Handbook of Medical Entomology

The Araneida, or Spiders. The tarantulas. Bird spiders. Spiders of the genus Latrodectus. Other venomous spiders. Summary. The Pedipalpida, or whip-scorpions. The Scorpionida, o...

Acarina, or mites. The Trombidiidae, or harvest mites. The Ixodoidea, or ticks. Argasidae. Ixodidae. Treatment of tick bites. The mites. Dermanyssidae. Tarsonemidae. Sarcoptidae...

Acarina, or mites. Myriapoda, or centipedes and millipedes. Lepidopterous larvae. Coleoptera, or beetles. Dipterous larvae causing myiasis. Piophila casei, the cheese skipper. C...

Insects and trypanosomiases. Fleas and lice as carriers of Trypanosoma lewisi. Tsetse-flies and nagana. Tsetse-flies and sleeping sickness in man. South American trypanosomiasis...

Arthropods and Spirochaetoses of man and animals. African relapsing fever of man. European relapsing fever. North African relapsing fever of man. Other types of relapsing fever...

Until very recent years insects and their allies have been considered as of economic importance merely in so far as they are an annoyance or direct menace to man, or his flocks...

Of all the myriads of insects and related forms, a very few are of direct use to man, some few others have forced his approbation on account of their wonderful beauty, but the g...

The relation of insects to man as simple parasites has long been studied, and until very recent years the bulk of the literature of medical entomology referred to this phase of...

_Cimex lectularius_ (= _Acanthia lectularia_, _Clinocoris lectularius_), is one of the most cosmopolitan of human parasites but, like the lice, it has been comparatively little...

To the family OESTRIDAE belong the bot and warble-flies so frequently injurious to animals. The adults are large, or of medium size, heavy bodied, rather hairy, and usually rese...

In addition to the many species of Arthropods which are normally parasitic on man and animals, there is a considerable number of those which may be classed as _accidental_ or _f...

The fact that certain arthropods are poisonous, or may affect the health of man as direct parasites has always received attention in the medical literature. We come now to the m...

thorax with three rather broad whitish stripes; on each border of the middle stripe and on the mesal borders of the lateral stripes is a blackish brown line. Abdomen yellowish b...

It is almost universally believed that the adults of _Musca domestica_ hibernate, remaining dormant throughout the winter in attics, around chimneys, and in sheltered but cold s...

We have seen that any insect which, like the house-fly, has access to disease germs and then comes into contact with the food or drink of man, may serve to disseminate disease....

We now have to consider the cases in which the arthropod acts as the essential host of a pathogenic organism. In other words, cases in which the organism, instead of being passi...

Under the name of malaria is included a group of morbid symptoms formerly supposed to be due to a miasm or bad air, but now known to be caused by protozoan parasites of the genu...

By trypanosomiasis is meant a condition of animal parasitism, common to man and the lower animals, in which trypanosomes, peculiar flagellate protozoa, infest the blood. Dependi...

There has been much discussion concerning the relationship Of the spirochaetes. Formerly, they were regarded as bacteria closely related to the forms grouped in the genus _Spiri...

The causative organism of infantile paralysis is unknown, but it has been demonstrated that it belongs to the group of filterable viruses. It gives rise to a general infection,...

The following synoptic tables are presented in the hope that they may be of service in giving the reader a perspective of the relationships of the Arthropoda in general and enab...

To this family belongs the genus DEMODEX found in the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of various mammals, including man. _D. phylloides_ Csokor has been found in Canada on s...

e. Body flattened, oval or rounded, with a distinct flattened margin differing in structure from the general integument; this margin gives the body a sharp edge which is not ent...

goblet cells of medium size, usually 17.5u to 35u or 40u in diameter, appearing as medium sized punctuations on untreated specimens, but on the specimens treated with caustic po...

n. Stigmal plate small, goblet cells not exceeding 45 in the male or 100 in the female; scutum with little rust, coxa I with short spurs, the inner distinctly shorter than the o...

g. Male with pair of adanal shields, and two posterior abdominal protrusions capped by chitinized points; festoons present or absent. Several species, among them H. AEGYPTICUM (...

j. Porose areas nearly circular; shield of both sexes pale yellowish, with some silvery streaks and marks, and some reddish spots; shield of female as broad as long. A. CAJENNEN...

hh. Mandibles in the male chelate (fig. 158 j), in the female long, styliform. Parasitic on birds. DERMANYSSUS Dug. Two species of importance may be noted, _D. hirundinus_ and D...

arising from a pore near each posterior corner of the cephalothorax; no eyes; mouth parts and palpi very small; ventral openings of the abdomen large; tarsi without sucker. Not...

