CHAPTER XXI

RUINS NEAR ZIMBABWE

East Ruins—Other Ruins within the Zimbabwe Ruins’ Area.

EAST RUINS

These ruins lie 20 yds. to the south of the Motelekwe Road at 550 yds. east of Havilah Camp, and face the east end of the Acropolis Hill at a distance of 300 yds. south.

They occupy a rise overlooking the Valley of Ruins, and are built upon an open granite glacis which originally formed its floor. Their elevated and strategetic position at once claim the attention of visitors. These ruins have always been written and spoken of as being a fort for the defence of the east side of the Valley of Ruins, and, in fact, for all the ruins of the lower Zimbabwe group, including the Elliptical Temple, and especially for the eastern end of the South-East Ancient Ascent to the Acropolis. Judging from the contour of the country round about, the only possible line the ancient road from the east and the coast could have taken must have passed within a few yards of this ruin.

The view from East Ruins towards the east is most extensive and picturesque, for the land slopes on that side for over two miles towards the Beroma Range and the valley of the Motelekwe, while in the hollow are the Chipo-popo and Mapudzi rivers. Opposite are the peculiar and romantic columns of granite near Chenga’s kraal.

For the purposes of defence these ruins are ideally situated. On the south side they are protected by a steep declivity of some 40 ft. into the valley, and down this the original builders and later occupiers have shot their débris in great quantities. The space between the ruin and the declivity, some 25 yds. in width and 100 ft. in length, is covered with short lengths of walls and wall débris.

The area covered by these ruins is 140 ft. from north to south, and 93 ft. from east to west. It is most probable that on the south and east sides there were other enclosures.

The walls on the north, west, and south are fairly well built and massive, and are still some 8 ft. to 10 ft. in height, and average 3 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. width of summit at those heights. The walls on the south-east and east average a height of from 4 ft. to 7 ft., while the divisional walls which remain have a reduced height of 4 ft. and 5 ft., and these latter are also substantially constructed.

There are four well-defined enclosures, the two on the west side being the most perfect. The northern enclosure had once been subdivided into at least six separate compartments.

Both in plan and construction these ruins excel most of the minor ruins, including No. 1 Ruins, and many walls on the Acropolis. The curved lines of the walls on the northern and southern sides are bold and striking, and well and exactly carried out. Their solidity is very noticeable, especially on both outer and inner faces. Not only are the courses in these walls fairly even, but the blocks are well-sized and are of a good quality of granite. In some portions of the walls the workmanship is of an inferior character.

But, whatever the style of construction may be, the faces of the walls are beautifully even from base to summit and also lengthways, for placing one’s eye close up against the wall and glancing along an area of wall-face, there is hardly to be seen half an inch of front of block protruding in front of its neighbours. This, of course, does not apply to the batter-back, which is only that of an average wall at Zimbabwe. The impression gained on viewing these massive walls, which occupy such an excellently strategetic position, is that the original builders intended the building to be used for some important purpose.

The northern enclosure is 60 ft. from north to south, and 67 ft. from east to west. The south-west enclosure is 61 ft. from north to south, and 51 ft. from east to west. The eastern enclosure is 55 ft. from north to south, and 22 ft. from east to west. The south-eastern enclosure, which is rather rudely constructed, and the walls of which are very considerably dilapidated, is 20 ft. from north to south, and 80 ft. from east to west.

There are three entrances through the outer walls, and these are on the west, south, and east, and all are rounded; two have buttresses, one has portcullis grooves, and the foundation forms the passage floor in each case. Two divisional entrances now only remain, and these are also rounded.

Immediately inside the west entrance and on the north side is what appears to have been a raised platform, facing west, about 4 ft. above the original floor. This may have an area of 15 ft. from north to south by 12 ft. from east to west, but the artificial filling-in of the ruin with soil has raised the interior surface to the level of this platform. Probably, as at other ruins at Zimbabwe with identical platforms in corresponding positions, this afforded a look-out overlooking the entrance. On the eastern side of these ruins there is a similar but smaller structure which may have answered the same purpose.

In the eastern enclosure and on the east face of the west wall is a recess starting upwards from the ground. This is 3 ft. high, 1 ft. 10 in. wide, and the blocks on each side respectively are flush-edged with each other. The recess goes back about the length of two blocks (see _Architecture_—_Blind Recesses_).

These ruins have been artificially filled in with soil to a depth of 3 ft. to 5 ft. by native occupiers of a comparatively late date, for the soil on the surface and downwards to the bottom of the filling-in is thick with old native pottery and the broken-up remains of Kafir huts.

Although almost every relic-hunter seems to have paid attention to these ruins, nothing of any antique value has been found here. Probably when the original occupiers left the granite floors were still exposed, and any objects found there may have been removed long before the filling-in took place. So far, there is no evidence that any industry—whether of ancient, mediæval, or modern occupiers—has ever been carried on in this building.

OTHER RUINS WITHIN THE ZIMBABWE RUINS’ AREA

_Bentberg (Matusu)._—This kopje, which is 240 ft. above the threshold of the West Entrance to the Elliptical Temple, lies immediately south and south-west of the temple. Only 200 yds. separate the building from the foot of the hill. Here are many signs of very old occupations in the form of ruined terrace walls apparently of the Zimbabwe style, but of a very late period. The local Makalanga state that though their predecessors of the same race have had kraals on this hill, the terrace walls are not of any Makalanga construction; and this appears to be obvious. Further, though Makalanga pottery is abundant, yet there can be found both pottery and cement of a very superior quality and make; and such are repudiated by the natives as having been made by Amangwa, Makalanga, or Barotse. Great quantities of quartz broken into very small splinters are to be found in large areas on the hill. The nearest quartz reefs are six miles west of Zimbabwe. The older remains of terraces—many buried in silted soil—are to be found on the north side of the hill, but traces of walls can be met with extending almost to the summit and round the western flank. It is impossible to imagine that the ancients did not in some manner occupy the hill, as otherwise the Elliptical Temple would have been exposed on its south side without any defences. The old Barotse had a kraal at the foot of the north side of the hill just above the spot where are still the traces of Bent’s camp.

_Rusivanga Kopje._—This hill (190 ft.) rises from the Zimbabwe Valley at some 300 yds. west of Havilah Camp. It is directly on the right of the road from Victoria to Zimbabwe at about a third of a mile from the main ruins, the road passing between it and Makuma Kopje on which is Mogabe’s kraal. The northern and eastern faces of this hill show in places from base to summit abundant evidence of occupations by ancients and also by very old Makalanga and Barotse. The remains of walls are in most instances of inferior construction, though at some points the courses of excellently built wall can be traced. There are also rudely built ramparts and enclosure walls of some later period. On the summit of the hill was once a fort. Fragments of soapstone, slate, quartz, and ironstone are to be found, also large stone-crushers, some excellent pottery, and cement work of superior quality. At one point is a cement wall carried across the top of a boulder. There are stone foundations of Makalanga huts which are circular and lined with cement, and winnowing floors with raised edges. On the eastern side of the hill two sets of _isafuba_ game-holes have been cut into the surface of the granite rock. Each of these has thirty-six holes. On the west side and near the summit there are at least thirty different sets of game-holes cut into the granite, the holes of the sets varying in size. On the open granite areas on the hill are several places where deep depressions have been worn into the rock, evidently by the sharpening of tools or by grinding stones.

_Ruin on Bingura’s Path._—This is located on the left-hand side of the path leading to Bingura’s kraal at about half a mile from the camp. Only its south-east wall is now standing, but its outlines can be traced by piles of blocks on all other sides. The area covered is about half an acre. The wall is well and substantially built, and is still 6 ft. high. This appears to be of very old construction. There have been no important “finds” made here, the ruin not having yet been examined. It occupies a strategetic position on slightly raised ground in the valley between the Bentberg and Rusivanga.

RUIN NEAR CHENGA’S KRAAL

This is situated one mile and a quarter east of Havilah Camp, and is the most easterly ruin of the Zimbabwe group. It stands upon a low ledge on the west side of the Beroma Range, and is a quarter of a mile west of Chenga’s kraal, and directly overlooks the Mapudzi stream, which flows at about 60 ft. immediately below the west face of the ruin. The position is strategetic and affords a view over several valleys. The area covered by walls and stone débris is fully an acre and a half, but the actual walls now standing in any recognisable form of plan only cover 100 ft. by 80 ft.

A cluster of large boulders has been utilised, and over these and between them the walls have been erected, the interior being filled up with earth almost up to the summits of the walls by some later occupiers. On clearing this foreign soil from the interior faces of the walls, two buried entrances, both rounded, were discovered, and it was then possible to prepare a plan of such of the walls as were so cleared. Nothing of any antique value was found during these operations, all the “finds,” which were not numerous, being of old native articles.

All the walls are curved, and all buttresses, entrances, and ends of walls are rounded, and have a distinct batter-back. The granite blocks in some portions of the walls are as regular in size and shape as those to be seen in the Elliptical Temple, but the construction is not of the best. The outer faces of the walls have been first raised, and the internal portions afterwards filled in with stones of all sizes and shapes, but larger than those seen in the filling-in of the interiors of many of the walls at Khami Ruins. The courses at some points are very regular, but at others there has been no attempt at making any courses. The column style of building adopted by old Makalanga and Barotse is present in parts. The walls average about 4 ft. in width at base and 3 ft. on present reduced summit. There is no mural decorative work introduced.

The natives state that this ruin was not built by the same people that built the rough walls of the minor ruins at Zimbabwe, their theory being that it was erected by Barotse very many generations ago, and on this point they are very emphatic. The translations of the native expressions for relics are “pretty stone” and “money.” In starting work here, the labourers, who receive small rewards for discovering relics, grumbled considerably, and informed the author that it was useless to work there, as no “pretty stones” or “money” would be found there. Similar remarks were made about other small ruins, and in every case they have been proved to be correct. Whether this ruin has actually any claim to antiquity is a matter which, at present, it would be unsafe to dogmatise upon.

CHENGA’S AND MADAVID PATH RUINS

These ruins are in a valley which runs north and south on the Beroma Range at one mile distance south-east of Chenga’s kraal, and lie a few yards to the west of the native path leading from Chenga’s to Madavid’s kraal. Madavid is the native name for David, a Basuto, who lives near.

The area covered is fully a third of an acre on the summit of a knoll, which rises some 30 ft. above the valley. Traces of walls covering an area of an acre and a half are to be seen on the south, west, and north sides. Large granite boulders have been utilised in the construction, the walls being carried in curved lines from boulder to boulder, enclosing a rudely drawn circular area 51 ft. from east to west, and 42 ft. from north to south. In one instance the wall is carried over a boulder.

