Part 17

The speaker was right, and Philip took his advice. But when he became embroiled with Rome, it was the speaker's own countrymen, the Ætolians, who, by attacking Macedon in the rear, contributed most to the dreaded sequel: that never after 212 B.C. did the Greeks have an opportunity of dealing independently with any of the questions which arose among them. At the time of the Social War Macedon missed its last chance of establishing a single state in European Hellas.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Droysen, J.G. _Geschichte des Hellenismus_,^2 III: _Geschichte der Epigonen_ (1877).

2. Freeman, E. _History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy_^2 (1893). Ed. by J.B. Bury.

3. Niese, B. _Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten._ Especially vol. II (1899).

4. Beloch, J. _Griechische Geschichte_, III (1904).

5. Kärst, J. _Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters_, II, I (1909).

6. Ferguson, W.S. _Hellenistic Athens_ (1911).

7. Pozzi, Emilio. _Le Battaglie di Cos e di Andro e la Politica marittima di Antigono Gonata._ In _Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino_: serie II, tom. LXIII (1912).

8. Tarn, W.W. _Antigonus Gonatas_ (1913).

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 116: Tarn, W.W., _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, XXIX (1909), pp. 269 _f._; Beloch, _Griechische Geschichte_, III, 1, pp. 386 _f._; _Hellenistic Athens_, p. 190.]

[Footnote 117: Mahaffy, _The Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire_ (1905), p. 32.]

[Footnote 118: Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, _Staat und Gesellschaft der Griechen: D. Die makedonischen Königreiche_, pp. 139 _ff._]

[Footnote 119: For their revival of the Hellenic league, in which Macedon formed simply one unit, see Klotzsch, _Epirotische Geschichte_, p. 130, n. 1, and _Hellenistic Athens_, pp. 121 _f._]

[Footnote 120: For the date see Mayer, _Philologus_, LXXI (1912), p. 227.]

[Footnote 121: _Hellenistic Athens_, p. 148.]

[Footnote 122: Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, _Antigonos von Karystos_, p. 218; Kärst, _Geschichte des hellenistischen Zeitalters_, II, 1, pp. 121, 125. Tarn (_Antigonus Gonatas_, pp. 276 _ff._) bases Antigonus's system of tyrants on expediency, not on philosophy.]

[Footnote 123: For the peace between Egypt and Macedon made in 261 B.C. see _Inscriptiones Græcæ_, XI, 2, 114.]

[Footnote 124: The enmity of Rhodes and Philadelphia is proved by Blinkenberg's _La chronique du temple Lindien_. It is, accordingly, probable that the defeat of Chremonides by Agathostratus at Ephesus belongs to this struggle, though something may still be said, I think, for 242 B.C. See _Hellenistic Athens_, p. 197, n. 2.]

[Footnote 125: For this peace see _Inscriptiones Græcæ_, XI, 2, 116. Its effect is perceptible in Athens (_Hellenistic Athens_, p. 191) and in Achæa (_Ibid._, n. 1).]

[Footnote 126: Tarn (_Antigonus Gonatas_, pp. 321 _ff._, 449 _ff._) has Demetrius slain in 258 B.C., and Berenice married to Euergetes, in 247-246 B.C. This position, which Beloch challenged (_Griech. Gesch._, III, 2, pp. 133 _ff._), leaves unexplained the extraordinary delay in the marriage of the young couple and in the reunion of the two kingdoms.]

[Footnote 127: De Sanctis, _Contributi alla Storia dell' Impero Seleucidico_ (_Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino_, XLVII, pp. 11 _ff._).]

[Footnote 128: The account given in the text differs from that given in _Hellenistic Athens_ mainly because (led by Dürrbach, _Inscriptiones Græcæ_, XI, 2, pp. vi _f._ and Pozzi, _op. cit._ in Select Bibliography at the end of the chapter) I now return to Homolle's Delian chronology. It differs only in a few details from that given by Pozzi. Tarn's masterly biography (_Antigonus Gonatas_) reached me only when this chapter was already in type. The complete data which it contains agree well, I believe, with the construction given above.]

