CHAPTER XVI.

Anglo-Saxon Period--Buckets--Drinking-cups of wood--Bronze Bowls--Bronze Boxes--Combs--Tweezers--Châtelaines--Girdle Ornaments--Keys--Hair-pins--Counters, or Draughtmen, and Dice--Querns--Triturating Stones, etc.--Conclusion.

Buckets, so called, and very appropriately, from their close resemblance in form to our modern vessels bearing that name, are occasionally found in Anglo-Saxon graves. They are small wooden vessels bound round with hoops or rims of bronze, more or less ornamented, and have a handle of the same metal arched over their tops. Of course in every case the wooden staves of which they were composed, and which were of ash, are decomposed, the hoops, handle, and mountings alone remaining. They vary very much in size; one from Bourne Park had the lower hoop twelve inches in diameter, and the upper one ten inches, and the whole height appears to have been about a foot; the handle was hooked at its ends exactly the same as in our present buckets, and fitted into loops on the sides; it had three looped bronze feet to stand upon. Other examples only measure four or five inches in diameter. The example here engraved (fig. 460) was found in Northamptonshire, along with other remains. It is composed of three encircling hoops of bronze, and has its handle and attachments also of the same metal.

The next example (fig. 461) is from Fairford, in Gloucestershire, and is three inches in height, and four inches in diameter. The hoops and mountings are of bronze. Another example, which I give for the purpose of comparison, is from Envermeu, in Normandy (fig. 462). Of the use of these utensils nothing certain, of course, is known, but it is conjectured they were used for bringing in mead, ale, or wine, to fill the drinking-cups--the objection to this as a general rule being their very small size. “The Anglo-Saxon translation of the Book of Judges (vii. 20) rendered _hydrias confregissent_, by ‘ꞇo-bꞃœcon pa bucaꞅ,’ _i.e._ ‘they broke the buckets.’ A common name for this vessel, which was properly called _buc_, was _œscen_, signifying literally a vessel made of ash, the favourite wood of the Anglo-Saxons.”

Drinking-cups were sometimes of wood. Of these, two examples are here given. The first of these has a rim of brass, the second a like rim attached by overlapping bands. It has also a number of small bands of the same metal riveted on to mend cracks in the wood. They were found in a barrow on Sibertswold Down, in Kent.

Bowls of bronze are occasionally also found. Some of these are plain, others enamelled or otherwise ornamented, and others, again, gilt. Many of them appear from their form to have been of Roman origin. Some remarkably fine examples have been yielded by the graves of Kent and other districts. The one here engraved (fig. 465) was found at Over-Haddon, in Derbyshire, along with the remains of a circular enamelled disc of the kind described on a previous page, and other relics. The bowl was seven inches in diameter, and had originally two handles. They are supposed to have been used for placing hot meats in, on the table. They range in size from four or five to twelve or fourteen inches in diameter.

Small boxes of bronze are occasionally found, and are of different forms. Some are plain upright boxes with lids, just intended to hold sewing materials--in fact, the work-boxes of the Saxon ladies--and others are rather large, and have been intended to contain the comb, etc.: they are, therefore, a kind of dressing-cases. The box engraved on fig. 466 was found along with other Saxon remains near Church Sterndale. The grave, which was cut in the rock, contained a skeleton of a woman; the lower bones were fairly preserved, but of the upper parts there were but few remains, the enamel crowns of the teeth being in the best condition. “At the left hip was a small iron knife four inches long, and where the right shoulder had been was an assemblage of curious articles, the most important of which was a small bronze box or canister, with a lid to slide on, measuring altogether two inches high, and the same in diameter. When found, it was much crushed, but still retained, inside, remains of thread, and bore on the outside impressions of linen cloth. Close to it were two bronze pins or broken needles, and a mass of corroded iron, some of which has been wire chainwork connected with a small bronze ornament with five perforations, plated with silver, and engraved with a cable pattern, near which were two iron implements of larger size, the whole comprising the girdle and châtelaine, with appendages, of a Saxon lady. Many pieces of hazel stick were found in contact with these relics, which were probably the remains of a basket in which they were placed at the funeral. All the iron shows impressions of woven fabrics, three varieties being distinguishable; namely, coarse and fine linen, and coarse flannel or woollen cloth. The box is very faintly ornamented by lozenges, produced by the intersection of oblique lines scratched in the metal.”

The next engraving shows a bronze box of quite a different character, found with Anglo-Saxon remains at Newhaven. It is two inches in diameter, but very thick. It has six vertical ribs and two bars for attachment of the lid.

Needles and pins are frequently met with. The two shown on fig. 466 will, however, be sufficient to call attention to these minute objects.

Combs of the Anglo-Saxon period differ but little from those of the Romans, or indeed from those of the present day. They were, both Roman and Saxon, sometimes toothed on one side and sometimes on both sides, and were made alike of wood, of metal, of bone, and of ivory. Boxwood appears to have been so much used for the manufacture of combs as to have occasionally given its own name to them. Thus Martial says:--

“Quid faciet nullos hic inventura capillos, Multifido buxus quæ tibi dente datur?”

Wooden combs have naturally for the most part perished, but fragments have occasionally been found. Combs, both of bronze and iron, of the Roman period, have also been discovered. The greater part, however, both of that and of the Saxon period, which have been exhumed, are of bone and ivory. A good example of the single-edged or “backed” comb is given on fig. 469; they varied much in ornamentation. The next (fig. 470) is toothed on both its edges, and has guards or covers to fit on the teeth, in the same manner as common pocket-combs of the present day. The next is a comb with a handle, which was dredged up out of the river Thames. The period is somewhat uncertain, but I give it for the purpose of comparison, as I do also the three next figures, the first of which is from the mummy graves at Arica, the second a modern wooden comb from the same district, and the third an Indian scalp-comb. Combs from Rangoon, in the Burmese empire, and from China, are also very curiously illustrative of those of early races found in our own country.

Mirrors such as are found in Roman graves are occasionally, but very rarely, met with; they were, of course, articles for the toilet. Shears or scissors of iron, some of which are of precisely the same form as our modern sheep-shears, and others of the shape of scissors of the present day, are of not unfrequent occurrence. Tweezers, too, are occasionally met with. The usual form is shown on fig. 475. They are of bronze, and were, it is said, used for pulling out superfluous hairs from the body. They with the scissors were frequently worn attached to the girdle, along with other instruments, of which I shall now say a few words.