The faces of the walls show good workmanship, the courses being fairly even, the joints uniformly distributed, and the blocks regular in size. The bases of the walls average from 4 ft. to 5 ft. in width, while the very reduced summits are 3 ft. 6 in. wide at 5 ft. from the ground. The walls display a carefulness in construction which is absent from some of the divisional walls of the main ruins at Zimbabwe. The side walls of the entrance on the east side of the building are most perfectly rounded. There is no mural decoration. The interior of the building is of earth, which contains Kafir pottery, etc. No exploration work has been done here.

MAPAKU, OR “LITTLE ZIMBABWE” RUINS

These ruins are situated at a distance of seven miles south-east of Zimbabwe, and occupy a position overlooking the Motelekwe Valley, and are on the eastern side of the lower shoulders of the southern extremity of the Beroma Range. On the south side of the ruins the ground falls in the direction of the Motelekwe River, which here flows south to south-west of the ruins at the distance of about a mile. The Mapaku kraal is a quarter of a mile north-west of the ruins. At the village are some caves (_I-Baku_, cave; _Mapaku_, caves). The headman is a Molinye, younger brother to the Mogabe Handisibishe of Zimbabwe. Good water can be obtained from several places in the vicinity of the ruins.

The area covered by these ruins, excepting traces of outlying walls, is 70 ft. from north to south, and 80 ft. from east to west. Though the ruins are small in area, yet they have a considerable importance, seeing that they form one of the ruins of the chain of such structures which stretches at certain intervals from Zimbabwe along the Motelekwe River, which chain again connects with the chain of a similar class of ruins running from the lower Sabi in Portuguese territory in the direction of Sofala. The chains of ruins appear to point out the ancient approach from the coast to the metropolitan centre at Zimbabwe and the gold districts of Southern Mashonaland and Matabeleland.

The thickness and height of the walls are the first features which will strike anyone on entering the building, especially when the small size of the centre ruins are taken into consideration. The walls are all built on curved lines, and average a width of 4 to 5 ft. at the base, and 3 ft. at present reduced summits at 8 ft. above the ground. All the walls are built upon the granite rock formation, and there is comparatively very little soil on the floors, and most of this is black vegetable mould. Fortunately these ruins have not been subjected to the filling-in operations of the very old Kafir peoples as have so very many ancient ruins in Rhodesia. The absence of sufficient soil for the growth of large trees has no doubt saved the walls from more serious dilapidation. The walls are white with lichen, this being a feature in all the ruins along the Motelekwe Valley, which, seen from Zimbabwe, is usually filled with mist-fogs.

The main entrance evidently is the one on the south-west side of the building, for here is a long narrow passage leading from the interior, the passage running parallel to the south main wall forming an easily defended approach. The ruins have only two entrances—the main entrance and an angular entrance on the north side without portcullis grooves. This latter entrance leads into an outer enclosure only, and is protected on the inside by what may be described as a “sentry-box.” This is a curved wall 7 ft. long and 5 ft. high, enclosing a small area large enough to hold two or three men, and its entrance opens on to the inside of the entrance in the main wall. There are several of these “sentry-boxes” at Zimbabwe occupying exactly similar positions near entrances.

The interior of the building contains at least four enclosures and two long passages, and these may be described as follows:—

No. 1 Enclosure, which is on the north-east side of the ruins, is 22 ft. from east to west, and 13 ft. 6 in. from north to south. The floor is formation rock covered over (1903) with a few inches’ depth of vegetable mould. The main wall, which forms its north and east sides, is 6 ft. high throughout, the wall on the west is 8 ft. high, and the curved walls which divide this enclosure from No. 2 Enclosure average 6 ft. and 7 ft. in height, except at the entrance to No. 2 Enclosure, where the height on either side is reduced to 5 ft.

No. 2 Enclosure, which is roughly circular in form, is only approached by one entrance, and this is on its north side, and leads from No. 1 Enclosure. This entrance is angular, and has portcullis grooves, and is 2 ft. 8 in. wide and 3 ft. 6 in. long. The walls of this enclosure are substantially built, being 3 ft. wide at their summits, which average 7 ft. to 9 ft. in height. The area enclosed is 20 ft. from north to south, and 24 ft. from east to west. This enclosure, judging by its complicated approach, was evidently the principal part of the ruins.

Nos. 1 and 2 Enclosures are only approached by a passage 25 ft. long running north and south, which is 2 ft. 10 in. wide at its northern end and widens to 6 ft. 6 in. at the south end. The west wall of the passage is from 5 ft. to 6 ft. high, and that on the east side 7 ft. to 8 ft. high.

Leading from the north end of this passage into No. 1 Enclosure is a covered entrance, 5 ft. high, 2 ft. 6 in. wide, and 5 ft. long. The roof is supported by flat granite slabs. On either side, and extending from floor to roof, are portcullis grooves. This entrance is somewhat dilapidated, and it is feared that one side of it may soon fall down.

No. 3 Enclosure is bounded on the north by the divisional wall of No. 2 Enclosure, on the east and south by the curved main wall, and on the west by a very dilapidated divisional wall, which separates it from No. 4 Enclosure. It is 21 ft. 6 in. from north to south at its widest point, and about 35 ft. from east to west at its longest point.

This enclosure is the first to be approached from the main or west entrance to the building, with which it is connected by a passage running parallel to the south main wall for 28 ft. Where the passage enters No. 3 Enclosure are the remains of a rounded buttress on the north side. From this buttress the passage westwards is 4 ft. 6 in. wide, but quickly narrows to 2 ft. 8 in., which width is maintained till it reaches the main entrance. The wall on the south side of the passage is from 6 ft. to 9 ft. high, and that on the north side averages 5 ft., but is greatly dilapidated toward its eastern end.

No. 4 Enclosure is on the western side of the building, and is 41 ft. from north to south at its broadest part, and 39 ft. from east to west at its longest part.

On the south side of the exterior are two circular stone foundations of one course each. These are 9 ft. in diameter. A number of granite blocks lie to the east of the building, and suggest the former existence of some structure.

The construction as a whole is somewhat similar to that seen in some of the buildings in the Valley of Ruins at Zimbabwe. Straight joints and tilted blocks, long and shallow in form, and a disregard of courses, are the principal features in the workmanship shown in these ruins. There is no mural decoration.

APPENDIX

NOTE A

GREAT ZIMBABWE

NOTICE TO VISITORS

1. The only outspan is between Havilah Camp and the south side of the Acropolis Hill.

2. No trees or bush on the Zimbabwe reserve to be cut by visitors or their native servants. Cut firewood is provided on the outspan.

3. No visitor shall take into any ruin any spades or other tools for the purpose of prospecting for relics or gold, or use the same within the reserve. No excavated soil shall be panned, nor any stones removed from the ruins. Surveys can only be made on the written authority of the chief secretary.

4. Visitors are requested not to touch or damage old cement work, or shake any ancient monoliths, or climb on walls or places marked “Dangerous,” and are asked to assist the Government in the preservation of the ruins by giving immediate notice to the magistrate at Victoria, or to any official in charge of the ruins, of any of the above offences being committed.

5. The provisions of the “Ancient Monuments Protection Ordinance, 1902,” with regard to the illegal possession of relics, prospecting for same, or damage to ruins, and the consequent penalties of fines and imprisonment for such offences will be strictly enforced.

6. The attention of visitors is also directed to the subjoined rules framed under the said ordinance.

By order, H. H. CASTENS, _Chief Secretary_.

CHIEF SECRETARY’S OFFICE, SALISBURY. _1st May, 1904._

GOVERNMENT NOTICE No. 103 OF 1904

CHIEF SECRETARY’S OFFICE, SALISBURY. _28th April, 1904._

It is hereby notified for public information that His Honour the Administrator has been pleased to approve of the subjoined rules, framed under the provisions of Section 7 of the “Ancient Monuments Protection Ordinance, 1902,” for visiting and inspecting the ruins of Zimbabwe.

By command of His Honour the Administrator.

H. H. CASTENS, _Chief Secretary_.

1. The public will ordinarily be permitted to visit and inspect the ancient ruins at Zimbabwe between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., subject to the conditions prescribed by these rules.

2. Any person producing a written permit granted to him by the Administrator, or by a magistrate, or a printed ticket in the prescribed form for the admission of visitors to the ruins, will be allowed access to them. All such permits and tickets shall, before admission, be delivered to the caretaker or person in attendance at the time.

3. No person shall:—

(1) Dig or search within or about the walls of the ruins for minerals, precious stones, or curiosities; or

(2) Carry into any part of the ruins any spades or other tools; or

(3) Pan or sift any excavated soil in or about the ruins; or

(4) Remove any stone, wood, brick, or material from the ruins; or

(5) Remove trees, shrubs, or plants growing within or about the ruins, under a penalty, upon conviction, of a sum not exceeding £5.

NOTE B

ROBERT M. W. SWAN

We regret to record the death, which took place on March 26th last, of Mr. R. M. W. Swan, well known for his share in the earlier investigations of the ruins of Mashonaland. Mr. Swan was born in 1858, and after receiving a technical training in Glasgow University and in the laboratory of Mr. R. Tattock, went out to Spain in 1878 in the capacity of a mining expert. In 1879 he went to Greece, and the next seven years were spent in mining work, principally in Antiparos and neighbouring islands. In addition to his professional employment, he devoted much attention to archæology, publishing several papers on his researches, and sending many specimens to the British Museum. It was during this period that he first made the acquaintance of Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Bent, whom he accompanied during their visits to several of the islands, afterwards taking part in the expedition to Mashonaland, carried out by them in 1891, for the examination of the Zimbabwe and other ruins. During this expedition he undertook the cartographic portion of the work, executing for the first time a careful plan of the ruins, besides mapping the country along the routes followed, and fixing the positions of a number of points astronomically. When, after his return to this country, Mr. Bent described the results of his journey before the Society, Mr. Swan added some notes on the geography and meteorology of Mashonaland, and subsequently contributed to the _Proceedings_ (May, 1892), a short paper on the orientation of the ruins, showing in a striking way the close connection which existed between the arrangement of the structures and the astronomical phenomena to which, as sun-worshippers, their builders had paid so much attention. The subject was more fully discussed in the section which he contributed to Mr. Bent’s _Ruined Cities of Mashonaland_. The theory which he developed was subjected to some criticism; but on returning to South Africa to continue his investigations, he collected _data_, which, as he claimed, fully bore out his ideas. During this journey, carried out in 1893, he examined various ruins, till then undescribed, besides doing something to improve the mapping of the country along his route, which led inland by way of the Limpopo.

