Chapter 39

Public opinion and official views in, at the opening of the Civil War, i. 40-60; doubts of Northern cause, 48, 50; attitude to recognition of the South, 53 _note_[1], on secession, 54, 55, 57 Trade: exclusive basis in, i. 17, 20, 21; effect of American retaliatory system on, 20; free trade theory, 21; ii. 304; hopes from cotton interests, i. 22 Working classes in: Northern sympathies of, ii. 284, 285 _note_[1] _See also subject-headings_ Great Lakes: Armaments agreement, i. 4; ii. 253, 254 Greeley, Horace, editor of _New York Times_, attack on Seward by, i. 280 _note_[1]; and Mercier's proposal of mediation, ii. 75; Lincoln's reply to, on emancipation, 92-3 Gregg, Percy, ii. 154 _note_[1] Gregory (Liberal-Conservative, friend of the South), i. 90, 91 _note_[1], 267; motion of, for recognition of the South, 85, 91, 108; advice to Mason on blockade question, 267; motion to urge the blockade ineffective, 268-72; speech in Parliament on distress in Lancashire, ii. 21, 22 _and note_; quoted on attitude of Parliament to intervention and recognition, 155; view of Roebuck's motion, 175; question of, on the destruction of British property in America, 265; mentioned, i. 292; ii. 153, 164 Greville, Charles, quoted, ii. 3 Greville. Colonel, ii. 193 _note_ Grey, Sir George, i. 163, 207; ii. 171, 263 Grimes, Senator, on the purpose of the Privateering Bill, ii. 123-4 Gros, Baron, ii. 167, 168-9, 170 Grote, George, quoted, i. 1

Haliburton, T.C., ii. 187, 193 _note_ Hall, Capt. Basil, _Travels in North America_, cited, i. 26-7 Hall, Rev. Newman, ii. 111, 224 Hamilton, R.C., "The English Press and the Civil War," i. 38 _note_[2] Hamilton, Capt. Thomas, _Men and Manners in America_, quoted, i. 27 Hammond, E., Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, i. 189; enquiry as to possible action of American Navy to intercept Southern Commissioners, 206-7, 210, 211 _and note_[1]; on Foreign Enlistment Act, ii. 142; letter of, to Lyons, on seizure of Laird Rams, 147 _note_[4]; quoted, on public opinion and Napoleon's proposal of mediation, 66; mentioned, i. 256; ii. 45 Hammond, Senator, of S. Carolina, quoted, ii. 2-3 "Hampton Roads Conference," The, ii. 252-3 Harcourt, Sir William, quoted, on Lord Russell's statesmanship during the American Civil War, i. 1; letters of, in the _Times_ on questions of International Law, i. 222 _note_; ii. 63 _and note_[2]; _and see under_ "Historicus" Hardwicke, Earl, i. 94 _note_[2] Harris, T.L., _The Trent Affair_, cited, i. 203 _note_, 205 _note_[1], 217 _note_[1], 227 _note_[1], 231 _note_[2]; ii. 282 _note_[2]; citations of anti-Americanism in _Times_, i. 217 _note_[1] Hawthorne, Julian, cited, i. 47 Head, Sir Edmund, Governor of Canada, i. 129, 197 _note_[2] Hertslet, _Map of Europe by Treaty_, cited, i. 94 _note_[3] "Historicus," Letters of, to the _Times_, cited and quoted, i. 222 _note_; ii. 63, 104, 138 _note_[1] Holmes, O.W., i. 37 _note_ Hood, General, ii. 236 _note_[2] Hope, A.J. Beresford, ii. 187, 189, 193 _note_, 281-2 Hopwood, i. 305; ii. 11, 18, 21 Horsfall, Mr., ii. 153 Horton, Wilmot, i. 23; Committee on Emigration to America, 23, 24 Hotze, H., Confederate agent, quoted on effect of _Trent_ affair, i. 243; descriptive account of his activities, ii. 154 _note_[1]; and the "foul blot" phrase, 240; and the Southern arming of negroes, 241; mentioned, ii. 68 _note_[1], 180 _note_[3], 213 Hotze Papers, The, ii. 154 _note_[1], 180 _note_[2], 185 _note_[1] Houghton, Lord, ii. 265-6, 267 Hughes, Thomas, i. 181; ii. 224 _note_[3] Hunt, James, _The Negro's Place in Nature_, cited, ii. 222 Hunt's Merchants Magazine, cited ii. 8 _note_[2], 14 _note_[1] Hunter, Confederate Secretary of State, i. 264 Hunter, General, issues order freeing slaves, ii. 84 Hunter, Mr., editor of the _Herald, _ ii. 213 _and note_[1] Huse, Caleb, ii. 120 _note_[2], 159 Huskisson, cited, i. 20 Huxley's criticism of Hunt's _The Negro's Place in Nature_, ii. 222