Châtelaines, or girdle-hangers, are among the most interesting of discoveries in the graves of Saxon females. They consist of a bunch of small implements of various kinds--keys, tweezers, scissors, tooth-picks, ear-picks, nail-cleaners, etc., and ornaments of one kind or other--hung on a chain, which being attached to the girdle hung down by the side to the thigh, or, in some instances, evidently as low as the knee. The various instruments are of silver, bronze, or iron, and are generally, the iron especially, corroded into an almost shapeless mass. The silver and bronze being more endurable, the instruments of these metals are better preserved. The example here given (fig. 476) is from one of the Kentish graves. Of some of the articles found the use is unknown, but most can be easily identified. A bunch of what is supposed to be three latch-keys is given on fig. 477, and on the next figure, 478, two curious objects, the use of which has probably been to hang small instruments on, to attach them to the girdle. For the same use, probably, are the curious and somewhat puzzling objects which are occasionally met with, and are here shown on fig. 479. They are found in pairs, attached at the top, and vary much in the pattern of the lower extremities. Probably the girdle passed through the upper part, and keys and other objects would be hung on the lower ends. Each side of the one here engraved is six and a half inches in length. A large variety of girdle ornaments have been found in different districts.

Hair-pins are of various forms and lengths. They are generally of bronze, but sometimes of bone. They are sometimes plain, but at others highly ornamented, occasionally being richly enamelled. Fig. 480 is of unique form, and has three flat pendants of bronze attached to its head by a ring. Besides hair-pins, numbers of metal pins for domestic purposes are met with.

Of locks and keys, scales and weights, and many other articles, it will not be necessary to speak at further length than simply to note that they are sometimes found in Saxon graves. Bells--small hand-bells--too, are found in the graves of women. They are of bronze or iron, and of the rectangular form so characteristic of Saxon bells of larger size.

One of the most curious set of objects which the Saxon graves of Derbyshire have produced is a set of twenty-eight bone counters, or draughtmen, some of which are shown on the following engraving (fig. 484) where they are represented of their full size. They were found by Mr. Bateman in a barrow near Cold Eaton, along with an interment of burnt bones, some fragments of iron, and portions of two bone combs. The draughtmen, as they are supposed to be, and the combs, had been burnt with the body. The following is Mr. Bateman’s account of this curious discovery:--

“The barrow was about twenty yards across, with a central elevation of eighteen inches, and was entirely composed of earth. The original deposit was placed in a circular hole, eighteen inches in diameter, sunk about six inches in the stony surface of the land on which the barrow was raised, so that the entire depth from the top of the latter was two feet. The interment consisted of a quantity of calcined human bones, which lay upon a thin layer of earth at the bottom of the hole, as compactly as if they had at first been deposited within a shallow basket or similar perishable vessel. Upon them lay some fragments of iron, part of two bone combs, and twenty-eight convex objects of bone, like button-moulds.

“The pieces of iron have been attached to some article of perishable material; the largest fragment has a good-sized loop, as if for suspension. One of the combs has been much like the small-tooth comb used in our nurseries, and is ornamented by small annulets cut in the bone; the other is of more elaborate make, having teeth on each side as the former, but being strengthened by a rib up the middle of both sides, covered with a finely cut herring-bone pattern, and attached by iron rivets.

“The twenty-eight bone objects (of which nine are engraved on fig. 484) consist of flattened hemispherical pieces, mostly with dots on the convex side; in some, dots within annulets. They vary from half an inch to an inch in diameter, and have generally eight, nine, or ten dots each; but these are disposed so irregularly that it would be difficult to count them off-hand, which leads to the conclusion that these counters would not be employed for playing any game dependent upon numbers, like dominoes or dice, but that they were more probably used for a game analogous to draughts. This is most likely to be the fact, as draughtmen have occasionally been found in Scandinavian grave-mounds; and we must assign this interment to the Saxons, whose customs were in many respects identical. All the articles found in this barrow have undergone the process of combustion, along with the human remains.”

In Yorkshire, some years ago, a stone, marked in small squares like a draught-board, was found at Scambridge.[58] In a grave at Gilton, in Kent, two small dice, here engraved of their full size (fig. 485), were found. They were formed of ivory or bone.

Querns, or hand-mills, for grinding corn, have on many occasions been found in or about Anglo-Saxon interments. The one engraved on the next figure (fig. 486) was found in a Saxon grave in the grounds of Miss Worsley, at Winster, along with many other interesting relics. One half of the quern had been burnt along with the body, as had also many of the stones which formed the mound.

The next (fig. 487) is from Kings Newton, the same locality referred to under the head of Anglo-Saxon pottery. Portions of stones which have evidently formed triturating stones, or grinders, are occasionally found in the grave-mounds of different periods. These have doubtless been of the same general character with the two here engraved for comparison (figs. 488 and 489). Similar stones are found in Ireland.

Besides the objects here spoken of, a large variety of interesting remains of a miscellaneous character are found in the Saxon graves, but which, however interesting they may be, do not require in my present work to be specially noted.

* * * * *

I have endeavoured in the foregoing pages to give, in as brief a form as was consistent with a clear description of the objects, a faithful picture of the endless stores of treasures which the grave-mounds of our earliest forefathers open out to us, and to point out, with the aid of illustrations, the characteristics of each of the three great divisions, so as to enable my readers correctly to appropriate any remains which may come under their notice. I have purposely, and studiously, avoided theory and conjecture as far as was at all possible; contenting myself rather with bringing forward facts, which observations, personal or otherwise, into the grave-mounds and their contents have established, than speculating upon matters which can have no real bearing upon the subject.

It is said that “there is nothing new under the sun.” The researches which have been made into the grave-mounds of the three great periods--the Celtic, the Romano-British, and the Anglo-Saxon--tend immeasurably to show the approximate truth of this adage, and my readers, from the foregoing pages, will be able to judge pretty correctly how many of our so-called _modern_ inventions and appliances were common to, and in use by, our predecessors of “centuries and tens of centuries” of years gone by.

INDEX.