This visit to South Africa lasted about two years, spent in part in geological and mining work. In 1896 he examined the mining districts of Western Australia and Tasmania, and in 1898 went to Siam with a similar object, leaving again, after a short visit to this country, for the Malay Peninsula, where he was engaged in mining work until his death, which took place at Kuala Lumpur after an operation for abscess of the liver. Here, as in South Africa, he did much careful cartographical and geological work.

Mr. Swan was an expert linguist, and from his residence in Greece had acquired a great love for the classics. He possessed a large store of knowledge on varied subjects, which he was always anxious to share with others. He was a Fellow of the Geological and Chemical Societies, as well as of our own, which he joined in 1893, having received the Murchison Grant in 1892. (_Royal Geographical Society’s Journal_, May, 1904.)

NOTE C

NOTE ON OLD POTTERY FOUND AT DEPTH AT RENDERS RUINS, GREAT ZIMBABWE, JULY, 1903

This “find” consists of pottery of a very good quality about a quarter of an inch thick, but covered with a most excellent glaze of blue, white, and gold enamel, the white forming the background.

There are at least four bands of pattern which encircled a large open bowl. No. 8 is a part of the rim, which was straight. No. 1 appears by its form to have been portion of the upper band; Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 the second band; No. 9 the third band; and a decoration of palm fronds, in brown paint and in outline only, its lowest band.

The clay is a light brown and of fine quality.

The lettering or pattern is outlined with faint gold, with yellow paint scroll-work filling the spaces between, and so minute are these decorations that very few would notice them. They resemble, only on a very minute scale, No. 3.

I cannot piece the fragments together, but Nos. 4 and 7 seem to fit.

The glaze is very thickly laid on, and both inside and outside are covered, and it is of such splendid make, colour, and appearance that many who have seen it say it is of the highest quality.

The inside is white, and has lines of faint blue artistically drawn without being of any set pattern.

No portion of the base found would enable one to judge whether the bowl had been made on a potter’s wheel or not.

All the fragments were found together on a deeply buried floor, and at the same spot a quantity of large pieces of beaten gold and some gold beads were discovered.

Some very thin light-brown pottery covered with white enamel, extending some inches down from the rim inside and with thick bars of dull blue enamel running from rim to centre, were also found at the same spot.

NOTE D

ZIMBABWE RUINS

[Extracted, by permission, from the Reports (1900–1902) of the British South Africa Company.]

I arrived at Victoria on the 23rd May, and left for Zimbabwe the following morning.

On inspecting the ruins I found the interior of the Elliptical Temple one impenetrable jungle of trees, bushes, creepers, tall grass (6 to 10 ft.), and decayed tree stumps and branches, so that it was impossible to see beyond a few feet, while the surface of the ground was most irregular and thickly covered with wall débris. The air inside was fetid and heavy-smelling from the rank vegetation. There being no opening on the eastern side, the interior is protected from the prevailing winds, and the sun shining on the damp, dense, and almost tropical foliage and plant growth made the air oppressive and unhealthy, so that one could not remain long at a time in the building.

Our first work was to clear away the undergrowth, but it was so dense and matted with creepers that, with fifteen men working for a whole day with hatchets, sickles, and spades, we were only able to advance a few feet into the interior from the west entrance. It required nine days for fifteen men to clear the interior of undergrowth alone. A further three days were given to pulling up grass and shrub roots. The atmosphere of the interior is completely changed, as the sun has dried the surface of the ground. It is now possible to stand in the centre of the building and obtain an uninterrupted view of the walls all round, and at the same time to see at a glance the whole of the divisional walls and enclosures.

The north side of the summit of the Conical Tower has in very recent years been denuded of several courses of blocks owing to the boughs of large trees swinging upon it in the high winds. The tower is more reduced than is shown in photographs taken six years ago. The dentelle ornamentation on the summit has practically disappeared within the last ten years. Some ancient blocks in the top courses are likely to fall. These blocks could be pushed back flush with the face of the tower, and some of the blocks which have very recently fallen might be restored to their original position. The summit when cleared of vegetation should be cemented over. It is a feature in Zimbabwe construction everywhere in Rhodesia, for a block, when it falls, to carry with it the stones of the course beneath it.

Visitors point out that the tower has lately shown a tendency to tilt somewhat towards the north-east. This is mainly due to the dense tree growth enveloping the tower, which keeps it constantly dripping with moisture, especially on the north side, where the main wall further screens it from the morning sun. The only remedy appears to be to so thin out the trees that the tower and its foundations may become perfectly dry. The wet state of the tower has caused it to become overgrown with lichen, which, decaying, produces vegetable matter which lodges in the crevices of the courses, and out of which grow small plants and shrubs, many of which we have removed. A large bush was growing out from the side in mould so formed, and the remains of a large bush on the summit are still to be seen. Should the tilting not be prevented by such means as the thinning out of adjacent trees, the value of the tower to scientists as a means of calculating the orientation of the temple, and therefore its age, would become lost. Three or four trees from close to the north-east, north, and north-west sides of the tower have been cleared away, and the vicinity has already a much drier appearance.

The dank air and soil round the tower have caused the extensive growth of large parent monkey-rope trees, which with their ropes spread in great lengths in all directions, thickly interlacing the tops of the trees, while their roots have in very many places pierced into both main and divisional walls and torn out lengths of stonework. Monkey ropes appear to be the most active source of the dilapidations of the walls near the tower, but wild vines also have done considerable harm. Several hundred yards of monkey rope have been cut down and taken outside the temple, also very long stretches of monkey rope roots have been pulled up. All lower branches are being removed, so as to give a clear view all round the temple. Some of the upper branches are being thinned out.

The surface of the ground within the temple is covered with rich leaf mould soil to a depth of at least one foot, and sometimes under trees to a depth of one foot and a half. It is in this mould that the thickets of large shrubs, creepers, especially monkey-ropes and wild vines, seem to have thriven, as also in the débris heaps left by Mr. Bent (1891) and Sir John Willoughby (1892), where the turning over of the old time-hardened soil has ventilated it and caused most sturdy growth of plants and trees. This leaf mould has been removed from the floors of the inner parallel passage and in the passage on the north-east, east, and south-east sides of No. 1 Enclosure, and has been passed through sieves, and the soil neatly piled for future examination. Thus has been removed in these places the unhealthy smell formerly noticed. This work ought to be done in all internal enclosures of the building.

All wall débris is being neatly stacked and piled near where it obviously came from. All scattered stones on the floors are being collected and placed in piles. This work has made the enclosures to appear neat and tidy. Messrs. Bent and Willoughby’s débris is also being stacked in much smaller compass. All débris heaps are being marked “débris” on painted boards. A large quantity of such débris might after examination be removed outside the building and stacked.

The summits of the main walls have been damaged at several points by past and present boughs overspreading the walls and beating them till several courses, the whole width of the walls, have disappeared, thus causing depressions in the top line of walls at several points. All branches, whether from trees within or without the temple, which overhang the walls, are being carefully removed with the aid of guide-ropes. Leaf mould has collected on the summits of the main walls to such an extent that large shrubs and small trees are thriving on the summits; these will be removed.

Seven monoliths have been found under the leaf mould and grass and shrub roots both inside and outside the foot of the main walls. Their former positions on the walls are being ascertained, and where obvious they will be re-erected.

The chevron pattern on the outside of the walls of the temple has been damaged, and in three places partially destroyed by large swinging boughs. It is also destroyed in two places by heavy festoons of creepers which had their roots in the open work of the pattern, the roots pushing out some of the blocks of which the pattern is composed. Some of these fallen blocks have been found, and there is a probability that a portion of the pattern, where damaged, may be restored. It is proposed to hand-pick all vegetable soil from the open spaces of the pattern to prevent future growths of creepers.

A clearing 8 yds. wide has been made round the outside of the whole of temple, and an inspection of the walls by visitors is now possible.

All the tops of divisional and broken portions and ends of walls, and all interstices on both faces, are having the leaf mould carefully hand-picked from them. This is a slow process, but will check their dilapidation by vegetable growth for a very long time.

The trenches made by Mr. Bent and Sir John Willoughby are being cleared of grass and silted soil, and their spade and pick marks on the bottoms can be seen. No ancient floor or soil has been disturbed, the ancient floors being some 3 ft. to 5 ft. below the present surface.

Roots of monkey-ropes and trees are binding the inside of main walls below the present surface, as does a large plant in a small pot, and are in most places, and below the surface, penetrating into the dry masonry with damaging effect. I would suggest that a trench 2 ft. wide by 3 ft. deep be made on the inside of all walls, and all such roots removed. A yearly inspection of such trenches could be made, and any new roots and runners lopped off as they appeared. Run-offs could be made to prevent any accumulation of water in the trenches.

_Architectural features._—(_a_) Four ancient drains, in addition to those mentioned by Bent and Willoughby, have been discovered.

(_b_) A rounded entrance with double curves; the only instance so far known.

(_c_) Three sets of stone steps and several square yards of ancient cement flooring (not of the original builders) have been carefully uncovered.

(_d_) A second-period architecture building with terraces superimposed on the walls of a first-period ruin.

(_e_) An enlarged plan of the temple, based on Mr. Bent’s and Sir John Willoughby’s measurements, is being prepared, and a quantity of altogether fresh architectural detail included.

Though the present is not a treasure-seeking expedition, yet there is strong probability that some “finds” of historic value may be made.

I have visited the Hill Fortress several times. Both the Western and Eastern Temples on this hill are so full of undergrowth that it is quite impossible to make any examination until it is cleared away. Within a week I hope to put on men to make a good path up to the fortress.

The following new features in ancient architecture have been discovered:—

1. A dentelle pattern till recently covered with wall débris. A portion destroyed by roots (Acropolis Ascent).

2. A small enclosure with cemented lining on face of walls (Acropolis).

3. Three wedge-shaped buttresses, first set discovered in Rhodesia (Acropolis).

4. Two drains, one showing signs of having been cemented (Acropolis).

5. A northern ancient ascent between parallel walls from large rounded entrance near donga in the valley.

6. Passage 7 ft. deep and about 20 ft. long, completely buried in fallen wall débris, over which the visitors’ path had crossed (South Enclosure, Acropolis).

7. Passage 8 ft. deep and 30 ft. long, completely covered by wall débris, over which the old visitors’ ascent path had crossed (Platform Enclosure).

8. The round towers on the large west wall of Acropolis can now be shown, by the radii of stones of the top courses recently discovered, to have originally been conical.

9. Two large ancient entrances, hitherto unknown, deliberately filled in by Makalangas for graves, the remains removed and reburied with Mogabe’s consent (Cleft Rock Enclosure).

