, Woodrow, addressing Congress, i: 329; portrait studies, ix; _frontispiece_ (in color), 57, 59, xi: 132, xii: 181; delivering speech of acceptance of renomination for Presidency, '16, ix: 61; delivering second inaugural address, ix: 65; marching with service men, xi: 134; with Adm. Grayson in Brussels, xii: _Intro. xvii_; on board _George Washington_ on way to Peace Conference, xii: 187.

Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, ix: 63, xii: 187 (on board _George Washington_ on way to France).

Wines, Sgt. Pearl J., x: 236.

Winn, Maj.-Gen. Frank L., v: 187.

Winterfeld, Gen. von, German armistice delegate, meeting with Foch, v: 392.

Witenmeyer, Maj.-Gen. Edmund, v: 215.

Wood, Maj.-Gen. Leonard, iii: _Intro. ix_, ix: 160 (at West Point with Joffre).

Woyrsch, Gen. von, iii: 140.

Wright, Maj.-Gen. William M., v: 127, ix: 222.

X

Xenia, Princess, of Montenegro, iii: 153.

Y

Yankoff, Gen., vi: 341.

Yanushkevitch, Gen., ii: 231.

Yolanda, Princess, of Italy, xi: 143.

York, Sgt. Alvin C., x: 14, 15.

Yuan Shih-k'ai, i: 57.

Z

Zeppelin, Count von, ii: 263.

II.--GENERAL

_Aboukir_, British cruiser, iv: 206.

Aden, harbor of, vi: 330.

Aerial photographs, being assembled to form map of enemy country, viii: 235.

Aeronautics: Airplanes, Wright-Martin reconnaissance plane, ii: 124; directing artillery fire, ii: 129; in Palestine, ii: _facing p._ 220 (in color); target as seen from height, ii: 354; Italian fighting plane, iii: 243; British airplanes in mass formation, iii: 383; attacking submarine, iv: 83, 198, 285; mechanism for launching from deck of battleship, iv: 141; construction of, iv: _facing p._ 286 (in color), viii: 218; torpedo-plane, iv: 306; aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311; assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313; British flyer dropping wreath on comrade's grave inside German lines, vii: 188; aviator dropping bombs, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color), 219; plane starting flight, viii: _facing p._ 188 (in color); Spad plane, viii: 190; Richthofen's "Traveling Circus," viii: 191; De Haviland-4, viii: 192, xi: 217; machine-gun mountings on, viii: 193, 209, 211; German armored plane, showing detail of construction, viii: 195; German night bomber, viii: 202; German hydroplane, viii: 203; Handley-Page bomber, viii: 204, 220; manufacture of propellers, viii: 205, 239; Leoning monoplane, viii: 207; Curtis triplane, viii: 210; British seaplanes, viii: 213, 237; camouflaged carrier-ship for, viii: 215; bomb-carrying devices on, viii: 219, 224, 227; German Albatross, viii: 222; Caproni triplane, viii: 223; Martin bomber, viii: 234; a U. S. two-seater, viii: _facing p._ 348 (in color); airplane ambulance, viii: 368; A. E. F. hangar in France, x: 124; an air duel, x: 204; in battle formation, x: 217, 228; Burgess tractor, x: 392; patrolling over A. E. F. sector, xi: 138; Curtiss biplane, xi: 215; Wright warplane, xi: 218; inspection before flight, xi: 220; testing engine before installation, xi: 221; circling above U. S. battleship _Connecticut_, xi: 223; U. S. pursuit plane, xi: 225; skeleton of airplane body, xi: 227; planes used for carrying Pershing's mail, xi: 348. Balloons, French sausage type, iii: 305, viii: 260; operating with naval convoy, iv: 289; uses of hydrogen vs. helium for inflation of, viii: 244; U. S. sausage type, viii: 258; French spherical type, viii: 261; cable reel of kite balloon, viii: 262. Dirigibles, Zeppelin being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265; interior of a Zeppelin, ii: 269; British dirigible convoying U. S. troopship, iv: 291; French type, viii: 242; repairing a French type, viii: 245; early type of Zeppelin, viii: 247; Zeppelin _L-49_ shot down by French, viii: 249; interior of British _R-34_, viii: 251; fuel tanks on Zeppelin _L-49_, viii: 253; _R-34_ being filled with gas at Mineola, viii: 255; U. S. type, viii: 256; pilot's gondola on a Zeppelin, x: 226; Zeppelin _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.

Aeroplanes, _see_ Aeronautics, Airplanes.

Africa, battle scene in, iii: 251; scene in German East Africa, iii: 255; natives, vi: 48.

Agadir, i: 106.

Airplanes, _see_ Aeronautics.

Air raids, funeral of English victims, ii: 300; London school children seeking shelter under desks, vii: 361; protection of French works of art against, x: 364.

Airships, _see_ Aeronautics, Balloons, Dirigibles.

Aisne River, A. E. F. advance trenches near, v: 259; airplane view of French hospital on, vii: 63.

Albatross airplane, viii: 222.

Albert, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 300 (in color); ruins of Church of Notre Dame, xi: 23.

Algeciras Conference, i: 99.

_Alnwick Castle_, British liner, iv: 231.

Alpini, iii: 228.

Alps, scene on Austro-Italian border, ii: 237; Austrian stronghold on, ii: 241.

Alsace, a valley in, iii: 21; forest behind trenches, iii: 47; American troops entering, May 27, '18, v: 267.

Alsace-Lorraine, German lookout tower, i: 221; reunion with France symbolized, ii: 391.

Ambulances, group of American drivers and cars, vii: 31, 213; French, mounted on auto trucks, vii: 202; American, at Verdun, vii: 207, 251; improvised British, in Mesopotamia, vii: 260; gathering wounded after battle, vii: 400, xi: 209; dog-drawn, viii: 378; woman driver, x: 186; _see also_ under country, Army; Hospitals; Wounded.

"America," painting by René Mal, v: 50.

American Fund for French Wounded, a Paris fête for, vii: 59; distributing clothing to refugees, vii: 102; surgical dressing department, vii: 221; packing kits for soldiers, vii: 246.

American Jewish War Relief, bureau of information, vii: 351.

Amerongen, former German Kaiser's residence at, after abdication, ix: 358.

_Amethyst_, British cruiser, iv: 255.

Amherst College, Army Training Corps at drill, xi: 170.

Amiens, protecting art treasures from German bombardment, ii: 68.

Amsterdam, a food riot, vi: 377.

_Anglia_, British hospital ship, vii: 253.

Annapolis, U. S. Naval Academy students, xi: 165.

Anti-aircraft guns, v: 11, viii: 10, 13, 16, xi: 188.

Antwerp, town hall, ii: 169; barbed-wire entanglements in streets, ii: 345; Red Cross trains at, vii: 118.

_Arabic_, sinking of, iv: 224.

Arabs, iii: 332; gun dance, iii: 368.

_Arethusa_, British destroyer, officers of, iv: 251.

Argonne Forest, territory lying before A. E. F. to advance through, v: 75; U. S. infantrymen advancing through, v: 82, 247; inside German trenches, v: 214; A. E. F. officers' headquarters, v: 217; captured German dugout, v: 235; men of 77th Div. in, v: 244; concealed German artillery, xi: 53.

_Arkansas_, U. S. battleship, close-up, showing gun fire, iv: 361; cleared for action, iv: 392.

Armenians, murdered by Turks, vii: 96.

Armentières, British clearing ruins of, i: 240.

Armies, _see_ name of country; _also_ Battle scenes.

Armistice, German delegates passing through French lines on way to meet Foch, ii: 390, xii: 251; first meeting of Allied and German delegates, v: 392; Paris celebration, vi: 107.

Armor, breast-plate for soldier as protection against bullet, viii: 68.

Armor plate, forging of, viii: 62, xii: 70.

Arras, town hall, ii: 85; ruins of Cathedral, ii: 351, iii: 67; ruins of, iii: 279.

Artificial hands and arms for war cripples, eating with mechanical hands, vii: 234; doing farm work, vii: 235; doing carpenter work, viii: 383; manufacture of artificial arms and legs, viii: 385; doing mechanical work, xi: 290.

Artillery, manufacturing 16-in. guns at Watervliet Arsenal, i: 304; line of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159; heavy guns on way to front, ii: 147; ricochet and non-ricochet shells, i: 333; disappearing gun, v: 307; mortar battery, viii: 3; railway-mount guns, viii: 29, xi: 278; big gun in position for action, viii: 31; 8-in. howitzer with caterpillar mount, viii: 40; tractor for hauling, viii: 42; breech-block and bore of big gun, viii: 44; construction of long-range gun, viii: 47, 55; field guns, old and new types, viii: 56; manufacture of shells, viii: 73; path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74; huge naval gun, xi: 273; shrapnel exploding, xi: 275; heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279; camouflaged gun and gunners, xi: 292, 293; construction of howitzers, xii: 73; of different belligerents, _see_ name of country; in action, _see_ Battle scenes; _also_ Shells.

Assouan, vi: 78.

Astronomical instruments, Chinese, carried by Germans from Peking, vi: 255.

_Asturias_, hospital ship, i: 293.

Athens, war-time crowds, iii: 155.

Australia, army, embarking for overseas, ii: 201, vi: 38, 40; landing at Gallipoli, iii: 167, iv: 40; charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353.

Austria-Hungary, army, reservists in New York reporting for service, i: 281; Alpine defenses, ii: 241; artillery captured by Italians, ii: 287; cavalry entering Polish village, iii: 123; in Carpathian trenches, iii: 142; on Isonzo front overlooking Italian positions, iii: 236; resting, vi: 211; at field mass, vi: 308; in Tyrol stronghold, vi: 309; siege gun, viii: 26.

Auteuil, tent hospital at, vii: 205, 206; hospital workers serving coffee to convalescents, vii: 243.

_Ayesha_, schooner used by crew of _Emden_ to escape in, iv: 191.

B

_B-2_, British submarine, iv: 58.

Badges and medals of American Red Cross, vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color).

Badonville, raid on German trenches near, v: 232.

Bagdad, iii: 186; Arabs in, iii: 332.

Bairnsfather, Capt. Bruce, cartoons by, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26.

Balloons, _see_ Aeronautics.

_Baltic_, life-boats, iv: 234.

_Baltimore_, U. S. cruiser, iv: 329.

Barbed-wire, as trench protection, ii: 284; entanglements of, in Antwerp streets, ii: 345; in Tsing-Tau defenses, iv: 61; cutting device, viii: 154; cutting entanglements by hand, xi: 254.

Barcy, battlefield of, iii: 25.

Baseball, U. S. army men playing, vii: 315; King George at game between U. S. Army and Navy teams in London, xi: 153.

Battalion of Death, Russian women's, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208; Polish women's, vi: 218.

Battle scenes, charge by Prussian cuirassiers in Franco-Prussian War, i: 214; French soldiers in the Vosges charging on skis, i: 216; Belgians behind street barricades repulsing Germans, i: 312; French machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43; night bombardment by artillery, ii: 102; airplane view during action on Western Front, ii: 105; the dead after battle in Flanders, ii: 117; British charge at Montaubon, ii: 121; holes shot by shell fire, ii: 133, v: 236; fight for Kemmel Hill, ii: 152; poilus charging, ii: 185; Allied dead on battlefield, ii: 194; Highlanders attacking near Ypres, ii: 213; Belgians on skirmish duty, ii: 347; killed and debris on Marne battlefield, iii: 27, 94; Germans crossing Marne River, iii: 32; flash-light photograph at night, iii: 44; British charging during battle of the Somme, iii: 57; German charge at Chemin des Dames, iii: 73; British bombardment of Passchendaele Ridge, iii: 78; in Meuse-Argonne, iii: 101; on Russo-German front, iii: 119; in African jungle, iii: 251; fight for Erzerum, iii: 263; heap of Serbian dead, iii: 283; cavalry charge, iii: 289; killed German outposts, iii: 291; directing battle by telephone, iii: 314; Australians charging at Gallipoli, iii: 353; at Messines Ridge, iii: 360; battle wreckage, iii: 361, vi: 367, xi: 302, 309; British blowing up ammunition dumps, iii: 384; wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385; Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389; naval action, iv: 17; warship struck by torpedo, iv: 55; British landing party at Zeebrugge, iv: 265; U. S. Marines at Belleau Wood, v: 137; Russian retreat from Galicia, vi: 180; Russians charging through barbed wire, vi: 186; Italian killed, vi: 310; vision of Christ on battlefield, vii: 5; ambulance men gathering wounded, vii: 400, xi: 209; effect of howitzer fire on fort, viii: 135; British Rifle Brigade at Neuve Chapelle, x: 11; liquid fire attack, x: 19; attack with grenades, x: 21; night naval attack at Dardanelles, x: 36; British meeting Turk attack at Gallipoli, x: 39; charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45; tanks advancing, x: 59; Italians hard pressed by enemy, x: 63; winning a Victoria Cross, x: 72; British artillery in action, x: 107, 129; Highlanders fighting through Loos, x: 157; long-range bombardment of Austrian positions by Italians, x: 359; hand-to-hand fight on destroyer _Broke_, x: 370; Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192; tanks in action, xi: 252, 256, 263; shrapnel explosion, xi: 275; gas attack, xi: 319; _see also_ Dead; Wounded.

Battleship in process of construction, iv: _facing p._ 126 (in color).

_Bayern_, German battleship, iv: 389.

Beersheba, iii: 199.