Abney Moor, 75 Abury, 71 Adzes, 109, et seq. Aldborough, 145 Ale Glasses, 229, et seq. Allemanic Pottery, 221 Amber Beads, 134 Anglo-Saxon Armour, 252, et seq. Anglo-Saxon Arms, 236 to 264 Anglo-Saxon Banquet, 231 Anglo-Saxon Buckets, 280 to 282 Anglo-Saxon Cellarer, 230 Anglo-Saxon Coins, 235 Anglo-Saxon Cup-bearer, 230 Anglo-Saxon Fibulæ, 267 to 279 Anglo-Saxon Glass, 228 to 235 Anglo-Saxon Horse shoes, 264 Anglo-Saxon Interments, 202 to 213 Anglo-Saxon Interments in Celtic Barrows, 13 Anglo-Saxon MSS., 230, 239, 240, 282 Anglo-Saxon Period, 202 to 298 Anglo-Saxon Personal Ornaments, 233 to 235 Anglo-Saxon Poem of Beowulf, 206, et seq., 241, 255, 256 Anglo-Saxon Population, 202, et seq. Anglo-Saxon Pottery, 214 to 227 Animal Bones, 23, 39 Arbor-Low, 3, 71, 82, 4, 50, 71, 82, 117 Arica, 287 Armlets, 196, 27 Armour, 248, et seq., 253, 254 Arrow-heads, Bronze, 193 Arrow-heads, Flint, 115, et seq. Artis, 152, et seq. Ash, 241 Ashborne, 250 Ashbury, 67 Avisford, 147 Axe-heads, 109, et seq.

Balidon Moor, 87 Ballynageerah, 62 Banquet, 230 Barlaston, 258 to 263 Barrows, distribution of, 1 Barrows, Elliptical, 6 Barrows, Long, 5 Barrows, meaning of, 4 Barrows, (see Grave-mounds) Barrows, Twin, 5 Bartlow, 142, 147, 185 Basin, Stone, 60 Baslow, 4, 33 Bateman, T., 12, 24, 115, 123, 209, 233, 250, 256, 263, 279, 293 Bath, 149 Battley, 162 Beads, Amber, 234 Beads, Clay, 233 Beads, Glass, 186, 187 Beads, Jet, 123, et seq., 233 to 235 Bells, 292 Benty Grange, 211, 250, et seq., 257, 261 Beowulf, 206, et seq., 230, 240, 241, 255, 256 Berkshire, 67 Berriew, 80 Bishopstoke, 144 Blake-Low, 4 Blind-Low, 4 Boar-Low, 4 Boar, Sacred, 253 to 257 Bone Implements, 42, 48, 124 to 128 Bonsall, 275 Borther-Low, 4 Bottles-Low, 4 Boulders, 33 Bourne Park, 280 Bowls, 283, 284 Boxes, Bronze, 257, 284, 285, 286 Boyne, 57 Brassington Moor, 74 Brennanstown, 63 Brier Low, 3 Briggs, J. J., 225 Bronze Bowls, 283, 284 Bronze Box, 257, 284, 285, 286 Bronze Celts, 25, 128 to 131 Bronze Daggers, 48, 130, 131, 132 Bronze Pins, 35 Brooch (see Fibulæ) Broseley, 165, 168 Broughton, 35 Brown-Low, 4 Buckets, 280, 281, 282 Buckles, 248, 249, 250 Burnt Bones, 31 to 43 Buxton, 3, 122, 123, 250

Caerleon, 149 Calais Wold, 116, 120, 124 Caldon-Low, 4 Cal-Low, 4 Calver-Low, 4 Cambridgeshire, 35, 289 Carvoran, 148 Casking-Low, 4 Castleford, 196 Castor 164 Castor Potter’s Kiln, 152 Castor Pottery, 152 to 162 Cellarer, 230 Celtic or Ancient British Period, 6 to 133 Celtic Bone Articles, 123 to 126 Celtic Bronze Celts, 128 to 132 Celtic Bronze Daggers, 132, 133 Celtic Chambered Tumuli, 50 to 71 Celtic Coins, 132, 133 Celtic Cromlechs, 27, 50 to 71 Celtic Flint Implements, 114 to 121 Celtic Gold Articles, 132 Celtic Interments, 6 to 49 Celtic Jet Articles, 122 to 125 Celtic Pottery, 83 to 107 Celtic Stone Circles, 10, 71 to 82 Celtic Stone Implements, 108 to 114 Celts, Bronze, 128 to 131 Celts, Flint, 122 Celts, Stone, 109, 110, 111 Cemeteries, Roman, 134, et seq. Cemeteries, Kingston, 212 Cemeteries, Kings Newton, 212, 222, et seq. Cemeteries, Saxon, 212, et seq. Chain-work, 254 Chambers, Sepulchral, 146 Chambered Tumuli, 55 to 71 Chambers of Stone, 27, 50, 55 to 71, 146, et seq. Channel Islands, 63 Châtelaines, 289 Chatham, 160, 162 Chelmorton-Low, 4 Chester, 147 Chesters, 149 Chestersovers, 219 Chesterton, 262 Chest, Stone, 143, et seq. Chisels, 109 Chun Cromlech, 53 Church Sterndale, 284 Cinerary Urns, Anglo-Saxon, 214, et seq. Cinerary Urns, Celtic, 31, 34, 84 to 95 Cinerary Urns, Frankish, 221 Cinerary Urns, Romano-British, 161, et seq. Circles of Stone, 10, 71 to 82 Circles of (see Stone Circles) Cist, Stone, 11, et seq., 36 Clay Coffins, 145 Cloth, Burial in, 35 Cloth, Interment in, 35, 45 Cloth, Woollen Garment, 45, 46 Cochét, 221 Cock-Low, 4 Coffins, Clay, 145. Coffins, Lead, 144 Coffins, Stone, 143 Coffins, Tile, 147 Coffins, Wood, 143 Coins, Ancient British, 133 Coins, Roman, 32, 55, 136, 141, 187, 188 Coins, Saxon, 235 Colchester, 143, 144, 146, 147, 157, 159, 185, 201 Colchester, Vase, 159 Cold Eaton, 293 Combs, 201, 286, 287, 288, 293 Contracted Positions, 11, et seq. Cop-Low, 4 Cornwall, 2, 51, 75 Counters, 292 to 295 Cow Dale, 123 Cow-Low, 4, 228 Craike Hill, 43 Cremation, Interments by, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq. Cromlech, Ballynageerah, 62 Cromlech, Brennanstown, 63 Cromlech, Chun, 53, 54 Cromlech, De Tus, 27 Cromlech, Drumloghan, 61 Cromlech, Gaulstown, 62 Cromlech, Gib Hill, 43 Cromlech, Glencullen, 63 Cromlech, Howth, 63 Cromlech, Kells, 61 Cromlech, Kilternan, 63 Cromlech, Kits Coty House, 53 Cromlech, Knockeen, 61 Cromlech, Knock Mary, 63 Cromlech, L’Ancresse, 63 Cromlech, Lanyon, 51, 52 Cromlech, Minning-Low, 54, 55 Cromlech, Molfra, 54 Cromlech, Monasterboise, 61 Cromlech, Mount Brown, 63 Cromlech, Mount Venus, 63 Cromlech, Plas Newydd, 54, 55 Cromlech, Rathkenny, 63 Cromlech, Shandanagh, 63 Cromlech, Zennor, 54 Cronkstone-Low, 4 Cross, 253, 269 Cup-bearer, 239