10. The covered passage at foot of platform which had been blocked up by Makalangas for graves (fifteen years old) cleared, the remains removed and reburied with Mogabe’s consent. Visitors can now traverse this passage.

NOTE E

[Extracted from Report presented to the Chief Secretary, Government Offices, Salisbury, Rhodesia, November, 1903.]

_Zimbabwe, Acropolis Ruins._—I regret having to report that the slanting granite beam on the platform at the Western Temple of the Acropolis Ruins has fallen and is fractured. This happened during the heavy thunder and rain storms of last week. The discovery of its fall was made to-day by Mr. Molyneux (Scientific Association, Bulawayo), Mr. Herbert Hayles (Sheriff of Victoria), and myself. No clearing or any other operations have been conducted here within a distance of twenty feet. Mr. Molyneux thoroughly agrees with me that the fall was perfectly natural.

The beam has for at least twelve years leant over at a severe angle, and now it can be seen that it was once perpendicular. The base was only fixed in the stonework for 1 ft. 8 in. The length of the beam from the base was 12 ft. 11 in., but this was longer by 2 ft. 4 in. some time previously to Mr. Theodore Bent’s visit in 1891.

The great marvel is that no one has been killed by its fall, for many visitors climbing to the platform have used the beam to assist in the ascent, and also in descending, and I have, as is well known, on scores of occasions warned them not to do so.

The beam in falling did but slight damage to the surrounding masonry. The portions of the beam are now laid together.

I have photographs of the platform, and showing this beam, taken from all points of the compass.

RICH^{D.} N. HALL, _Curator of Great Zimbabwe_.

NOTE F

INVENTORY OF RELICS AND “FINDS” DISCOVERED BY THE AUTHOR AT GREAT ZIMBABWE IN 1902–3

No. Article. Where found.

1. Gold wire bangle, 3½ oz. { South Terrace, { Acropolis.

2. Beaten gold round carbonised wood. } A few gold tacks in the wood } Do.

3. Head and neck of carved soapstone } bird (the ninth yet discovered); believed } Western Temple, to be the largest and best-preserved } Acropolis. specimen }

4. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. } Two horned animals } Do.

5. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. } South Enclosure, Herring-bone on cord pattern } Acropolis.

6. Fragment of carved soapstone bowl. } Western Temple, Horned animal } Acropolis.

7. Fragment of rim of carved soapstone } South Enclosure, bowl, cord pattern } Acropolis.

8. Two sections of large soapstone bowl; } believed to be two of the three } No. 2. Enclosure, missing sections of bowl lent by the } Elliptical Temple. Right Hon. C. J. Rhodes to the } Cape Town Museum }

9. Phallus in two sections; found broken; } Elliptical Temple. undecorated soapstone }

10. Phallus (section of), with “breast and } furrow” pattern, which was an } Do. ancient symbol of fertility; soapstone }

11. Phallus (section of), found with true } Do. phalli; soapstone; undecorated. }

12. Phallus; soapstone } Do.

13. Phallus (section of), “breast and furrow” } pattern; soapstone } Do.

14. Base of phallus; soapstone; found } Do. with true phalli }

15. Cut soapstone, plain, found with true } Do. phalli }

16. Phallus (section of, conjectured), found } Do. with true phalli; soapstone }

17. Soapstone amulet Acropolis.

18. Soapstone whorl Elliptical Temple.

19. Ten fragments of neck of carved soapstone } Do. vase }

20. Fragment of carved rim of soapstone } No. 10 Enclosure, bowl; cord pattern } Acropolis.

21. Carved soapstone bead } Elliptical Temple.

22. Four pottery whorls and two fragments } Do.

23. Serpentine stone, with veins of asbestos } chrysotile (not chrysolithic, } as stated by Mr. Bent); not ordinary } asbestos, but similar to Canadian. } Western Temple, Veins have decomposed before } Acropolis. body of stone }

24. Do. } Do.

25. Copper spearhead } Do.

26. Two copper spearheads, broken } Do.

27. Two iron ringed instruments, conjectured } to have belonged to Arab } Elliptical Temple. colony once settled at Zimbabwe }

28. Two wedge-shape headed nails Do.

29. Beaten copper Acropolis.

30. Iron handle of double-pointed iron } Elliptical Temple. hand-pick }

31. Jasper stone with gold embedded. } Found with burnishing stones } No. 10 Enclosure.

32. Quartz pebble, showing visible gold; } also artificially worn. Found with } Do. burnishing tools }

33. Quartz pebble, showing visible gold. } Do. Found with burnishing tools }

34. Collection of stone tools, artificially } worn; some are burnishers. 3 ft. } Do. deep }

35. Fragments of soapstone beams; crude } Acropolis. decorations }

36. Collection of iron articles from depth } in Elliptical Temple which has not } been occupied as a Makalanga kraal } Elliptical Temple. for over sixty years }

37. Collection of seven fragments of soapstone } Acropolis and bowls } Elliptical Temple.

38. Section of soapstone mould { No. 7 Enclosure, { Elliptical Temple.

39. Cake of gold North-East Passage.

40. Stone, both water and artificially worn, } showing gold on both sides. Found } No. 10 Enclosure, with burnishing tools } Elliptical Temple.

41. Flat stone showing gold on one side. } Do. Found with burnishing tools }

42. Three portions of crucibles, six clay } No. 6 Enclosure, scorifiers, one portion of clay lining } Elliptical Temple. of furnace, all showing gold in flux }

43. Fragment of soapstone bowl, herring-bone } No. 1 Enclosure, pattern on cord } Elliptical Temple.

44. Fragment of soapstone bowl, herring-bone } No. 6 Enclosure, pattern on cord } Elliptical Temple.

45. Fragment of soapstone bowl, carved { No. 7 Enclosure, { Elliptical Temple.

46. Fragment of soapstone bowl, cord } No. 6 Enclosure, pattern } Elliptical Temple.

47. Fragment of large soapstone bowl, } Do. carved }

48. Section of soapstone mould; conjectured } Do. old Makalanga }

49. Do. Do.

50. Soapstone I-daha pipe bowl, carved; } Elliptical Temple. old Makalanga }

51. Soapstone amulet { No. 6 Enclosure, { Elliptical Temple.

52. Iron pincers; conjectured old Makalanga } Do.

53. Iron gong; do. Do.

54. Do. Do.

55. Barbed copper spearhead { Western Temple, { Acropolis.

56. Twenty-three pottery whorls { On old Makalanga { floors.

57. Conjectured base of soapstone phallus, } No. 6 Enclosure, converted by old Makalanga } Elliptical Temple. into a crude mould }

58_a_. } { Summit of main wall 58_b_. } Three sections of soapstone beams { above chevron 58_c_. } { pattern, Elliptical { Temple.

59. Section of soapstone beam { Eastern Temple, { Acropolis.

60. Do. Do.

61. Do. Do.

62. Do. Do.

63. Do. Do.

64. Do. (showing tool marks) Do.

65. Section of cement cylinder with bevel } Mauch Ruins. round base. Age uncertain }

66. Beaten gold { Western Temple, { Acropolis.

67. Forked iron instrument, with six gold } bosses riveted with gold; spiral } Do. grooves at base }

68. Beaten gold (2⅛ oz.) Valley of Ruins.

{ W. and E. Temples, 69. Phalli (8) and fragments of phalli { Acropolis, and { Philips Ruins.

70. Fragments of rim of soapstone bowl } No. 5 Enclosure, carved with procession of horned } Elliptical Temple. animals. Pieces fit each other }

71. Pottery animals (3); conjectured old } No. 1 Enclosure, Makalanga } Elliptical Temple.

72. I-daha pipe-bowls (2) of soapstone, } No. 5 Enclosure, carved; conjectured old Makalanga } Elliptical Temple.

73. Iron with gravitating holes for drawing } wire; old Makalanga. These wire } No. 6 Enclosure, drawers were in use until a few years } Elliptical Temple. ago

74. Copper finger-rings (2); snake pattern Renders Ruins.

75. Copper sheathing (2 lbs.) { Western Temple, { Acropolis.

76. Single iron gong Renders Ruins.

77. Large piece of coral Renders Ruins.

78. Pottery whorls (200) Old native floors.

79. Double iron gongs (3 sets) and single } Upper floors. gongs (2) }

80. Serpentine stone Elliptical Temple.

81. Nozzle of blow-pipe Do.

82. Porcelain beads, unknown to present } Western Temple, natives. 5 ft. deep } Acropolis.

83. Pottery beads, unknown to present } Various ruins. natives }

84. Soapstone amulet or seal (?) Renders Ruins.

85. Block of solid copper Do.

86. Iron striker found with gong Do.

87. Quantity of fragments of carved } Elliptical Temple. soapstone. Ribbed pattern }

88. Fragments of rim of soapstone bowl } carved with ring pattern. (These } Maund Ruins. fit together) }

89. Portion of carved soapstone beam } converted into double claw-hammer } Elliptical Temple. shaped ingot moulds }

90. Soapstone phallus { Platform Area, { Elliptical Temple.

91. Copper barbed spearheads (2) { Platform Area, { Elliptical Temple.

92. Soapstone with gravitating holes Renders Ruins.

93. 2⅛ oz. beaten gold, gold beads, gold bar, and gold wire

{ From near arc wall { in Philips Ruins; 94. Fifteen sections of soapstone beams { also from circular (plain) { cement platform in { Platform Area, { Elliptical Temple.

95. Case of sections of soapstone bowls, { Elliptical Temple, plain and decorated { Acropolis and { Philips Ruins.

96. Section of carved soapstone beam No. 15 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple.

97. Iron spoon Renders Ruins.

98. Iron lamp and stand (conjectured) Do.

99. Iron pick Elliptical Temple.

100. Iron pick and 2 handles Do.

101. Twisted iron wire in coils Renders Ruins.

102. Bar mould of soapstone Elliptical Temple.

103. Section of soapstone beam carved { Western Temple, with maize pattern { Acropolis.

104. Bundle of brass wire bangles Renders Ruins.

105. Three iron nails Elliptical Temple.

106. Ornamented iron spearhead { Western Temple, { Acropolis.

107. Bevelled cement General.

108. Spearhead Renders Ruins.

109. Two stone balls Elliptical Temple.

110. Collection of specimens of hoes, assegai-heads, arrow-heads, axes, and iron-work found in ruins

111. Several pieces of worked soapstone

112. Soapstone bird on beam Philips Ruins.

113. Packet of large gold beads, 1 in. } fine gold chain, one single gold wire } Various Ruins. bangle, gold wire, and beaten gold }

114. Four soapstone phalli (one ornate) } Philips Ruins. and two amulets }

115. Two small bronze bells Renders Ruins.

116. Two large enamelled beads Western Temple.

117. Collections of copper ingots, copper } Elliptical Temple, bars, copper wire, copper bangles, } Renders Ruins, and cakes of copper } and Acropolis.