Belgium, triumphant, symbolic painting, iii: _facing p._ 380 (in color). Army, cavalry troops after defense of Liége, i: 208; at mess with French soldiers, i: 241; behind street barricade fighting Germans, i: 312; cavalryman, ii: 160; scouting, ii: 286; on skirmish duty, ii: 347; a "fighting priest" in trenches, iii: 15; cavalry in trenches, iii: 19; a sentry, iii: 285; snipers, iii: 287; anti-aircraft gun, viii: 13; field gun, viii: 24. Neutrality, facsimile of signatures to Treaty of 1839 guaranteeing, i: 147. Relief, supply ship on way from U. S., vii: 120; relief packages, vii: 126; making cradles for babies, vii: 141; warehouse full of supplies, vii: 143; relief workers in New York packing clothing for, vii: 165; home return of refugees, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color); Queen Elizabeth medal for workers, ix: 391.

Benet-Mercier machine gun, viii: 82.

Berlin, victorious entry of William I, 1871, i: 150; royal palace, i: 158; soldiers leaving for the front, i: 191; wreckage after food riots, vi: 256; a public square, Nov., '18, vi: 257; Brandenburger Gate, vi: 272; Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3; proclamation of German Republic, Nov. 8, '18, vi: 277; barricaded streets during revolution, vi: 279; transporting food by tram, vi: 282; Spartacan demonstration, Feb., '19, vi: 290; fighting between government troops and radicals, vi: 299; demonstrations against Peace Treaty, vi: 301, xii: 214.

Berlin, Congress of, 1878, i: 49; British caricature of, i: 51.

Bethlehem, Pa., a steel plant at, xii: 67.

Bethune, airplane view of, ii: 127.

Bibles, for U. S. service men, vii: 284.

"Big Bertha," German long-range gun, fragment of shell used in bombarding Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272; diagram of shell, viii: 53; prepared base for, viii: 61.

Black Watch Regiment, British, x: 56.

Blind, learning modelling in clay, vii: 256; benefit entertainment in New York for aid of, vii: 258; learning basketry, vii: 259.

_Blücher_, German cruiser, iv: 247; sinking of, in battle of Dogger Bank, iv: 249.

Blue Cross, care of horses wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.

"Blue Devils," French, iii: 49, v: 151.

Bolsheviki, agitator addressing troops, vi: 165; Madrid demonstration, vi: 372.

Bombs, bomb-room in a British fuse factory, ii: 119; illuminating bombs exploding, v: 133; aviator dropping, viii: _frontispiece_ (in color), 219 (apparatus for, on German plane); devices for carrying, on airplanes, viii: 224, 227; French women manufacturing, xi: 283; _see also_ Depth charge.

Bosphorus, i: 12, iii: 369.

Bouillonville, street scene, v: 160.

_Bouvet_, French battleship, iv: 48.

Boy Scouts, Red Cross men of future, xi: _frontispiece_ (in color); daily good turn, xi: _facing p._ 96 (in color); pledging allegiance to flag, xi: 97; at salute, xi: 98; wounded scout, xi: 99; as war gardeners, xi: 101, 115, 116; on visit to White House, xi: 102; bridging stream, xi: 103; learning coöperation, xi: 104; camping, xi: 105; as town cleaners, xi: 106; as wireless operators, xi: 107; in hiking outfit, xi: 108; Third Liberty Loan poster, xi: 109; field map making, xi: 110; signalling, xi: 111, _facing p._ 224 (in color); encampment, xi: 112; emergency coast guards, xi: 113; on review before Theodore Roosevelt, xi: 114; as wood cutters, xi: 117; listening to scoutmaster around the camp-fire, xi: _facing p._ 118 (in color).

Brandenburger Gate, Berlin, vi: 272.

Bread tickets, German, vi: 261.

Brest, debarkation of A. E. F., v: 3.

Breton peasant, v: 160.

Breton-Pretot machine, for cutting barbed wire, viii: 153.

Brialmont type of fort, ii: 350.

_Britannia_, British tank in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142.

Brown University, Army Training Corps, xi: 163.

Browning machine-gun, light type, viii: 85; heavy type, viii: 85.

Bruges, airplane view, viii: 232; entry of King Albert into, ix: 390.

Brussels, town hall, i: 140; bird's-eye view, i: 201; during German occupation, i: 253; Senate chamber used as church by Germans, i: 311; German soldiers visiting Art Museum, ii: 344; Palace of Justice, iii: 271; King Albert's palace, ix: 387.

Bucharest, royal palace, ii: 62; bird's-eye view, vi: 352.

Buckingham Palace, London, i: 127; on night of declaration of war, i: 138.

Budapest, the quay, vi: 325.

Bulgaria, mountain village, vi: 339; peasant women, vi: 340; army, supply train behind the lines, vi: 343.

Bullets, diagram showing path of, viii: 93; types of, used by airmen, viii: 212.

Burgess tractor, in flight, x: 392.

Burmese troops, vi: 6.

C

Cambrai, Canadians in, iii: 80.

Camels, as cavalry mounts, iii: 192; caravan resting, iii: 367; use by British in Egyptian campaign, vi: 68; for carrying wounded, vi: 71; as transport train in Asia Minor, vi: 333.

Cameroons, battle scene, iii: 251; native market, vi: 52.

Camouflage, concealed British guns, ii: 123, 128; wooden cannon, vi: 238; screened railroad tracks, vi: 247, viii: 337; over roadway, vi: 368; example of need for, viii: 338; soldier disguised by, viii: 339, 342; for railway-mount guns, viii: 343, 347; _Mauretania_ in "dazzle" paint, viii: 344; protected gun and gunners, xi: 292; camouflaged mortar, xi: 293.

Canada, army recruiting by phonograph, i: 314; veterans of second battle of Ypres, i: 379; being reviewed by Field-Marshal Haig, ii: 114; forestry unit, ii: 130; presentation of colors, ii: 342; going over top at Vimy Ridge, iii: 69; in Cambrai, iii: 80; in Flanders, iii: 345; on hike, iii: 346; artillery at the front, iii: 348; 90th Winnipeg Rifles, vi: 24; 1st Battalion, vi: 29; guarding International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34; encamped at Toronto, viii: 305; digging trenches, viii: 140.

Canteens, for service men, scenes in, vii: 7, 56, _facing p._ 96 (in color), 268, 270, 394; Red Cross automobile canteen, vii: 248; group of Y. M. C. A. women workers, vii: 269.

Cantigny, men of 1st Div., A. E. F., advancing at, ii: 271; French flame throwers after the attack, v: 32; French sappers at ruins of, v: 33; French and American veterans of, v: 125.

Cape Town, parade to aid recruiting, i: 383; bird's-eye view, vi: 50.

Caproni triplane, viii: 223.

Carbon monoxide producer, viii: 187.

Carrel-Dakin treatment ward in a war hospital, xi: 288.

Cartoons: American, civilization obscured by war, i: 87; burning of American manufacturing plants, i: 275; response to Europe's appeal for aid, i: 276; on preparedness, i: 280, 297, 335, iv: 315; German submarine warfare, i: 300, iv: 227; responsibility of rulers for war, i: 314; futility of diplomacy, i: 325, 326; German hatred of U. S., i: 330; barbarian's contempt for warring Europe, i: 335; war debt for future generations, ii: 297; German intrigue with Mexico, ii: 341; disregard of international law by belligerents, iv: 230; Iron Cross, v: 23; Red Cross, vii: 28; effect of U. S. loans to Allies, xii: 10; Europe's dependence on American food supply, xii: 144. Austrian, conception of hatred, i: 149; Zeppelin attacks on England, i: 302. Belgian, on German brutality, vii: 129. British, Kaiser's project of Mittel-Europa, i: 10; Bismarck's resignation from Chancellorship, from _Punch_, i: 74; German hypocrisy, _Punch_, Sept. 9, '14, i: 90; U. S. indifference to German outrages, _Punch_, Sept. 23, '14, i: 91; Kaiser as protector of Islam, _Punch_, Apr. 5, '15, i: 100; Germany's naval aspirations, _Punch_, July 12, '05, i: 105; German advances to Holland, _Punch_, Jan. 11, '11, i: 118; French desire to revenge 1870, i: 121; French alarm over Austrian defeat, 1866, from _Punch_, i: 123; frightfulness of war, i: 195; Kaiser's Eastern policy, _Punch_, May 10, 1890, i: 203; German use of frightfulness, _Punch_, Feb. 17, '15, i: 284; Kaiser world's enemy, _Punch_, Aug. 19, '14, i: 294; U. S. protests at British maritime acts, _Punch_, Jan. 6, '15, i: 298; Kaiser's attitude on peace, _Punch_, Sept. 23, '18, i: 316; U. S. relations with Germany, _Punch_, Apr. 21, '15, i: 324; German atrocities, i: 351; Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather's caricatures of life at the front, ii: 116, iii: 22, 23, 26; Belgium's defiance of Germany, _Punch_, Oct. 21, '14, iii: 9, Aug. 12, '14, iii: 275; German military failures, _Punch_, Nov. 4, '14, iii: 29; Kaiser outcast from civilization, Feb. 19, '15, iii: 299; Kaiser's plan for invasion of England, _Punch_, Oct. 28, '14, iv: 3; German alliance with Austria and Bulgaria, iv: 6; Germany's attempted blockade of England, _Punch_, Feb. 17, '15, iv: 9; loyalty of India, _Punch_, Sept. 9 '14, x: 341. Dutch, Raemaekers' conception of Kultur, i: 222; Reims Cathedral as temple of war, i: 231; Germany's decline in strength, '17, i: 307; Raemaekers on German deportation of Belgian workmen, i: 363; Flemish "prosperity," Raemaekers' view of, vi: 85; Raemaekers' conception of Kaiser haunted by sins, vi: 285. French, "They shall not pass," i: 230. German, British policy with regard to Asiatics, i: 54; Hague Temple of Peace, i: 94; British difficulties with India, i: 101; caricature of Sir Edward Grey, i: 198; influences forcing U. S. into war, i: 289; injustice of U. S. war against Germany, i: 290; Japanese menace against U. S., i: 290; on Allied Somme offensive, '16, i: 301; U. S. munition trade, i: 307; British advances to Bulgaria, i: 310; Dr. Karl Helfferich, i: 318; U. S. difficulties with Mexico, i: 323; mailed fist, ii: _Intro. xix_; on British censorship, ii: 101; on British slackers, ii: 180; on spy scare in England, ii: 260; on U. S. neutrality, ii: 304; British failure to accomplish war aims, iv: 192; on submarine success, iv: 217; British indifference to American submarine losses, iv: 229; frightfulness of war, iv: 232; use of works of art as defense, v: 13. Italian, extent of British Empire, i: 122; on U. S. entry into war, i: 299; on Italian neutrality, ii: 359; Germany's invasion of Belgium, iii: 274. Japanese, German reverses, iv: 175. Norwegian, German conception of freedom of the sea, i: 357. Unidentified, intervention of Powers to save Turkey, 1878, i: 41.

Cartridges, kinds, viii: 60.

Casement, Sir Roger, German passport of, ix: 52.

Castle, Vernon, flying, xi: 214.

Catapult, used for launching airplanes, iv: 141; use in hauling grenades, viii: 119.

Cavell, Edith, funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey, x: 177; Norwich memorial to, x: 180.

Chamber of Deputies, French, xi: 2.

Chasseur Alpin, ii: _frontispiece_ (in color).

Château-Thierry, river front, ii: 82; bird's-eye view, ii: 156, v: 34: x. 4; ruins of, ii: 272; street barricade, v: 61; company of 26th Div. going out of action at, v: 153.

Chaumont, Pershing's headquarters at, vii: 317.

Chavaniac, Château of, Lafayette's birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 6; interior view, vii: 113.

Chemical warfare, gas mask adjusted for use, v: 140; filling tanks with phosgene, v: 322; filling shells with mustard gas, v: 323, viii: 165; testing an American gas mask, v: 325; American "Model 1919" gas mask, v: 326; gas training for American troops, viii: 121; poison gas in iron drums, viii: 163; effect of gas on leather gloves, viii: 167; filling shells with phosgene, viii: 169; frozen cube of mustard gas, viii: 172; early types of gas masks, viii: 174, 175; French "Model M-2" gas mask, viii: 175; American "Model K. T." gas mask, viii: 176; types of gas masks used by different belligerents, viii: 177; diagram of gas mask, viii: 178; views of U. S. poison gas plant at Edgewood Arsenal, viii: 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187; gas masks for horses, xi: 315; Germans under gas attack, xi: 317; a gas attack before invention of masks, xi: 319.

Chemin des Dames, soldiers exploring captured territory, ii: 78.

Children in war: American, cultivating war garden, ii: 17; new commander-in-chief, xi: _facing p._ 368 (in color). Armenian, refugees from Turkey at Salonika, vii: 369. Belgian, greeting British relief worker, vii: 134; wounded, vii: 242; under care of Red Cross, xi: 85; refugees in France, xi: 86. British, London school-children in air raid drill, vii: 361; as war gardeners, xi: 364, 367. French, making friends with American soldiers, v: 164, xi: 81; outfitted with clothing by American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 102; cared for by Red Cross, vii: 200, 201, 368; war nurseries, vii: 211, 217; going to school with gas masks, vii: 352; being photographed with mothers by Germans for identification, xi: 59; school in war zone, xi: 66; little soldier asleep, xi: 70; repatriated war refugees, xi: 75; seeking safety in cellars, xi: 76; offering prayers of thanksgiving, xi: 78; treasuring presents of toys, xi: 79; American Red Cross worker with little refugee, xi: 87; Red Cross sketches used in educational campaign for proper care of, xi: 87-90; refugees at La Jonchère Sanatorium, xi: 91; playing at war, xi: 120, 374, 376, 379, 381, 383, 385; posing for doughboy, xi: _facing p._ 270 (in color); tribute to marching U.S. soldiers, xi: _facing p._ 324 (in color); school-girls waiting to welcome Gen. Pétain, xii: 114. German, day home for soldiers' children in Berlin, xi: 64. Italian, group of war refugees, xi: 67; young hero, xi: 68; in underground Venetian school, xi: 69; refugees in London, xi: 92. Russian, Archangel school-children, xi: 379. Serbian, war orphans, vii: 148; the little sergeant, xi: 71; war sufferers, xi: 73. _See also_ Boy Scouts; Refugees.

