Part 20

FIXTURES _Quantities and Cost_ One double-oven brick-set kitchen range with water-back; to be selected by the owner; complete $50.00 One Class A, white-glazed earthenware sink, 30" × 20" × 7"; with porcelain back 15 in. high, and with porcelain legs; 2-inch cast brass, nickel-plated; =S=-trap with waste pipe to floor; and improved Fuller faucets; telescopic ash drain board; complete 45.00 One Class A, 20" × 30" porcelain recess pantry sink, white enameled inside, with nickel-plated standing waste overflow; with nickel-plated 1½-inch brass trap and pipe to floor; nickel-plated supply pipes to floor; nickel-plated 2-inch supporting stand, and heavy nickel-plated Fuller faucets, marked _hot_ and _cold_; complete 40.00 One 5' 6" porcelain-lined, roll rim, Roman pattern, cast-iron bath, with cast-iron feet, painted one coat outside, with nickel-plated combination standing waste, compression star handle supply valves at foot, with _hot_ and _cold_ name plates; complete 40.00 One improved porcelain siphon-jet water closet, with quartered-oak seat and cover, quartered-oak siphon cistern, with nickel-plated brass brackets, nickel-plated brass flush pipe; nickel-plated chain and china pull, and brass floor flange; complete 30.00 One enameled-iron corner, lavatory, 17½" × 17½" × 12", with 12" × 15" =D=-shaped basin with nickel-plate cocks and pipes; all complete 30.00 One enameled-iron corner lavatory slab 16" × 16" × 6", with enameled back and aprons, soap cup, 11" × 14" bowl, No. 0 Fuller faucets, and “Penn” waste; complete 20.00 One set of 3 Class B, white porcelain wash tubs, 26 inches long, with N. P. brass waste and star handle cocks, and wringer base; all complete 60.00 ------- Cost of fixtures $315.00

WATER SUPPLY _Quantities and Cost_ One 40-gallon, extra-heavy, galvanized-iron boiler, stand and couplings; complete $15.00 Tapping and corporation-cock permits 5.00 One curb box 2.00 10 ft. 1-inch brass pipe and fittings 5.00 40 ft. 1-inch AAA lead pipe 19.00 44 ft. 1-inch galvanized-iron pipe 4.00 120 ft. ¾-inch galvanized-iron pipe 9.00 80 ft. ½-inch galvanized-iron pipe 5.00 30 pounds of fittings 6.00 One 1-inch stop and waste cock 1.50 Eight ¾-inch stop and waste cocks 7.00 Three ½-inch stop and waste cocks 2.50 Straps and hangers 1.00 Two garden hose bibbs 2.00 ------ Cost of water-supply system $84.00

DRAINAGE _Quantities and Cost_ 213 ft. 4-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated soil pipe $ 60.00 20 ft. 3-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated soil pipe 4.50 110 ft. 2-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated soil pipe 16.50 30 ft. 4-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated, soil-pipe fittings 24.00 4 ft. 3-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated, soil-pipe fittings 2.50 24 ft. 2-inch, extra-heavy, cast-iron, asphalt-coated, soil-pipe fittings 7.50 90 ft. 6-inch, salt-glazed, earthenware sewer pipe 10.00 62 ft. 5-inch, salt-glazed, earthenware sewer pipe 6.00 140 ft. 4-inch, salt-glazed, earthenware sewer pipe 8.00 One 6-inch fitting 1.00 Seven 5-inch fittings 4.00 Eighteen 4-inch fittings 7.00 Portland cement 2.00 100 lb. of lead 5.00 Oakum 1.00 Wall hooks 1.00 One 4-inch running trap 2.00 Four 4-inch ground brass ferrule cleanouts 2.00 Three cast-iron manhole covers 3.00 One fresh-air inlet box 1.00 One 4-inch lead bend 1.50 One 4-inch brass ferrule .35 10 ft. 2-inch lead waste pipe 2.50 14 ft. 1½-inch lead pipe 2.50 Twelve 2-inch brass ferrules 1.50 Two 2-inch lead traps 2.50 2 sq. ft. 6-pound sheet lead .90 Three 4-inch wire-basket strainers .40 20 lb. of wiping solder 5.00 ------- Total $185.15