This genus occurs in the United States. In Europe the mites have been found feeding on all sorts of substances. They are known as sugar mites and cause the disease known as groc...

n. Some bristles on tarsi I and II near middle, distinctly spine-like; the sense hair about its length from the base of the segment. Several species in the United States belong...

The species of this genus are vegetable feeders. Several occur in the United States. R. PARASITICUS and R. SPINITARSUS have been recorded from the old world, attacking human bei...

o. Female with suckers on the fourth pair of legs. Species do not burrow in the skin, but produce a scab similar to sheep scab. They occur in the ox, horse, sheep and goat. CHOR...

The genus TETRANYCHUS may be distinguished from the other genera occurring in the United States by the following characters: No scale-like projections on the front of the cephal...

f. All legs stout; thumb-like process of the tibia very long and slender, beset with strong spines, fore legs stouter than the others; abdomen elongate, segments without lateral...

b. Apex of head usually directed anteriorly; beak arising from its apex; sides of the face remote from the front coxae; first pair of wings when present thickened at base, with...

e. Hemelytra usually with a distinct clavus (fig. 159), clavus always ends behind the apex of the scutellum, forming the commissure. (Species having the wings much reduced or wa...

j. Beak short, robust, conical; the hairy fleck on the corium elongate, large, lying in the middle between the inner angle of the membrane and the outer vein parallel to the mem...

k. Beak short, reaching to about the anterior coxae; scutellum acuminate at the apex; lateral margin of the elytra but little reflexed, apical margin more or less rounded; inter...

of the pronotum and the hemelytra fringed with longer hairs; antennae with the third and fourth segments very much more slender than the first and second; pronotum with the ante...

n. Body covered with very short hairs; second segment of the antenna shorter than the third; sides of the pronotum feebly reflexed, fringed with shorter hairs than the breadth o...

reflexed, fringed with less dense and nearly straight hairs; hemelytra with the apical margin distinctly rounded. Parasitic on man, birds and bats. Occurs in the old world, Braz...

third and fourth segments of the antenna somewhat more slender than the first and second; anterior margin of the pronotum _very slightly sinuate_ or nearly straight in the middl...

Several species of this family affecting man have been noted, ANTHOCORIS KINGI and CONGOLENSE, from Africa and LYCTOCORIS CAMPESTRIS from various parts of the world. LYCTOCORIS...

REDUVIOLUS (= CORISCUS) SUBCOLEOPTRATUS (fig. 19 g), a species belonging to this family, occurring in the United States, has been accused of biting man. This insect is flat, of...

ee. Clavus noticeably narrowed towards the apex, never extending beyond the scutellum, the two not meeting to form a commissure; head horizontal, much prolonged between the ante...

THAUMATOCORIDAE in which case there is a membranous appendage at the tip of the tibia). CAPSIDAE (= MIRIDAE),[G] _Eotrechus_ (in family GERRIDAE), NAEOGAIDAE, TINGITIDAE, PIESMI...

f. Antennae inserted in the lateral or dorso-lateral margins of the head; antenniferous tubercles slightly projecting from the sides of the head; head produced strongly cephalad...

k. Beak slender, joints one and two slightly pilose, two more than twice as long as one; tubercles at the apical angles of the pronotum slightly acute, conical. Md. to Ill. and...

f. Fore femur as long as or longer than the hind femur; first segment of the beak much shorter than the second. _Z. audax_, in the north eastern states; other species south and...

ee. Sides of the mesosternum with a tubercle or fold in front at the hind angles of the prosternum; first segment of the beak longer than the part of the head cephalad of the eyes.

e. Not more than four longitudinal veins ending in the wing margin; wing usually hairy: antennae slender; coxae not long; tibiae: without spurs, legs long and slender. Small, de...

_Brachypogon_); thorax without longitudinal fissure and not produced over the head (except in four exotic genera); antennae usually fourteen-jointed in both sexes; fore tibia wi...

o. Legs spinulose, tarsal claws of the female with a basal tooth or strong bristle, those of the male unequal, the anterior with a long sinuous tooth, the posterior with a short...

j. Proboscis strongly decurved; body with broad, appressed, metalescent scales; cell R_2 less than half as long as its petiole; claws of female simple, some of the claws of the...

scales along the sides; outstanding scales on the veins of the wing rather narrow, lanceolate; upper side of the thorax and scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate scales. F...

violaceous, especially posteriorly; head, abdomen and legs black; no markings on the pleura; abdomen without trace of lighter bindings; wing scales outstanding, uniform, not for...

o. Front margin of the wings with a patch of whitish and yellow scales at a point about two-thirds or three-fourths of the way from base to apex of wing.

n. Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs, scutellum with broad scales only; back of head with broad scales; scales along the sides of the mesonotum narrow; some or the claws t...