Christmas card for Kaiser from Uncle Sam, xi: _facing p._ 248 (in color).

_City of Portland_, U. S. motor ship, launching of, xii: 96.

Clemenceau, Georges, boyhood home, ix: 4; scene of attempted assassination, ix: 9; pen with which signed Peace Treaty, ix: 13.

Cleveland, view of docks and shipping, xii: 148.

Colmar, iii: 66.

Cologne, bridge across Rhine at, i: 157.

Colt machine-gun, viii: 80; mounted on motor cycle, viii: 81; use against air craft, viii: 83.

Committee of Mercy, caring for Belgian children, vii: 134; helping refugees from Louvain, vii: 137.

Congress, U. S., President Wilson addressing, i: 329.

_Connecticut_, U. S. battleship, xi: 222.

Constantinople, general view, i: 60, iii: 369, vi: 345; Galata Bridge, iii: 165; Golden Horn, iv: 29, vi: 337; Mosque of St. Sophia, vi: 232; Imperial Treasury, vi: 233.

Constanza, harbor of, i: 199.

Convoy system, Allied, iv: 7.

Copenhagen, bird's-eye view, i: 132.

Cornell University, machine-gun squad, xi: 157.

_Cornwallis_, British, battleship in action at Dardanelles, iv: 42.

Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195.

Cracow, Florian Gate, vi: 203; Cathedral, vi: 204.

Craonne, ruins of French church after bombardment, i: 396.

Crillon, Hotel, headquarters of American peace delegation at Paris, xii: 245.

Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, i: 85.

Curtis triplane, viii: 210.

Curtiss biplane, xi: 215.

Cyprus, scene during ceremonies of British annexation of, i: 176.

Czechoslovak girls in native dress, vi: 398.

D

_Daffodil_, British ferry boat, after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.

_Danton_, French battleship, iv: 377.

Danube River, iii: 217.

Danzig, vi: 296.

Dardanelles, iv: 21, vi: 329; night bombardment at, by British warships, x: 36.

Dartmouth College, student regiment at drill, xi: 157.

De Haviland-4 airplane, viii: 192, xi: 217.

De Wet, Gen., surrender to Gen. Botha, iii: 254.

Dead, after a battle in Flanders, ii: 117; field strewn with Allied dead, ii: 194; poilu saluting grave of comrade, iii: _facing p._ 100 (in color); Serbians killed in defending Belgrade, iii: 283; German outposts killed on Galician front, iii: 291; loading trawlers with the killed in Gallipoli fighting for burial at sea, iv: 52; Italians killed in front of Austrian positions, vi: 310; Armenians murdered by Turks, vii: 96; gravestones for A. E. F. buried in France, x: 115; cartload of, from battlefield, x: 349.

Decorations, German Crown Prince bestowing Iron Cross, ii: 39; first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12; Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85; Rumanian King decorating troops, iii: 219; Gen. Helmick awarding D. S. C. to colored troops, v: 268; King George of England decorating U. S. soldier, v: 383; badges and medals of American Red Cross, vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color); Salvation Army girls being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395; Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158; honoring French war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color); Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th U. S. Marine Regt., x: 199.

Delhi, vi: 74.

Depth charge exploding, iv: 198, x: 307.

Detroit, automobiles ready for shipment, xii: 17.

_Deutschland_, German merchant submarine, iv: 215, xi: 236; at Baltimore, x: 270; returning to Bremen, x: 273.

Dinant, fortress and town of, i: 143, ii: 349; a château near, iii: 13.

Dixmude, destruction of, i: _facing p._ 198 (in color).

Dogs in war, drawing Belgian artillery, ii: 196; searching for Germans, iii: 18; as Red Cross workers, vii: 156, 222; pulling ambulance, viii: 378; French war dogs, xi: 341; Dutch war dogs pulling machine gun, xi: 343; training French war dogs, xi: 345; Italian despatch dogs, xi: 347; Italian war dogs carrying supplies to Front, xi: 363.

Douaumont, Fort, view from air, viii: 228.

Dublin, ruins of Sinn Fein Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61; street fighting, '16, vi: 58.

Duma, Russian, meeting-place, vi: 173.

Dynamos, carried away by Germans from French and Belgian factories, vi: 250.

E

Eagle Hut, American Y. M. C. A. honor for service men in London, vii: 264, 288, 320.

Eagle Hut, Y. M. C. A. house for service men in Bryant Park, New York City, vii: 265.

East Africa, German, Hindu shop, vi: 51; native troops, vi: 253; rural scene, vi: 254.

Echternach, vi: 92.

Egypt, supply depot, vi: 67; native troops, vi: 69; laborers in France, vi: 70; northern, vi: 81.

Ehrenbreitstein, German fortress at, i: 156.

Eiffel Tower, equipped with searchlight, ii: 267.

_Emden_, German cruiser, iv: 171; before the war, iv: 173; ashore on Keeling Island, Nov. 9, '14, iv: 182.

Enfield rifle, viii: 98, 100, 103, 104.

Erzerum, fight for, iii: 263; general view of, iii: 268.

Essey, ruins of, v: 156.

F

_Falaba_, sinking of, by U-boat, x: 287.

"Fantom of Death," xi: 395.

Fère-en-Tardenois, ruins of, ii: 323.

_Feuta_, Austrian cruiser, iv: 283.

Fismes, Hôtel de Ville, ruins of, v: 191.

Fiume, vi: 315.

Flanders, German trenches, ii: 109; the killed after a battle, ii: 117; French and Belgian ammunition trains on way to front, ii: 193; German artillery in, iii: 36.

Flirey, ruins of, v: 151.

_Florida_, U. S. battleship, guns of, iv: 350.

Food conservation, drying fruits and vegetables, xii: 52; municipal canning station, xii: 61; a community conference on, xii: 140.

Ford baby tank, xi: 262.

Foreign Legion, vi: 229, x: 28, xi: 194.

France: Army, advancing in the Vosges on skis, i: 216; at mess with Belgian troops, i: 241; on guard on Swiss border, i: 259; Chasseur Alpin ("Blue Devils"), ii: _frontispiece_ (in color), iii: 49, v: 151; machine gunners at Mancourt, ii: 43; scouts on the Meuse, ii: 45; sappers at work, ii: 73; poilu on guard in Alsace, ii: _facing p._ 136 (in color); receiving instructions before going into trenches, ii: 153; poilus charging, ii: 185; grenadiers at Chemin des Dames, ii: 215; on march with American soldiers, ii: 219; soldiers' wives waiting in line to get government allowance, ii: 378; poilu, iii: _frontispiece_ (in color); first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12; Clemenceau decorating a priest, iii: 85; field kitchen, iii: 311; flame throwers at Cantigny, v: 32; sappers at Cantigny, v: 33; wounded poilu being supported by doughboy, v: 50; sketches of poilu types, v: 156; supply train on way to front, v: 302; wounded soldier being brought in by American comrade, v: 386; North African trooper, vi: _facing p._ 378 (in color); wounded soldiers in Switzerland, vi: 381; types of infantry equipment, viii: 71; soldiers watching bombardment in the Vosges, viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color); testing fitness of soldiers, viii: 352, 353; Marshal Joffre decorating officers, ix: 158; decorating war heroes, x: _frontispiece_ (in color); brave wounded, x: 112; spahis, x: 117; group of airmen, x: 207; soldiers resting, x: 367, xi: 190; cavalry on march, xi: 49; sappers with tools, xi: 312; war-dogs, xi: 341, 345; _see also_ Battle scenes. Artillery, on Champagne front, ii: 66; heavy guns on way to front, ii: iii, v: 349; bringing shells to advanced positions, iii: 59; big railway-mount guns, iii: 65, v: 166, viii: 35; famous "75's," iii: 93; supply of shells, iii: 312; 155-mm. guns, v: 172; biggest gun used in war, viii: 52; a big shell, viii: 57. Industry, ruined machinery of a manufacturing plant, ii: 77; dynamos carried away by Germans, vi: 250. Navy, warship taking on provisions, iv: 177; device for detection of U-boats, iv: 308; battleships in battle order, iv: 374; naval guns on Western Front, viii: 341, 343; _see also_ name of war vessel. Parliament, Chamber of Deputies, xi: 2.

"France Aroused," sculpture, i: 142.

Free Milk for France, poster, vii: 377; American girls raising funds for, vii: 378.

Freiburg, vi: 288.

Fryatt, Capt. Charles, body being escorted through Dover streets, x: 267; funeral cortege entering St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 268; grave, x: 269.

_Furious_, British floating aerodrome, iv: 287.

G

Galicia, oil wells, iii: 144; ruined oil fields, iii: 265; German soldiers marching through, xi: 17.

Gallipoli, British troops landing, iii: 167, iv: 37, 40; wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172; Anzac trenches, iii: 170, 171, 342; Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, iii: 341; Anzac camp, iii: 351; Australians charging, iii: 353; loading trawlers with Allied dead for burial at sea, iii: 354; bombardment of fortifications by Allied warships, iv: 38; signaling by heliograph at, vi: 228; British meeting Turkish attack, x: 39; scene behind Anzac lines, xi: 15.

Gas masks, types of, v: 326, viii: 174, 175, 176, 177, 178.

Geneva, interior of Victoria Hall, xii: 172.

_George Washington_, U. S. transport used by President Wilson for trip to France for Peace Conference, xii: 162; starting on first trip across with the President, xii: 187.

Germany: Army, Southwest African cavalry, i: 11; Southwest African camel corps, i: 96; machine-gun abandoned in Belgium, i: 237; reservists reporting to colors, i: 248; soldiers bivouacked in ballroom, i: 252; infantry marching to Ostend, i: 349; firing from behind defensive shelter, ii: 29; signal corps at work, ii: 100; in trenches in Flanders, ii: 109; in underground quarters, ii: 256; soldier surrendering, ii: 295, v: 48; group of airmen, ii: 336; at mess on Eastern Front, ii: 362; in Poland, iii: 108, vi: 207; entrenched machine-gun battery, iii: 131; staff officers observing bombardment, iii: 134; field telephone station, iii. 295; struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399; in trenches in Argonne, v: 214; in a Russian forest, vi: 212; building trenches, vi: 245; war booty, vi: 250; soldier harvesting, vi: 251; East African troops, vi: 253; pay-day, vi: 267; wounded being gathered by ambulance men, vii: 208; plan of underground village for troops, viii: 126; first line trench shelters at Pleimont, viii: 131; "pill-boxes," viii: 132; officer's underground bed-room, viii: 133; a trench, viii: 134; infantry resting, xi: 10, 199; in Galicia, xi: 17; bridging a river, xi: 27; entering bombarded Russian town, xi: 34; Uhlans, xi: 196; troops returning to rear, xi: 197; troops on church parade, xi: 201; entering Lemberg, xi: 203; _see also_ Battle scenes. Artillery, anti-aircraft gun, ii: 364; in Flanders, iii: 36; howitzers, iii: 128, viii: 32; observation tower, viii: 15; fragment of long-range shell used in bombarding Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272; diagram of long-range shell, viii: 53; prepared position for "Big Bertha," viii: 61. National Assembly, in session, vi: 274. Navy, naval base at Kiel, ii: 56; battle cruisers, iv: 146; submarine dry-dock in Kiel Canal, iv: 202; coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212; interior of a U-boat, iv: 237; officers and men of captured U-boat, iv: 238; captured U-boats in Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297; surrender of fleet to Allies at Scapa Flow, iv: 381, 382, 383, 386, 390; naval gun captured on Western Front, viii: 30; details of U-boats, viii: 265, 267; aboard a torpedo boat, x: 278; _see also_ Submarines; _also_ name of vessel. Reichstag Building, vi: 277, xi: 3. Ship-building yard, ii: 19.

Gibraltar, Rock of, ii: _Intro. xiv._

_Gloucester Castle_, British hospital ship, iv: 233.

_Goeben_, German cruiser, v: 15.

Gold $5,000,000 in kegs on way from U. S. to Europe, i: 269.

Golden Horn, Constantinople, iv: 29, vi: 337.

Grand Pré, ruins of, v: 263.

"Gratitude March," Polish school-boy's tribute to American children, xi: 390, 392.