Daggers, Bronze, 130, 131, 132 Daggers, Flint, 117, et seq. Daggers, Iron, 242, 243 Danish interments, 44 to 50 Darley Dale, 92, 94 Dars-Low, 4 Dartmoor, 75 Darwen, 90 Davis, Dr., 16, 22 Derbyshire Barrows, 2, 3, 4, 16, et seq. Devonshire, 75 Dewlish, 7 Dice, 294, 295 Discs, enamelled, etc., 260 to 264 Dominoes, 294 Dorsetshire Barrows, 2, 3, 7, 47, 91 Double interments, 25, 29, 30 Dove Dale, 128 Dow-Low, 4 Dowth, 59, 61, 66 Drake-Low, 4 Draughtboard, 294 Draughtmen, 292, 293, 294 Draughts, Game, 292, 293, 294 Drinking Cup, 43, 44, 100 to 104, 251, 282, 283 Druidical Circles, 10, 71 to 82 Durobrivian Pottery, 152 to 162

Earl Stemdale, 3 Ear-picks, 289 East-Low Hill, 146 East-Moor, 75 Elk-Low, 4, 72 Ely, 107 Enamelled Discs, etc., 260 to 264 Enamels, 251, 266, 267, et seq. Enamels, Chinese, 260 Enamels, Roman, 196 Enamels, Saxon, 260 to 264 End-Low, 4 Envermeu, 282 Extended positions, 11, et seq.

Fairford, 280 Fairholt, F.W., 278 Farlow, 4 Faussett Collection, 217 Fibulæ, Anglo-Saxon, 266 to 279 Fibulæ, Roman, 193 to 196 Fimber, 43, 44, 97, 124 Flax Dale, 33, 71 Fleming, G., 264 “Flint-Jack,” 115 Flint Acutely Angled, 119 Flint Barbed Arrow-heads, 115, 116 Flint Celts, 122, 123 Flint Dagger-blades, 117, 118 Flint Flakes, 121 Flint Implements, 115 to 123 Flint Leaf-shaped, 119 Flint Notched, 118, 120 Flint Thumb, 122 Flint Various, 121, 122 Food Vessels, 44, 95 to 100 Foo Low, 4 Fowse-Low, 4 Fox-Low, 4 Frankish Pottery, 221 Froggatt Edge, 75

Galley-Low, 4 Garment, Woollen, 45 Gaulstown, 62 Germany, 160 Gib-Low, 4 Gilton, 295 Girdle-hangers, 289, 290, 291 Girdle-Ornaments, 290, 291 Glass, Ale, 229, 230, 232 Glass, Beads, 185, 231 to 235 Glass, Bowls, 186, 228, 229 Glass, Decanters (?) 231 Glass, Lachrymatories, 186 Glass, Roman, 145, 185 to 188 Glass, Saxon, 228 to 235 Glass, Sepulchral Vessels, 185 Glass, Tumblers, 229 Glencullen, 63 Gloucester, 201 Gloucestershire, 70 Gold Articles, 132, 133, 266 to 279 Gold Drops, 279 Gold Torques, 133, 196 to 199 Gospel Hillock, 104, 121, 123, 124 Grave-mounds, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298 Grave-mounds, Celtic, 6 to 132 Grave-mounds, Construction of, 6, et seq., 33, 38, 134 to 143, 202 to 213 Grave-mounds, Danish (?) 44 to 50 Grave-mounds, Distribution of, 2 Grave-mounds, Romano-British, 134 to 201 Great-Low, 4 Green-Low, 4, 114, 115 Grimthorpe, 238, 245, 246, 263 Grinders (see Querns) Grind-Low, 4, 100 Gris-Low, 4 Gristhorpe, 44 Grub-Low, 4 Gruter, 135 Guernsey, 27 Gunthorpe, 116, 120

Haddon, 141 Hair-pins, 290, 292 Hammer-head, 42, 109, et seq. Hampshire, 143, 149 Hand-mills, 295, 296 Hard-Low, 4 Har-Low, 4 Hartington, 3 Hartle Moor, 74 Hatchet, 109, 113 Hathersage Moor, 75 Hawks-Low, 4 Hay Top, 100 Helmets, 248, et seq. Herns-Low, 4 High-Low, 4 High-Needham, 3 Hitter Hill, 6, et seq., 16, 98 Hob Hurst’s House, 33 Hog’s Bones, 23 Horning-Low, 4 Horse-shoes, 201, 264, 265 Horsley, 114 Houe, meaning of, 4 Howth, 63 Huck-Low, 4

Immolation of Infants, 106 Immolation of Slaves, 106 Immolation of Wives, 91, 106 Incense Cups, 84, 104 to 107 Inscriptions, Sepulchral, 135, 148, 149, 150 Interment by Cremation, 11, 31, 134, et seq., 202, et seq. Interment by Inhumation, 11 to 49, 134, et seq. Interment in Cloth, 35, 45, 46 Interment in Skin, 35 Interment in Tree-Coffins, 44 to 50 Interment in Pit, 43 Inverted Urns, 33, 34 Ireland, 28, 63, 113

Javelins, 243, 244 Jet, 25, 44, 123 to 126 Jet, Necklaces, 44, 123, 124, 125 Jet, Pendants, 124, 126 Jet, Ring, 126 Jet, Studs, 123, 124, 126 Jutland, 46

Kells, 28 Kens-Low, 4 Kent, 53 Keys, 201, 289, 292 Kilkenny, 63 Kilternan, 63 Kingsholme, 144 Kingston, 212, 215, 266, 267 Kings Newton, 212, 214 to 227, 295 Kirk Michael, 274 Kit’s Coty House, 53 Kneeling position, 11, et seq. Knives, 193, 242, 243 Knock-Low, 4 Knok Mary, 63 Knot-Low, 4