Impressment by Britain: a cause of irritation to America, i. 6, 7, 8, 16 _Index, The_, ii., 33 _and note_[3]; agitation of, for recognition of the South and mediation, 33-4, 153-4; on Gladstone's Newcastle speech, 51 _note_[3]; views of, on Lord Russell and his policy, 51 _note_[3], 55 _and note_[4], 68, 69, 165, 196, 197; on reply to French joint mediation offer, 68-9; on Laird Rams, 150 _note_[2]; quoted on Government attitude to the belligerents, 154, 164-5; connection with Hotze, 154 _note_[1]; and the fall of Vicksburg, 165, 178 _and note_[1]; on French press and policy of France, 174 _note_[3], 180; reports of, on Southern meetings and associations, 188, 190 _and notes_, 194 _and note_[2], 195, 239 _and note_[4], 240; comments on the Palmerston-Mason interview, 215-6; criticism of Palmerston's reply to deputation on mediation, 216; view of mediation, 217; defence of slavery in the South, 220-2, 240-1; criticism of the _Times_, 228; quotations from the French press on the war, 236 _note_[2]; and the Presidential election, 236 _note_[2]; on Germany's aid to the North, 236 _note_[2]; on reception of Northern deputations by Adams, 245 _note_[1]; on characteristics of Southern leaders and society, 287; view of Northern democracy, 287; denunciation of the Manchester School 298-9; cited, ii. 181 _note_[2], 186, 190 _note_[3], 199 _note_[4], 232, 241 _note_[1], 242; quoted, 192, 193 _note_[1] Ionian Islands, control of, i. 79 Ireland: Irish emigration to America, i. 29; ii. 200, 201; enlistments in, for Northern forces, 200, 201; the _Kearsarge_ incident, 201-2; petitions circulated in, in support of the North, 240 Italy, disturbances in, ii. 29

Jackson, Stonewall, exploits of, in Virginia: effect of, on Russell and Palmerston, ii. 38 Jackson, W.A., ii. 191 James, _William Wetmore Story and his Friends_, quoted, i. 228 _and note_[4]; cited, 256 _note_[4] _James Adger_, The, American war-ship, i. 208, 209, 210, 211 _note_[1] Jameson, Professor J.F., ii. 154 _note_[1] Japan: Seward's suggestion of a naval demonstration against, i. 126 _note_[1] Jefferson, President, i. 7, 11, 18 Jewett, J.P., quoted, ii. 111 _note_[3] _John Bull_, ii. 231 _note_; quoted, on slavery not an issue, i. 179; Bull Run, a blow to democracy, i. 179-80 Johnston, General: campaign against Sherman, ii. 248, 274 Jones, Mason, pro-Northern speaker, ii. 193-4. 195. 224 Juarez (Mexican leader), ii. 198 "Justicia," letters of, in the _Times_, i. 217

Kansas border struggles, i. 32 _Kearsarge_ incident, The, ii. 201-2 Kelly, William, _Across the Rocky Mountains, etc._, cited and quoted, ii. 275 _note_[3] Kennedy, William, _Texas, etc._, cited, i. 29 Kenner, Duncan F., Confederate Commissioner, ii. 249-50 Kentucky, effect of "border state policy" on, i. 173 Kinglake, views of, on Roebuck's motion, ii. 175

_La France_, cited, ii. 236 _note_[2] Laird Brothers: builders of the _Alabama_ and _Laird Rams_, ii. 120, 121-2, 129; prosecution of, demanded, 136; officially ordered not to send Rams on trial trip, 146, 149; Government's correspondence with, 146 _and note_[2], 149-50 Laird, speech of, in reply to Bright's attack on the Government, ii. 134 Laird Rams, the, ii. 121-2, 123, 124, 137, 140 _et seq._, 196; description and purpose of, 122 _and_ _note_[1]; British Government position, 133, 134; rumours regarding, 142-3; seizure of, 145-50, 179-80, 182; suit for damages, 151 _note_[1]; British Government purchase of, 151 _note_[1]; U.S. Navy plan to purchase, 130 _note_[2]; usual historical treatment of the incident, 141, 147 _and note_[1] Lamar, Confederate representative: account of Roebuck and Bright, ii. 172 _note_[2] Lancashire: Cotton trade, distress in, ii. 6, 11 _et seq._, 21, 26, 29, 31, 240; attitude in, to Government policy, 10, 11, 