[Footnote 129: Swoboda, _Die ätolische Komenverfassung_ (_Wiener Studien_, XXXIV, 1912, pp. 37 _ff._).]

[Footnote 130: Above, chapter I.]

[Footnote 131: De Sanctis, _Rivista di Filol._ XXXVI (1908), pp. 252 _ff._]

[Footnote 132: Swoboda, _Studien zu den griechischen Bünden_, I (_Klio_, XI, 1911, pp. 456 _ff._).]

[Footnote 133: Swoboda, _Studien zu den griechischen Bünden_, II. _Die Städte im achäischen Bünde_ (_Klio_, XII, 1912, pp. 17 _ff._).]

[Footnote 134: II, 45.]

[Footnote 135: _Hellenistic Athens_, pp. 240 _f._]

[Footnote 136: Freeman, _History of Federal Government_, pp. 379 _ff._]

[Footnote 137: And in all probability, a league as well. Tarn, _Antigonus Gonatas_, p. 54. n. 36.]

[Footnote 138: Polybius, IV, 26.]

[Footnote 139: Wilhelm, _Attische Urkunden_, I, p. 36.]

[Footnote 140: Plut., _Aratus_, 45.]

[Footnote 141: Polybius, IV, 24.]

[Footnote 142: Polybius, V. 104. (Translated by Freeman, _History of Federal Government_, pp. 435 _f._)]

THE END

INDEX

INDEX

Absolutism, creation of, 135; legalized in Greece, 147 _f._

Acarnania, 234.

Achæa. _See_ League.

Ætolia. _See_ League.

Agelaus of Naupactus, speech of, 246.

_Agon_, in Athens, 58 _ff._

Alexander of Corinth, rebellion of, 230; death of, 232.

Alexander the Great, 4; deification of, 36; accession of, to throne, 116, 123 _f._; character of, 119; training of, 119 _ff._; and Aristotle, 119 _ff._; love of symbolism of, 123, 128, 139; destroys Thebes, 123 _f._; spares Pindar's house, 124; visits Troy, 124 _f._; cuts Gordian knot, 125 _f._; plan of Persian campaign of, 126 _f._; son of Zeus, 128, 133, 162 _f._; in Persepolis, 129; dissolves Hellenic league, 129 _f._; ceases to be hegemon of Hellas, 130; ceases to be king of Macedon, 130 _f._; marries Roxane, 130; adopts Persian costume, 130; tries to establish Hellenism in Asia, 133 _f._; founds city-states, 134 _f._; plans conquest of West, 134; and absolute monarchy, 135; changes opinion as to Iranians, 135 _f._; tries to fuse dominant peoples of Europe and Asia, 136 _ff._; marries Persian princesses, 137; plans of, 144, rejected by the Macedonians, 150; demands recognition as a god, 146; departs from the life among men, 149.

Alexandria, 155, 157, 163, 213; new Athens, 158; trade of, 161 _f._; imperial cult of Ptolemies in, 164 _ff._; _vs._ Memphis, 170; laws of, 177; classes of population in, 181.

Ammon, god of Cyrene, 126 _ff._; visited by Alexander, 139.

_Ancient City_, of Fustel de Coulanges, criticized, 7.

Andros, battle of, 159, 233.

Antigonids, constitutional government of, 216; wars of, with Rome, 217 _f._; alliance of, with Seleucids, 223.

Antigonus I, Monophthalmus, 183; tries to take Alexander's place and fails, 184 _f._; policy of, 218 _f._; monarchy of, 220 _f._

Antigonus II, Gonatas, victories of, at Cos and Andros, 159; rightful heir of Macedonian crown, 220; suzerain of Greece, 220; king of Macedon, 220, 223; education of, 222 _f._; reign of, 223-233; peace of, with Egypt, 223; hostility of, with Epirus, 224; protects Greece from barbarians, 224; tyrants of, in Greece, 224 _ff._; relation of, to Stoa, 225 _f._; refuses deification, 225 _f._; struggle of, with Ptolemy Philadelphus, 226, 229; renews alliance with Seleucids, 229; deserted by Antiochus II, 230; recovers Ægean, 232; treaty of, with Ætolians, 232; empire of, 233; death of, 233; failure of, in Greece, 235.