LABOR

Labor, assumed to be one-fourth cost of all materials = $584.15 × .25 = $146.04

_Summary_ Fixtures $315.00 Water-supply system 84.00 Drainage 185.15 Labor 146.04 ------- Total cost of plumbing $730.19

GAS-FITTING

=12.= Following is given the cost of buying and installing the various gas fixtures and pipes that are used in the building under consideration:

FIXTURES _Quantities and Cost_

Cellar: 2 brackets, 1 burner, each at 50 cents $ 1.00 First floor: Parlor, 1 chandelier, 4 burners 50.00 2 brackets, stiff, 2 burners, each at $10 20.00 Dining room, 1 chandelier, 5 burners 45.00 2 brackets, stiff, 1 burner, each at $5 10.00 Hall, 1 chandelier, 4 burners 30.00 Library, 1 chandelier, 6 burners 50.00 2 brackets, stiff, 2 burners, each at $10 20.00 Lavatory, 1 bracket, 1 burner, stiff 2.50 Kitchen, 1 center fixture, 2 burners 4.00 1 side light, stiff, 1 burner 1.00 Butler’s pantry, 1 drop light, 2 burners 4.00 Pantry, 1 side light, stiff, 1 burner 1.00 Cellar stairs, 1-bracket light, 1 burner .50 Second floor: Bedrooms, 11 double-swing brackets, 1 burner, at $5 55.00 Dressing room, 1 double-swing, plain, 1 burner 2.00 Hall, 1 stiff bracket, 2 burners 6.00 Stair landing, 2 stiff brackets, 1 burner, each at $4 8.00 Bathroom, 1 bracket, double swing, plain, 1 burner 3.00 Attic rooms, 5 stiff brackets, 1 burner, each at $.75 3.75 ------- Total $316.75

PIPE AND FITTINGS _Quantities and Cost_ 54 ft. 1½-inch pipe, at 10 cents $ 5.40 30 ft. ¾-inch pipe, at 6 cents 1.80 30 ft. ½-inch pipe, at 4 cents 1.20 205 ft. ⅜-inch pipe, at 3 cents 6.15 Fittings 4.00 ------- Total $ 18.55

LABOR Labor, assumed to be one-seventh the cost of materials (fixtures, pipes, etc.) = $335.30 ÷ 7 = $ 47.90

_Summary_ Fixtures $316.75 Pipe and fittings 18.55 Labor 47.90 ------- Total cost of gas-fitting $383.20

WIRING

=13.= At the present time, most houses that are as large as the one under consideration are equipped with electric door bells, and probably with electric bells from some of the living rooms to the kitchen. Such an equipment would cost, say, $25.

In most houses of this size, where available, both electricity and gas are used for lighting purposes. The cost of wiring this house complete for electric lights, including six wall switches, besides two three-way switches for the hall light, so that it can be operated either from the upper or lower floor, is about $325 if iron-armored conduit is used. If electric lights are used, the lighting fixtures must be combination fixtures, that is, fixtures that can be used for both gas and electricity. This will add about 40 per cent. to the cost of the gas fixtures, or 40 per cent. of $316.75, which amounts to $126.70.

The total cost of wiring is therefore as follows:

Electric bells $ 25.00 Light wiring 325.00 Extra cost of fixtures 126.70 ------- Total $476.70

PAINTING

=14.= In taking off quantities for painting, it is customary to estimate the cost by assuming a price per square yard for each class of work, instead of estimating the material and labor separately.