118. Copper band 12 ft. 6 in. long and } Renders Ruins. 1 in. wide }

119. Box of Nankin china, sections showing } plates of various sizes and } From most ruins. designs }

120. Portions of glass basin, engraved } No. 7 Enclosure, and hand-painted } Elliptical Temple.

121. Glazed pottery, with conjectured } Renders Ruins. post-Koranic lettering }

122. Fragments of Venetian glass Do.

123. Fragments of antique glazed earthenware, } Do. showing potter’s wheel marks }

124. Three fragments of antique pottery, } Do. glazed }

125. 12 ft. fine copper chain Do.

126. Pottery nozzle of blow-pipe Do.

127. Fused brass wire Do.

128. Two iron instruments Do.

129. Bronze axe-head, and fractured bronze } arrow-head } Western Temple.

130_a_. Part of young lion’s jaw Renders Ruins. 〃 _b_. Large lump of resin Do. 〃 _c_. Wart-hog tusk Do. 〃 _d_. Two sections of glass prism Do.

131. Remains of antique copper box Do.

132. Oldest form of gold crucible, showing } Exterior (west) of gold in flux } Elliptical Temple.

133. Piece of slag showing gold Do.

134. Packet of sheets of beaten gold { Parallel Passage, { Elliptical Temple.

135. Several cases of duplicates of soapstone, } iron, copper, and pottery } Various Ruins. articles }

NOTE G

FORMATION ROCK UNDER ELLIPTICAL TEMPLE

Examinations made by the Author, August, 1903

_No. 1 Hole._—No. 5 Enclosure. 6 yds. south-east of west entrance.

3 ft. 10 in. diameter.

9 in. to 12 in., burnt clay floor (pinkish), 2 in. layer of small stones.

Below floor, bright yellow granite sand, set very hard, contains no stones.

On north side to 3 ft. depth, old trench of prospectors, filled in with blocks and red soil.

Formation rock exposed at 8 ft. 7 in., and this has a fall of 1½ in. in 3 ft. 10 in. towards east.

Surface of bed-rock is rough and decomposed to a depth of ⅓ of an inch, and can easily be chipped with pick.

Above formation rock is 1 ft. depth of granite sand, filled with flakes of decomposed granite from rock, and of deep orange colour.

Water passes along surface of bed-rock, and soil was damp and wet for 3 in. in depth.

_No. 2 Hole._—No. 5 Enclosure. 6 ft. north-east of monoliths.

3 ft. 9 in. diameter.

1 ft. burnt clay floor and scattered blocks and granite chips, soil damp for 2 ft. and wet for a few inches above formation rock, which is decomposed and easily scaled.

Formation rock disclosed at 12 ft. 7 in., with fall of 7 in. in 3 ft. 6 in. towards E.N.E.

Sides show bright yellow granite sand set hard, and no stones.

_No. 3 Hole._—South side of No. 5 Enclosure.

3 ft. 9 in. diameter.

6 in. burnt clay floor.

Sand red at top and yellow beneath; no stones.

Bed-rock covered with 1 ft. depth of decomposed granite with aphite chips, surface of rock rough and greatly decomposed; aphite chips.

Formation rock disclosed at 10 ft. 1 in. depth.

Fall of rock 4 in. in 3 ft. 4 in. towards east.

Bottom very wet.

_No. 4. Hole._—Between No. 5 Enclosure and Central Area.

3 ft. 6 in. diameter.

9 in. burnt clay and small stones, forming bedding for clay.

2 ft. red veld soil.

1 ft. 8 in. decomposed granite above rock.

Rest bright yellowy and set hard.

Formation rock disclosed at 12 ft. 1 in. depth, showing fall of 3 in. in 3 ft. towards north and north-east.

Bottom very wet.

_No. 5 Hole._—West side of No. 6 Enclosure.

At depth of 11 ft. no formation rock, but rods showed rock at 3 ft. 4 in. lower; unsafe to make hole deeper. Soil very wet.

_No. 6 Hole._—East end of No. 6 Enclosure.

At depth of 14 ft. no sign of rock.

_No. 7 Hole._—Centre of Platform Area.

At depth of 12 ft. no sign of rock; bottom wet.

_No. 8 Hole._—Centre of Central Area.

At depth of 8 ft. no trace of rock. Hole passed through two clay floors, and below one granite cement floor.

The Central Area had previously been cleared to a depth of 5 ft. before hole was sunk.

INDEX

=Abolosi.= _See_ =Barosie=

=Acropolis Ruins=— Situation, 3 First impressions of, 5 View from, 6–11 Sunset on, 24–30 Description of, 276–362 S.E. ascent, 276–294 Lower Parapet, 282–286 Rock Passage, 286–288 Higher Parapet, 288–290 Original heights of walls, 290, 291 Ascent from coast route, 291, 292 Possible ancient scenes on ascent, 293, 294 Dentelle Pattern on ascent, 285, 289 Western Enclosure, 294–296 Western Temple, xxviii, xxix, 297–309 North Wall, 298, 299 West Wall, 299, 300 Monoliths and Conical Towers, 300, 302 Architecture and construction of West Wall, 302, 303 South Wall, 303, 304 East side of Western Temple, 304 Centre of arc of West Wall, 304–307 Covered Passage, 307 Platform Cave, 307, 308 Stairs to Platform, 308 Parallel Passage, 308 Internal walls, xxix, 308, 309 Sections of floors, xxviii, xxix, 309 Platform Enclosure, 310–312 Cleft Rock Enclosure, 312, 313 The Platform, 313–315, 441, 442 Balcony Wall, 315 Little Enclosure, 315, 316 The Winding Stairs, 316 Upper Passage, 316 East Passage, 316 Buttress Passage, 317, 318 South Enclosure A, 318 South Cave, 319, 320 South Passage, 320 South Enclosure B, 320, 321 South Enclosure C, 321 Central Passage, 321 Eastern Temple, 323–335 Section of Eastern Temple, 324 Plan of Eastern Temple, 326 Dentelle Pattern at Eastern Temple, 328 Bent’s “altar” at Eastern Temple, 333 The Ancient Balcony, 335, 336 Gold Furnace Enclosure, 337, 338 Balcony Cave, 337 Balcony Enclosure, 336 Upper Gold Furnace Enclosure, 338 Pattern Passage, 338, 339 Step Pattern, 339 Recess Enclosure, 340, 341 North Plateau, 341, 342 North Parapet, 342, 343 N.W. ascent, 344–349 Water Gate Ruins, 349–353 Terraced Enclosures on N.W. face of hill, 353–357 South Terrace, 357, 358 Outspan Ruins, 279, 358–362

=Aden (Eudaemon)=, 67

=Almaquah (Venus or Ashtaroth)=, Sabæan Divinity, 108, 194

=Amangwa Tribe=, 53, 57, 59, 84, 85, 91

=Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe=, 135–192 Sabæans (Himyarites) as builders, xxxii, xxxvii (note), 136, 193, 194 Degree of durability of walls, 138 Dilapidations, 139–148 Makalanga walls within ruins, xxix, 149–152, 312, 336, 373 Some other walls not ancient, xxvii, xxix, 152 Makalanga huts within ruins, xx, xxix, 149–156, 365, 368, 373, 413 Passages, 156–162 Entrances and buttresses, 162–166 Dilapidations to entrances and buttresses, 166, 167 Drains, 168–172 Battering of walls, 172–174 Monoliths, 174–176 Soapstone monoliths, 176–178 Number of monoliths still more or less erect, 178–180 Slate and granite beams, 180, 181 Cement dadoes, 181–182, 240, 372, 375, 383 Built-up crevices, 182, 183 Holes in wall other than drains, 183, 184, 423 Blind steps and platforms, 184, 185, 236, 240, 254, 261, 385 Ancient walls at a distance from any main ruins are of less superior construction, 185–187 Cement, 187–189 Ancients and caves and rock holes (_see_ =Caves=), 189–192 Recesses, 340, 341, 379 “Sentry-boxes,” 374, 430

=Ancient clothing=, surmise as to, 293

=Ancient output of gold=, 292

=Ancient relics discovered at Zimbabwe=, 102–135 Inventory of, 142, 148

=Ancient road, Zimbabwe and Sofala=, Taunton, 63, 74

=Arab “finds” at Zimbabwe=— Box, 116 Lamp chain, 116 Lamp-stand, 118 Iron keys, 122 Calcedony beads, 126 Glass, 128 Pottery, 131, 436

=Arab gold and ivory traders=, 67

=Arab trading station at Zimbabwe=, 132–134

=Area of Zimbabwe Ruins=, xv-xvii

=Arowi Kopje=, 11, 66, 69, 95

=Ashtaroth.= _See_ =Almaquah=

=Bailey, Thomas=, grave of, 19

=Baranzimba’s kraal=, 10, 16, 52 His old kraal, 52, 57 The headman, 41, 88

=Barbosa, Duarte= (1514), on the Makalanga, 123, 132, 133

=Barotse (Barosie, Marosie, Varosie, Abolosi)=— Derivation and origin of, 81, 82 Excellent stone-builders, 82, 85 Jerri’s people Barotse, 82 Head kraal at Zimbabwe, 8, 83, 424 Resided in the ruins, 83 Resided on Bentberg, 153 Totem of race, 91 Totem of tribe, 91–92 Pottery, 129 Kraal of Motumi, 58

=Baduma Tribe=, 91, 94

=Beads=, 126 Gold, 113 Calcedony, 126 Porcelain, 132 Glass, 132 Ivory and bone, 126 Unknown to natives, 306

=Bent, F.R.G.S., Theodore=, xv, xvii, xxix, 3, 8, 18, 35, 39, 55, 64, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 125, 135, 151, 161, 171, 193, 195, 198, 208, 209, 218, 221, 222, 223, 226, 234, 242, 244, 245, 265, 272, 273, 295, 296, 304, 306, 327, 338

=Bentberg Hill (Matusa)=, 7, 8, 9, 137 Ruins on, 424

=Benzi=, nickname of the present Mogabe, 42

=Beroma Range=, 11, 31, 49, 51, 63

=Beroma Ruins=, 68, 69

=Besa Mountains=, 10

=Bethûl=, “dwelling-place of God” of Phœnicians, 15

=Bingura=, Amangwa chief, 57

=Bingura’s kraal=, 9, 17, 57, 58, 84

=Bingura’s Path=, 56, 59, 137

=Bingura’s Path Ruins=, 425

=Brass articles=, bangles and wire, 123, 124 Brass bartered for by Makalanga (1514), 123