Lady-Low, 4 Laidman’s-Low, 4 Lake Dwellings, 45 Lamp, 201 Lancashire, 90 Lapwing Hill, 209 Lark’s-Low, 4 Lead Coffins, 144, 145 Lead Ore, 31 Lead Pigs of, 32 Lead Smelting, 32 Lean-Low, 4 Leckhampton, 258 Lewes, 257 Liffs-Low, 4, 42 Lillebonne, 177 Lincoln, 257 Lincolnshire, 35 Lindenschmidt, 219, 265 Little Chester, 142, 168, 169, 190 Locks, 201, 292 Lollius, 135 Lomber-Low, 4 Londinières, 221 London, 135, 142, 143, 144, 148, 171, 175, et seq. Long Low, 36 Lord’s Down, 7 Low, meaning of, 4 Low, (see Grave-mounds) Lowsey-Low, 4 Lukis, Capt. 123 Lukis, F. C., 27

Mail, Coat of, 255, 256 Mauls, 109, et seq. Mayence, 219 May-Low, 4 Medway, 160 Mick-Low, 4 Mickleover, 114 Middleton, 3, 33, 41, 123, 261 Minning-Low, 54, 141 Mirrors, 199, 290 Modelling Tools, 124 Money-Low, 4 Monsal Dale, 28, 86, 98 Mortimer, 43, 44, 97, 124 Moot-Low, 4, 127, 128 Mount Brown, 63 Mount Venus, 63 Musden-Low, 4 Mutti-Low Hill, 35

Nail-cleaners, 289 Necklace, Glass, 187, 232, et seq. Necklace, Jet, 44, 123 to 126 Necklace, Jet, and Bone, 124 Needham-Low, 4 Needwood, 198 Nen, 152 Nether-Low, 4 New Forest, 149, 165 New Grange, 61, 66 Newhaven, 3, 256 Normandy, 174 North Elmham, 217 Northumberland, 46, 148 Nowth, 59

Ochre, 43 Off-Low, 4 Oghams, 61, 277 Otterham Creek, 162 Over Haddon, 284 Oxfordshire, 164 Ox-Low, 4 Ozengall, 144, 211

Painstor-Low, 4 Palstaves, 128 Paradis, 27 Parcelly Hay, 3, 25, 26 Pars-Low, 4 Parwich, 141 Peg-Low, 4 Pendants, Bone, 125, 126 Pendants, Enamelled, etc., 260 to 264 Pendants, Gold, 279 Pendants, Jet, 124 to 126 Penannular Brooch (see Fibulæ) Phœnix Park, 63 Pigtor-Low, 4 Pike-Low, 4 Pinch-Low, 4 Pins, Hair, 290, 292 Pit Interments, 43, 44 Plymouth, 192, 193, 199 Pottery, Amphoræ, 171, 172 Pottery, Anglo-Saxon, 214 to 227 Pottery, Celtic, 83 to 108 Pottery, Domestic Vessels, etc., 170 to 174 Pottery, Drinking Cups, Celtic, 100 to 104 Pottery, Durobrivian or Castor, 151, 152 to 162 Pottery, Food Vessels, Celtic, 95 to 100 Pottery, Frankish, 214 to 227 Pottery, Hampshire, 151, 165, 166 Pottery, Handled Cups, Celtic, 107 Pottery, “Incense Cups,” Celtic, 104 to 107 Potters’ Kilns, 152, 154, 183 Potters’ Marks, 176, 177, 178 Potters’ Mortaria, 172, 173 Potters’ Punches, 227 Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Celtic, 31, 34, 84 to 95 Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Roman, 156 et seq. Potters’ Sepulchral Urns, Saxon, 215 to 227 Potters’ Stamps, 177, 227 Potters’ Unguentaria, 171 to 174 Potters, Manufacture of, 84, 152 to 184, 227 Potters, Romano-British, 151 to 184 Potters, Salopian, 151, 164, 165 Potters, Samian, 151, 157 to 184 Potters, Upchurch, 151, 162, 163, 164 Potters, Yorkshire, 151, 166

Queen-Low, 4 Querns, 295, 296 (see also Grinders and Triturating Stones)

Rains-Low, 4 Rangoon, 287 Rats’ Bones, 16, 87, 90 Ravens-Low, 4 Red Ochre, 43 Repton, 213 Ribden-Low, 4 Rick-Low, 4 Rigollot, 220 Ringham-Low, 4, 116, 119, 120 Rings, 235 Rings, Jet, 124, 126 Rochester, 147 Rocky-Low, 4 Rollrich, 71 Rolly-Low, 4, 34 Roman Arms, etc., 190, et seq. Roman Cemeteries, 134, et seq. Roman Coins, 55, 141, 187, 188 Roman Coins, as payment for passage over Styx, 136, 141 Roman Glass 184 to 188 Roman Personal Ornaments, 193, et seq. Roman Population, 134, et seq. Roman Pottery, 151 to 184 Romano-British Period, 134 to 201 Rouge, 43 Round-Low, 4, 32 Roundway Hill, 16, 100 Rusden-Low, 4 Runes, 241

Sacrifice of Infants, 106 Sacrifice of Slaves, 106 Sacrifice of Wives, 91, 106 Saint-Low, 4 Salona, 147 Salopian Pottery, 164, 165 Samian Ware, 175 to 184 Sancreed, 76 Sarcophagus, 143, et seq. Scales and Weights, 292 Scambridge, 294, 295 Scarborough, 47 Scissors, 289 Scrapers of Flint, 121 Seax, 240, et seq. Selzen, 219 Selzen, 265 Sepulchral remains, Anglo-Saxon, 202 to 298 Sepulchral remains, Celtic, 1 to 133 Sepulchral remains, Frankish, 221 Sepulchral remains, Danish, 44 to 50 Sepulchral remains, Romano-British, 134 to 201 Sepulchral Chambers, 146 Sepulchral Glass, 185 Sepulchral Inscriptions, 135, 148, et seq., 217 Sepulchral Urns (see Cinerary Urns) Shandanagh, 63 Shears, 289 Shields, 243 to 248 Shields, Umbones of, 246, 247, 261 Shields, from MSS., 248 Shuttlestone-Low, 24, 130 Sibertswold, 247, 282 Sitting-Low, 4 Sitting position, 11, et seq. Skeleton, positions of, 11, et seq. Skins, interment in, 24, 35 Skull, Hitter Hill, 21 Skull, distributions of, 22 Skull, Long-Low, 39 Skull, Gristhorpe, 47 Sliper-Low, 5 Smerrill Moor, 12 Smith, C. R., 160, 164, 204, 216, 255 Southfleet, 144 Spear-heads, 190, 192, 243, 244 Spindle-whorls, 114 Staden-Low, 4 Staffordshire Barrows, 4, 86, 89, 92, 96 Stan-Low, 4 Stanshope, 132 Stanton Moor, 73 Sterndale, 33, 284 Stone Chambers, 27, 50, 55 to 71, 146, et seq. Stone Circles, 10, 27, 34, 71 to 82 Stone Circles, Abney Moor, 75 Stone Circles, Abury, 71 Stone Circles, Arbor-Low, 3, 71, 82 Stone Circles, Berriew, 80 Stone Circles, Boscawen-Un, 80 Stone Circles, Brassington Moor, 74 Stone Circles, Channel Islands, 78 Stone Circles, Cornish, 75 Stone Circles, Dartmoor, 75 Stone Circles, East Moor, 75 Stone Circles, Elk-Low, 72 Stone Circles, Eyam Moor, 74 Stone Circles, Flax Dale, 71 Stone Circles, formation of, 71 Stone Circles, Froggatt Edge, 75 Stone Circles, Haitle Moor, 74 Stone Circles, Hathersage Moor, 75 Stone Circles, Isle of Man, 76, 78 Stone Circles, Mule Hill, 78 Stone Circles, “Nine Ladies,” 73, 74 Stone Circles, Penmeanmaur, 80, 81 Stone Circles, Rollrich, 71 Stone Circles, Sancreed, 76 Stone Circles, Stanton Moor, 73, 74 Stone Circles, Stonehenge, 71 Stone Circles, Trewavas, Head, 76 Stone Cists, 11, 17, et seq., 33, 36, et seq., 143, et seq. Stone Coffins, 143, 144, et seq. Stone Implements of, 109, et seq. Stone, 92 Stoney Littleton, 67 Stonehenge, 71 Stowborough, 47 Strigils, 201 Studs, Bone, 122,126 Studs, Jet, 124, 126 Sussex, 146 Suttee, 91 Sutton Brow, 92 Swinscoe, 22 Swiss Lake Villages, 45 Swords, Roman, 190, 191 Swords Saxon, 236 to 242 Swords from MSS., 239, 240 Swordsman, 240