Antigonus III, Doson, Hellenic league of, 34; makes peace with Ætolians, 241; hegemon of Hellas, 243.

Antiochus I, Soter, 185.

Antiochus II, Theos, 185; deserts Macedon, 230.

Antiochus III, the Great, 187 _ff._; wrests Palestine from Egypt, 188; and Hannibal, 189; peace of, with Rome, 190.

Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, policy of, 212; and the Jews, 212 _f._; invades Egypt, 213.

Antiochus Hierax, 187.

Antipater, house of, 219.

Antipater II, 220.

Antony, and Cleopatra, 153; as Ammon, 162.

Apama, wife of Seleucus, 195.

Aratus, of Sicyon, 236; seizes Sicyon, 230; seizes Corinth, 232.

Areus I, correspondence of, with Jews, 79.

Aristocracy, supported by Sparta, 20; defined, 20 _f._; destroyed in Sparta, 83; championed by Sparta, 94.

Aristophanes, view of, as to extending Athenian citizenship, 31.

Aristotle, 26, 36; on equality of states, 33; training of, 108; a poor historian, 108 _f._; theory of progress of, 109; empiricism of, 110 _f._; compared with Machiavelli, 110 _ff._; neglects the acquisition of power, 111; makes city-state the ultimate political unit, 112 _ff._; aversion of, for imperialism, 113; "strength" in the political system of, 113 _f._; and conquest of Asia, 114; defect in politics of, 114; and Alexander, 119 _ff._; teacher of poetry, 119, of politics, 120 _f._; view of, as to Asiatics, 122; and deification of rulers, 135, 147.

Armenia, 188; conquers Syria, 192.

Arsinoë Philadelphus, 157; death of, 160; deified, 164; imperial policy of, 227.

Art, in Athens, 59.

Artemis, temple of, in Sardis, 202.

Asia Minor, priestly communities in, 197 _f._

Astral religion, 143.

Atargatis, temple of, 197.

Athena Alcis, in China, 193 _f._

Athenians, democratic imperialists, 39; self-confidence of, 40 _f._; political capacity of, 56 _f._; capacity of, in art and literature, 59 _f._; demands upon time of, 63 _f._; blame Sophists for decay of democracy, 77.

Athens, life in, 11 _f._; empire of, a despotism, 23 _f._; relation of, to allies, 24 _f._; relation of, to cleruchies, 30; inability of, to grant citizenship to allies, 30 _f._; refuses to enter Achæan league, 32; size of, 42; size of empire of, 42; sphere of interests of, 43; empire of, compared with British empire, 43; funeral customs of, 43 _f._; institutions of, 49 _ff._; judicial system, 50 _f._; competition of citizens in, 58; failure of, in foreign politics, 58, 61; slavery in, 61; absence of leisure in, 61; grain supply of, 62; raw materials of, imported, 62; nation of noblemen, 65; obligations of wealth in, 65; the "school of Hellas," 65; sea-power of, 66 _f._; cost of sea-power of, 68 _ff._, in lives, 70; allies of, grievances of, 70 _ff._; imperial litigation of, 72; land policy of, 72 _f._; promotes mediocrity, 73 _f._; reputation of, 221; neutrality of, 242.

Augustus, in Egypt, 154; becomes Pharaoh, 154.

Autocracy, incompleteness of, 4.

Autonomy, urban in Greece, 96.

Bactria, Greek kingdoms in, 188, 193.

Bambyce, church at, 197.

Berenice, of Cyrene, 231.

Berenice, of Egypt, becomes wife of Antiochus II, 186, 230; murdered 187.

Boeotarchs, 27.

Boeotia. _See_ League.

Branchidæ, Apollo of, 128.

Buildings, funds for, at Athens, 71.

Cæsarion, 153.

Callimachus, court poet, 160.

Capitalistic régime, in Plato, 106.

Carthage, 155.

Cassander, 219.

Charlemagne, 5.

China, contact of, with Hellenism, 192 _f._

Chremonidean War, 227.