“=Breasts, Queen of Sheba’s=,” on Beroma Range, Zimbabwe. _See_ =Marsgi= and =Sueba=

=British South Africa Company=, 2, 3, 279

=Bryce, Professor=, on Makalanga stone buildings, 151

=Budge, Dr.= (British Museum), opinion on Arabian glass, 128 On “finds” in later ruins, xviii, xix, xxvi

=Bungu=, Makalanga Headman, 55

=Burial-places of ancients=, searches for, xvii-xviii

=Bushman paintings= absent from Zimbabwe district, 192

=Byblos, Temple of=, in Phœnicia, compared with Great Zimbabwe, xxxix, 245

=Camp Ruins Nos. 1 and 2=, 414–419

=Calcedony beads=, 126 Prof. Flinders Petrie’s opinion on, 126

=Caves=, 189–192 At Wuwuli, 55 Chibfuko, 59 Chicagomboni, 61 Mapaku, 63, 70 Majerri, 73 Nini, 86 South Cave, 319, 320 Balcony Cave, 337

=Chamananga (Middle Kopje)=, 56

=Chenga=, Makalanga headman, derivation and position, 11, 17, 31, 41, 57

=Chenga Ruins=, 66, 67, 426, 427

=Chenga and MaDavid’s Path Ruins=, 428

=Cherimbila=, Makalanga chief, 10 Renders died at kraal, 62 Stone buildings at kraal, 152

=Chevron pattern= at— Majerri Ruins, 73 Elliptical Temple, 147, 211–213

=Chibfuko Hill=, 10 Caves at, 59

=Chicagomboni Hill=, 61

=Chickwanda’s kraal=, 95

=Chinaka’s kraal=, 72

=China=, Nankin, 130 Arabian, 131 Sketch of, with Arabic lettering, 131, 436

=Chinongu’s kraal=, 11

=Chipadzi’s kraal=, 52, 59, 60, 61

=Chipfuno= (late Mogabe), 42, 55

=Chipo-popo Falls=, 51

=Comoro Islands=, peopled by Jews under Solomon, xxxvii

=Condor, Colonel=, Syro-Arabian archæologist, 4

=Conical towers= at— Elliptical Temple, 240–246 Traces on walls, 208 Western Temple, 297, 300–302 Outspan Ruins, 361 Philips Ruins, 380, 381 Posselt Ruins, 372 Byblos, xxxix, 245

=Copper articles=, 115–116 Sheathing, 115 Spearheads, 115, 116 Wire, 116 Cakes and slag, 116 Ore, 116 Cupolas, 116 Chain, 116 Box, bangles, finger-rings, 116

=Coral=, finds of, 134

=Cotopaxi Mountain=, 10

=Cowrie shells=, finds of, 133

=De Barros= (1552) mentions Zimbabwe, xxvi, 132

=Delitzsch, F.=, on the signs of the Babylonian Zodiac, xxxviii

=Dentelle pattern= on— Conical Tower, 243 S.E. ascent, 285, 289 Platform of Western Temple, 314 Eastern Temple, 325, 328

=Derembghe’s kraal=, 95

=Doro (Dorah)=, native beer, 16, 18, 45, 46

=Drew, Mr. Alfred=, Native Commissioner, Victoria district, 2, 59, 81, 82, 85, 86, 152, 156

=East Kopje= (Mazanda), 64

=East Ruins=, 420–423

=Edwards, M.E., the late Telford=, on the ancient mines of Rhodesia, xxvii; on the terraced slopes of Inyanga, xxxiv

=Elliptical Temple=, 3 First impressions of, 4 Sunday morning in, 13–16 Midnight in, 16–24 Goldsmith’s shop in, 256 Formation rock under, 449, 450 Plan, xxiii, 193–197 Construction of, 197–199 Measurement of main wall, 199–204 Summit of main wall, xxiii, 205–210 Foundations of, 210–211 Probable ages of walls of, xxiii Chevron pattern, 211–213 Ground surface of exterior of, 213–215, 449, 450 N.W. entrance, 216–218 Plan of, 217 North entrance, xx, 218–222 Plan of, 219 West entrance, 222–224 Enclosure Nos. 1–7, xxii, 7, 225–236 Sacred Enclosure, 237–240 Conical Tower, 240–244 Small Tower, 244 Bent on import of, 244, 245 Dr. Schlichter, do., 245, 246 Parallel Passage, xx, 246–250 The Platform, 251, 252 No. 9 Enclosure, xxii, 253, 254 〃 10 〃 xxii, 254, 256 〃 11 〃 257–260 〃 12 〃 260, 261 〃 13 〃 261, 262 〃 14 〃 262, 263 〃 15 〃 263, 264 Central Area, xxii, 264, 265 Platform Area, xxi, xxii, 265–267 Cement platform, 267 Inner Parallel Passage, 267–269 South Passage, 269–271 West Passage, 272, 273 N.E. Passage, 273, 274 Outer Parallel Passage, 274, 275

=Eudaemon (Aden)=, 67

=Explorations at Zimbabwe=— Extracts from Reports by author to Government, 437–442

=Ezion-geber=, a gold mart, xxxii Joint port of Jews and Phœnicians, 67

=Finger Rock= (Morgenster), 51

=Flux on gold scorifiers=, analysis of, 114

=Foreign stones= at Zimbabwe: dolorite, quartz, jasper, serpentine, calcedony, crystal, metamorphic slate, mica schist, ironstone, copper ore, flint, 125

=Frond Glen=, 51

=Fuko-ya-Nebandge=—the Mashonaland relic, 86–88

=Gallois, L.=, attributes the Rhodesian monuments to the Himyarites, xxxvii

=Glass finds=— Venetian, 127 Arabian, 128 Dr. Budge’s opinion thereon, 128

=Gobele’s kraal=, 60, 71

=Gold articles=— Two periods of gold manufacture at Zimbabwe, xix, xx, 111 Gold crucibles, 112, 113 Gold beads, 113 Beaten gold, 113 Gold tacks, 113 Bar and cake gold, 113 Gold bangles, 114 Gold scorifiers, 114 Dr. Hahn’s opinion on, 114, 115

=Goruma Hill=, 71

=Government notices= to visitors, 3, 433, 434

=Grandidier, Alfred=, on the early relations of the Israelites with Madagascar and the Comoro Islands, xxxvii

=Hahn, Dr. P. Daniel=, metallurgical chemist, opinion on gold scorifiers, 111, 114, 115 On soil under west wall of temple, xxv, 210, 211 On metamorphic slate, 257

=Haig, General=, on terraced slopes of South Arabia, xxxiv

=Hand-clapping=, 100

=Havilah=, of Scripture, identified with Rhodesia, xxxii, 15, 68

=Havilah Camp=, Zimbabwe— Residence of author, 2, 16 A day at, 31–50 Evening at, 48–50

=Hayles, Mr. H. H.=, of Victoria, 3

=Helm, Dr. John=, of “Morgenster,” 53, 81, 363

=Herring-bone pattern=— Carved, 110 On wall, 352

=Himyarites=, builders of the earliest Rhodesian monuments, xxxii, xxxvii (note) Source of their food supplies, xxxiii Their old Semitic language long survived in Abyssinia (Geez), and still survives in South Arabia (Ehkili), xli

=Humours of Explorations=, 48

=I’daha (hemp)= smoking, 45

=Idumean Jew=, impression of, xxxvii, 101

=Ingot moulds=, double claw-hammer-shaped, 110 Straight bar moulds, 111

=Ingumaruru Hill=, 71

=Inner Defence Wall=, 358, 359

=Inscription=, the vanished Great Zimbabwe, probably post-Koranic, xlii Himyaritic and Phœnician, absence of, on Rhodesian monuments explained, xxxix-xlii Searched for, xviii, xix

=Inventory of Relics and Finds= discovered by author at Zimbabwe, 442–448

=Iron articles= discovered— Hoes, 116 Picks, 117 Chisels, 118 Spoon, spearhead, lamp-stand, bangles, 118 “Collars” and “shoes,” 119 Forked instrument and pincers, 120, 121 Gongs, 121, 122 Rod or sceptre, keys (conjectured), 122 Smelting furnaces, 123

=Inyanga district=, its terraced slopes, xxxiv Its “slave-pits” relatively recent, xxxv Its terraces dissimilar to Zimbabwe terraces, 354

=Inyuni Hills=, 11, 69

=Isafuba game=, 32, 43, 44, 45 Holes on Rusivanga, 425 Holes at S.E. Ruins, 397

=I’zhuba Kuru (Sunday)=, 46

=Jerri’s people=, Barotse tribe, 82 Lived at Khami Ruins till 1836, 82 Now live at Jerri Mountains, South Mashonaland, 82

=Kaprazine=, the Monomotapa in 1620, 133

=Kafir= (Kaffir), derivation of, 30

=Keane, Dr. A. H.=, his solution of the “Gold of Ophir” question, xxxi-xliii, 3

=Khami Ruins= Jerri’s people (Barotse) lived here till 1836, 82, 121 Some walls at, similar to Barotse walls in Zimbabwe district, 426

=Livouri Mountains=, 9, 10 Niande Hill at, 10, 62, 69, 76

=Louw, Rev. A. A.=, “Morgenster,” 53, 81

=Lovugwe country=, 11

=Lumbo Rocks=, 8 Described, 52 Stones from, 180

=Lumbo kraal=, 88

=Madagascar=, its early relations with the Jews, xxxvii

=Magdoshu kingdom=, xxvi

=Mahobohobo trees=, 53, 60, 79, 155

=Majerri Ruins=, 65, 73

=Makalanga “People of the Sun,”= 80–101 Appearance of, 2, 6 Feasts of full moon, 16–24 Feasts of new moon, 27 Dread of ruins at night, 19 Labourers, 31–50 Letter-runners, 33 Dual character, 38 Defilement by touching dead, 43 =I’daha= smokers, 45 =Doro= drinkers, 45, 46 Talking distances, 47 Blood-cupping, 55 Sunday, 46 Mystic Bar, 57 Chibfuko Hill, veneration of, 59 Will not disclose ruins, 68 Light-skinned boy, 73 Women’s skin pattern, 74, 96 Where found to-day, 81 Language polished, 81 Makalaka, a nickname for, 81, 90 Once a powerful nation, 80 At Zimbabwe, sixteenth century, 80 Excellent stone-builders, 82, 151 Used ruins as cattle kraals, 83 Barbosa, refers to, 123, 132, 133 Check pattern on huts, 74 Name for Elliptical Temple, 85 Idea of origin of ruins, 85, 86 Agricultural and pastoral people, 89, 95 Intellectual and physical superiority of, 89 Contact with Portuguese, 90 Totem of Zimbabwe, 90 Objects of veneration, 91 Insects eaten by, 92 Astronomical ideas, 92 Sacrifices by, 93, 259, 270 Burial customs, 94, 95 Manufactures, 95 Dress, 96 Witchcraft, 97 Harmony, 97 Proverbs, 98 Whorls, 99 Salutations, 100 Jewish customs, 100, 101 Of 1514 bartered gold for brass, 123 Pottery, 40, 41, 129, 130 Occupied Elliptical Temple until sixty years ago, 254

=Makuma Kopje=, 9, 26, 32, 33, 160

=Mamba=, or =Mombo=, old dynastic title of Barotse chiefs, 82

=Manamuli’s kraal=, 72

=Mandarali’s kraal=, 65

=Mandindindi’s Ruin=, 71

=Mangwa= (Morgenster), 84

=Mapaku Ruins= (“Little Zimbabwe”), 7, 11, 60, 63, 292, 428–432

=Mapaku kraal=, 70

=Mapudzi Stream=, 7, 59, 61, 66

=Marosie.= _See_ =Barotse=.