Great Britain: Army, in German East Africa, i: 14, iii: 252; New Guinea colonials, i: 81; railroad construction in France, ii: 44, v: 296; machine-gun unit on Western Front, ii: 125; regiment of Highlanders, ii: 172; motor lorries on way to front, ii: 192, iii: 5; street barricade against Germans in a French town, ii: 289; assisting in recruiting, ii: 310; descending Mount of Olives in Palestine, ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color); cavalry in trenches, ii: 19; on Italian Front, iii: 241; in Cameroons, iii: 251; supply train, iii: 317; advance medical station in Palestine, iii: 326; cavalry resting, iii: 362; wounded awaiting transportation, iii: 385, vii: 196, 238; bringing up pontoons for use at front, iii: 387; "Die Hards," iii: 388; Scots on outpost duty, iii: 389; on Salonika Front, iii: 397; going over the top, flash-light photo, v: 293; recruiting posters, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334; in trenches, vi: 62; on march, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color); supplies at Salonika, vi: 225; bandaging wounded on Western Front, vii: 97; "Tommy" making friends with Belgian children, vii: 134; Sudanese troops in Egypt, vii: 323; entering Bagdad, vii: 326; troop train in France, vii: 388; field oven viii: 291; Rifle Brigade fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11; charge of London Scottish at Messines, x: 45; Black Watch Regiment, x: 56; Scots fighting through Loos, x: 157; soldiers with captured souvenirs, xi: 182; cavalry camp, xi: 184; smiling Tommies going to battle, xi: 185; wounded soldiers at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187; awaiting inspection, xi: 297; Highlander with doughboy, xi: 361; _see also_ Australia; Battle scenes; Canada; India; New Zealand; South Africa. Artillery, in action, ii: 128, 132, x: 107, 129; returning from front, ii: 158; big guns on way to front, vi: 65; hauling big gun into position, vi: 90; howitzer, viii: 33. Navy, on board a battleship, iv: 25; on board a monitor, iv: 26; gun and gun crew of monitor, iv: 34, 281; mine-sweepers, iv: 51; patrol boat on duty, iv: 73; veterans of battle of Jutland, iv: 122, 155; recruiting poster, iv: 139; battle cruisers, iv: 151; heroes of Zeebrugge raid, iv: 155; submarine officer watching for target, iv: 236; monitor in action, iv: 282; destroyer on patrol duty, iv: 295; treating wounded in Mesopotamia, vii: 327; shell of super gun, viii: 4; Grand Fleet, xi: 32; _see also_ name of war vessel. Parliament, Houses of, xi: 2.

Greek reservists in U. S. reporting for duty, i: 261.

Grenades, filling, viii: 171; throwing, x: 21.

_Grosser Kurfürst_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.

Gurkhas, at English entertainment, vi: 17; at battle front, x: 87; capturing German trench, xi: 192; pipers, xi: 333.

H

Hague, Peace Palace at, i: 102.

Hamburg, river front, vi: 269.

_Hamidieh_, Turkish cruiser, officers and crew, iv: 46.

Handley-Page bombing plane, viii: 204, 220.

Heligoland, harbor of, iv: 241; street scene, iv: 242.

Heliograph, signalling by, vi: 228.

Helmets, manufacture of, viii: 65; use by war photographers, viii: 67;

Helsingfors, market scene, vi: 197; general view, vi: 199.

Hermannstadt, iii: 220.

Herzegovina, town scene, vi: 361.

_Hindenburg_, German battleship, iv: 385, 389.

Hindenburg Line, tunnel entrance, v: 294.

Hindu Maharajah, vi: 79.

Hindu shop in East Africa, vi: 51.

Hochoffen Company's smelters, Lübeck, Germany, i: 364.

Hohenzollern, Castle, i: 33; coat of arms, i: 153.

"Home from France," iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color).

Horses, treatment of, wounded in battle, vii: 227, 228.

Hospitals: American reading to sick and wounded, v: 339; an evacuation hospital, v: 345; at Neuilly, vii: 38, 77, 199; on board battleship, vii: 41; hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380; Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, vii: 64; tent hospital at Auteuil, vii: 205, 206, 243; Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347; gassed soldier at a field hospital, vii: 354; hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370, 371, 374. British, American women's, in London, vii: 30; bombarded by Germans, vii: 82; home of Duke of Westminster as, vii: 89; on Astor estate at Cliveden, vii: 106, 281; Prince of Wales Hospital at Tottenham, vii: 108; Duchess of Sutherland's, in France, vii: 109; University College, Oxford, turned into, vii: 198; hospital trains, vii: 241, viii: 379; hospital ships, vii: 253, 396. Dutch, German wounded being cared for at Maastricht, vii: 174. French, barges converted as, vii: 49, 236, 244; near Soissons, airplane view, vii: 63; box-car converted into, vii: 239. German, hospital train, vii: 220. Rumanian, anti-typus bath and disinfectant train, vii: 212. Russian, scenes in, vii: 363, xi: 147. Salonikan, bombarded by Germans, vii: 159. Swiss, for treatment of tubercular patients, at Leysin, vii: 247.

Howitzers, path of trajectory and effect of fire, ii: 129, iii: 159, viii: 135; German, iii: 128, viii: 32; British, viii: 33; 8-in., with caterpillar mount, viii: 40; construction of, xii: 73.

Hungary, celebrating establishment of Republic, vi: 323.

Hydrophones, for detection of U-boats, viii: 17, 19.

I

_Indefatigable_, British battle cruiser, iv: 148.

India, army, behind the lines in France, i: 219; sepoys, iii: 182; at a listening post in the desert, iii: 190; Gurkhas at English entertainment, vi: 17; detachment standing at attention, vi: 73; in desert trenches, vi: 75; Hindu servants of British officers, vi: 77; Gurkhas at battle front, x: 86; Gurkhas capturing German trench, xi: 192; Gurkha pipers, xi: 333.

Indians, American, in U. S. Army, xi: 176, 177.

_Inflexible_, British battleship, iv: 44.

International Bridge, Niagara Falls, vi: 31, 34.

_Invincible_, British battle cruiser, iv: 72, 145.

Ireland, recruiting scene, vi: 54; ruins of Dublin Rebellion, '16, vi: 55, 61; street fighting in Dublin, '16, vi: 58.

_Iris_, British ferry boat, returning after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 270.

Isonzo valley, iii: 238.

Italy: Army, group of Italian and U. S. airmen, i: 257; at Mass before battle, ii: 50; machine gunners at front, ii: 95, 238; in trenches, prepared to repulse attack, ii: 150; mountain sentinel, ii: 237, vi: 318; in first line trenches overlooking Austrian position, ii: 243; Arditi shock troops in action, ii: 247; climbing to mountain positions, ii: 251, iii: 242; first line troops under bombardment, ii: 253; digging trenches in the Alps, iii: 225; Alpini, iii: 228; an outpost visited by Cadorna, iii: 233; sharpshooters on Mount Nero, iii: 237; entrenched, vi: 115; mobilization, vi: 125; recruits, vi: 126; directing artillery fire from a mountain crag, vi: 307; in mountain dugout, vi: 314; hard pressed in battle, x: 63; fording mountain torrent, xi: 28. Artillery, big guns, ii: 249, iii: 245; hoisting guns up mountain, viii: 5; anti-aircraft, viii: 10, 16; a gun used against Austrian offensive, viii: 38; long-range bombardment, x: 359; artillery crossing mountains, xi: 40. Declaration of war, symbolized, iii: _facing p._ 230 (in color); crowds celebrating, vi: 116; anti-German demonstration in Rome, vi: 117. Navy, motor boat sinking Austrian battleship, iv: 370; sea tank breaking through enemy harbor defense, iv: 371; mine layer, iv: 372.

J

Japan, artillery advancing on Tsing Tao, ii: 358; torpedo boats off Yokohama harbor, iv: 169; state procession, vi: 383.

_Jason_, in Plymouth harbor, vii: 135.

Jerusalem, Kaiser's entry, 1898, i: 97; British tank in streets of, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color); walls, ii: _facing p._ 370 (in color); surrender of, iii: 195; Gen. Allenby's entry, iii: 323.

Jutland, battle of, British veterans of, iv: 122, 155; British warships shelling German cruiser, iv: 130; night action, iv: 132.

Juvigny, German machine gun nests at, v: 261.

K

Kemmel Hill, fight for, ii: 152; French post on, v: 289.

Kiel, harbor of, ii: 56; U-boat dry dock in Canal, iv: 202.

Kiev, street scene, vi: 240; history museum, vi: 244.

Knights of Columbus, serving members of "Lost Battalion" after rescue, vii: 329; group of secretaries at Lafayette Monument, Paris, vii: 330; providing music for troops on leave, vii: 332; hut on Broadway, New York City, vii: 333; group of workers in battle area, vii: 335; helping wounded, vii: 336; in Verdun, vii: 337; in the Argonne, vii: 338.

Knitting, in Central Park, New York, vii: 123; New York firemen doing their bit, vii: 125.

Königgrätz, defeat of Austrians by Prussians in battle of, i: 42; occupation by Prussians, 1866, i: 47.

Königsberg, iii: 290.

Kremlin, the, Moscow, ii: 234.

_Kronprinz Wilhelm_, German sea raider, iv: 196.

Krupp works, Essen, ii: 106.

Kut-el-Amara, native bazaar, iii: 181; banks of Tigris at, iii: 183; group of venerable inhabitants, iii: 318.

L

_L-15_, German Zeppelin, sinking, x: 361.

_L-49_, Zeppelin, captured by French, viii: 249; fuel tanks on, viii: 253.

Lafayette, Marquis de, tomb, Pershing's visit to, v: 99; birthplace, vii: 110, xi: 7; Paris Monument, vii: 330; Brooklyn Monument, xi: 7.

Lafayette Fund, soldier's kit, vii: 88.

Laundry, on wheels for army, viii: 288.

Le Mans, Y. W. C. A. hostess house at, vii: 272.

_Leipzig_, German cruiser, iv: 75.

Lemberg, iii: 121, vi: 160; German troops entering, xi: 203.

Leoning monoplane, viii: 207.

_Leviathan_, U.S. transport, bringing home 27th Div., v: 298; entering N.Y. harbor, vii: 382.

Lewis machine-gun, v: 240, viii: 86.

Liberty Bell, vi: 227.

Liberty Loan, posters, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131.

Liberty Motor, viii: 194, 197, 198, 199.

Liége, bird's-eye view, i: 336; Meuse bridge, iii: 6.

Ligny, battle of, in Franco-Prussian War, i: 65.

Lille, German troops in, i: 172; airplane view of, viii: 231.

_Lion_, flagship of Adm. Beatty, at battle of Jutland, iv: 147; after battle off Dogger Bank, iv: 252.

Liquid fire, x: 19.

Lisbon, celebrating declaration of war, vi: 374.

Locomotives, U. S., ready for shipment overseas, v: 195; building of, viii: _facing p._ 282 (in color); being assembled in France x: 391.

Locust Point, ruins of fire suspected of German incendiary origin, i: 279.

London, Buckingham Palace and Queen Victoria's monument, i: 127; scene in front of Buckingham Palace on night of declaration of war, i: 138; crowd in front of Royal Exchange listening to King's reading of war proclamation, i: 145; night illumination for search of German air raiders, i: 151; mass meeting to urge internment of Germans, ii: 259; view from Westminster Abbey, vi: 4; anti-conscription demonstration, vi: 7; recruiting scene, vi: 8; Lord Mayor's Show, vi: 9; Tower of, vi: 11; anti-German riot, x: 334.

London Scottish, charging at Messines, x: 45.

"Lost Battalion," members of, being fed at Knights of Columbus field kitchen, vii: 329.

Louvain, ruins of Library, i: 239; refugees from, vii: _Intro. xii._

Lucy-le-Bocage, ruins of, v: 134.

Luresnes, American Cemetery at, vii: 224.

_Lusitania_, sinking of, i: 291; float representing sinking, i: 296; facsimile of German warning against sailing on, i: 319; attempt to save passengers while sinking, iv: 219; popular German postcard depicting torpedoing, iv: 221; German medal celebrating destruction, iv: 222; appeal to revenge sinking of, iv: _facing p._ 222 (in color); funeral procession of victims, iv: 225; on last voyage, iv: 226, xi: 20.

Luxemburg, City of, vi: 93.

M

Machine-guns, Lewis, v: 240, viii: 86; Colt, viii: 80, 81, 83; Benet-Mercier, viii: 82; German, viii: 85; Browning, viii: 85; on airplanes, viii: 193, 209, 211.

Madrid, Bolshevik demonstration, vi: 372.

Mainz, vi: 295.

_Mainz_, German cruiser, sinking off Heligoland, iv: 243.

_Majestic_, British battleship, ii: 204.

Matines, Cathedral, vi: 102.

Malingering, tests for detection of, viii: 359, 363.

Malmaison, Fort, German defenses at, ii: 41.

Mancourt, French machine gunners repulsing German attacks, ii: 43.

Marines, U. S., _see_ U. S., Marines.

_Markgraf_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.

Marne, battles of, dead and debris on battlefield, iii: 25, 94; Germans forcing crossing of river, iii: 32; French celebrating anniversary of, iii: 34.

Marne River, at Château-Thierry, ii: 82, x: 4; Allied airplanes flying over, ii: 83; Germans crossing, iii: 32; U. S. troops resting near, v: 42.

_Marseillaise_, singing of, xi: 327.

Marseilles, arrival of Russian troops at, i: 251.

Martin bombing plane, viii: 234.

Mascots, lion mascots of Maj. Lufberry, xi: 229; baboon mascot of Royal Engineers, xi: 230.

Masks, for shell-torn faces, viii: 389, 391.

Maubeuge, ruin of fort at, ii: 11.

Maude, Gen., grave of, iii: 187.

McPherson, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, v: 301.

Melbourne, Australian army embarking for Gallipoli, ii: 201; Alexandra Gardens, vi: 43.

_Mercy_, U. S. hospital ship, view of a ward, viii: 370; operating room, viii: 371; X-ray apparatus, viii: 374.

Mesopotamia, New Zealanders digging trenches, ii: 91; bridge across Tigris, iii: 319; native silver-smiths, iii: 330; camel caravan, iii: 367; bridge across Narin River destroyed by Turks, vi: 222.

Messines, battle of, iii: 360.

Metz, i: 332.

Meuse River, ruins of bridge destroyed by Germans, i: 313; at Verdun, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303; French scouts reconnoitering on, ii: 45; at Liége, iii: 6; near Dinant, iii: 13; passing through country north of Verdun, iii: 309; wreckage on banks, iii: 328.

Milan, pro-war demonstration, vi: 119, 124.

Mine-field, viii: 273, 275.