Cinadon, conspiracy of, 91 _ff._

Cities, and freedom, 7 _ff._; and culture, 7 _ff._; in modern sense, 10; contrast of, with country, 11 _ff._

City-states, relation of, to ethne, 6; described, 9; agrarian character of, 9; commerce and industry of, 10; family character of, 13 _f._; care of, for dead, 14 _ff._; laws of, 16 _f._; biographies of, 17; subordinated to districts, 29; combined in territorial states, 33; reconciled with imperialism, 36; ultimate political units of Aristotle, 112; Aristotle's view of, 121 _f._; founded by Alexander, 133 _f._; founded by Seleucus, 196, by his successors, 196, 199, 205; in Egypt, 171; made out of priestly communities, 200; racial fusion in, in Asia, 206; at once nations and municipalities, 209; loss of leadership of, 227 _f._; as federal units, 237 _f._; eclipse of, 243.

Civil administration, at Athens, 54 _ff._

Cleomenes, career of, 241 _f._

Cleon, on empire of Athens, 23 _f._

Cleopatra, the Great, 152; and Antony, 153 _f._

Cleruchies, 30.

Cleruchs, in Egypt, 173 _ff._; position of, 175 _f._; Egyptianized, 180 _f._; in Seleucid empire, 201.

Clisthenes, 51.

Comana, in Cappadocia, sacred city of Ma at, 197 _f._, in Pontus, 198.

Commerce, in Athens, 12.

Committee of Public Safety, 28, 30.

Competition, in Athens, 58 _f._

Constantine, the Great, and deification of rulers, 36.

Constitutions, ancestral, 96 _f._

Cos, battle of, 159, 229.

Council of the Five Hundred, constitution and powers of, 51 _ff._

Crown lands, in Seleucid realm, how disposed of, 204.

Culture, origin of, in cities, 7 _ff._

Cyclades, lost to Egypt, 160. _See_ League.

Cynocephalæ, battle of, 188.

Cyrene, 229, 231.

Dardanians, invade Macedon, 241.

Deification of rulers, 35 _f._, 127 _ff._, 131 _ff._, 139 _ff._; real motive of, 145 _f._; in Egypt, 164 _ff._; legalized absolutism, 165; in Asia, 205, 208; attitude of Antigonus Gonatas toward, 225 _f._

Delos, prices at, fixed in Alexandria, 170.

Demetrius II, protects Epirus, 234; war of, with leagues, 240 _f._; death of, 241.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, deification of, 145; expectations of, 183 _f._; career of, 219 _f._; monarchy of, 220 _f._; king of Macedon, 221 _f._

Demetrius the Fair, king of Cyrene, 229; murder of, 231.

Democracy, in Athens, connection of, with empire, 41 _f._; principles of, 45 _ff._; safeguards of, 50; rôle of experts in, 58; not self-indulgent, 68 _ff._; and mediocrity, 73 _f._; failure of, at Athens attributed to Sophists, 77 _f._; hated by Plato, 102.

Demosthenes, on Philip of Macedon, 118.

Divine right of kings, 3.

Ecclesia, constitution of, at Athens, 49; powers of, 50 _f._; freedom of discussion in, 53 _f._; assembly of experts, 57; functions of, 57; _agon_ of statesmen, 58.

Education, the vice of the Socratic school, 98.

Egypt, seized by Alexander, 126; decay of, 180 _f._; empire of, 234.

Egyptians, view of Alexander as to, 135; ruled over by Ptolemies, 168; owned by the Ptolemies, 169; hatred of, for Ptolemies, 170; use of, in military service, 170 _f._; admitted to Ptolemaic army, 180 _f._; to civil service, 181.

Emperor, defined, 3 _f._

Empire, defined, 1 _ff._; of Rome, 4; legally impossible, 25; how secured, 38; of Athens, criticism of, 70 _ff._; of Ptolemies, reasons for, 160 _ff._

Ephorate, compared with Roman tribunate, 83 _f._

Epirus, under Macedon, 235; deserts Macedon, 240.

Equality of states, 33, 237 _f._, 241.

Erythræ, Sibyl of, 128.