=Marota’s kraal=, 72

=Marsgi Hill= (one of “Sheba’s Breasts”), 11, 66, 69

=Mashona=, derivation of, 80

=Masua’s kraal=, 63, 95

=Masungye=, 84

=Mauch, Dr. Karl=, German scientist, 9, 62, 185, 242, 243, 270

=Mauch Ruins=, 392–396

=Maund Ruins=, “find” at, 110 Description of, 383–386

=Matgwain=, a Barotse, 59

=Mazanda= (East Kopje), 64

=Mazili River=, 72

=Meziro River=, 71, 72

=Middle Kopje= (Chamananga), 56

=Milton, Sir W. H.=, xxx

=Mogabe, the=, Handisibishe, 2, 6, 39, 40, 42, 83, 84, 85, 279 His kraal, 16

=Mogabe, the late, Chipfuno=, 6, 55, 84, 218, 279, 333, 355

=Mogabe, the late=, Molinye, 84

=Mogabe, the late=, Mokomo, 312

=Mogoma’s kraal=, 62, 63

=Mojejèje= (Mystic Bar), 55, 57

=Molembo Tribe=, their Jewish customs, 101 Metal smiths, 111

=Monomotapa, the=, 80, 85 Kapranzine (1620), 133 Pedro (1643), 133, 280

“=Morgenster Mission=,” 52

=Moro!= salutation, origin of, 100

=Moscha=, a port of “Ophir,” 67

=Moshagashi Valley=, 1, 11

=Moshagashi River=, 10, 51, 69

=Mowishawasha Valley=, 8, 53

=Mowishawasha Hill=, 10, 54, 59

=Motelekwe River=, derivation of, 7, 9, 11, 53, 54, 60, 125, 291

=Motuminshaba Hill=, 11

=Motumi= (a Barotse headman), 58 His kraal, 58, 59, 63

=Motusa (Bentberg)=, 7, 8

=M’Tijeni’s kraal=, 11

=M’Tima’s kraal=, 10

=M’uali= (the chief spirit; in some districts the prophet of the Deity), 19, 94

=Müller, Professor=, on Zimbabwe, 193

=Munda= (a Makalanga headman), 73, 74

=Mystic Bar.= _See_ =Mojejèje=

=N’Djena Valley=, 53

=Neal, the late W. G.=, co-author of _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_, 82

=Niande Hill= (Livouri), 10

=Nini country=, near Zimbabwe, 9, 61, 62, 84, 85, 95

=No. 1 Ruins=, location of, 8, 19 Description of, 398–410

=North-East Passage=, discovered by author in 1902, 273, 274

=Omar l’Wardi= (_circa_ 1200 A.D.) on gold of S.E. Africa, 123

=Ophir=, not a gold land but a gold mart, xxxii Is identified by Oppert with Tharshish, xlii Dr. Keane, author of _The Gold of_, 5

=Oppert, Professor G.=, his solution of the “Tharshish-Ophir” problem examined, xlii-xliii

=Outer Defence Wall=, 210, 358, 410

=Outer Parallel Passage=, 274, 275

=Outspan Ruins=, 279 Described, 358–362

=Output of gold, ancient=, 292

=Paphos=, embossed cylinder from, compared with one from Great Zimbabwe, xxxix

=Pasosa Ruins=, 10

=Passages=, xx, 156–162 _At Elliptical Temple_— Parallel Passage, 246–250 Inner Parallel Passage, 267, 268 South Passage, 269–271 West Passage, 272, 273 No. 10 Enclosure Passage, 256 _Passages outside Elliptical Temple_— Outer Parallel Passage, 274, 275 N.E. Passage, 273, 274, 390 _Passages on Zimbabwe Hill_— S.E. ascent, 279–294 Central Passage, 321, 322 Sunken Passage (Eastern Temple), 332 South Cave Passage, 319 Covered Passage, 307 Parallel Passage, 308 Winding Stairs, 316 Upper Passage, 316 East Passage, 316, 317 Buttress Passage, 317, 318 South Passage, 320 Pattern Passage, 338, 339 N.W. ascent, 344–349 _In Minor Ruins_— Outspan Ruins, 360, 361 Ridge Ruins, 413, 414 No. 1 Ruins, 402, 406 _In Valley of Ruins_— N.E. Passage, 390 Bent’s Passage, 395 Posselt Ruins, 370–372 Philips Ruins, 381 Maund Ruins, 384 Mauch Ruins, 393, 395 Renders Ruins, 390, 391 _Near Zimbabwe_— Mapaku Ruins, 430

=Pedro=, the Monomotapa in 1643, 133

=Petrie, Professor Dr.=, Egyptologist, opinion on pattern on bowl, 110 On calcedony beads, 126

=Phalli=, 104

=Phœnicia=, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, 213, 245

=Philips, George=, elephant hunter from Natal, 9, 62

=Philips Ruins=, 103, 105, 107, 108, 376–383

=Plunket, Hon. E. M.=, on the Babylonian Calendar and Zodiac, xxxviii

=Posselt, The Brothers=, big-game hunters, resided at Zimbabwe, 1888–9, 7 Camp at, 8 Visited Majerri ruins, 74 Discover “Fuko-ya-Nebandge,” 86, 87 Soapstone birds, 333

=Posselt Ruins=, 366–375

=Pottery=, Barotse, 129 Makalanga, 129, 130 Of uncertain date, 130, 131, 132, 436

=Providential Pass=, 9

=Relics and “finds”= at Zimbabwe (1902–1904)— Inventory of, 442, 448 Descriptions of, 102–134 Positions and associations of “finds,” sections of floors, 103, 134 Soapstone articles, 104–111, 333 Gold articles, 111–115 Copper articles, 115, 116 Iron articles, 116, 123 Brass articles, 123, 124 Foreign stones, 124–126 Glass, pottery, and china, 127–132 Mediæval Arab articles, 132–134 Arabian glass, 128 Arabian pottery, 131 Venetian glass, 127 Tin, 116

=Renders, Adam, “Sa-adama,”= ivory trader, rediscoverer of Zimbabwe, 9 Camp at Zimbabwe, 9 Camp at Nini, 9 Cave at Chicagomboni, 61 Death, 62

=Renders Ruins=, 386–391

=Ridge Ruins=, location of, 8 Description of, 410–414

=Rock Holes Path=, 190, 312

=Rugutsi Kopje=, 54

=Rumeni Ruin=, 71

=Rushumbi Hill=, 72

=Rusinga Rocks=, 69

=Rusingu=, native name for Elliptical Temple, 85

=Rusivanga Kopje=, derivation of, 9 References to, 125, 137, 189 Ruins on, 424

“=Sa-adama.=” _See_ =Renders=

=Sabæans (Himyarites)= of South Arabia, worshipped Almaquah (Venus, Ashtaroth), 108 As original builders, 136 Parallelisms with Sabæan architecture, 193, 194

=Sabi (Sabæ, Saba) River=, no native derivation, 67 Ruins in Sabi Valley, 197, 291

=Salutations=, native, 100

=Sana=, South Arabia, its decorative art compared with that of the Rhodesian monuments, xxxvi

=Sanuto, Livio= (1588), 132

=Sayce, Dr. A. H.=, on the Ophir of Scriptures, xxxii On the Babylonian Zodiac, xxxix

=Schlichter, Dr.=, German archæologist, 7 Camp at Zimbabwe, 7 References to, 198 On Conical Tower, 245, 246 On centres of arc walls, 304 On the Zimbabwe Zodiac, xxxviii

=Schlichter Gorge=, 7, 11 Description of, 60, 61, 64

=Selous, Mr. F. C.=, big-game hunter, on moulds, 110, 151

“=Sheba’s Breasts.=” _See_ =Marsgi= and =Sueba=

=Skarduza’s kraal=, 72

=Soapstone beams=, 104–106 Birds, 106–108 Position of birds, 106 Bowls, 108–111 Ingot moulds, 110–111

=Sofala=, identified with Tharshish, xxxii Zimbabwe road to, 63, 67, 74

=South Arabia=, its terraced slopes, xxxiv

=South-East Ruins=, 396, 397

=Stanley, Sir H. H.=, on double iron gongs used in Upper Congo, 122

=Step pattern=, 339

=Sueba Hill= (one of “Sheba’s Breasts”), derivation and position, 11, 66, 72

=Suku Dingle=, 56, 187

=Swan, the late M. W.=, explorer of Zimbabwe, biographical notice of, 434, 436

=Tchivi Kopje=, 11

=Thabas Imamba=, 82, 91

=Tharshish=, probably the present Sofala, xxxii Identified by Oppert with “Ophir,” xlii

=Tokwe River=, derivation of, 9

=Valley of Ruins, the=, 3, 363–397, 398–419

=Varosie.= _See_ =Barotse=

=Veroma Range.= _See_ =Beroma=

=Victoria, township of=, 1, 2, 10, 33, 41 Native names for, 99

=Visitors to Zimbabwe=, regulations, 433

=Washa.= _See_ =Mowishawasha=

=Water Gate Ruins=, 349–353

=Welsh Bardic emblem= (parallelism), 18, 96

“=West Wall controversy=,” xxiv-xxvii

=White, M.E., Mr. Franklin= (Bulawayo), xxx

=Whorls=, soapstone, 111 Pottery, 127

=Willoughby, Sir John=, xv On extent of Great Zimbabwe Ruins, xxxiii Explorations, 8, 135, 137, 170, 190, 191, 222, 234, 400, 414

