xi. 78), appears to be merely a humorous designation of these weapons,

but to have no special significance.

Footnote 708:

Jüthner, pp. 87 ff., Figs. 69-74; cp. Hans Lucas, _Jahrbuch_, 1904, pp. 127-136.

Footnote 709:

Jüthner, Fig. 61, pp. 75, 76.

Footnote 710:

R. M. Burrows, _Discoveries in Crete_, p. 35. As far as the athletic argument is concerned, the connexion which Professor Burrows suggests between Crete and Central Europe and Etruria appears to me entirely without foundation.

Footnote 711:

Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_, _passim_.

Footnote 712:

_Tunis_, ii. 30.

Footnote 713:

_Mon. d. I._ XI. Pl. 25.

Footnote 714:

Athenaeus quotes Poseidonius as saying that the Celts were addicted to fights with arms, wounding and even killing one another. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἀγερθέντες σκιαμαχοῦσι καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀκροχειρίζονται, Athen. 154 A.

Footnote 715:

_Rambles in Greece_, 2nd Ed., p. 314. There is no foundation at all for his description of the meilichai as weights held in the hand and fastened by thongs.

Footnote 716:

xxii. 93.

Footnote 717:

Dion Chrysostom, _Orat._ 29.

Footnote 718:

Jüthner, p. 71.

Footnote 719:

Cp. Figs. 142, 145.

Footnote 720:

Paus. viii. 40, 3.

Footnote 721:

_Gym._ 10, 23.

Footnote 722:

Benndorf, _Gr. Sic. Vasenb._ xxxi. 2; Gerhard, _A.V._ 177 (= Munich 584); _Le Musée_, ii. p. 276, Fig. 24 (b.-f. vase at Boulogne). Other examples of a blow with the left hand are: a Fragment in the Louvre (Hartwig, _Meisterschalen_, Fig. 31); _Mus. Greg._ ii. 17 (very similar to B.M. B. 271); Krause, _Gym._ xviii. d. 66 f.; Brussels 336. In the Benndorf vase and some others the blow seems to be somewhat downward, which is probably due to the fact that the opponent is in the act of falling.

Footnote 723:

_Gorgias_, 516 A; _Protag._ 342 B; cp. Theocritus xxii. 45. For full references _vide_ Krause, _Gym._ pp. 516, 517, and _J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 13.

Footnote 724:

Philostratus, _Heroic._ 180 τὰ δὰ ὧτα κατεαγὼς ἤν οὐκ ὑπὸ πάλης.

Footnote 725:

_Theb._ vi. 731-825.

Footnote 726:

_Gym._ 34 προσβῆναι ταῖς τῶν ἀντιπάλων κνήμαις ἄργοι καὶ εὐάλωτοι τῷ προσβάντι. Cp. c. 11 ὁ πύκτης τρωθήσεται καὶ τρώσει καὶ προσβήσεται ταῖς κνήμαις. To προσβῆναι I have given the somewhat wider sense of “advancing” or “lunging” which is undoubtedly implied in the following words, ὁρμητικώτερον τὸ σχῆμα τοῦ πυκτεύοντος ἢν μὴ συμβαίνωσιν οἱ μηροί. The addition of the words ταῖς τῶν ἀντιπάλων κνήμαις is a difficulty. There can be no question of “kicking” which was certainly not allowed in boxing, nor are any of the vases quoted by Jüthner in his note on the passage appropriate. The words can only mean “advancing against an opponent’s shins.” Shoving an opponent backwards in this way may occur in “in-fighting,” in which case his only remedy is “slipping.” But the tactics are not particularly effective, and shoving is not allowed in modern boxing. I have a suspicion that Philostratus was very vague in his ideas about boxing. As Jüthner has shown in his recent edition, Philostratus was a rhetorician, not a practical athlete, and he owed his athletic knowledge to some technical treatise on gymnastics, which he did not always quite understand.

Footnote 727:

Bacchylides i.

Footnote 728:

Dion. _Orat._ xxix.; cp. Eustath. _Il._ Ψ 1322, 1324. Eusebius, _Histor. Syn._ p. 350, quoted in Krause, p. 510.

Footnote 729:

ii. 25-97.

Footnote 730:

_Symp._ ii. 4.

Footnote 731:

Figs. 133, 141.

Footnote 732:

Pausanias viii. 40.

Footnote 733:

Paus. vi. 9, 6; Pindar, _Ol._ v. 34 Schol.

Footnote 734:

Krause, p. 517.

Footnote 735:

Fabretti, _De Columna Trajani_, p. 267. The evidence for these lappets is all late, but the caps belong to the fifth century B.C.

Footnote 736:

Aristotle, _Nic. Eth._ iii. 1; Plato, _I. Alcib._ 107 E. For further references _vide_ Krause, p. 510, and _J.H.S._ xxvi. p. 14.

Footnote 737:

Plato, _Legg._ viii. 830 C.

Footnote 738:

Paus. vi. 10, 1.

Footnote 739:

_Vide infra_, p. 478.

Footnote 740:

Theocritus, iv. 10.