_Ethne_, predecessors of city-states, 6; in Egypt, 176 _f._; rise of, in Hellas, 228; replaced by _koina_, 236.

Euhemerus, 142 _f._

Eumenes, of Pergamum, revolts, 159.

Euripides, criticized by Plato, 104.

Europeans, contrast of, with Orientals, 131 _ff._

Federation, defined, 3.

Feudal lords in Persian empire, 199.

Fiefs, in Seleucid empire, 200 _f._, 203 _f._

Fleet, of Athens, 69 _f._

Foreign policy, influence of, 238 _f._

Freedom, origin of, in cities, 7 _ff._

Gaza, battle of, 184.

Generals, special position of, in Athens, 58.

Gordian knot, 125 _f._

Government, science of, born, 97.

Gracchus, Tiberius, 15.

Greece, golden age of, 41.

Greeks, mania of, for classifying things, 80 _f._; absorbed by Egyptians, 181.

Gymnasia, in Egypt, 177 _f._

Hannibal, interest for, in Greece, 246 _ff._

Hegemony, nature of, 25; of Sparta, 25; becomes an absurdity, 25 _f._

Heliæa, constitution of, 49; powers of, 50 _f._

Hellas, unification of, 34.

Hellenism, in Egypt, 176 _f._, 181; in China, 193; in Asia, 133 _ff._, 205 _ff._

Hellenization, of Asia by Seleucids, 195 _ff._; of Judæa, 212 _f._

Helots, 19; annual declaration of war upon, 86 _f._; confined within Perioec ring-wall, 87 _f._

_Hieroduli_, 197 _ff._

History, character of, 108 _f._

Huns, 192.

Imperialism, defined, 4; evaded by federal leagues, 32 _f._; justified, 36.

Indemnities, in Athens, 64.

Industry, in Athens, 12.

Ipsus, battle of, 185.

Iranians, opinion of Alexander as to, 136.

Irreligion, basis of deification of Alexander, 142, 144 _f._

Isocrates, 26.

Isopolity, defined, 31 _f._

Jews, kinsmen of the Spartans, 79; of the gymnosophists, 80; encouraged in revolt by Rome, 191.

Judæus, Spartan oecist of Judæa, 79.

Julius Cæsar, 4; and Cleopatra, 152 _f._; as Ammon, 162.

Kingship, Aristotle's theory of, 120 _f._

Lacedæmon, population of, 85.

Laodice, wife of Antiochus II, 186 _ff._; murders Berenice, 231; war of, with Egypt, 231.

Larisa, 20.

Leader of the people, at Athens, 60 _f._

League, _Achæan_, 32; defects of, 33 _f._, 228; expansion of, 230; territory of, 234; alliance of, with Ætolians, 235; development of, 235 _ff._; institutions of, 237 _ff._; laws of, 240; war of, with Demetrius II, 240 _f._ ... _Ætolian_, 32; defects of, 33 _f._, 228; treaty of, with Antigonus Gonatas, 232; expansion of, 233; territory of, 234; alliance of, with Achæans, 235; development of, 235 _ff._; founds city-states, 236; institutions of, 237 _ff._; dismembered by Macedon, 240; deserts Achæans, 241; ally of Sparta, 241; attacks Macedon, 245 _f._, 248. ... _Boeotian_, 27 _ff._ ... _Hellenic_, under Sparta, 20 _ff._, 89 _f._; under Philip II, 28 _ff._, 244; under Antigonus Doson, 34, 242 _ff._; dissolved by Alexander, 129 _f._; under Antigonus I, 221. ... _of Islanders_, 159, 227, 229, 230 _f._, 232. ... _Peloponnesian_, 20, 89, 95.

Leagues, as federal units, 243; extent of powers of, 244.

Leisure, lack of, in Athens, 61.

Literature, in Athens, 59 _f._; the corruptor of the Athenians, 103 _f._

Lot, election by, in Athens, 52, 53, 55; theory of, 55.

Lysimachus, king of Macedon, 220.

Maccabæus, correspondence of, with Sparta, 79 _f._

Macedon, relation of, to Hellas, 215; army of, 217; national state in, 217; Roman province, 218; troubles of, 224.