Taddington, 67, 69 Tara Brooch, 278 Thirkel-Low, 4 Thirsk, 92 Thoo-Low, 4, 5 Three-Lows, 5 Thumb Flints, 121 Tile Tombs, 147, 148 Tissington, 13, 211, 236, 247 Toothpicks, 289 Torques, 133, 196 to 199 Totmans-Low, 4 Tree-Coffins, 44, 45, 50 Trentham, 89, 96 Triturating Stones, 114, 295, 296 (see also “Querns”) Tump, meaning of, 4 Tumuli, Chambered, 55 to 71 (see Grave-mounds) Tumulus, Etruscan, 55 Twin-Barrows, 37, 78, 79 Tweezers, 201, 289

Uley, 70 Umbones of Shields, 246, 247, 261 Upchurch, 162, et seq. Upchurch, Pottery, 162 to 164 Upright position, 11, et seq. Uriconium, 137, (see also Wroxeter)

Vale, 27 Vole, Water, 16, 89, 90

Ward-Low, 5, 34 Warry-Low, 5 Water Rat, 16, 89, 90 Water Vole, 16, 89, 90 Wath, 47 Wedgwood, F., 258 Weights, 292 Wellbeloved, 163 Wellow, 67 West Lodge, 157 Westwood, 253 Wetton, 193 Whetstones, 114 White-Low, 5 Willoughby, 113 Wilson, C. C., 278 Wiltshire Barrows, 2, 16, 100 Winster, 3, 111, 211, 268, 269, 295, 296 Withery-Low, 5 Woolaton, 109 Woollen Cloth, 45 Wool-Low, 5 Worsaae, 255 Worsley, Miss, 295 Wright, T., 135, 151, et seq., 176, et seq., 216 Wroxeter, 137, 141, 147, 162 to 165 Wyaston, 210, 233 Wye, 28 Wykeham, 98

Yarns-Low, 5 York, 142, 143, 144, et seq. Yorkshire Barrows, 2, 5, 7, 25, 35, 44, 47, 97, 164 Yorkshire Pottery, 151 Youlgreave, 33

Watson & Hazell, Printers, London and Aylesbury.

Dedicated to the Right Hon. LORD LYTTON.

_In One handsome Volume, Foolscap 4to., cloth gilt, price 25s_.

WOMANKIND

IN WESTERN EUROPE,

from the Earliest Ages to the Seventeenth Century.

=By THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A., F.S.A.=

Illustrated with numerous Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings.

* * * * *

“It is something more than a drawing-room ornament. It is an elaborate and careful summary of all that one of our most learned antiquaries, after years of pleasant labour, on a very pleasant subject, has been able to learn as to the condition of women from the earliest times. It is beautifully illustrated, both in colours--mainly from ancient illuminations--and also by a profusion of woodcuts, portraying the various fashions by which successive ages of our history have been marked.”--_The Times_.

“We should be at a loss to find words of excessive praise for the learning, judgment, and delicate art with which the author has gathered, arranged, and presented the multifarious materials of a fascinating narrative, that would be told effectively by the embellishments of the book, even if the illustrations were not accompanied with words of explanatory text.”--_Athenæum_.

“This is much more than a pretty illustrated book. It is a repertory of antiquarian literature on the costume, social habits, domestic pursuits, and position of the sex, and the illustrations are from all sorts of recondite sources--MS. illuminations of the Romances, Psalters, and Chronicles. It reflects great credit on the writer, whose vast stores of information and research have been, in this instance, well employed. The volume is quite an encyclopædia on a special subject.”--_Saturday Review_.

“As a work of art, no less than of literary elucidation, this book is perfect in all its parts, and most honourable to its publishers.... The letterpress enhances the value of the work itself a hundredfold, as might have been expected from so well known and learned an antiquarian as Mr. Wright, whose participation in so choice a work makes it in every respect worthy of a place in every public and well-selected library, where art and literature are alike patronized and admired.”--_Bell’s Weekly Messenger_.