Mine-layers, iv: 200, 329, 372, viii: 267 (plan of German mine-laying submarine).

Mine-laying, iv: 324, 326, 331.

Mines, iv: 325, 327; floating, xi: 247.

Mine-sweepers, iv: 51, 260.

Mobile repair shop, viii: 295.

_Moltke_, German battle cruiser, with crew, iv: 257.

Monastir, vi: 355.

Monitors, _see_ Great Britain, Navy.

Mortars, viii: 3, xi: 293.

Moscow, the kremlin, ii: 234; Red Square, vi: 167.

Moselle River, v: 81.

"Mothers of France," vi: _frontispiece_ (in color).

Motor truck, equipped with apparatus for crossing trenches, viii: 292.

Motor boats, construction of, in New Jersey shipyard, xii: 102.

Mouilly, battlefield near, in St. Mihiel salient, v: 204.

Mülhausen, street scene, ii: 183.

Murat, Prince, palace of, President Wilson's Paris residence during Peace Conference, ix: 67, 68.

Mustard gas, filling shells with, v: 323, viii: 165; frozen cube of, viii: 172.

N

Nancy, bird's-eye view, ii: 140.

Napoleon, tomb of, x: 233.

_Nautilus_, Fulton's submarine, iv: 203.

Naval scenes, general, firing a salvo, iv: 77; lookout in crow's nest, iv: 163; destroyer on patrol, iv: 193; torpedo boat on patrol, x: 284; target practice, xi: 281; winter patrol, xi: 298; battleship in rough sea, xi: 300; _see also_ under name of country, Navy; _also_ particular references such as Submarines; etc.

_N-C-I_, U. S. seaplane, viii: 238.

_Nebraska_, U. S. battleship, crew preparing to sow mine field, iv: 326.

Netherlands, mobilized soldiers reading war news, i: 263; military maneuvers, ii: 181; troops at machine-gun practice, vi: 376; war refugees in, vii: 169; Red Cross volunteers, vi: 170.

Neufmaisons, street scene, v: 54.

Neuilly, American hospital at, vii: 38, 77, 199.

New Guinea, native troops in British service, i: 81; native women as plantation workers, i: 82.

New York, parade of German-Americans, '14, i: 272; Austrian reservists reporting at consulate at outbreak of war, i: 281; display of flags on Armistice Day, Nov. 11, '18, iii: 401; Victory Parade, iv: 138; Red Cross Parade, vii: 2; women of Motor Corps of America parading, vii: 57; Victory Way, xii: 133.

_New York_, U. S. battleship, visited by King George and Adm. Beatty, iv: 11, 85, 345; airplane view, iv: 358; in a storm, iv: 395.

New Zealand, army, digging trenches in Mesopotamia, ii: 91; in Egypt, vi: 46.

_North Carolina_, U. S. battleship, crew visiting Pyramids, iv: 353.

_North Dakota_, U. S. battleship, iv: 344.

North Sea Allied patrol, x: 285, 294.

Notre Dame, Church of, at Albert, after German bombardment, xi: 23.

Noyon, French entering, '18, iii: 102.

Nurses, French, vii: _frontispiece_ (in color); reading to convalescent, vii: 21; Japanese, vii: 44; British, vii: 52; Red Cross, treating Allied wounded, vii: 65; reading last rites over the dead, vii: 76; Polish, recruited in America, vii: 353; Russian, vii: 362; French Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color); writing letters for wounded, x: 380; _see also_ Red Cross.

O

Observation tower, German collapsible type, viii: 15.

Oglethorpe, Fort, U. S. army student officers at, ii: 319.

Olives, Mount of, ii. _facing p._ 332 (in color).

Oppressed nations, representatives of, at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, vi: 227.

Ostend, esplanade, ii: 224; bird's-eye view of harbor, iv: 275; British cruiser _Vindictive_ being sunk at, iv: 276.

P

Palestine, British troops with captured Turkish plane, ii: 93; Mount of Olives, ii: _facing p._ 332 (in color); native market, iii: 194; dressing-station for British wounded, iii: 326; _see also_ name of towns in, as Jerusalem, etc.

Parachute, French type, viii: 263.

Parades, German-Americans in New York, '14, i: 272; in Cape Town, to help recruiting, i: 383; in London, recruits passing Whitehall, i: 387; A. E. F. in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_; in Petrograd celebrating capture of Lemberg, ii: 230; in Berlin, on birthday of Kaiser, ii: 258; in New York, Victory parade, iv: 138; recruits at Chicago, v: 377; Lord Mayor's Show, London, vi: 9; women's, in London, '15, vi: 18; Dominion Day in Winnipeg, vi: 27; Anzac Day in Sydney, '18, vi: 44; Allies in Vladivostok, vi: 193; Red Cross in New York, vii: 2; women of American Motor Corps, in New York, vii: 57; Russian troops in Paris on Bastille Day, x: 376; U. S. troops in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389.

Paris, group of Americans stranded in, by outbreak of war, i: 277; congestion at railroad station on declaration of war, i: 278; interior of American embassy, i: 288; Allied conference at French Foreign Ministry, March, '16, i: 398; Eiffel Tower, ii: 267; crowd outside Bank of France on outbreak of War, ii: 382; bird's-eye view, v: 379, xii: 258; on watch for enemy with searchlights, vi: 97; Bois de Boulogne, vi: 100; Armistice celebration, vi: 107; Joan of Arc anniversary celebration, vi: 108; Bourse, vi: 109; May Day riots, May 1, '19, vi: 111; poor getting coal allotment, vi: 112; theatre turned into relief warehouse, vii: 114; crowd in Place de la Concorde to greet President Wilson, xii: 164; crowd at Place de l'Etoile welcoming Wilson, xii: 193.

Parliament, British, Houses of, xi: 2.

Passchendaele Ridge, British bombardment of, iii: 78.

Peace Treaty, Clemenceau's pen in signing, ix: 13; table and chair used in signing, xii: 157.

_Pegasus_, British airplane carrier, iv: 81.

_Pennsylvania_, U. S. battleship, airplane view of, iv: 360.

Periscope, land use, ii: 179.

Permanent Blind Relief War Fund, Italian fiesta for, at New York Public Library, vii: 258.

Persia, Christian inhabitants, vi: 336.

Petrograd, celebrating capture of Lembery, ii: 230; war-time crowds, vi: 137; burning, vi: 146; celebrating Kerensky revolution, vi: 152; along the Canal, vi: 155; view from St. Isaac's Cathedral, vi: 163; street orators, vi: 165, 172; Tauris Palace, vi: 173; crowds awaiting food rations, vii: 372, 373.

Phosgene, filling shells with, viii: 169.

Pigeons, as military messengers, viii: 327, 328.

Pill-boxes, viii: 132, xi: 253.

Place de la Concorde, Paris, welcoming President Wilson, xii: 164.

Place de l'Etoile, Paris crowds welcoming President Wilson, xii: 193.

Plymouth, England, harbor, vii: 135.

"Poilu," iii: _frontispiece_ (in color).

Pola, harbor, iv: 369, vi: 312.

Poland, German trenches in, iii: 108; troops in Warsaw, vi: 205; Women's Battalion of Death, vi: 218; unloading food supplies from U. S. in Warsaw, vii: 355; shipping kosher meat for Jewish war sufferers in, vii: 357.

Pontoons, iii: 387.

Pope's palace, interior of, ix: 406.

Port Said, i: 16, iii: 200.

Posters: American, for Navy recruiting, iv: 316; for Marine recruiting, v: 131, x: 316; for Red Cross, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285; for Free Milk for France fund, vii: 377; for Liberty Loans, x: 339, 353, xi: 109, xii: 7, 14, 128, 131; War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346. British, recruiting, vi: 6, 63, vii: 129, xi: 334; for Women's Land Army, vi: 13; for Belgian relief, vii: 128. French, War Loan, vi: 96, 98; for soldiers' relief, vi: 99, 103; war exposition, vi: 113. Italian, War Loan, vi: 327.

Potsdam, throne room of royal palace at, i: 159.

Prague, vi: 397.

_Prinz Eitel Friedrich_, German sea raider, iv: 196.

Prisoners of war: Austrian, in Italy ii: 97; in Serbia, iii: 154; captured by Russians, iii: 293, vi: 182. Belgian, snipers on way to execution by Germans, i: 236. British, at Göttingen, iii: 301; condition on being released from German prison camp, vii: 39. German, captured in first Marne battle, ii: 143, 173; on way to prison camp, ii: 328; serving as stretcher bearers, ii: 334; captured at Verdun, iii: 315; U-boat crew captured by Americans, iv: 238; captured by Russians, vi: 177; being searched for concealed weapons, vi: 284; group under British guard, vii: 104; in prison camp, vii: 303; at Fort McPherson, x: 373. Russian, having mess, vi: 139; as street laborers, vi: 184, 217. Serbian, on way to Austria, vii: 154. Turkish, on march, vi: 232.

Propaganda, dropped by British in German lines, ii: 320; device for releasing from aircraft, ii: 321.

Prussian Chamber of Deputies in session, vi: 259.

Przemysl, vi: 135.

Q

_Queen Elizabeth_, British super-dreadnought, iii: 175, iv: 31.

Queen Elizabeth Medal, Belgian, ix: 391.

Quirinal Palace, Rome, vi: 128.

_Quistconck_, launching of, at Hog Island, xii: 26.

R

_R-34_, British dirigible, viii: 251, 255.

Raemaekers, Louis, cartoons by, i: 222, 363, vi: 85, 285.

Raines Foundation Schools, London, converting crates into baby cradles, vii: 141.

Ramsgate, after an air raid, ii: 268.

Red Cross: American, New York parade, vii: 2; a large flag, vii: 13; national headquarters, Washington, vii: 18; posters, vii: 20, 21, 23, 26, 132, xi: 285; reading to convalescents, vii: 21, 204; Kaiser's trophy donated to, vii: 25; rolling kitchens, vii: 33; knitting for soldiers, vii: 34; Paris headquarters, vii: 36; sightseeing with convalescent U. S. soldiers in London, vii: 40; hospital ship _Red Cross_, vii: 45; medal and badges of, vii: _facing p._ 50 (in color); preparing Christmas packages for A. E. F., vii: 55, 279; hospital train, vii: 58; advance station in France, vii: 61; sightseeing with U. S. sailors on leave in London, vii: 62; distributing cigarettes to Russian wounded, vii: 79; field canteen in France, vii: _facing p._ 96 (in color); looking after Belgian refugees in Paris, vii: 112; worker among refugees, vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color); supplies at Brest, vii: 171; making bandages, vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color); caring for French children, vii: 200, 201; distributing gifts to French children, vii: 229; caring for wounded Belgian boy, vii: 242; coffee and cakes for convalescent A. E. F. at Auteuil Hospital, vii: 243; loading supplies for overseas, vii: _facing p._ 250, 350 (in color); mailing letters for departing soldiers, vii: 297; in Italy, vii: _facing p._ 300, 374 (in colors); canteen at Trieste, vii: 301; Red Cross men in the making, xi: _frontispiece_ (in colors); nurse visiting poor of Marseilles, xi: 83; nurse bathing Belgian baby, xi: 85; educational cartoons for child welfare in France, xi: 87-90. Belgian, hospital trains, vii: 118. British, serving food to Germans, vii: 7; wounded soldiers at Gift House, vii: 70; in Mesopotamia, vii: 260. Dutch, volunteers, vii: 170. French, canteen, vii: 48; barge hospitals on the Seine, vii: 49, 236; giving refreshments to soldiers on troop train, vii: 226; hospital train, vii: 239; motor canteen, vii: 248; caring for wounded children, vii: 368. Japanese, nurses assisting at operation, vii: 44. Russian, group of nurses, vii: 362.

_Red Cross_, hospital ship, vii: 45.

Refugees of war: American, tourists fleeing from war zone, i: 271. Belgian, wives seeking news of deported husbands, i: 177; fleeing before German invasion, i: 355, 356; gathered in front of town hall, Antwerp, ii: 169; fleeing from Antwerp, iii: 17, xi: 60; Germans deporting women, vi: 86; fleeing from Louvain, vii: _facing p._ 1; assisted at Paris railroad station by Red Cross, vii: 112; relief bundles for, vii: 126; two aged refugees from Louvain, vii: 137; finding food and shelter in Holland, vii: 169; returning home, ix: _facing p._ 368 (in color); children in France, xi: 86. French, under escort of German guards, i: 205, x: 351; going into Holland, i: 224; fleeing out of war zone, i: 270, xi: 57, 58; on road to Amiens, ii: 151; in Marne district, iii: 298; among ruins of Termonde, vii: 74; getting clothing in Paris from American Fund for French Wounded, vii: 102; old peasant woman among ruins of home, vii: 150; Red Cross relief worker among, vii: _facing p._ 158 (in color); from Château-Thierry, vii: 312; children found at Château-Thierry by Allied soldiers, xi: 61; child seeking safety in barn, xi: 65; repatriated French children, xi: 75; children at La Jonchère Sanatorium, xi: 91; arriving in Paris with the family goat, xi: 178. German, from East Prussia, arriving in Berlin, Aug., '14, ii: 23. Italian, children, xi: 67, 69. Rumanian, vi: 350. Salonikan, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371. Serbian, tramping along railway tracks, vii: 158; finding shelter in caves, vii: 160; destitute children, xi: 73.

Reichstag Building, Berlin, vi: 277, xi: 3.

Reims (Rheims), Cathedral, i: 76; Cathedral being bombarded by Germans, i: 225, 245; bird's-eye view, ii: 155; ruins of, ii: 211.

Renault tank, viii: 159, xi: 260.