third segment of the antennae with four to eight annuli or segments, proboscis adapted for piercing; body with fine hairs, never with bristles; middle tibia with two spurs; wing...

f. Third segment of antenna with four divisions, no tooth or angulation; wings marked with rings and circles of darker coloring; front of the female very wide. Widely distribute...

e. Squamae small, antennae variable, thinly pilose or nearly bare species, without distinct bristles; wing veins not crowded anteriorly, R_4 and R_5 both present, basal cells la...

arista; anal cell open _Leptis_ Fabr. Two European species of this genus have been accused of blood sucking habits, but the record seems to have been based upon error in observa...

wings (rarely wanting) with several stout veins anteriorly, the weaker ones running obliquely across the wing (fig. 163h); small, quick running, bristly, humpbacked flies. Sever...

j. Squamae (tegulae, or calyptrae, or alulae) not large, often quite small, the lower one lacking, or at most barely projecting from below the upper one (antisquama); front of b...

kk. Subcosta absent or vestigial, or if present, then apparently ending in the costa at the point where R_1 joins it; R_1 usually ends in the costa at or before the middle of th...

m. The cell M and first M_2 not separated by a crossvein; anal cell absent; front bare or only bristly above; usually light colored flies. HIPPELATES, OSCINUS, and other genera....

jj. Squamae well developed, usually large, the lower one frequently projecting from below the upper one; both posthumeral and intraalar macrochaetae present; thorax with a compl...

n. Wing hyaline with smoky median cross band, and two or three spots; posterior trochanters with hook in the male and a prominence in the female. World wide distribution. G. EQUI.

are present the arrangement is 1:2; conjunctiva (fig. 161c) of the venter usually present; if the terminal section of M_{1+2} is bent it has neither fold nor appendage (ANTHOMYI...

n. Caudal margin of the fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male deeply notched on the median line usually to beyond the middle; abdomen often cylindrical or linear; abdomen...

oo. M_{1+2} bent, hence cell R_5 narrowed in the margin; sternopleurals rarely wanting, usually 1:1 or 0:1; facial plate strongly produced below vibrissal angle like the bridge...

o. Outermost posthumeral almost always lower (more ventrad) in position than the presutural macrochaeta; fifth ventral abdominal sclerite of the male cleft beyond the middle, of...

ee. Third segment of the antenna three times as long as the second; cell R_5 open or closed; claws of the male long and slender, of the female shorter than the last tarsal joint...

1:2; bases of the veins R_1 and R_{4+5} without setae; base of the media bowed down; apical cell opens before the apex of the wing. African species. GLOSSINA Wied.

e. Arista pectinate (i.e. rays on one side only), the rays often undulate; two yellow sternopleurals often difficult to detect; vein M_{1+2} only slightly bent, the apical cell...

h. Body densely pilose; thoracic macrochaetae wanting; middle tibiae much elongate and bent; last section of M_{1+2} with a gentle curve. H. (_Mesembrina_) _mystacea, et al._, E...

j. Claws in the male somewhat elongated; no orbitals in either sex; antennae separated at the base by a flat carina; abdomen marked with red or yellow. _G. maculata._ Europe and...

j. One or more pairs of well developed anterior inner dorsocentral (acrostichal) macrochaetae; seta on extensor surface of hind tibia. M. ASSIMILIS, STABULANS, etc. Europe and A...

g. Body grayish, with depressed yellow woolly hair among the macrochaetae; wings folded longitudinally over the body when at rest. Cluster flies. _P. rudis_ and related species,...

j. Squamula thoracalis dorsally with long black hairs; male hypopygium two-segmented, large, projecting; claws and pulvilli of the male elongate; three strong sternopleural macr...

j. Hypopygium of the male large, with a pair of slightly curved forceps whose ends are concealed in a longitudinal slit in the fifth ventral sclerite; third posterior inner dors...

f. Anterior dorsocentrals wanting; first section of the R_{4+5} at most only bristly at the base, bend near apex of M_{1+2} rectangular, R_1 ends over the crossvein; fronto-orbi...

k. Basal section of R_{4+5} bristly only at the immediate base, distally M_{1+2} with a broad curve; distal portion of the abdomen metallic; sternopleurals usually 1:1, rarely 2...

With more or less blunt maxilla; all tibiae with notch; a single antepygidial bristle; metepimeron without ctenidium. _N. crosbyi_ from Missouri was found on bats. Rothschild su...

e. Labial palpi four or five-segmented; symmetrical; hind coxae with patch of spines inside; row of six spatulate spines on each side in front of the antennae. _C. ornate_ found...

[G] Professor C. R. Crosby who has been working upon certain capsids states that he and his assistant have been bitten by LYGUS PRATENSIS, the tarnished plant bug, by CHLAMYDATU...