Macedonians, heirs of Alexander, 149; establish a regency, 149; refuse to carry out Alexander's plans, 150; characteristics of, 215 _f._; sacrifices of, for empire, 216 _f._; aversion to imperialism, 222.

Magas, of Cyrene, death of, 231.

Magnesia, battle of, 190.

Machiavelli, compared with Aristotle, 110 _ff._

Messenians, revolts of, 87.

Meyer, Eduard, on _proskynesis_, 131 _ff._

Mnesimachus, fief of, 201.

Monarchy, influence of, 239.

Municipality, and city, 17 _f._

Napoleon, on generalship, 122; on Alexander, 123.

Nation, and city, 17 _ff._

Naucratis, 163, 168.

Nectanebus, reputed father of Alexander, 162.

Nicæa, dupe of Gonatas, 232.

Olympias, wife of Philip, marriage of, 116; religion of, 118 _f._; queen of Epirus, 233 _f._

Oration, Funeral, significance of, 45 _f._

Orientals, contrast of, with Europeans, 131 _ff._

Ostracism, function of, in Athens, 60 _f._

Palestine, becomes Seleucid, 188; Hellenization of, 196, 212 _f._

Pan, patron of Gonatas, 232.

Panchæa, 143.

Parthians, rebellion of, 188, 192; power of, 192.

Patriotism, in city-states, 18 _f._

Pella, 118, 221.

Pergamum, incites dynastic war in Syria, 191.

Pericles, 41; law of, regarding citizenship, 14; Funeral Oration of, 44 _ff._; and art, 48; and drama, 48; and Plato, 48 _f._; aim of, in introducing indemnities, 64 _f._; ideal of, 64 _f._; defends misuse of tribute, 71 _f._; judgment on, by Thucydides, 75 _f._

Perioecs, 19; ring of, around Spartan land, 88.

Persepolis, 129.

Persia, supports hegemony in Greece, 25; feudal lords in empire of, 199.

Persians, conciliated by Alexander, 130, 131; Hellenization of, 133; foster local religions, 197 _ff._

Pharaoh, sole god on earth, 163.

Phila, wife of Antigonus Gonatas, 223.

Philip II, and Thebes, 28 _f._; hegemon of Hellas, 28 _ff._; relations of, with Olympias, 116; murder of, 116; achievements of, 116 _ff._; court of, 118.

Philip V, war of, with Ætolians, 245 _f._

Phoenicia, source of timber for Egypt, 172.

Phthia, queen of Macedon, 234.

Plato, 26; a student of his present alone, 99; without sense of historic truth, 99 _f._, 107; misreads the future, 100; historic conceptions of, 100 _f._; and governmental control, 101 _f._; disgust of, for democracy, 102; abandons theory of individual liberty, 102; dislike of, for Athenian empire, 103; dislike of, for Athenian culture, 103 _f._; assailant of materialism, 105; advocate of aristocracy, 106 _f._

Plutarch, 15.

Poetry, place of, in Greek education, 119 _f._

Politics, in Athens, 56 _f._; instruction of Alexander in, 120.

Polybius, in Egypt, 181.

Polytheism, elasticity of, 140 _f._

Pompey, conquers Syria, 191.

Popillius, Gaius, 213.

Priests, governments of, in Asia Minor, 197 _f._

_Proskynesis_, of individuals established, 131; meaning of, 131 _ff._; of cities, 147 _f._; under the _diadochi_, 164 _f._, 208, 221.

Prussia, divine right of kings in, 3, 37.

Ptolemais, 163 _f._

Ptolemies, dynasty of, 151 _f._; empire of, restored, 153 _f._; imperial policy of, 155; saved by Rome, 160; deification of, in Greek cities, 164; army of, 167 _f._, 173 _ff._; owners of land and people of Egypt, 169; farmers, manufacturers, merchants, 169 _f._; temple policy of, 172 _f._; land policy of, 172 _ff._; gifts of, to friends, 173; abandon land policy, 180; later monarchs, 181 _f._; lose Palestine, 188; incite dynastic war in Syria, 191.