EXTERIOR WORK _Quantities_

Three coats of pure linseed oil and white lead in four colors: SQUARE YARDS Shingles (see item in Carpentry estimate) 269 Main cornice 130 Porch cornice 22 Porch posts 32 Spandrels 40 Porch skirting 14 Balustrade 52 Sash 64 Window sills 16 Porch floors and steps 72 --- Total 711

SQUARE YARDS One coat orange shellac and one of varnish: Porch ceiling (see item in Carpentry estimate) 58

INTERIOR WORK _Quantities_

Chestnut finish, parlor, library, dining room, hall, stair hall, lavatory, and stairway. One coat of wood paste filler, one coat of white shellac, and three coats of varnish, rubbed down with pumice stone and water: SQUARE YARDS Architrave 32 Base 16 Wainscoting 30 Sash 17 Doors 54 Jamb casings 7 Stairway 50 Balustrade of stairway 20 --- Total 226

White pine, natural finish, all of house not finished in chestnut. One coat of spirit shellac and two coats of varnish: SQUARE YARDS Architrave 73 Base 60 Wainscoting 29 Sash 40 Dresser 9 Doors 131 Jamb casings 31 Back stairs 34 --- Total 407

_Cost_ Exterior work, 711 sq. yd., at 30 cents per square yard $213.30 Porch ceiling, 58 sq. yd., at 20 cents per square yard 11.60 Chestnut finish, 226 sq. yd., at 75 cents per square yard 169.50 White pine, natural finish, 407 sq. yd., at 25 cents per square yard 101.75 ------- Total cost of painting $496.15

Summary of Cost of Building

=15.= Having estimated the cost of work required of each trade, a summary of the whole will express the total estimated cost of the building.

Excavation and filling $ 285.99 Stonework 1,793.83 Brickwork 1,079.16 Carpentry 2,001.57 Roofing 553.18 Plastering 1,025.18 Joinery 1,690.90 Hardware 196.15 Heating and ventilation 260.05 Plumbing 730.19 Gas-fitting 383.20 Electric wiring 476.70 Painting 496.15 ---------- Total cost $10,972.25

This total cost does not include any extras or builder’s profits.

MILL DESIGN

SITE AND ARRANGEMENT

PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

INTRODUCTION

=1.= The requirements of the modern factory building are many, and demand the careful attention of the architect in their planning and construction. There are probably more rules and regulations imposed by the state and local governments and by the Insurance Underwriters, regulating the construction of this class of buildings, than for buildings of any other character.

The laws imposed by the governments under whose jurisdiction the building is to be erected, are framed manifestly for the protection of the health and safety of the occupants of the building, and so as not to jeopardize their lives in case of fire or panic, or the lives of those engaged in the attempt to save the structure and prevent damage to the adjoining property.

The Underwriters, or the Association of Insurance Companies, have compiled numerous rules and regulations of which the architect planning the building must take cognizance if he desires to secure a reasonable rate of insurance on the building and its contents for the owner. Not only do these rules and regulations deal with the structural design of the building, but they consider the apparatus for protection in case of fire, and such installations as the electric wiring. The architect must be familiar with all these requirements in order to intelligently and practically design industrial plants.

There are, also, many factors essential to the utilitarian and economic operation of the building entering into the design of the modern factory, to which the architect must devote careful study. Among the most important of these are the economic receiving, shipping, elevation, and transportation of merchandise; the proper and adequate lighting of the building; the location and planning of the power plant for the building, together with the engineering problems of construction, which include the design of the floor, columns, and walls for the loads to which they are subjected.

CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORY BUILDINGS

=2.= Classified according to their construction, factory buildings may be divided into three types, which, for convenience, may be designated as _first-_, _second-_, and _third-class buildings_. A similar division to this is also frequently made by the state or municipal laws for the regulation of the construction of factory buildings.