"Reunited," home return of soldier, xi: _facing p._ 188 (in color).

Rifle Brigade, British, fighting way through Neuve Chapelle, x: 11.

Rifles, diagram showing path of bullet, viii: 93; U. S. types, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 104; German anti-tank, viii: 139.

Riga castle, iii: 146.

Rio de Janeiro, vi: 391.

Riva, Porta San Marco, ii: 49.

Road construction behind the lines in France, v: 398.

Romagne, A. E. F. cemetery at, v: 233.

Rome, anti-German demonstration, vi: 117; crowds celebrating King's birthday, vi: 127; Quirinal Palace, vi: 128.

Roosevelt, Quentin, entrance card into École de Tir Aerien, x: 242; record card at École de Tir Aerien, x: 245.

Roosevelt, Theodore, Sagamore Hill home, x: 248.

Rotterdam, harbor, vii: 139.

Ruggles orientator, machine for testing aviation applicants, viii: 357.

Rumania, artillery detachment passing in review before King Ferdinand, vi: 351.

Russia: Army, marching through Marseilles, i: 251; entering burning town in Eastern Galicia, ii: 26; Cossack troops, ii: 233, iii: 130, vi: 195; field guns, ii: 352, vi: 170; outposts encountering Germans, ii: 356; women's Battalion of Death, iii: 125, vi: 162, xi: 206, 208; reserves on march, iii: 266; at field Mass, iii: 270, vi: 144; military funeral, vi: 133; troops in panic, vi: 143; reservists mobilizing, vi: 149; greeting news of Czar's overthrow, vi: 157; on way to front without rifles, vi: 176; artillery retreating, vi: 209; attacking with hand grenades, vi: 213; riflemen, vi: 215; an impromptu orchestra, vii: 152; trenches on Eastern Front, viii: 127; on parade in Paris, x: 376. General scenes, rural district, vi: 138; children's procession demanding education, vi: 147; group of radicals, vi: 178; winter scene, vi: 191; peasant gathering herbs, vii: 367.

S

_S-126_, German destroyer, torpedoing of, by British submarine, iv: 208.

Sagamore Hill, Roosevelt home at, x: 248.

St. Mark's, Venice, vi: 320.

St. Mihiel sector, "dead acres," iii: 98; trenches, iii: 99; tank in action at Mont Sec, v: 202; battleground near Mouilly, v: 204.

St. Nazaire, first A. E. F. camp at, v: 107.

St. Paul's Cathedral, London, U. S. flag in, x: 30.

St. Quentin, Germans in, xi: 51.

St. Sophia, Mosque of, vi: 232.

Salonika, withdrawal of Greek troops, iii: 205; Greek troops camping in Turkish cemetery, iii: 209; Alexander's Arch, iii: 394; British supplies, vi: 225; war refugees, vii: 163, 164, 166, 369, 371; rag-picker, xi: 62; water-boy, xi: 63.

Salonika Front, sandbag bridge, iii: 210; British labor battalion at work, iii: 397.

Salvation Army, the "doughnut girl," vii: 380; at the front with British, vii: 381; soft drink bar for service men, vii: 384; women workers cooking doughnuts near front lines, vii: 386, x: 189; women workers being decorated by Gen. Edwards, vii: 395; collecting funds in New York, vii: 398; hut in Union Square, New York City, vii: 399.

Scarborough, England, after a German naval raid, iv: 244.

Scheldt River, pontoon bridge across, ii: 167.

Sea Scouts, British, boy signalmen, xi: 96.

Searchlight, mounted on motor truck, viii: 76.

Sedan, view of, v: 94.

Sedd-ul Bahr fortress, after Allied bombardment, iii: 341, iv: 49.

Senegalese soldier, vi: _facing p._ 270 (in color).

Senlis, Cathedral, iii: 335.

Sepoys, iii: 182.

Serajevo, view of, i: 4.

Serbia: Army, group of officers, i: 244, vi: 357; type of soldier, ii: 33; outposts on guard, iii: 282; abandoned artillery, iii: 395; artillery on way to front, iii: 396; troops on march, vi: 246; in camp, vi: 356; artillery in action, vi: 358; campaigning in winter, vii: 157; lack of equipment, vii: 161. General, Germans struggling through Serbian mud, iii: 399; relief boxes for, vii: 114; war medal, vii: 146; packing clothing for war sufferers of, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, vii: 165; monument to mark where Serbs reëntered their country after exile, vii: 167; group of peasants, vii: 370; selling wood in market place, xi: 72.

_Seydlitz_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.

Shells, path of howitzer fire, ii: 129, iii: 159; French, iii: 312, viii: 57; ricochet and non-ricochet, iv: 333; fragments of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 46, 48, 58, 63, xi: 272; line of flight of German, used in bombardment of Paris, viii: 49; path of trajectory of 120-mile range U. S. gun, viii: 50; construction of German, used in long-range bombardment of Paris, viii: 53; manufacture of, viii: 73; path of shrapnel fire, viii: 74; shrapnel exploding, xi: 275; heavy shells on way to front, xi: 279.

Sherman, Fort, U. S. soldiers on parade, xi: 36.

Shrapnel, line of flight, viii: 74; exploding, xi: 275.

Siberia, station on trans-Siberian railroad, vi: 190.

Sirens, for warning of German air raids, viii: 216.

Sister of Mercy, x: _facing p._ 48 (in color).

Smoke screens, ii: 198, iv: 57, viii: 269, 325, xi: 402.

Soissons, ruins of Cathedral, iii: 92.

Somme, battlefield of, ii: 146, iii: 56; British charging during battle of, iii: 57; front visited by Clemenceau, xi: 127.

Sound horns, for detection of airplanes, viii: 18.

Sound-mirror, for detection of airplanes, viii: 21.

South Africa, Union of, troops embarking for Gallipoli, iii: 176.

Southwest Africa, German, native village, vi: 260.

Spad airplane, viii: 190.

Spahis, x: 117.

Spies, German, English mob attacking shop of suspect, i: 227; under French guard, x: 332.

Springfield rifle, viii: 98, 99, 103, 105.

Stage Women's War Relief, supplying service men with newspapers, vii: 345; Service House in New York, vii: 346; theatricals at New York Debarkation Hospital, vii: 347.

_Stamboul_, Turkish transport struck by torpedo, iv: 209.

Stanford University, cadets at trench drill, xi: 167.

_Star-spangled Banner_, singing of, by U. S. service men, xi: 331.

Stelvio Pass, in the Alps, xi: 42.

Stockholm, bird's-eye view, i: 134.

Strassburg, i: 306.

Strassburg statue, Paris, vi: 105.

Stretchers, types, v: 338, viii: 377; struck by shell, vii: 51.

Submarines, rising to surface, iv: 56; anti-submarine patrol, iv: 193, 379, xi: 30; German dry-dock for, in Kiel Canal, iv: 202; development of Holland submarines, 1895--1915, iv: 204; British submarine sinking German destroyer, iv: 208; interior, showing torpedo tubes and mechanisms, iv: 210, 237; coat of arms on captured U-boat, iv: 212; U-boat being sunk by destroyer, iv: 213; salvaging torpedoed merchantmen, iv: 218; use of decoys to lure freighters, iv: 254, 276; captured U-boats at Brooklyn Navy Yard, iv: 297; U. S. types, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240; details of German U-boats, viii: 265, 267; use of nets for trapping, viii: 268, 270, 272, xi: 238; use of hinged plates on sides of ships for protection against, viii: 271; mine fields for destruction of, viii: 273, 275; detail of periscope, viii: 277, 282; crew's quarters on board U-boat, x: 275; British type, x: 296; torpedoed ship settling into water, xi: 19; U-boat submerged, xi: 234; U-boat on surface, xi: 235; close-up view of conning-tower, xi: 242; submerged, with conning-tower and periscope projecting, xi: 244; placing torpedo in tube, xi: 246.

Sudanese troops, in Egypt, vii: 323.

Suez Canal, British supply depot on, vi: 223; launching of first British seaplane on, vi: 224.

_Suffolk Coast_, disguised British warship, iv: 301, 303.

_Suffren_, French battleship, iv: 22.

Surgical dressing, making of, by volunteer women workers, vii: _facing p._ 198 (in color); warehouse of, vii: 219.

_Sussex_, Channel ferryboat, torpedoed by U-boat, x: 281.

Sweden, food riots, xii: 46.

Switzerland, medal cast in honor of President Wilson, ix: 69.

Sydney, Australia, town hall, vi: 37; recruiting scene, vi: 41.

T

Tanks, early type, ii: 276; camouflaged, ii: 276; in action, ii: 279, v: 157, xi: 252, 256, 263; sketch drawing, iii: 339; dragging camouflaged gun, v: 316; German anti-tank rifle, viii: 139; framework of first tank, viii: 156; "baby" tank, xi: 270. British, being inspected by King Albert, ii: 278; in Jerusalem, ii: _facing p._ 280 (in color); approaching Gaza, ii: 282; replica of first tank used, vii: 300; _Britannia_ in U. S., viii: 137, 138, 142; a whippet, viii: 140; in action, viii: 149, x: 59; tank gun, viii: 150. French, St. Chamond type, ii: 275; "baby" tanks, ii: 281, viii: 158, 159 (interior view of Renault tank), xi: 260 (exterior view of Renault tank); supporting advancing U. S. troops, v: 193; tractors for transporting Renaults, viii: 141; interior views, viii: 144, 145, 147, 159 (Renault); predecessor of tank, viii: 155; in action, viii: 157; Renault type, viii: 159 (interior view), xi: 260. German, overturned, viii: 160; miniature one-man tank, viii: 161. U. S., supporting infantry attack, v: 181; going over the top at St. Mihiel, v: 202; tank troops training, v: 287; largest in world, viii: 146; first, xi: 258; Ford "baby" tank, xi: 262.

Targets, range-finding on U. S. battleship, viii: 11; for long-range, viii: 94; for rapid fire, viii: 95; for 200 and 300 yards, viii: 97; for mid-range, viii: 101; spotting disk, viii: 101.

Tauris Palace, Petrograd, vi: 173.

Teleferica, cableways used by Italians to cross chasms, viii: 304.

Telegraph, field headquarters station, i: 353; linesman repairing wires under fire, x: 148.

Telephone in war, first unit of U. S. women operators, ii: 309; German field telephone, iii: 295; central at French army headquarters, viii: 323; "listening in," x: 394.

Termonde, ruins of, i: 340, 341.

Thiaucourt, street scene, v: 162.

_Thomas_, U. S. transport, at Vladivostok, vi: 188.

Tigris, iii: 319.

_Tipperary_, vi: _facing p._ 130 (in color).

Tokyo, celebrating capture of Kiau Chau, vi: 384.

Torpedo, at moment of discharge, iv: 16, 400, x: 330; torpedo tubes being turned on target, iv: 153; destroyer dodging, iv: 188; torpedo tubes on submarine, iv: 210; being placed in position on submarine, xi: 246.

Torpedoplane, iv: 306.

Toul, Cathedral corner, v: 160.

Tower of London, vi: 11.

Tractors, for hauling artillery, viii: 42; for transporting tanks, viii: 141; tractor motor truck, viii: 290; use in plowing, xii: 76.

Treaty of 1839, facsimile of signatures to, guaranteeing Belgian neutrality, i: 147.

Trench stoves, captured from Germans, vi: 87.

Trenches, construction of, i: 360; barbed-wire entrance to, ii: 284; soldiers in entrance to dugout, v: 76; diagram of, showing method of attack in reducing forts, viii: 125; hallway of underground dwelling, viii: 129; machinery used in digging, viii: 130; communicating, viii: 330; _see also_ under name of country, Army.

Trent, river front, vi: 130.

Trieste, water front, ii: 52; market scene, ii: 245.

Troopship, religious service on board, iv: 228.

Trudeau Sanitarium, French children under Red Cross care at, vii: 200.

Tsing Tau, wireless station wrecked by Japanese fire, iii: 259; barbed-wire entanglements outside walls of, iv: 61.

Turkey, army, leaving for the front, ii: 31; infantry at attention, iii: 166; artillery on way to Suez Canal, iii: 189; putting up hospital tents, vii: 365.

Tyrol, Italians advancing, iii: 242; Austrian stronghold, vi: 309.

U

_U-58_, German submarine captured by U. S. destroyer, iv: 349.

_U-65_, German submarine, ii: 20.

_U-105_, German submarine, interior of, iv: 237.

Uhlans, German, in Belgium, xi: 196.

Ukrainian peasants, vi: 242.