“We cannot justly class Mr. Wright’s ‘Womankind’ amongst the ephemeral books of the season; yet it is admirably suited to answer the purpose of a gift-book--and much more; and it would be unfair to leave it until its less solid neighbours had been cleared out of hand. The high antiquarian renown of the author would alone guarantee that we should have no frivolous, superficial dissertation on the mere outward phenomena of ‘femininity’ in past times--no mere sentimental declamation in favour of woman’s advancement to a social place which she never before claimed. On the contrary, we have a faithful, unshrinking, photographically minute account of the relations between women and men, and of female manners, dress, social duties, and position, literary achievements, and participation in public life, from the date at which authentic history takes cognizance of the condition of the European nations.... Mr. Wright’s ‘Womankind’--like the ideal of the gentle sex--is fitted, not for the festive season alone, but for every time.”--_Daily Telegraph._

“The author’s name, on whatever subject he writes, is a guarantee for thorough scholarship, solid information, lucid exposition, and careful delineation; and in this work all these qualities are conspicuous. Mr. Wright believes, and with good reason, ‘that a history of the female sex, in that particular division of mankind to which we ourselves belong, would not be unacceptable to the general reader.’ Such a history he has here produced, and in doing so, has left nothing to be desired.... In every sense this is a splendid book, for which we heartily thank Mr. Wright.”--_Illustrated Times._

“Never has history been made more charming than in this excellent volume. Whatever page is opened, some pleasant little narrative, historic or romantic; some sketch of the womankind of Chaucer’s days, or of the heroines of the Romaunt of the Rose; some striking pictures of Anglo-Saxon life, or some quaint costumes, or ever-changing fashions, constantly attract, and interest, and inform.”--_Birmingham Daily Post._

“To the general public, the appearance of such a work is a surprise, the more agreeable because, while it is the work of an accomplished scholar, who has nowhere deviated from the scholar’s path to win ephemeral applause, it nevertheless appeals to universal sympathies, and so abounds in attractions as to demand to be regarded as emphatically _the_ book of the season.”--_Gardeners’ Magazine._

“Externally and internally it is absolutely splendid, the binding and illustrations being a perfect marvel of beauty and richness. But in the interest of its subject, as well as in its mode of treatment, Mr. Wright’s present work will command the respect and praise of the man of letters and the philosopher, quite as much as it is sure to enlist the sympathies and extort the admiration of a less exacting class of readers. The book is beautifully written, the style being at once chaste and ornate.”--_Eddowes’s Shrewsbury Journal._

“It is one of the most interesting, instructive, and valuable books of the nineteenth century. At this particular period of the agitation of woman’s rights, we may say in truth that this book is a treasury of knowledge to the historian, the politician, the moral philosopher, and the reformer; while, at the same time, in its romantic incidents illustrative of social life in different ages of Western Europe, it surpasses in interest the most skilful and attractive fictions of the day.”--_New York Morning Herald._

GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Of this stone circle, one of the next in importance to Stonehenge, an account will be given in a future chapter.

[2] This remarkable barrow was excavated by Mr. Warne, and a fully detailed account given by him in his valuable work, the “Celtic Antiquities of Dorset,” from which the illustration is taken.

[3] See Crania Britannica, one of the most valuable ethnological works ever issued.

[4] It will be well to bear in mind that when “rats’ bones” are mentioned, it must be understood that they are the bones, not of the common rat, but of the water-vole or water-rat. They are very abundant in Derbyshire barrows, and, indeed, are so frequently found in them, that their presence in a mound is considered to be a certain indication of the presence of human remains. “The barrows of Derbyshire, a hilly, almost mountainous, county, abounding with beautiful brooks and rills, inhabited by the water-vole, were made use of for its _hybernacula_, or winter retreats, into which it stored its provisions, and where it passed its time during the cold and frosty season. It is a rodent, or gnawer, or vegetable eater, and, as I have described elsewhere, has a set of grinding-teeth of the utmost beauty, and fitted most admirably for the food on which it lives. The part of the matter which is curious to the antiquary is, that the bones in Derbyshire barrows are frequently perceived to have been gnawed by the scalpri-form incisors of these animals. I have endeavoured to explain, in the note referred to, that all the rodents amuse themselves, or possibly preserve their teeth in a naturally useful state, and themselves in health, by gnawing any object that comes in their way. This is well known to every boy who keeps rabbits. I remember, some years ago, seeing a very fine black squirrel in the house of a workman in this town, which had been sent him by his son from Canada. It was found that it was impossible to keep this animal in any wooden house. He would gnaw a road out of the strongest wooden cage that could be made for him, in a few hours. In consequence, his owner made him a _tin cage_, in which he was kept securely. In confirmation of what I have said respecting the water-voles, vegetable feeders, gnawing the bones of the ancient Britons in barrows, I may refer to Linnæus’s most interesting _Tour in Lapland_. When in Lycksele, Lapland, June 1, he describes the _Kodda_, or hut of the Laplander, and incidentally remarks, “Everywhere around the huts I observed horns of the reindeer lying neglected, and it is remarkable that they were gnawed, and sometimes half devoured, by squirrels.”--I. 127. That is, if anything were truly devoured, it was the antlers, not the bodies. “The bones of the _Arvicola_, or water-vole, were found in the exploration of the colossal tumulus of Fontenay de Marmion, which was one of the galleried tumuli, opened in 1829, near Caen in Normandy. It belonged to the primeval period of the ancient Gauls.--Mem. de la Soc. des Antiq. de Normandie, 1831-3, p. 282.”--_Dr. Davis._

[5] See Note on the Distortions which present themselves in the crania of the Ancient Britons, by J. Barnard Davis, M.D., in the “Natural History Review” for July, 1862, page 290.

[6] The elliptical form was evidently, in this case, the result of accident. The original mound had been circular, but the elongated form had been the consequence of successive interments.

[7] Plate II., Decade 1.

[8] Journal of the British Archæological Association, vol. i, p. 25.

[9] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 78.

[10] There are in Derbyshire lead mines worked at the present day which were worked, at all events, in the Romano-British period. Roman coins, fibulæ, and other remains are occasionally found in them.

[11] “Ten Years’ Diggings.”

[12] Although I am describing the position in which the urns have been placed, it must not for a moment be supposed that they are often found in a perfect state, or in the position in which they have originally been placed. On the contrary, the urns are usually very much crushed, and not unfrequently, from pressure of the superincumbent mass of stones and earth, are found on their sides, and crushed flat.

[13] This skull has been most skilfully figured in “Crania Britannica,” where it is carefully described and compared with other examples by Dr. Davis, who gives an admirable account of the discoveries at Long-Low, and of the characteristics of the different crania found there. Of the skull here shown Dr. Davis says it is “remarkably regular, narrow, and long; of good shape, medium thickness, and presenting few of the harsh peculiarities of the ancient British race; on the contrary, there is about it an air of slenderness and refinement. In some features it assimilates to the modern English cranium, although decidedly narrow, whilst its genuine and remote antiquity is determined by unquestioned evidence. It belongs, in an eminent degree, to the class of dolichocephalic skulls, and is the cranium of a man of about forty years of age.”

[14] Described in the “Reliquary,” vol. ix.

[15] For a full account of this discovery see the “Reliquary,” vol. vi. page 1.