=Wilson, Major Alan=, grave at Zimbabwe, 5, 8, 19 Removal of remains, 5

=Wuwuli Village and Caves=, 54

=Yemen=, South Arabia, 15, 293

=Zimbabwe, The Great=— Derivation of, 1, 85 Author’s arrival at, 1, 2 Lord Milner’s visit, 2 Dr. K. Mauch at, 9 Bent’s camp at, 3 Dr. Schlichter at, 7 Posselt Brothers reside at, 7, 8 Willoughby’s camp, 8 Adam Renders’ camp, 9 George Philips’ camp, 9 Reserve, map of, 3 Ruins’ area, plan of, 7 Bentberg, 7 Makuma Kopje, 9 Arab station at, 132–184

=Zimbabwe creeper=, 4, 78, 147

=Zimbabwe Hill=, 2, 276–362

=Zimbabwe revival=, xxix

=Zimbabwe, Sofala Road=, 63, 74

=Zodiac, the Zimbabwe=, its antiquity vindicated, xxxviii

PLYMOUTH WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LIMITED PRINTERS

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | FOOTNOTES: | | | | [1] The major portion of this Preface was read before the British | | Association at Cambridge, August 17, 1904. | | | | [2] Stanford, 1901. | | | | [3] On this crucial point I am glad to find myself in accord | | with Dr. A. H. Sayce, who has independently arrived at the same | | conclusion. “There is no gold in Southern Arabia,” he writes, “and | | consequently Ophir must have been an emporium to which the gold was | | brought for transhipment from elsewhere” _The Early History of the | | Hebrews_, 1897, p. 463). | | | | [4] Somewhat similar terraced slopes are to be found in the | | Lydenburg district of Transvaal Colony. | | | | [5] See _Lundi Ruins_, in _Ancient Ruins_, p. 178. | | | | [6] So also M. L. Gallois, in a review of _The Gold of Ophir_, | | contributed to the _Annales de Géographie_ for September 15, 1902: | | “Ces monuments de l’Afrique du Sud ont _une parenté certaine_, avec | | les monuments himyarites de l’Arabie méridionale. Les hommes qui | | ont construit les forteresses de la Rhodesia venaient, portés par | | la mousson, de la côte méridionale d’Arabie chercher l’or du Manica | | et du Mashona.” | | | | [7] _Babel und Bibel_, p. 44. | | | | [8] _Assyria_, pp. 110, 116. | | | | [9] _Gold of Ophir_, p. 6. | | | | [10] _Ruined Cities_, p. 167. | | | | [11] And, it may be asked, in the above-quoted passage from 1 | | Kings, does the expression “ships of Tharshish” mean “ships of | | the sea”? The Hebrew text has אֳנִיּוֹת תַּרְשִׁישׁ, “ships of Tharshish.” | | And if for Tharshish we substitute Ophir—Oppert’s alternative | | suggestion—we get nonsense; “ships of Ophir go to Ophir.” Even the | | “higher critics” will scarcely accept this. | | | | [12] _Das Problem scheint jetzt in der That gëlost_ (No. 19, 1902, | | p. 357). | | | | [13] Correctly, _Zim-bāb-gi_ (_zimba_, pl. buildings; _mābgi_, pl. | | stones), words in common use in _Chicaranga_, the language of the | | Makalanga. Authorities on _Chicaranga_ agree that _zimba_, though | | applying to dwellings, is also applied to buildings which are not | | dwellings. | | | | [14] See _Appendix_, Note A. Government Notice, No. 103 of 1904, | | “Great Zimbabwe, Notice to Visitors, with Regulations.” | | | | [15] Remains removed to Matoppas, 1904. | | | | [16] Correctly, _Motirikoi_ (_Chicaranga_, “a river that rises | | suddenly”). | | | | [17] Correctly, _Togue_ (passive); in _Chicaranga_, “a river where | | people are swept away.” The _Togue_ is a strong and fast-running | | river. | | | | [18] In _Chicaranga_, “the hill of those who ran away.” | | | | [19] “Black.” | | | | [20] Chewers, probably of tobacco. | | | | [21] Usually but wrongly spelt _Kaffir_. It is the Arabic كافِر, | | Káfir = Infidel, Unbeliever, applied indifferently to all | | non-Mohammedan peoples, hence has no ethnical significance. | | | | [22] In _Chicaranga_ the Zulu _l_ becomes _r_. The Sebele _l_ in | | _Abolse_ (see pp. 3, 17, 133, 134, and 191 _The Ancient Ruins_, 2nd | | edition) becomes _r_—or _Barose_, _Barotse_, etc. | | | | [23] The Mogabe Handisibishe is called _Benzi_, “the quarrelsome | | man,” owing to his frequent quarrellings with the chiefs of other | | Makalanga tribes. | | | | [24] See also Isafuba, _Ancient Ruins_, pp. 79, 80, 140, 152, 268. | | | | [25] Waterfall (_Chicaranga_). | | | | [26] Bingura’s people are Amangwa. | | | | [27] _Mashona_, probably a corruption of _Mashuli_, _Mahuli_, | | “slaves,” is the name by which the Makalanga are known to the | | whites; hence “Mashonaland,” the now established name of their | | territory, which should properly be _Makalangaland_. | | | | [28] _Barotse_, _Barose_, _Marose_, and _Varose_ are all variant | | forms of _Baharutse_, who appear to be the original stock of the | | Bechuana nation, hence are regarded by all the other branches of | | the family as their “elder brothers.” | | | | [29] The proper totem of the Barotse people is the _Chuene_ (Cape | | baboon), but sub-tribes of Barotse each have also a totem of their | | own. The _Mamba_ (puff-adder) was the totem of the Barotse of | | Thabas I’Mamba districts. | | | | [30] Coillard, pp. 220, 224, and 333. | | | | [31] See Dr. Keane’s Introduction to this volume; also _The Gold | | of Ophir_; also M. Grandidier’s work on the Sabæan, Phœnician, and | | Idumean Jew influences on South-East Africa and Madagascar; and | | _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd edition). | | | | [32] See _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_, 2nd edition, pp. 141–3, | | for descriptions of relics found at Zimbabwe in 1891 and 1892. | | See Appendix hereto, Note F, for inventory of relics found by the | | author at Zimbabwe, 1902–4. | | | | [33] All the birds found at Zimbabwe either by Mr. Bent and the | | author were discovered occupying an eastern position, cut off from | | south-west, west, and north by cliffs or large and high walls. | | | | [34] Professor Dr. Flinders Petrie informs the author that this | | pattern is decidedly of Eastern origin, possibly Assyrian. | | | | [35] See also _Preface_, “Two Periods of Gold Manufacture at | | Zimbabwe.” | | | | [36] Dr. Flinders Petrie has informed the author that calcedony | | beads, identical in shape and size to those found in ruins in | | Rhodesia, are of mediæval Arab origin. | | | | [37] Dr. Budge, Head Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities | | at the British Museum, considers this glass to belong to the | | thirteenth or fourteenth century of this era. | | | | [38] The author is preparing a monograph on the pottery of the | | Barotse and Makalanga. | | | | [39] See Note C, Appendix to this volume, which gives a fuller | | description of this “find.” | | | | [40] For descriptions of ancient architecture in the ruins of | | Rhodesia generally, see _The Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd | | edition), Chapter XII. | | | | [41] For a probable explanation of the absence of inscriptions, see | | Dr. Keane’s Introduction to this volume. | | | | [42] See Preface. | | | | [43] Figures in round brackets are points of the circumference of | | the interior face of the main wall measured from the south side of | | the west entrance and going south. | | | | [44] This has now been discovered. It had been removed by relic | | hunters in 1892. | | | | [45] Since the above was written further exploration in the ruins | | shows several lengths of these granite cement dadoes, one 16 ft. | | and another 33 ft. long, still intact. Cement dadoes have also | | been found round the faces of buttresses and on the side walls of | | entrances, thus reducing the width of such passage-ways by at least | | 5 in. | | | | [46] Most of the Sabæan temples were round. _El Masoudi_ (940 A.D.). | | | | [47] All the birds found at Zimbabwe occupied eastward positions. | | | | [48] For _Areas of varying styles of Ancient Architecture_ see | | _Ancient Ruins_, p. 164, section (a). | | | | [49] See Preface, _West Wall Controversy_. | | | | [50] _Report on the examination and analysis of No. 2 Sample of | | mineral._—This was a sample of powdery, earthy mineral. One-half of | | it has been assayed with the view to the presence of gold, and was | | found to contain 1½ dwts. of gold per ton. The other portion has | | been analysed as to its chemical composition, which was found to be | | as follows: | | | | Silica 73·18 % | | Oxide of Iron 17·83 〃 | | Alumina 8·98 〃 | | Lime Trace. | | | | This powdery earth is most probably formed through the | | disintegration of the slag and furnace ashes, which make an | | excellent foundation for the floor of a large building. On exposure | | to the action of the weather it crumbles to powder. | | | | P. DANIEL HAHN, PH.D, M.A., | | Professor of Chemistry. | | | | [51] See Appendix, Note G, as to formation rock under the temple. | | | | [52] See _Frontispiece_. | | | | [53] Several independent astronomical calculations point to the age | | of the Elliptical Temple being from 1100 to 1300 years B.C. | | | | [54] This has been now found by the author. It had been removed in | | 1892 by relic hunters. | | | | [55] _Report on the examination and analysis of No. 1 sample of | | minerals_:— | | | | This was a piece of metamorphic slate, such as may be found in the | | vicinity of the contact-zone of clay slate and granite or other | | crystalline rock. Its composition does not present any peculiar | | features. | | | | P. DANIEL HAHN, PH.D., M.A. | | _Professor of Chemistry, South African College | | Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory._ | | | | [56] Two rounded buttresses are built on the larger buttress, and | | are against the summit of this wall. | | | | [57] Discovered 1902. | | | | [58] For description of these ruins, see p. 358. | | | | [59] _Ancient Ruins of Rhodesia_ (2nd edition). | | | | [60] See Author’s Report on _Slanting Monolith_, Note E, Appendix. | | | | [61] The author was the first to break through the old habit of | | bestowing misleading or suggestive titles to various architectural | | features. These recesses unfortunately have thus always been known | | as “buttresses.” A long list of such incorrect titles could easily | | be compiled from printed descriptions of ruins. | | | | [62] The author has since discovered similar recesses elsewhere at | | Zimbabwe. | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

_Price 10s. 6d. net. With seventy illustrations._

THE ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA

BY W. G. NEAL AND R. N. HALL

SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION

LONDON: METHUEN & CO.

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - Text enclosed by equals is in bold font (=bold=). - Blank pages have been removed. - Advertisement has been moved to the back. - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - Some spelling and hyphenation variations have been made consistent.