United States: Agriculture, in war time, xii: 84, 137, 147. Army, setting-up exercises, i: 308, 365; training for trench warfare, i: 338; equipment, i: 352, xi: 169 (with cost of each item); field headquarters telegraph station, i: 353; student officers in training, i: 367, v: 285; on Mexican border, i: 368; Signal Corps men at work, i: 372, v: 319; marching in Paris, July 4, '17, ii: _Intro. xxiv_; on march over French roads, ii: 219; advancing at Cantigny, ii: 271, x: 75; on regimental parade, ii: 305; first unit of women telephone operators, ii: 309; recruits drilling, ii: 313; military lecture, ii: 315; first troops reaching France, ii: 316, iii: 81, iv: 158, 162; student officers at Fort Oglethorpe, ii: 319; return from France, iii: _facing p._ 348 (in color); debarking at Brest, v: 3; machine gunners at rest, v: 20; resting after march, v: 26; an infantry-man, v: 30; resting near Marne front, v: 42; supporting wounded poilu, v: 50; on way to front, v: 60, 63, 381; marching through ruined town, v: 68; territory to advance through in Meuse-Argonne region, v: 75; advancing through Argonne forest, v: 82, 247; officer's dugout, v: 89; first camp in France, v: 107; graves of first killed in France, v: 111; hand grenade practice, v: 112; boxing match for recreation, v: 114, vii: 314; veterans of Cantigny, v: 125; motorized machine-gun unit, v: 142; infantry in firing trenches, v: 144; washing day, v: 149; sketches of A. E. F. types, v: 151; troops coming out of action at Château-Thierry, v: 153; passing through Thiaucourt, v: 162; making friends with French children, v: 164; advancing over open field, v: 169; infantry advancing with tank protection, v: 181, 193; billeted in French farmhouse, v: 189; M. P. quarters, v: 200; officers' quarters in the Argonne, v: 217; advancing near Badonville, v: 232; A. E. F. cemetery at Romagne, Argonne, v: 233; men of 77th Div. in the Argonne, v: 244; A. E. F. positions on the Aisne, v: 259; marching into Alsace, v: 267, xii: 288; negro troops being decorated, v: 268; N. Y. National Guardsmen in training at Camp Wadsworth, v: 283; a tank unit in training, v: 287; 27th Div. returning home on _Leviathan_, v: 298; student officers at Fort McPherson, v: 301; aviator "true-ing" plane, v: 311; assembling Liberty planes in France, v: 313; supplies for A. E. F. on Brest docks, v: 329; field of auto trucks, v: 333; salvage unit at work, v: 334, viii: 346; assembling locomotives in France, v: 335; reveille, v: _facing p._ 354 (in color); parade and inspection, v: _facing p._ 358 (in color); visitors' day at camp, v: _facing p._ 362 (in color); taps, v: _facing p._ 366 (in color); soldier saluting grave of poilu, v: 374; off duty, v: 376; Chicago recruits on way to training camp, v: 377; bringing in wounded French soldier, v: 386; in a bombarded village, v: 387; in Genoa, v: 394; group of ambulances and drivers, vii: 31; convalescent soldiers sightseeing in London, vii: 40; medical officers treating wounded on field, vii: 46; hospital trains, vii: 58, 107, 252, viii: 380; type of Scotch member, vii: 176; type of Scandinavian member, vii: 177; type of negro member, vii: 178; type of English member, vii: 179; type of Armenian member, vii: 180; type of Greek member, vii: 181; type of Irish member, vii: 183; type of Italian member, vii: 184; type of Jewish member, vii: 185; in line for inoculation at training camp, vii: 195; dental officers at work, vii: 210, 223; convalescing wounded soldiers in workshop, vii: 214; A. E. F. cemetery at Luresnes, vii: 224; entertainment for wounded, vii: 231, 347; wounded soldier under operation, vii: 257; class of illiterate recruits being taught, vii: 280; 42nd Div. on march, vii: 292; playing ball, vii: 315; soldier-students at Eagle Hut, London, vii: 320; type of Polish member, vii: 356; wounded arriving in New York, vii: 390; types of rifles, viii: 98, 99, 100, 103, 105; bayonet practice, viii: 106, 107, 108, 109, xi: 162, 166; gas training, viii: 121; motorized kitchen, viii: 287; in Vaux, x: 7; machine gunners in action, x: 103; gravestones of A. E. F. dead, x: 115; bugler, x: 386; parading in Paris, July 4, '19, x: 389; charging drill, x: 398; National Army men in camp in winter, xi: 5; on march at Fort Sherman, xi: 36; training to go "Over the top," xi: 38; French soldiers instructing Americans, xi: 44; National Army draftees arriving at camp, xi: 156; recruits learning manual of arms, xi: 160; army mule getting hair-cut, xi: 164; cavalry stunts, xi: 171; type of American Indian in, xi: 177; firing practice, xi: 304; repairing telephone lines in France, xi: 305; field telephoning, xi: 307; operating sawmill behind the lines in France, xi: 311; group singing, xi: 336, 338; drilling awkward squad, xii: 104; Secretary Baker drawing draft numbers, xii: 289. Artillery, coast defense guns, i: 346, v: 307, viii: 27, 41; mountain-guns, i: 371, viii: 25; guns which took part in second Marne battle, iii: 95; A. E. F. battery on way to front, v: 64; heavy French gun manned by U. S. Coast Artillery gunners in action in France, v: 166; Marine gunners with field piece, v: 171; French guns for A. E. F. use, v: 172; storing shells, v: 173; gun which fired last shot of war, v: 276; at practice, v: 304, xi: 162; naval gun on caterpillar mount for use on Western Front, v: 306; training artillery officers, viii: 9; telescopic sight on field guns, viii: 12; 3-in. gun, viii: 23; 6-in. railway-mount gun, viii: 37; 16-in. railway-mount howitzer, viii: 39; path of shell flight of proposed 121-mile range gun, viii: 50; sketch of 121-mile range gun, viii: 51; range-finding, x: 132; type of heavy railway-mount gun, xi: 276. Congress, President Wilson addressing, on relations with Germany, i: 329. Declaration of war on Germany, facsimile copy, ii: 55. Flag, presented to President Wilson by Frenchwomen, i: 394; used by American ambulance workers in Franco-Prussian War, vii: 319; in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, x: 30; original Star-spangled Banner, xi: 330. Marines, embarking for overseas, ii: 223; operating anti-aircraft gun on warship, iv: 338; operating anti-aircraft machine gun on land, v: 11; recruiting poster, v: 131, x: 316; in Belleau Woods, v: 137; with 3-in. field artillery, v: 171; storing ammunition in dugout, v: 173; advancing with hand grenades, v: 176; in artillery contest, v: 304; in bayonet drill, viii: 108; scene of first stand against Germans, x: 3; Gen. Neville decorating colors of 6th Regt., x: 199; advancing to Belleau Woods, xi: 45. Navy, members of War Council, iv: _Intro. xi_; sailors in Victory Parade, New York City, iv: 138; battleships of Atlantic fleet, iv: 161, 336; submarine chaser, iv: 293; types of submarines, iv: 299, viii: 280, xi: 240; recruiting poster, iv: 316; recruits learning to make knots, iv: 318; returning from torpedo practice, iv: 321; mine-laying, iv: 324, 325, 326, 327, 331, 332; taps, iv: 334; sailors dancing on board ship, iv: _facing p._ 334 (in color); anti-aircraft guns on board ship manned by marines, iv: 338; sailors washing clothes, iv: 339; sailors in "crow's nest," iv: 342; supply ship taking on cargo for A. E. F., iv: 347; naval militiamen off for service, iv: 351; sailor's Christmas box from home, iv: _facing p._ 366 (in color); patrol boat in French waters, iv: 378; signalling practice, iv: 402; battleship taking on provisions, v: 330; students at naval radio school at Harvard University, viii: 318; fleet on high seas, xi: 30; strong man of Norfolk Training Station, xi: 158; dreadnaughts saluting President Wilson, xii: 227; _see also_ name of vessels. Ship-building, at Camden, N. J., xii: 30; at Seattle, Wash., xii: 93; at Bayonne, N. J., xii: 102.

_Utah_, U. S. battleship, iv: 341.

V

Vaux, Fort, at Verdun, ruins of, ii: 187.

Vaux, village in Marne sector, airplane view, v: 36; ruins of, x: 6; American troops in, x: 7.

Venice, guarding art treasures against air attack, vi: 316; Campanile of St. Mark's, vi: 319, 320.

Verdun, views on banks of Meuse, ii: 37, iii: 61, 303; German Crown Prince decorating troops at, ii: 38; battlefield, ii: 39; behind German lines at, ii: 46; ruins of Fort Vaux, ii: 187; trenches on Hill 304, ii: 188; Cathedral, iii: 53; main gateway, iii: 54; captured German positions, iii: 315; aviation camp near, viii: 233.

Versailles, entry of King William of Prussia into, 1871, i: 46; proclamation of German Empire at, 1871, i: 55; Palace of, vi: 101, xii: 157 (Hall of Mirrors), 160 (signature of Peace Treaty); German press representatives at, xii: 220.

Victory Way, New York City, xii: 133.

Vienna, Congress of, i: 31.

_Ville de Paris_, French dirigible, viii: 242.

Vilna, vi: 235.

Vimy Ridge, Canadians going over top, iii: 69.

_Vindictive_, British cruiser, after Zeebrugge raid, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278; officers of, iv: 267; crew of, iv: 271; being sunk in Ostend harbor, iv: 276.

_Viribus Unitis_, Austrian dreadnought, x: 298.

Vladivostok, A. E. F. base at, vi: 188; U. S. consulate at, vi: 192; Allied troops on parade, vi: 193.

Volunteer Motor Service, members of, vii: 32.

_Von Der Tann_, German battleship surrendered at Scapa Flow, iv: 389.

Vosges Mountains, French "Blue Devils" watching long-range bombardment, viii: _facing p._ 122 (in color).

War Savings Stamps, prize poster, x: 346.

Warneford, Lieut, R. A. J., death of, x: 224.

Warsaw, iii: 126; unloading American relief supplies, vii: 355.

Water, canvas pipe-line for supplying troops in the field, viii: 395.

Water-boy at Salonika, xi: 63.

Waterloo, Napoleon's retreat from, i: 7.

Watervliet Arsenal, U. S. gun shop, i: 304.

Westminster, home of Duke of, transformed into war hospital, vii: 89.

William II, former Emperor of Germany, residence at Amerongen, Holland, ix: 358.

Wilson, Woodrow, Princeton home, ix: 60; Paris residence, ix: 67, 68; Swiss medal cast in honor of, ix: 69.

Wireless, talking from airplane to ground by means of, viii: 316; U. S. Naval Radio School at Harvard, viii: 318; German station at Metz, viii: 319; arc transmitter at Metz wireless station, viii: 321.

Wisconsin, University of, Army Training Corps on hike, xi: 172.

Woevre, plain of the, iii: 309.

Women in war industries: American, munition workers, xii: 3; raising hogs, xii: 54; farm workers, xii: 84, 147 (plowing with tractor). British, Women's Land Army recruiting poster, vi: 13; in iron foundry, vi: 15, 22; as munition workers, vi: 16, 59, xii: 23; as war gardeners, vi: 19, xii: 41; building roads, xii: 20. Canadian, making shell fuses, vi: 32. French, as farm laborers, ii: 375, iii: 276; as munition workers, xi: 283. Unidentified, girl munition worker, ii: 327; as railroad workers, vii: 296. For women in war activities, _see_ American Fund for French wounded; Canteens; Nurses; Red Cross; Salvation Army; Young Men's Christian Association.

"Workshop for Working Girls," established by Edith Wharton in France, vii: 101.

Wounded: American, loading on ambulance train for transportation to debarkation point, vii: 58; visited by Red Cross worker on train, vii: 107; wounded Scotch member, vii: 176; wounded Scandinavian member, vii: 177; wounded negro member, vii: 178; wounded English member, vii: 179; wounded Armenian member, vii: 180; wounded Greek member, vii: 181; wounded Irish member, vii: 183; wounded Italian members, vii: 184; wounded Jewish members, vii: 185; being carried to first aid station, vii: 218; at entertainment for, vii: 231; in hospital car, vii: 252; being helped by Knights of Columbus, vii: 336, 338; at Debarkation Hospital No. 5, New York City, vii: 347; wounded Polish member, vii: 356; arriving at New York, vii: 390; being carried on airplane ambulance, viii: 368; on board hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 370. British, being served food in France, ii: _facing p._ 190 (in color); wounded Anzacs, iii: 169, 172; at advance dressing-station in Palestine, iii: 326; after a battle in Flanders, iii: 385; being carried to dressing-station on Western Front, vii: 50; being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65, 97; making souvenirs at Red Cross Gift House, London, vii: 70; at home of Duke of Westminster, vii: 89; at Prince of Wales Hospital, Tottenham, vii: 108; awaiting first aid, vii: 196; being carried by French soldiers to dressing-station, vii: 232; awaiting transportation, vii: 238; method of transporting in Mesopotamia, vii: 260; Canadians at home of Lady Astor, vii: 281; at Neuve Chapelle, xi: 187. French, first recipients of Croix de Guerre, iii: 12; being supported by American soldier, v: 50; being brought in by American soldiers, v: 386; being greeted in Switzerland, vi: 381; being removed from field, vii: 8; receiving first aid on field, vii: 53; at a fête for, vii: 59; being treated at dressing-station behind the lines, vii: 65; at Verdun, vii: 66; promenading with their nurses, vii: 98; in a hospital train, vii: 239; resting, x: 112. German, being treated by A. E. F. medical officers, vii: 46; too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80; being brought in on improvised stretcher, vii: 88; being nursed by Dutch nuns at Red Cross Hospital, Maastricht, vii: 174; getting a smoke from British Tommy, vii: 186; being removed from field, vii: 208; awaiting transportation, vii: 238. Italian, being cared for by American Red Cross workers, vii: _facing p._ 300 (in color), _facing p._ 374 (in color). Russian, in Siberian hospital, vii: 79; too seriously wounded to be transported, vii: 80; Cossack officer, vii: 363. Unclassified, being helped by comrades, vi: 237; being attended by medical unit men on field, vii: 182; blind learning modelling, vii: 256; blind learning basket-making, vii: 259; being visited in hospitals by Y. M. C. A. workers, vii: 289, 311; being brought to surface from dugout by windlass, vii: 304; moved by means of trench trolley, vii: 306; awaiting the stretcher bearers, vii: 309; on board hospital ship, vii: 396; being picked up by ambulance men, vii: 400. _See also_ Ambulances; Battle scenes; Dead; Hospitals; _also_ Army under country.

Wright warplane, xi: 218.

Wright-Martin reconnaissance airplane, ii: 124.

_Wyoming_, U. S. battleship, iv: 397, x: 336.