=3. First-Class Buildings.=—Buildings of the first class are those in which the walls, floors, columns, girders, beams, partitions, and roofs are of stone, brick, terra cotta, concrete, steel, iron, and such other fireproof materials as have been proven to be efficient. Buildings of this class may be considered as constituting an entirely fireproof building, which means that while the contents of the building may burn, the building itself will remain intact, unless subjected to the severe action of a prolonged conflagration.

=4. Second-Class Buildings.=—Buildings of the second class are considered to include what is known as slow-burning, or the typical factory-construction, type, in which all posts or girders must be of heavy and massive timber, and the floor construction at least 3 inches in thickness, and of solid planking. In buildings of the second class, while it is permissible to use combustible materials, they must be of such sizes and of such slow combustion that the security of the building will be insured for a reasonable time after the conflagration has commenced. It is usual, therefore, in this class of building, to limit the size of the wooden posts to not less than 8 inches square, though their strength may be greatly in excess of the load they are required to support, and girders and beams are used whose least dimension is 6 inches or more. In buildings of this character, it is frequently necessary to use steel beams and columns in order to obtain the strength for the great floor loads to which these members are liable to be subjected. When such steel or iron columns are used, however, they must be fireproofed, because even though made of incombustible material, they would not have the same endurance in a fire as have heavy wooden girders or posts, and their failure would precipitate the fall of the floor. Wooden girders and posts, even when charred part way through, have still sufficient strength for the support of the load for which they were designed.

=5. Third-Class Buildings.=—Buildings of the third class are not particularly recommended for the construction of factory buildings, for the floors of these may be of the ordinary joist and finished floor construction. Such buildings are readily ignitible and burn rapidly, not only because the timber work in them is light, but because of the numerous air spaces that exist between joists and in the furring of the walls. No building with air space surrounded by combustible materials can be considered as slow burning.

FACTORY PLANNING

=6. Considerations in Planning.=—The outline of the building is determined by the site, and owing to irregularities in the site generally purchased for manufactory purposes, it is frequently difficult to properly design buildings of this character. The factors that probably influence the design mostly, after the location of the column supports, and consequently the spacing of the windows has been determined upon, are the stairways and elevators.

In many cases, these are the only subdivisions of the main-floor plans, and in order to comply with the rules and regulations of the local or state governments, and of the Underwriters’ Association, they demand primary consideration. The stairways must as well be easy of access, while the elevators must be conveniently located for the delivery and receipt of goods from the first floor of the building.

Another factor that is likely to enter into consideration of the design is the toilet rooms, which must be placed against an outside wall, and convenient to any part of the floor.

ARRANGEMENT OF STAIR TOWERS

=7. The Enclosed Stairway.=—The important consideration in the planning of factory stairways is to provide a quick, easy, and safe egress for the occupants in case of fire. While it is necessary to have good liberal stairways for communication between the floors, this is not such an important feature in factory design, from the fact that there is little travel of employes between the floors, in a modern factory, as each individual’s work is usually apportioned to him and confined to a particular location, and therefore does not require him to be on different floors during the day.

The common type of factory stairway is that designated in Fig. 1. This shows a brick-enclosed stairway with the doors entering it direct from the factory. Such a stairway enclosure as this should have tin-lined doors as at _a_, which fireproof the opening. Even then the security of a stairway of this character is not certain, from the fact that these doors may be left open, and are open to the stairway during the egress of the occupants. With a severe fire, therefore, on any floor, such a stairway is likely to be filled with smoke to suffocation, and liable to ignition from the door openings. It can therefore only be regarded as a makeshift for a fire-escape, or fire-tower. It is also well, in the design of such a stairway, to observe that the doors always open outwards, and not only this, but that they open with the tide of people coming down the stairs. For instance, in the figure the door _a_ is opened correctly, but if the flights of steps marked _down_ and _up_ were transposed, then people coming down the flight _c_ would press against the door at _a_ and prevent the people in the room _d_ from getting out to the stairs and hence to safety.