13-15; attitude of the "Cotton Lords" to, 10, 16; Farnall report on, 12, 20; Northern sympathies of cotton operatives, 13, 285 _note_[1] Cotton factories, statistics, ii 6 Cotton manufacturers, attack on in Commons, ii. 163-4 _Lane, Franklin K., Letters of_, cited ii. 129 _note_[1] Layard, reply of, on Roebuck's motion, ii. 171, 173; on destruction of British property in America, 265 _Le Siècle_, cited, ii. 174 _note_[3], 236 _note_[2] Lee, General, turns back McClellan's advance on Richmond, ii. 1; defeated at Antietam, 43, 85; retreat of, through Shenandoah valley, 43; advance in Pennsylvania, 163 _note_[1], 164, 176; defeats Hooker at Chancellorsville, 164; retreat from Gettysburg, 163 _note_[1], 178, 179, 297; defence of Richmond, 185, 217, 247, 248; surrender, 248, 255, 256-7, 265, 301, 303 _Times_, quoted or cited, on his campaign, ii. 227, 256, 296 Lees, Mr., ii, 220 Lempriere, Dr., i. 180; ii. 191 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, i. 76, 78 _and note_, 94; ii. 52; views of, on the Civil War, ii. 50 _and note_[2], 51; article on "The Election of President Lincoln and its Consequences," i. 78 _note_; fears war with America in _Trent_ affair, 215, 226; objections of, to mediation, ii. 44-6; Hereford speech of, in reply to Gladstone, 50 _and note_[1], 51, 55, 58; view of the Emancipation Proclamation, 52; action of, on Russell's proposed intervention, 52 _et seq_., 73-4; memorandum of, on British policy in opposition to Russell, 62-3; account of Cabinet discussion on Napoleon's armistice suggestion, 63-5; Hereford speech, effect on Adams, ii. 55; Palmerston's views on Lewis' attitude to recognition, 56; Russell's reply to Lewis, 56, 57 _Liberator, The_, Garrison's abolition organ, i. 31, 33 _and note_[3]; 46 _and note_[1], 47; cited or quoted, 70 _note_[1]; ii. 106 _note_[2], 107, 109 _note_[2]; III _note_[3], 130, 184 _note_[3], 189 _note_[2], 191 _note_[2], 194, 223 _and note_[2], 224 _note_[2], 237 _note_[1], 239 _notes_, 240 _note_[2], 289 Liebknecht, W., ii. 301 _note_[3] Lincoln, President, i. 115 Characteristics of, i. 115, 119, 120, 127-8; influence of, in Britain, ii. 276 Election and inauguration, i. 36, 38, 39, 48, 51, 64, 82, 110, 115; inaugural address, 38, 50, 71, 175; personal view of terms of election, 49; popular views on 79, 114, 115 Decision to reinforce Fort Sumter, i. 117, 118, 119, 120; and defend Federal forts, 118; attitude to Seward's foreign war policy, 119-20, 136; reply to Seward's "Some Thoughts for the President's Consideration," 119-20, 124; modifies Despatch No. 10, 126-7; attitude to Schleiden's Richmond visit, 121 122; emergency measures of, 172, 173 _Policy and views of, on:_-- Blockade proclamation, i. 83, 110, 111, 244. _See heading_ Blockade Border State policy of, i. 173, 176, 272 _note_[1]; ii. 82 Confiscation Bill, attitude to, ii. 82, 84 Emancipation Proclamation of, _See that heading_ Hampton Roads, Conference at, ii. 252-3 Intervention, on, ii. 36 Piracy proclamation, i. 83, 111, 160 Servile insurrection, ii. 83 Slavery: inaugural address on, i. 38. 50, 71, 175; view of the terms of his election regarding, 49; denial of emancipation as an issue, 239; ii. 88; reply to Chicago abolitionists on, ii. 49 _note_[3]; declarations on, 78; conversations with Sumner on, 82; attitude to emancipation, 82, 83-4, 96; and anti-slavery sentiment, 83; denial of, as a cause of the war, 88; reply to Schurz on emancipation, 72; reply to Greeley, 93, 94; orders of, as to liberated slaves, 100 _Trent_ affair; attitude to release of envoys, i. 231 _and note_[2], British view of, in, i. 225, 226, 230 Union, the: efforts to preserve, i. 49, 121; efforts to restore, ii. 82, 83, 93-5; reply to Greeley on, 92-3 Attitude of, to England, i. 301; curtails authority of General Butler, 305; settles quarrel between Seward and Chase; ii. 72; letter to Manchester