X

X-ray, apparatus on U. S. hospital ship _Mercy_, viii: 374; use by custom inspectors to detect smuggling, xii: 99.

Y

"Y" gun, for launching depth bombs, iv: 332.

Yarmouth, England, after German air raid, ii: 257.

Young Men's Christian Association: American, motor kitchen, vii: 216; Chicago gymnasium turned into sleeping quarters for service men, vii: 262; Brooklyn hospital unit in training, vii: 263, 278; Eagle Hut, London, vii: 264, 288, 320; Eagle Hut, New York City, vii: 265; women canteen workers, vii: 269, 270; ruins of hut blown by German mine, vii: 273; in zone of German bombardment, vii: 274; visiting wounded in hospitals, vii: 289, 311; in Italy, vii: 291; baths and beds for service men, vii: 295; in dugouts, vii: 307; sports for service men, vii: 315. British, leading party of service men sightseeing in London, vii: 285; providing service men in London with over-night accommodation, vii: 287; in Egypt, vii: 325. Canadian, at a Toronto camp, vii: 305.

Young Women's Christian Association, American, Hostess House at Le Mans, France, vii: 272; social center for negro troops, vii: 275; Inter-Allied Club for Women at Le Havre, France, vii: 276; vacation house for American women at Chaumont, France, vii: 317.

Ypres, ruins of, i: _facing p._ 98 (in color), ii: 145, x: 356; veterans of second battle of, i: 379; Highlanders attacking at, ii: 213.

Yser River, a Belgian bridge across, iii: 77.

Z

Zeebrugge raid, British cruiser _Vindictive_ at, iv: 263, 271, 273, 278; British landing party battling, iv: 265; officers and men of _Vindictive_, iv: 266, 267, 273; British ships sunk in canal to block channel, iv: 269; British ferry-boats _Iris_ and _Daffodil_ after taking part in, iv: 270.

Zeppelins, being guided by lighthouse, ii: 265; interior, ii: 269; early type, viii: 247; _L-49_ brought down by French, viii: 249; fuel tanks on _L-49_, viii: 253; pilot's gondola, x: 226; _L-15_ sinking, x: 361.

_Zrinyi_, Austrian battleship, iv: 363.

MAPS

Africa, European colonies in, iii: 253.

Albania, ii: 34, 61, 239, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).

Amiens, German drive on, Mar., '18, ii: 191; battle lines, '14--'18, ii: 312.

Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, battle lines on all fronts in Europe, ii: _facing p. xxiv_ (in color); battle line on Western Front, ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color), v: _facing p._ 372 (in color); battle line on A. E. F. sector, v: _facing p._ 72 (in color), 273.

Arras, area of British offensive, Apr., '17, iii: 71.

Arras-Neuve Chapelle sector, iii: 45.

Atlantic Ocean, area of German submarine blockade, i: _facing p._356 (in color), ii: 21.

Austro-Italian Front, Alpine frontier, showing fortresses and mountain passes, iii: 227; the Trentino, iii: 232; Isonzo district, iii: 235; battle lines, showing furthest Italian and Austrian advances, with topography and rail communications, iii: _facing p._ 246 (in color); north of Venice, xi: 25; Italian advance on Trieste, xi: 26.

Austro-Russian Front, iii: 120, 133; battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.

Austro-Serbian frontier, iii: 152.

Bagdad Railway, route of, ii: 293.

Balkans, national boundaries in '14, ii: 34; territorial adjustments resulting from Balkan Wars, ii: 61; southeastern, and Dardanelles, topography of, ii: 199; western, and Italy, ii: 239; topography, boundaries, and railroads, '14, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color).

Belgian Front, June, '17, iii: 40; for particular sector or locality, _see_ under name.

Belgium, German and French frontiers, ii: 7; concentration of German armies along border before invasion, Aug., '14, iii: 7; and northern France, iii: 11.

Boy Scouts, distribution of, in U. S., xi: 95.

Bulgaria, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color); boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.

Cambrai, battle of, iii: 82.

Cantigny, battle line near, v: 124.

Carpathian passes, iii: 120, 133.

Caucasus Front, iii: 261.

Château-Thierry sector, v: 136.

Coronel, battle of, with chart of position and movements of opposing warships, iv: 65.

Dardanelles, with topography of shores, ii: 199; showing mine fields, location of Allied ships sunk, and fortifications and roads on Gallipoli Peninsula, ii: 291; with detail of southern Gallipoli, iii: 163; with Sea of Marmora and Bosphorus, iv: 19; with topography of shores, showing Turkish positions, iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).

Dixmude-Ypres line, June, '17, iii: 40.

East Prussia, iii: 107, 109.

Europe, and Near East, showing projected German expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6; areas of German occupation, '16, i: 10; in '14, ii: _Intro. xi_; armistice lines, Nov. 11, '18, ii: _Intro. facing p. xxiv_ (in color); southeastern topography, boundaries, and railroads of, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color); important battles and events of war, '14--'17, xi: 13; food conditions after Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, xii: 43.

Falkland Islands, battle of, with chart of position and movements of opposing fleets, iv: 71.

France, German and Belgian frontiers, ii: 7; Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10; northern, and Belgium, iii: 11; A. E. F. supply depots and lines of communications, v: 5; principal ports, v: 5; for battle lines, _see_ name of sector or locality; _also_ Western Front.

Gallipoli, topography, ii: 199; with detail of elevations, roads, Turkish fortifications, and areas of Allied occupation, ii: 291, iii: 163; and northwestern Turkey, iv: 19; topography with Turkish lines and forts, iv: _facing p._ 38 (in color).

Germany, projected expansion from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6; Empire before war, i: 39; Empire after war, i: 40; Belgian and French frontiers, ii: 7; Russian frontier, iii: 107, 109.

Great Britain, showing areas of German submarine blockade around, i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21; German sea raid on coast, Dec., '14, iv: 245.

Greece, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color); boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.

Iceland, Allied patrol areas off coast of, iv: 90.

Indian Ocean, showing trade routes and British possessions, iv: 179.

Isonzo, region of, iii: 227, 235, _facing p._ 246 (in color).

Italian Front, _see_ Austro-Italian Front.

Italy, and territories claimed under Treaty of London, ii: 239; distribution of American Red Cross relief work in, vii: 83.

Jutland, battle of, showing position of opposing fleets before start of engagement, iv: 103; charts of movements of opposing fleets during course of battle, iv: 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134.

Keeling Island, iv: 185.

Kiau-Chau, iii: 258.

Luxemburg, ii: 7.

Lys salient, iii: 90.

Marne, first battle of, showing position of opposing armies, iii: 30, 31.

Marne salient, battle lines, Jan.--June, '18, ii: 72; battle lines, May 26--June 12, '18, ii: 79; position of German armies, July, '18, ii: 322; extent of German advance, July, '18, v: 43; German retreat to the Vesle, July 18--Aug. 5, '18, v: 59; battle lines, June 1--Aug. 4, '18, with position of French and A. E. F. divisions, v: _facing p._ 184 (in color); _see also_ Western Front.

Marne-Aisne-Oise district, ii: 10.

Mediterranean Sea, area of German submarine blockade, i: _facing p._ 356 (in color).

Mesopotamia, iii: 179, _facing p._ 190 (in color), xi: 50.

Messines Ridge, iii: 76.

Meuse-Argonne, A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 11, '18, with positions of divisions participating, v: 72; towns and roads of district, v: 77; A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Oct. 4, '18, with positions of divisions participating, v: _facing p._ 222 (in color); A. E. F. advance, Sept. 26--Nov. 1, '18, with positions of divisions participating, v: _facing p._ 260 (in color); battle line, Nov. 11, '18, with positions of A. E. F., French, and German divisions, v: 273.

Montenegro, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212; before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.

Naval operations, of war, locations of, iv: _facing p._ 166 (in color).

Neuve Chapelle-Arras sector, iii: 45.

North Sea, area of German submarine blockade, i: _facing p._ 356 (in color), ii: 21; Allied mine barrage, German naval bases, and scenes of naval battles in, iv: _facing p._ 86 (in color); British cruising areas, iv: 89, 91.

Palestine, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 193, 197, 198, 325, xi: 50.

Red Cross, American, sectional divisions of U. S., vii: 16; distribution of relief work in Italy, vii: 83.

Reims (Rheims)-Soissons sector, iii: 75.

Riga, Gulf of, iv: 137.

Rumania, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color), 215; before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61.

Russia, showing territories under German and Allied control, '18, ii: 67; German frontier, iii: 107, 109; Austrian frontier, iii: 120, 133; Russo-Teuton battle line, Aug. 5, '15, iii: 139.

St. Mihiel salient, showing battle lines and course of A. E. F. advance against, Sept., '18, ii: 338, v: 70, _facing p._ 210 (in color, and giving positions of French and A.E.F. divisions), 385; detail of terrain, v: 69.

Salonika Front, iii: 204.

Scapa Flow, iv: 93.

Scotland, British cruising areas off coasts of, iv: 89, 90, 91.

Serbia, in '14, ii: 34, iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color); boundaries before and after Balkan Wars, ii: 61; Austrian frontier, iii: 152; encirclement by Teuton armies, iii: 157.

Sinai Peninsula, iii: 193.

Soissons, and region to the south, v: 178.

Soissons-Reims (Rheims) sector, iii: 75.

Somme, first battle, '16, area of, iii: 60; second battle, '18, area of, iii: 87.

Somme-Oise sector, battle lines during Allied offensive, Aug. 8--18, '18, ii: 332.

Suez Canal, iii: 193, xi: 50.

Syria, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color), 198, xi: 50.

Tonnenberg, battle of, showing maneuvers of opposing armies, iii: 114; _see also_ East Prussia.

Transylvania, iii: 215.

Trentino, iii: 227, 232, _facing p._ 246 (in color).

Trieste, Italian advance on, xi: 26.

Tsing Tau, iii: 258.

Turkey, as part of German plan of Empire from North Sea to Persian Gulf, i: 6; with reference to Balkans, ii: 34, 61 (territory in Europe before and after Balkan Wars), iii: _facing p._ 212 (in color); Dardanelles region, ii: 199, iv: 19; route of Bagdad Railway, ii: 293; route of British campaigns in, iii: _facing p._ 190 (in color); in Asia, xi: 50.

United States, Red Cross sectional divisions, vii: 16; distribution of Boy Scouts, xi: 95.

Verdun, perspective of battlefield with battle lines, Feb. 20--June 14, '16, iii: _facing p._ 50 (in color); battle lines and positions of opposing armies, iii: 306.

Vimy Ridge, iii: 344.

Western Front, battle line from North Sea to Reims, Apr., '17, ii: 54; battle line, Mar., '18, compared with line of furthest German advance, Sept., '14, ii: 64; battle lines, Sept., '14--June, '18, ii: 72; battle lines, Sept. 19--Oct. 2, '18, ii: 81; battle line at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, compared with line of furthest German advance, ii: _facing p._ 86 (in color); plan of German concentration, Aug., '14, iii: 7; battle line, Nov. 11, '14, iii: 39; battle lines, Sept., '14--Sept., '18, iii: 97; German advance, Aug.--Sept., '14, with positions of German armies, iii: 278; battle line, July, '18, v: 5; position of A. E. F. divisions at Armistice, Nov. 11, '18, v: 273; battle lines, July 18, '18, and Nov. 11, '18, with dates and localities of principal operations and A. E. F. divisions participating, v: _facing p._ 372 (in color); for particular sectors or localities, _see_ name.

World, areas inhabited by peoples not self-governing, i: 24; sources of coal and oil supply in '14, ii: 15; centers of live-stock production, xii: 36.

Ypres, and neighborhood, iii: 11.

Ypres-Dixmude line, June, '17, iii: 40.

Yser, battle of, iii: 43.

Zeebrugge, German submarine base, iv: 262.

Transcriber's notes:

Italics are rendered with underlines at the beginning and end e.g. _italics_.

Bold font is rendered with equal signs at the beginning and end e.g. =bold=.

Small caps have been replaced with all caps e.g. SMALL CAPS.

The following are believed to be typos and have been corrected.

+----+--------------+--------------+ |Page| Changed from | Changed to | +----+--------------+--------------+ | 11| out | our | | 15| finanical | financial | | 17| the | be | | 17| be | the | | 22| Reichbank | Reichsbank | | 24| statiticians | statisticians| | 24| ought to to | ought to | | 25| soliders | soldiers | | 27| Jourial | Journal | | 28| bonsuses | bonuses | | 31| 311,070,250 | 60,000,000 | | 31| 50,000,000 | 60,000,000 | | 31| Canadaian | Canadian | | 41| prorable | probable | | 53| Men't | Men's | | 54| offorded | afforded | | 56| there | their | | 56| pears' | years' | | 57| everage | average | | 59| sacrifce | sacrifice | | 59| drastice | drastic | | 75| exclusivevly | exclusively | | 77| accesible | accessible | | 77| comsumpton | consumption | | 80| somethink | something | | 81| rsesources | resources | | 82| beween | between | | 98| known | know | | 101| urpassed | surpassed | | 102| negotiatd | negotiated | | 114| 743,556 | 74,556 | | 126| oversea | overseas | | 130| ito | into | | 132| ecstacy | ecstasy | | 166| show | shoe | | 184| mmber | member | | 199| Asociated | Associated | | 204| givn | given | | 205| Asociated | Associated | | 215| space | spare | | 216| nutral | neutral | | 221| patricular | particular | | 235| of | if | | 252| that | the | | 254| line | lines | | 260| case | cast | | 263| occured | occurred | | 332| Maestricht | Maastricht | | 353| Jaulognne | Jaulgonne | +----+--------------+--------------+