[16] This woollen cloth must be regarded as a _woven_ texture, but whether it were woven in so artificial a machine as a loom may be questioned. A great variety of contrivances have been used for weaving, _i.e._, crossing alternately threads passed in opposite directions, the warp and the woof, by what are called _savage_ races. Still it is not at all improbable that a people so advanced in pastoral habits, possessed some machine for weaving, bearing a relation to a primitive loom. Both warp and woof are composed, as might be expected, of a simply spun thread of one strand. Perforated stones are found in British and Danish barrows, and perforated pieces of earthenware in the Swiss Lake villages, even of the stone period, which are regarded as spindle-whorls.

[17] It is worthy of remark, that this noble mound, with its very early interments, has been made a place of sepulture in more recent times, many Roman coins and remains of that period having been found there.

[18] These immense monoliths have originally, it is estimated, been upwards of thirty in number, and to have been placed probably ten yards apart. The largest remaining stone stands between eight and nine feet above the ground, and is seventeen feet in circumference. It is estimated to weigh upwards of seven tons. Several of the stones have entirely disappeared, of others fragments remain scattered about.

[19] For an excellent notice of this and other remains, the reader is referred to Mr. W. F. Wakeman’s “Handbook of Irish Antiquities,”--the best and most compact little work on the subject which has been issued, and one which will be found extremely useful to the archæological student--to which I am indebted for some of the accompanying engravings.

[20] For the loan of these seven engravings I am indebted to the Council of the “Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland,” (formerly the “Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archæological Society,”) in whose journal--one of the most valuable of antiquarian publications--they have appeared. This Association is one of the most useful that has ever been established, and deserves the best support, not only of Irish, but of English antiquaries.

[21] F. C. Lukis.

[22] Vol. i. p. 142.

[23] T. Wright.

[24] “Archæological Journal,” vol xi., p. 315.

[25] For articles upon this subject see the “Reliquary, Quarterly Archæological Journal and Review,” vol. ii., pages 61 to 70; and Mr. Bateman’s “Ten Years’ Diggings,” page 279.

[26] This barrow has been admirably described in that magnificent work, “CRANIA BRITANNICA,”--a work which every ethnologist and antiquary ought to possess, and which contains far more information than any other book extant. The following extract from the work explains the section:--

“Above this cist a cairn of fragments of sandstone had been raised most likely before interments by cremation were practised on the spot. The dark horizontal line of our woodcut indicates the situation of a stratum of burnt earth traversing the barrow at this height. Funereal rites, by incineration, had evidently been celebrated on this surface; which was scattered over with a thin layer of wood-charcoal. In the centre of the barrow, and resting upon this carbonaceous deposit, stood a fine urn of dark British pottery, 11 inches high, and 9 at its greatest diameter at the top; not in the more commonly inverted, but in an upright position. It is ornamented in the usual style of lineal impressions, most probably made by a twisted thong of untanned leather, with rows of lines, alternately upright and horizontal, around the upper division; and in the middle the lines are varied into the zigzag, having distinct _crosses_ and other impressions in the intervals. It contained calcined bones in a clean state, and mingled with them a portion of the jaw of some animal; bones of the water-vole (_Arvicola amphibius_, Desmar.), so common in the Derbyshire barrows; a bone pin, 4 inches in length, and finely pointed; and a flint arrow-head; all calcined. The urn was closed by a large flat stone, the two ends of which rested upon side walls, so as to protect the deposit, and secure it from superincumbent pressure. Did this urn contain the inconsiderable yet sacred remains of one whose devotion in life the distinguished dead below had oft experienced--one who held life itself subordinate to his fate? The fearful conjecture seems not by any means improbable.

“Interred in the soil above this portion of the barrow, and lying amongst loose stones, the remains of four other skeletons occurred, placed in the primitive flexed position. One of these had apparently been disturbed at no long period subsequent to interment, and the bones laid in order before they had become decayed--a practice adopted by some uncivilized people in more modern times.

“This barrow of the British period presents unquestionable evidences of very primeval times, and contained the relics of a true aboriginal inhabitant of these islands, piously laid in his last resting-place with great care, but in all rude simplicity. It is rich in instruction, and marked by precise phases of information. It shows almost certainly the contemporaneous adoption of inhumation and cremation--the latter, perhaps, yielding to the first a short precedency; or possibly, in this instance, a rite of the nature of a “Suttee,” and subordinate to the former.”

[27] Warne’s “Celtic Tumuli of Dorsetshire.”

[28] _Celt_, from _Celtis_, a chisel.

[29] This is one of the largest examples which have been found. It is in my own collection, having been most kindly presented to me by the Hon. and Rev. C. Willoughby.

[30] For a lengthened description and classification of the various forms of stone implements, the reader is referred to a new work, “The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” by that able antiquary, Mr. John Evans, the author of the admirable volume on “Ancient British Coins,” by which his name is so well known.

[31] For a memoir, with portrait, of this remarkable character, and an account of his doings, see the _Reliquary_, vol, viii., p. 65, _et seq._

[32] “Ten Years’ Diggings.”

[33] _Reliquary_ for October, 1861.

[34] “Nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem.”--JUVENAL.

[35] The skull of one of these, an excellent typical example of a Roman in the very prime of life, is engraved in “Crania Britannica,” pl. 30.

[36] See example in the York museum.

[37] “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. iii., p. 45.

[38] “Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society;” Wellbeloved’s “Eburacum;” “Crania Britannica,” etc.

[39] Now in the Bateman Museum.

[40] See the _Reliquary_, vol. iv., p. 185.

[41] In the _Intellectual Observer_.

[42] See Mr. Roach Smith’s interesting account of this vase in the “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. iv., pp. 82-89.

[43] Wright.

[44] Thomas Wright.

[45] Wright.

[46] For an interesting account of these potteries, see Wise’s “New Forest.”

[47] For a detailed account of all the different pot-works and their productions, see my “Ceramic Art in England.”

[48] C. R. Smith.

[49] Shields.

[50] Armour.

[51] A detailed account of this discovery will be found, from the pens of Mr. Briggs, the Editor, and others, in the “Reliquary,” vol. ix.

[52] Coat of mail.

[53] C. R. Smith.

[54] See the “Reliquary Quarterly Archæological Journal and Review,” vol. ix. p. 180.

[55] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 28.

[56] “Vestiges,” p. 24.

[57] For a more extended and fully illustrated account of penannular brooches, the reader is referred to the “Reliquary,” vol. iii.

[58] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 231.

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.

One instance of unpaired double quotation marks in the original was not corrrected.