supporters of the North, 109; drafts resolution for use in British public meetings on slavery, 113; British addresses to, 288, 290-1 Re-election, ii. 226, 234, 235, 238; expectations of his defeat, 226, 231; British Press views on, 234-5, 238; _Punch_ cartoon, 239 _and note_[1]; complaints of his despotism and inefficiency in press, ii. 176, 232; his terms to the South, 251, 252 Assassination of, ii. 257-8, 265; political effect of, in Britain, 301, and in Germany, 301 _note_[3]; British sympathy, 259-64 Appreciations of, ii. 258-61 British opinion of, during the War, ii. 239 _note_[1] Bright's confidence in, ii. 255 _and note_[1] Lyons' view on, i. 51; ii. 258-9 Press views, i. 38-9; ii. 102-5 _passim_ Schleiden's view of, i. 116 Influence of Bright's letters on, i. 232; pardons Rubery in honour of Bright, ii. 225 _and note_[1] Otherwise mentioned, i. 59, 81, 149, 223; ii. 39, 68, 91, 109 _note_[2], 126, 225, 251, 278, 281, 297 Lindsay, William Schaw: descriptive account of, i. 267, 289; on the blockade and French attitude to intervention, 267; project of mediation of, 279; account of interview with Napoleon III, 289-90; interview with Cowley, 290-1; second interview with Napoleon, 291; effect of interviews on Confederate Commissioners, 292; refused an interview by Russell and Palmerston, 294-5, 296; third interview with Napoleon, 295; interview with Disraeli, 295, 296; proposed motion in Parliament, 301-2, 305-6, 307; account of a letter to Russell in explanation of his proposed motion, 305 _and note_[5]; introduces motion in Parliament on mediation, ii. 18, 20, 21-23; withdrawal of, 23, 34; with Roebuck interviews Napoleon on recognition, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174-5, 177; suggestion by, on Confederate finance, 156; proposes a further recognition motion, 178 _note_[1]; connection with Southern Independence Association, 193, 195, 204, 205, 206, 211; hopes of, from attack on Government policy in detaining Southern vessels, 185, 195, 196; hopes from Napoleon and from Southern victory, 204; fresh agitation for mediation and recognition, 205-6, 209, 210; interviews Palmerston, 206-7, 209; urges Mason to interview Palmerston, 207, 208, 209; interview with Lord Russell 209-10, 212-13; use of the Danish question, 206, 210; hopes from Disraeli, 213; postponement of his motion, 214, 215, 218 Friendship with John Bright, ii. 172 _note_[1]; otherwise mentioned, i. 197, 268; ii. 25, 181 Lindsay & Co., ii. 157 Liverpool: change of feeling in, over the _Alabama_, ii. 129-30 _Liverpool Post_, The, cited on the Emancipation Proclamation, ii. 103 Liverpool Shipowners' Association, urges remonstrance on closing of Charleston Harbour by "Stone Boats," i. 256 _London Chronicle_, The, quoted, i. 46 London Confederate States Aid Association, ii. 191, 192 _and note_[2], 195 London Emancipation Society, ii. 91, 110; distinguished members of, 91 _note_[1] _London Gazette_, The, i. 94 _London Press_, The, quoted i. 54-5, 68 _London Review_, The, cited, i. 46 _and note_[4] Longfellow, H. W., i. 37 _note_, 55 _note_[2] Lothian, Marquis of, ii. 187, 193 _note_ Lousada, letter to Lyons on _Trent_ affair, quoted, i. 220 _note_[2] Lowell, J. R., i. 37 _note_, 236 Lushington, Dr., i. 207 Lutz, Dr. Ralph H., cited, i. 117 _note_; ii. 111 _note_[2]; 121 _note_[1] _Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland_, etc., cited, i. 117 _note_; ii. 285 _note_[1] Lyons, Lord, British Minister in Washington, i. 42, 51, 114; attitude in the American dispute, 51, 53, 88 _note_[2], 93 _and note_[3], 254; ii. 237 _note_[4]; on Southern clamour at Lincoln's election, i. 51; views on the personnel of the Northern Government, i. 59-60; view of Seward, 59, 60, 65, 114, 129; ii. 72; fears from Seward's foreign war policy, i. 60, 128-36 _passim_; efforts to prevent interruption of commerce with the South,